#protein  any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of long chains of polypeptides
  supertype:  #organic_compound  #macromolecule
  substance:  #amino_acid  #polypeptide
  subtype:  #capsid  the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus
  subtype:  #gluten  a protein substance that remains when starch is removed from cereal grains; gives cohesiveness to dough
     subtype:  #corn_gluten  gluten prepared from corn
     subtype:  #wheat_gluten__wheatgluten  gluten prepared from wheat
  subtype:  #actomyosin  a protein complex in muscle fibers; composed of myosin and actin; shortens when stimulated and causes muscle contractions
  subtype:  #aleurone  granular protein in outermost layer of endosperm of many seeds or cereal grains
  subtype:  #amyloid  (pathology) a waxy translucent complex protein resembling starch that results from degeneration of tissue
  subtype:  #apoenzyme  a protein that combines with a coenzyme to form an active enzyme
  subtype:  #conjugated_protein__compound_protein  a protein complex combining amino acids with other substances
     subtype:  #glycoprotein  a conjugated protein having a carbohydrate component
        subtype:  #mucin  a nitrogenous substance found in mucous secretions; a lubricant that protects body surfaces
        subtype:  #lectin  any of several plant glycoproteins that act like specific antibodies but are not antibodies in that they are not evoked by an antigenic stimulus
        subtype:  #mucoid  any of several glycoproteins similar to mucin
        subtype:  #transferrin__betaglobulin__siderophilin  glycoprotein that carries iron in the blood
     subtype:  #hemoprotein__haemoprotein  a conjugated protein linked to an iron-porphyrin compound
        subtype:  #hemoglobin__haemoglobin__Hb  a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color; function primarily to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues; "fish have simpler hemoglobin than mammals"
           subtype:  #oxyhemoglobin__oxyhaemoglobin  the bright red hemoglobin that is a combination of hemoglobin and oxygen from the lungs; "oxyhemoglobin transports oxygen to the cells of the body"
        subtype:  #myoglobin  a hemoprotein that receives oxygen from hemoglobin and stores it in the tissues until needed
        subtype:  #cytochrome  a class of hemoprotein whose principle biological function is as carriers of electrons
           subtype:  #cytochrome_c  the most abundant and stable cytochrome; involved in energy transfer
     subtype:  #lipoprotein  a conjugated protein having a lipid component; the principal means for transporting lipids in the blood
        subtype:  #high-density_lipoprotein__HDL__alpha-lipoportein  a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of a high proportion of protein and relatively little cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with decreased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis
        subtype:  #low-density_lipoprotein__lowdensitylipoprotein__LDL__ldl__beta-lipoprotein  a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis
        subtype:  #very_low_density_lipoprotein__VLDL  large lipoproteins rich in triglycerides; VLDLs circulate through the blood giving up their triglycerides to fat and muscle tissue until the VLDL remnants are modified and converted into LDL
  subtype:  #enzyme  any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions
     subtype:  #amylase  any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants; help convert starch to sugar
        subtype:  #ptyalin  an amylase secreted in saliva
     subtype:  #cholinesterase  an enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine (into choline and acetic acid)
     subtype:  #coagulase  an enzyme that induces coagulation
        subtype:  #thrombin  an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot
        subtype:  #rennin__chymosin  an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate
     subtype:  #complement.enzyme  one of a series of enzymes in the blood serum that are part of the immune response
     subtype:  #catalase  enzyme found in most plant and animal cells that functions as an oxidative catalyst; decomposes hydrogen peroxide into hydrogen and water
     subtype:  #cyclooxygenase__Cox  either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin
        subtype:  #cyclooxygenase-1__Cox-1  an enzyme that regulates prostaglandins that are important for the health of the stomach lining and kidneys; "an unfortunate side effect of Nsaids is that they block Cox-1"
        subtype:  #cyclooxygenase-2__Cox-2  an enzyme that makes prostaglandins that cause inflammation and pain and fever; "the beneficial effects of Nsaids result from their ability to block Cox-2"
     subtype:  #decarboxylase  any of the enzymes that that hydrolize the carboxyl group
     subtype:  #de-iodinase  an enzyme that removes the iodine radical
     subtype:  #enterokinase  enzyme in the intestinal juice that converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin
     subtype:  #histaminase  enzyme that acts as a catalyst in converting histidine to histamine
     subtype:  #hyaluronidase__spreading_factor__spreadingfactor__hyazyme  an enzyme (trade name Hyazyme) that splits hyaluronic acid and so lowers its viscosity and increases the permeability of connective tissue and the absorption of fluids
     subtype:  #isomerase  an enzyme that catalyzes its substrate to an isomeric form
     subtype:  #kinase  an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a proenzyme to an active enzyme
     subtype:  #lactase__lactaid  any of a group of enzymes (trade name Lactaid) that hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose
     subtype:  #lipase  an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
     subtype:  #lysozyme__muramidase  an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria
     subtype:  #monoamine_oxidase__monoamineoxidase__MAO  an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin)
     subtype:  #nitrogenase  an enzyme of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that catalyzes the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia
     subtype:  #oxidase  any of the enzymes that catalyze biological oxidation
        subtype:  #peroxidase  any of a group of enzymes (occurring especially in plant cells) that catalyze the oxidation of a compound by a peroxide
           subtype:  #glutathione_peroxidase__glutathioneperoxidase  an enzyme in the body that is a powerful scavenger of free radicals
     subtype:  #oxidoreductase  an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction
        subtype:  #oxygenase  an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the incorporation of molecular oxygen
     subtype:  #papain  a proteolytic enzyme obtained from the unripe papaya; used as a meat tenderizer
     subtype:  #penicillinase__betalactamase  enzyme produced by certain bacteria that inactivates penicillin and results in resistance to that antibiotic
     subtype:  #pepsin  an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones
     subtype:  #pepsinogen  precursor of pepsin; stored in the stomach walls and converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid in the stomach
     subtype:  #phosphatase  any of a group of enzymes that act as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of organic phosphates
     subtype:  #plasmin__fibrinolysin  an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots
        subtype:  #plasminogen  an inactive form of plasmin that occurs in plasma and is converted to plasmin by organic solvents
     subtype:  #polymerase  an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA
        subtype:  #transcriptase  a polymerase associated with the process of transcription
        subtype:  #reverse_transcriptase__reversetranscriptase  a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template; found especially in retroviruses
     subtype:  #protease__peptidase__proteinase__proteolytic_enzyme__proteolyticenzyme  any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis
        subtype:  #caspase  any of a group of proteases that mediate apoptosis
        subtype:  #angiotensin_converting_enzyme  proteolytic enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
        subtype:  #plasminogen_activator__plasminogenactivator__urokinase  protease produced in the kidney that converts plasminogen to plasmin and so initiates fibrinolysis
        subtype:  #renin  a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys; catalyzes the formation of angiotensin and thus affects blood pressure
     subtype:  #reductase  an enzyme that catalyses the biochemical reduction of some specified substance
        subtype:  #HMG-CoA_reductase__5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme_A_reductase  a liver enzyme that is responsible for producing cholesterol
     subtype:  #rennin__chymosin  an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate
     subtype:  #secretase  a set of enzymes believed to snip pieces off a longer protein producing fragments of amyloid protein that bunch up and create amyloid protein plaques in brain tissue (the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's)
     subtype:  #streptodornase  an enzyme produced by some hemolytic strains of streptococcus that dissolves fibrinous secretions from infections; used medicinally (often in combination with streptokinase)
     subtype:  #streptokinase  an enzyme produced by some strains of streptococcus that can liquefy blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin; used medicinally in some cases of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism
     subtype:  #superoxide_dismutase__SOD  an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen; "oxygen free radicals are normally removed in our bodies by the superoxide dismutase enzymes"
     subtype:  #transaminase  a class of enzymes that cause transamination
        subtype:  #glutamic_oxalacetic_transaminase__glutamic_oxaloacetic_transaminase  an enzyme involved in transamination
     subtype:  #trypsin  an enzyme of pancreatic origin; catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to smaller polypeptide units
        subtype:  #trypsinogen  inactive precursor of trypsin; a substance secreted by the pancreas and converted to active trypsin by enterokinase in the small intestine
     subtype:  #zymase  a complex of enzymes that cause glycolysis; originally found in yeast but also present in higher organisms
  subtype:  #fibrin  a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots; it forms a network that traps red cells and platelets
  subtype:  #hatoglobin  a protein in plasma that binds free hemoglobin and removes it (as from wounds)
  subtype:  #iodoprotein__iodinated_protein__iodinatedprotein  a protein that contains iodine
     subtype:  #thyroprotein  a preparation made from iodinated protein and having an action similar to thyroxine
     subtype:  #thyroglobulin  an iodine containing protein that is obtained from the thyroid gland and exhibits the general properties of the globulins
  subtype:  #nucleoprotein  any of several substances found in the nuclei of all living cells; consists of a protein bound to a nucleic acid
  subtype:  #opsin  retinal protein formed by the action of light on rhodopsin
  subtype:  #phosphoprotein  containing chemically bound phosphoric acid
     subtype:  #casein  a milk protein used in making e.g. plastics and adhesives
  subtype:  #plasma_protein  any of the proteins in blood plasma
     subtype:  #human_gamma_globulin__humangammaglobulin__gamma_globulin__gammaglobulin  a plasma protein containing the immunoglobulins that are responsible for immune responses
        subtype:  #immunoglobulin__Ig__immune_serum_globulin__immune_gamma_globulin__immune_globulin  a class of proteins produced in lymph tissue in vertebrates and that function as antibodies in the immune response
           subtype:  #antibody  any of a large variety of immunoglobulins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune response
              subtype:  #autoantibody  an antibody acting against tissues of the organism that produces it
                 subtype:  #rheumatoid_factor  autoantibody that is usually present in the serum of people with rheumatoid arthritis
              subtype:  #precipitin  an antibody that causes precipitation when it unites with its antigen
              subtype:  #ABO_antibodies  blood type antibodies
              subtype:  #Rh_antibody  rhesus factor antibody
              subtype:  #antitoxin  an antibody that can neutralize a specific toxin
                 subtype:  #antivenin__antivenene  an antitoxin that counteracts the effects of venom from the bite of a snake or insect or other animal
                 subtype:  #tetanus_antitoxin__tetanusantitoxin  antitoxin given for short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus
              subtype:  #agglutinin  an antibody that causes agglutination of a specific antigen
                 subtype:  #isoagglutinin  an antibody produced by one individual that causes agglutination of red blood cells in other individuals of the same species
              subtype:  #heterophil_antibody__heterophile_antibody__heterophileantibody__forssmanantibody  an antibody found in the blood of someone suffering from infectious mononucleosis
              subtype:  #isoantibody__alloantibody  an antibody that occurs naturally against foreign tissues from a person of the same species
              subtype:  #monoclonal_antibody  any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a hybridoma; very specific for a particular location in the body
              subtype:  #opsonin  an antibody in blood serum that attaches to invading microorganisms and other antigens to make them more susceptible to the action of phagocytes
           subtype:  #immunoglobulin_A__IgA  one of the most common of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the chief antibody in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
           subtype:  #immunoglobulin_D__IgD  one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present in blood serum in small amounts
           subtype:  #immunoglobulin_E__IgE  one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present primarily in the skin and mucous membranes
              subtype:  #reagin  an immunoglobulin E that is formed as an antibody against allergens (such as pollen); attaches to cell membranes causing the release of histamine and other substances responsible for the local inflammation characteristic of an allergy
           subtype:  #immunoglobulin_G__IgG  one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the main antibody defense against bacteria
           subtype:  #immunoglobulin_M__IgM  one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; involved in fighting blood infections and in triggering production of immunoglobulin G
           subtype:  #tetanus_immunoglobulin__tetanusimmunoglobulin__tetanusimmuneglobulin  sterile solution of globulins derived from the blood plasma of a person who has been immunized for tetanus; provides short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillis
     subtype:  #coagulation_factor__coagulationfactor__clottingfactor  any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation
        subtype:  #fibrinogen__factor_I  a protein present in blood plasma; converts to fibrin when blood clots
        subtype:  #prothrombin__factorii  a protein in blood plasma that is the inactive precursor of thrombin
        subtype:  #thromboplastin__thrombokinase__factor_III  an enzyme liberated from blood platelets that converts prothrombin into thrombin as blood starts to clot
        subtype:  #calcium_ion__calciumion__factor_IV  ion of calcium; a factor in the clotting of blood
        subtype:  #proaccelerin__prothrombin_accelerator__prothrombinaccelerator__accelerator_factor__acceleratorfactor__factor_V  a coagulation factor
        subtype:  #proconvertin__cothromboplastin__stable_factor__factor_VII  a coagulation factor formed in the kidney under the influence of vitamin K
        subtype:  #antihemophilic_factor__antihaemophilic_factor__antihaemophilicfactor__antihemophilic_globulin__antihaemophilic_globulin__antihaemophilicglobulin__factor_VIII__Hemofil  a coagulation factor (trade name Hemofil) whose absence is associated with hemophilia A
        subtype:  #Christmas_factor__factor_IX  coagulation factor whose absence is associated with hemophilia B
        subtype:  #prothrombinase__factor_X  coagulation factor that is converted to an enzyme that converts prothrombin to thrombin in a reaction that depends on calcium ions and other coagulation factors
        subtype:  #plasma_thromboplastin_antecedent__factor_XI  coagulation factor whose deficiency results in a hemorrhagic tendency
        subtype:  #Hageman_factor__factor_XII  coagulation factor whose deficiency results in prolongation of clotting time of venous blood
        subtype:  #fibrinase__factorxiii  in the clotting of blood thrombin catalyzes factor XIII into its active form (fibrinase) which causes fibrin to form a stable clot
  subtype:  #prostate_specific_antigen__PSA  a protein manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland; PSA is produced for the ejaculate where it liquifies the semen and allows sperm cells to swim freely; elevated levels of PSA in blood serum are associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer
  subtype:  #simple_protein  a protein that yields only amino acids when hydrolyzed
     subtype:  #actin  one of the proteins into which actomyosin can be split; can exist in either a globular or a fibrous form
     subtype:  #albumin__albumen  a simple water-soluble protein found in many animal tissues and liquids
        subtype:  #ricin  a toxic protein extracted from castor beans; used as a chemical reagent
        subtype:  #lactalbumin  albumin occurring in milk
        subtype:  #serum_albumin__serumalbumin  albumin occurring in blood serum; serves to maintain the somatic pressure of the blood
     subtype:  #globulin  a family of proteins found in blood and milk and muscle and in plant seed
        subtype:  #serum_globulin__serumglobulin  globulins occurring blood serum and containing most of the antibodies of the blood
           subtype:  #C-reactive_protein__CRP  a byproduct of inflammation; a globulin that is found in the blood in some cases of acute inflammation
        subtype:  #human_gamma_globulin__humangammaglobulin__gamma_globulin__gammaglobulin  a plasma protein containing the immunoglobulins that are responsible for immune responses
        subtype:  #myosin  the commonest protein in muscle; a globulin that combines with actin to form actomyosin
     subtype:  #globin__hematohiston__haematohiston  a colorless protein obtained by removing heme from hemoglobin; the oxygen carrying compound in red blood cells
     subtype:  #glutelin  a simple protein found in the seeds of cereals
     subtype:  #histone  a simple protein containing mainly basic amino acids; present in cell nuclei in association with nucleic acids
     subtype:  #prolamine  a simple protein found in plants
     subtype:  #protamine  a simple protein found in fish sperm; rich in arginine; simpler in composition than globulin or albumin; counteracts the anticoagulant effect of heparin
     subtype:  #scleroprotein__albuminoid  a simple protein found in horny and cartilaginous tissues and in the lens of the eye
        subtype:  #collagen  a fibrous scleroprotein in bone and cartilage and tendon and other connective tissue; yields gelatin on boiling
        subtype:  #elastin  a fibrous scleroprotein found in elastic tissues such as the walls of arteries
        subtype:  #gelatine__gelatin  a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin
        subtype:  #keratin__ceratin  a fibrous scleroprotein that occurs in the outer layer of the skin and in horny tissues such as hair feathers nails and hooves
  subtype:  #cytokine  any of various proteins secreted by cells of the immune system that serve to regulate the immune system
     subtype:  #tumor_necrosis_factor__tumour_necrosis_factor__TNF  a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by white blood cells (monocytes and macrophages); has an antineoplastic effect but causes inflammation (as in rheumatoid arthritis)
     subtype:  #lymphokine  a cytokine secreted by helper T cells in response to stimulation by antigens and that play a role in cell-mediated immunity
        subtype:  #interleukin  any of several lymphokines that promote macrophages and killer T cells and B cells and other components of the immune system
  subtype:  #ferritin  a protein containing 20% iron that is found in the intestines and liver and spleen; it is one of the chief forms in which iron is stored in the body

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