#protein any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of long chains of polypeptides
supertype: #organic_compound #macromolecule
substance: #amino_acid #polypeptide
subtype: #capsid the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus
subtype: #gluten a protein substance that remains when starch is removed from cereal grains; gives cohesiveness to dough
subtype: #corn_gluten gluten prepared from corn
subtype: #wheat_gluten__wheatgluten gluten prepared from wheat
subtype: #actomyosin a protein complex in muscle fibers; composed of myosin and actin; shortens when stimulated and causes muscle contractions
subtype: #aleurone granular protein in outermost layer of endosperm of many seeds or cereal grains
subtype: #amyloid (pathology) a waxy translucent complex protein resembling starch that results from degeneration of tissue
subtype: #apoenzyme a protein that combines with a coenzyme to form an active enzyme
subtype: #conjugated_protein__compound_protein a protein complex combining amino acids with other substances
subtype: #glycoprotein a conjugated protein having a carbohydrate component
subtype: #mucin a nitrogenous substance found in mucous secretions; a lubricant that protects body surfaces
subtype: #lectin any of several plant glycoproteins that act like specific antibodies but are not antibodies in that they are not evoked by an antigenic stimulus
subtype: #mucoid any of several glycoproteins similar to mucin
subtype: #transferrin__betaglobulin__siderophilin glycoprotein that carries iron in the blood
subtype: #hemoprotein__haemoprotein a conjugated protein linked to an iron-porphyrin compound
subtype: #hemoglobin__haemoglobin__Hb a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color; function primarily to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues; "fish have simpler hemoglobin than mammals"
subtype: #oxyhemoglobin__oxyhaemoglobin the bright red hemoglobin that is a combination of hemoglobin and oxygen from the lungs; "oxyhemoglobin transports oxygen to the cells of the body"
subtype: #myoglobin a hemoprotein that receives oxygen from hemoglobin and stores it in the tissues until needed
subtype: #cytochrome a class of hemoprotein whose principle biological function is as carriers of electrons
subtype: #cytochrome_c the most abundant and stable cytochrome; involved in energy transfer
subtype: #lipoprotein a conjugated protein having a lipid component; the principal means for transporting lipids in the blood
subtype: #high-density_lipoprotein__HDL__alpha-lipoportein a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of a high proportion of protein and relatively little cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with decreased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis
subtype: #low-density_lipoprotein__lowdensitylipoprotein__LDL__ldl__beta-lipoprotein a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis
subtype: #very_low_density_lipoprotein__VLDL large lipoproteins rich in triglycerides; VLDLs circulate through the blood giving up their triglycerides to fat and muscle tissue until the VLDL remnants are modified and converted into LDL
subtype: #enzyme any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions
subtype: #amylase any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants; help convert starch to sugar
subtype: #ptyalin an amylase secreted in saliva
subtype: #cholinesterase an enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine (into choline and acetic acid)
subtype: #coagulase an enzyme that induces coagulation
subtype: #thrombin an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot
subtype: #rennin__chymosin an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate
subtype: #complement.enzyme one of a series of enzymes in the blood serum that are part of the immune response
subtype: #catalase enzyme found in most plant and animal cells that functions as an oxidative catalyst; decomposes hydrogen peroxide into hydrogen and water
subtype: #cyclooxygenase__Cox either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin
subtype: #cyclooxygenase-1__Cox-1 an enzyme that regulates prostaglandins that are important for the health of the stomach lining and kidneys; "an unfortunate side effect of Nsaids is that they block Cox-1"
subtype: #cyclooxygenase-2__Cox-2 an enzyme that makes prostaglandins that cause inflammation and pain and fever; "the beneficial effects of Nsaids result from their ability to block Cox-2"
subtype: #decarboxylase any of the enzymes that that hydrolize the carboxyl group
subtype: #de-iodinase an enzyme that removes the iodine radical
subtype: #enterokinase enzyme in the intestinal juice that converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin
subtype: #histaminase enzyme that acts as a catalyst in converting histidine to histamine
subtype: #hyaluronidase__spreading_factor__spreadingfactor__hyazyme an enzyme (trade name Hyazyme) that splits hyaluronic acid and so lowers its viscosity and increases the permeability of connective tissue and the absorption of fluids
subtype: #isomerase an enzyme that catalyzes its substrate to an isomeric form
subtype: #kinase an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a proenzyme to an active enzyme
subtype: #lactase__lactaid any of a group of enzymes (trade name Lactaid) that hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose
subtype: #lipase an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
subtype: #lysozyme__muramidase an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria
subtype: #monoamine_oxidase__monoamineoxidase__MAO an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin)
subtype: #nitrogenase an enzyme of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that catalyzes the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia
subtype: #oxidase any of the enzymes that catalyze biological oxidation
subtype: #peroxidase any of a group of enzymes (occurring especially in plant cells) that catalyze the oxidation of a compound by a peroxide
subtype: #glutathione_peroxidase__glutathioneperoxidase an enzyme in the body that is a powerful scavenger of free radicals
subtype: #oxidoreductase an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction
subtype: #oxygenase an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the incorporation of molecular oxygen
subtype: #papain a proteolytic enzyme obtained from the unripe papaya; used as a meat tenderizer
subtype: #penicillinase__betalactamase enzyme produced by certain bacteria that inactivates penicillin and results in resistance to that antibiotic
subtype: #pepsin an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones
subtype: #pepsinogen precursor of pepsin; stored in the stomach walls and converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid in the stomach
subtype: #phosphatase any of a group of enzymes that act as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of organic phosphates
subtype: #plasmin__fibrinolysin an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots
subtype: #plasminogen an inactive form of plasmin that occurs in plasma and is converted to plasmin by organic solvents
subtype: #polymerase an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA
subtype: #transcriptase a polymerase associated with the process of transcription
subtype: #reverse_transcriptase__reversetranscriptase a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template; found especially in retroviruses
subtype: #protease__peptidase__proteinase__proteolytic_enzyme__proteolyticenzyme any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis
subtype: #caspase any of a group of proteases that mediate apoptosis
subtype: #angiotensin_converting_enzyme proteolytic enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
subtype: #plasminogen_activator__plasminogenactivator__urokinase protease produced in the kidney that converts plasminogen to plasmin and so initiates fibrinolysis
subtype: #renin a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys; catalyzes the formation of angiotensin and thus affects blood pressure
subtype: #reductase an enzyme that catalyses the biochemical reduction of some specified substance
subtype: #HMG-CoA_reductase__5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme_A_reductase a liver enzyme that is responsible for producing cholesterol
subtype: #rennin__chymosin an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate
subtype: #secretase a set of enzymes believed to snip pieces off a longer protein producing fragments of amyloid protein that bunch up and create amyloid protein plaques in brain tissue (the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's)
subtype: #streptodornase an enzyme produced by some hemolytic strains of streptococcus that dissolves fibrinous secretions from infections; used medicinally (often in combination with streptokinase)
subtype: #streptokinase an enzyme produced by some strains of streptococcus that can liquefy blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin; used medicinally in some cases of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism
subtype: #superoxide_dismutase__SOD an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen; "oxygen free radicals are normally removed in our bodies by the superoxide dismutase enzymes"
subtype: #transaminase a class of enzymes that cause transamination
subtype: #glutamic_oxalacetic_transaminase__glutamic_oxaloacetic_transaminase an enzyme involved in transamination
subtype: #trypsin an enzyme of pancreatic origin; catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to smaller polypeptide units
subtype: #trypsinogen inactive precursor of trypsin; a substance secreted by the pancreas and converted to active trypsin by enterokinase in the small intestine
subtype: #zymase a complex of enzymes that cause glycolysis; originally found in yeast but also present in higher organisms
subtype: #fibrin a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots; it forms a network that traps red cells and platelets
subtype: #hatoglobin a protein in plasma that binds free hemoglobin and removes it (as from wounds)
subtype: #iodoprotein__iodinated_protein__iodinatedprotein a protein that contains iodine
subtype: #thyroprotein a preparation made from iodinated protein and having an action similar to thyroxine
subtype: #thyroglobulin an iodine containing protein that is obtained from the thyroid gland and exhibits the general properties of the globulins
subtype: #nucleoprotein any of several substances found in the nuclei of all living cells; consists of a protein bound to a nucleic acid
subtype: #opsin retinal protein formed by the action of light on rhodopsin
subtype: #phosphoprotein containing chemically bound phosphoric acid
subtype: #casein a milk protein used in making e.g. plastics and adhesives
subtype: #plasma_protein any of the proteins in blood plasma
subtype: #human_gamma_globulin__humangammaglobulin__gamma_globulin__gammaglobulin a plasma protein containing the immunoglobulins that are responsible for immune responses
subtype: #immunoglobulin__Ig__immune_serum_globulin__immune_gamma_globulin__immune_globulin a class of proteins produced in lymph tissue in vertebrates and that function as antibodies in the immune response
subtype: #antibody any of a large variety of immunoglobulins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune response
subtype: #autoantibody an antibody acting against tissues of the organism that produces it
subtype: #rheumatoid_factor autoantibody that is usually present in the serum of people with rheumatoid arthritis
subtype: #precipitin an antibody that causes precipitation when it unites with its antigen
subtype: #ABO_antibodies blood type antibodies
subtype: #Rh_antibody rhesus factor antibody
subtype: #antitoxin an antibody that can neutralize a specific toxin
subtype: #antivenin__antivenene an antitoxin that counteracts the effects of venom from the bite of a snake or insect or other animal
subtype: #tetanus_antitoxin__tetanusantitoxin antitoxin given for short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus
subtype: #agglutinin an antibody that causes agglutination of a specific antigen
subtype: #isoagglutinin an antibody produced by one individual that causes agglutination of red blood cells in other individuals of the same species
subtype: #heterophil_antibody__heterophile_antibody__heterophileantibody__forssmanantibody an antibody found in the blood of someone suffering from infectious mononucleosis
subtype: #isoantibody__alloantibody an antibody that occurs naturally against foreign tissues from a person of the same species
subtype: #monoclonal_antibody any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a hybridoma; very specific for a particular location in the body
subtype: #opsonin an antibody in blood serum that attaches to invading microorganisms and other antigens to make them more susceptible to the action of phagocytes
subtype: #immunoglobulin_A__IgA one of the most common of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the chief antibody in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
subtype: #immunoglobulin_D__IgD one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present in blood serum in small amounts
subtype: #immunoglobulin_E__IgE one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present primarily in the skin and mucous membranes
subtype: #reagin an immunoglobulin E that is formed as an antibody against allergens (such as pollen); attaches to cell membranes causing the release of histamine and other substances responsible for the local inflammation characteristic of an allergy
subtype: #immunoglobulin_G__IgG one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the main antibody defense against bacteria
subtype: #immunoglobulin_M__IgM one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; involved in fighting blood infections and in triggering production of immunoglobulin G
subtype: #tetanus_immunoglobulin__tetanusimmunoglobulin__tetanusimmuneglobulin sterile solution of globulins derived from the blood plasma of a person who has been immunized for tetanus; provides short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillis
subtype: #coagulation_factor__coagulationfactor__clottingfactor any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation
subtype: #fibrinogen__factor_I a protein present in blood plasma; converts to fibrin when blood clots
subtype: #prothrombin__factorii a protein in blood plasma that is the inactive precursor of thrombin
subtype: #thromboplastin__thrombokinase__factor_III an enzyme liberated from blood platelets that converts prothrombin into thrombin as blood starts to clot
subtype: #calcium_ion__calciumion__factor_IV ion of calcium; a factor in the clotting of blood
subtype: #proaccelerin__prothrombin_accelerator__prothrombinaccelerator__accelerator_factor__acceleratorfactor__factor_V a coagulation factor
subtype: #proconvertin__cothromboplastin__stable_factor__factor_VII a coagulation factor formed in the kidney under the influence of vitamin K
subtype: #antihemophilic_factor__antihaemophilic_factor__antihaemophilicfactor__antihemophilic_globulin__antihaemophilic_globulin__antihaemophilicglobulin__factor_VIII__Hemofil a coagulation factor (trade name Hemofil) whose absence is associated with hemophilia A
subtype: #Christmas_factor__factor_IX coagulation factor whose absence is associated with hemophilia B
subtype: #prothrombinase__factor_X coagulation factor that is converted to an enzyme that converts prothrombin to thrombin in a reaction that depends on calcium ions and other coagulation factors
subtype: #plasma_thromboplastin_antecedent__factor_XI coagulation factor whose deficiency results in a hemorrhagic tendency
subtype: #Hageman_factor__factor_XII coagulation factor whose deficiency results in prolongation of clotting time of venous blood
subtype: #fibrinase__factorxiii in the clotting of blood thrombin catalyzes factor XIII into its active form (fibrinase) which causes fibrin to form a stable clot
subtype: #prostate_specific_antigen__PSA a protein manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland; PSA is produced for the ejaculate where it liquifies the semen and allows sperm cells to swim freely; elevated levels of PSA in blood serum are associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer
subtype: #simple_protein a protein that yields only amino acids when hydrolyzed
subtype: #actin one of the proteins into which actomyosin can be split; can exist in either a globular or a fibrous form
subtype: #albumin__albumen a simple water-soluble protein found in many animal tissues and liquids
subtype: #ricin a toxic protein extracted from castor beans; used as a chemical reagent
subtype: #lactalbumin albumin occurring in milk
subtype: #serum_albumin__serumalbumin albumin occurring in blood serum; serves to maintain the somatic pressure of the blood
subtype: #globulin a family of proteins found in blood and milk and muscle and in plant seed
subtype: #serum_globulin__serumglobulin globulins occurring blood serum and containing most of the antibodies of the blood
subtype: #C-reactive_protein__CRP a byproduct of inflammation; a globulin that is found in the blood in some cases of acute inflammation
subtype: #human_gamma_globulin__humangammaglobulin__gamma_globulin__gammaglobulin a plasma protein containing the immunoglobulins that are responsible for immune responses
subtype: #myosin the commonest protein in muscle; a globulin that combines with actin to form actomyosin
subtype: #globin__hematohiston__haematohiston a colorless protein obtained by removing heme from hemoglobin; the oxygen carrying compound in red blood cells
subtype: #glutelin a simple protein found in the seeds of cereals
subtype: #histone a simple protein containing mainly basic amino acids; present in cell nuclei in association with nucleic acids
subtype: #prolamine a simple protein found in plants
subtype: #protamine a simple protein found in fish sperm; rich in arginine; simpler in composition than globulin or albumin; counteracts the anticoagulant effect of heparin
subtype: #scleroprotein__albuminoid a simple protein found in horny and cartilaginous tissues and in the lens of the eye
subtype: #collagen a fibrous scleroprotein in bone and cartilage and tendon and other connective tissue; yields gelatin on boiling
subtype: #elastin a fibrous scleroprotein found in elastic tissues such as the walls of arteries
subtype: #gelatine__gelatin a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin
subtype: #keratin__ceratin a fibrous scleroprotein that occurs in the outer layer of the skin and in horny tissues such as hair feathers nails and hooves
subtype: #cytokine any of various proteins secreted by cells of the immune system that serve to regulate the immune system
subtype: #tumor_necrosis_factor__tumour_necrosis_factor__TNF a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by white blood cells (monocytes and macrophages); has an antineoplastic effect but causes inflammation (as in rheumatoid arthritis)
subtype: #lymphokine a cytokine secreted by helper T cells in response to stimulation by antigens and that play a role in cell-mediated immunity
subtype: #interleukin any of several lymphokines that promote macrophages and killer T cells and B cells and other components of the immune system
subtype: #ferritin a protein containing 20% iron that is found in the intestines and liver and spleen; it is one of the chief forms in which iron is stored in the body
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