#carbohydrate__saccharide__sugar an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain
supertype: organic_compound__organiccompound any compound of carbon and another element or a radical
subtype: ribose a pentose sugar important as a component of ribonucleic acid
subtype: beet_sugar.carbohydrate__beetsugar sugar made from sugar beets
subtype: cane_sugar.carbohydrate__canesugar sucrose obtained from sugar cane
subtype: demerara a light brown raw cane sugar from Guyana
subtype: deoxyribose a sugar that is a constituent of nucleic acids
subtype: invert_sugar a mixture of glucose and fructose found in fruits; sweeter than glucose
subtype: maple_sugar__maplesugar sugar made from the sap of the sugar maple tree
subtype: monosaccharide__monosaccharose__simple_sugar a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars; the simplest group of carbohydrates
subtype: triose any monosaccharide sugar containing three atoms of carbon per molecule
subtype: tetrose any monosaccharide sugar containing four atoms of carbon per molecule
subtype: pentose any monosaccharide sugar containing five atoms of carbon per molecule
subtype: hexose a monosaccharide that contains six carbon atoms per molecule
subtype: aldohexose a monosaccharide sugar having six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group
subtype: glucose a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms; an important source of physiological energy
subtype: corn_sugar.glucose__cornsugar dextrose made by hydrolysis of cornstarch
subtype: dextrose__dextroglucose__grapesugar an isomer of glucose that is found in honey and sweet fruits
subtype: blood_sugar__blood_glucose__bloodglucose glucose in the bloodstream
subtype: ketohexose a monosaccharide having six carbon atoms and a ketone group
subtype: fructose__fruit_sugar__fruitsugar__levulose__laevulose a simple sugar found in honey and in many ripe fruits
subtype: aldose a monosaccharide sugar that contains the aldehyde group or is hemiacetal
subtype: aldohexose a monosaccharide sugar having six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group
subtype: ketose any monosaccharide sugar that contains a ketone group or its hemiacetal
subtype: ketohexose a monosaccharide having six carbon atoms and a ketone group
subtype: oligosaccharide any of the carbohydrates that yield only a few monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
subtype: disaccharide any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
subtype: lactose__milksugar a sugar comprising one glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule; occurs only in milk; "cow's milk contains about 4.7% lactose"
subtype: maltose__maltsugar a white crystalline sugar formed during the digestion of starches
subtype: sucrose a complex carbohydrate found in many plants and used as a sweetening agent
subtype: galactose__brain_sugar__brainsugar a simple sugar found in lactose
subtype: tetrasaccharide any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield four monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
subtype: stachyose a tetrasaccharide found in the tubers of the Chinese artichoke
subtype: trisaccharide any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield three monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
subtype: raffinose a trisaccharide that occurs in sugar beets and cotton seeds and certain cereals
subtype: polysaccharide__polyose any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules
subtype: heparin__lipohepin__Liquaemin a polysaccharide produced in basophils (especially in the lung and liver) and that inhibit the activity of thrombin in coagulation of the blood; heparin sodium (trade names Lipo-Hepin and Liquaemin) is used as an anticoagulant in the treatment of thrombosis
subtype: chitin a tough semitransparent horny substance; the principal component of the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of certain fungi
subtype: cellulose a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers
subtype: carboxymethyl_cellulose__carboxymethylcellulose an acid derivative of cellulose
subtype: diethylaminoethyl_cellulose__diethylaminoethylcellulose__DEAE_cellulose used for chromatography
subtype: pulp.cellulose a mixture of cellulose fibers
subtype: bagasse the dry dusty pulp that remains after juice is extracted from sugar cane or similar plants
subtype: wood_pulp wood that has been ground to a pulp; used in making cellulose products (as rayon or paper)
subtype: pectin any of various water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruit and vegetables; used in making fruit jellies and jams
subtype: glycogen__animal_starch the form in which carbohydrate are stored; stored primarily in the liver and broken down into glucose when needed by the body
subtype: inulin used to manufacture fructose and in assessing kidney function
subtype: mucopolysaccharide complex polysaccharides containing an amino group; occur chiefly as components of connective tissue
subtype: hyaluronic_acid a viscous mucopolysaccharide found in the connective tissue space and the synovial fluid of movable joints and the humors of the eye; a cementing and protective substance
subtype: starch__amylum a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice; an important foodstuff and used otherwise especially in adhesives and as fillers and stiffeners for paper and textiles
subtype: arum starch resembling sago that is obtained from cuckoopint root
subtype: cassava_starch__cassavastarch__cassava__manioca a starch made by leaching and drying the root of the cassava plant; the source of tapioca; a staple food in the tropics
subtype: arrowroot a nutritive starch obtained from the root of the arrowroot plant
subtype: cornstarch__cornflour starch prepared from the grains of corn; used in cooking as a thickener
subtype: sago powdery starch from certain sago palms; used in Asia as a food thickener and textile stiffener
subtype: pearl_sago__pearlsago sago ground into small pearl-like grains
subtype: amyloid.starch a nonnitrogenous food substance consisting chiefly of starch; any substance resembling starch
subtype: Otaheite_arrowroot a starch obtained from the root of the pia
subtype: jaggery__jagghery__jaggary unrefined brown sugar made from palm sap
subtype: wood_sugar__xylose a sugar extracted from wood or straw; used in foods for diabetics
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