#Indo-European_language__Indo-European__Indo-Hittite the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia
supertype: natural_language__naturallanguage__tongue a human written or spoken language used by a community; opposed to e.g. a computer language
subtype: Proto-Indo_European__PIE a prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Indo-European languages
subtype: Albanian the Indo-European language spoken by the people of Albania
subtype: Gheg_dialect__Gheg the dialect of Albanian spoken in northern Albania and Yugoslavia
subtype: Tosk_dialect__Tosk the dialect of Albanian spoken in southern Albania and in areas of Greece and Italy
subtype: Armenian_language__Armenian the Indo-European language spoken predominantly in Armenia
subtype: Illyrian a minor and almost extinct branch of the Indo-European languages; spoken along the Dalmatian coast
subtype: Thraco-Phrygian an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family thought by some to be related to Armenian
subtype: Thracian a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient people of Thrace but extinct by the early Middle Ages
subtype: Phrygian a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Phrygia and now extinct--preserved only in a few inscriptions
subtype: Balto-Slavic_language__Balto-Slavic__Balto-Slavonic a family of Indo-European languages including the Slavic and Baltic languages
subtype: Slavic_language__Slavic__Slavonic__Slavonic_language a branch of the Indo European family of language
subtype: Old_Church_Slavonic__Old_Church_Slavic__Church_Slavic__Old_Bulgarian the Slavic language into which the Bible was translated in the 9th Century
subtype: Russian.Slavic_language__russian the Slavic language that is the official language of Russia
subtype: Belarusian__Byelorussian the Slavic language spoken in Belarus
subtype: Ukrainian the Slavic language spoken in the Ukraine
subtype: Polish the Slavic language of Poland
subtype: Slovak the Slavic language spoken in Slovakia
subtype: Czech the Slavic language of the Czech people
subtype: Slovene the Slavic language of the Slovene people
subtype: Serbo-Croat__Serbo-Croatian the Slavic language of the Serbs and Croats; the Serbian dialect is usually written in the Cyrillic alphabet and the Croatian dialect is usually written in the Roman alphabet
subtype: Lusatian__Sorbian aa slavonic language spoken in rural area of southeastern Germany
subtype: Macedonian.Slavic_language__macedonian the Slavic language of modern Macedonia
subtype: Bulgarian a Slavic language spoken in Bulgaria
subtype: Baltic_language__Baltic a branch of the Indo-European family of languages related to the Slavonic languages; Baltic languages have preserved many archaic features that are believed to have existed in Proto-Indo European
subtype: Old_Prussian a dead language of the non-German Prussians (extinct after 1700); thought to belong to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
subtype: Lithuanian the official language of Lithuania; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo European
subtype: Lettish__Latvian the official language of Latvia; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
subtype: Germanic_language__Germanic a branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken currently fall into two major groups: Scandinavian and West Germanic
subtype: West_Germanic_language__West_Germanic a branch of the Germanic languages
subtype: English_language__English an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the US and most of the Commonwealth countries
subtype: American_English__American_language__American the English language as used in the United States
subtype: Black_English_Vernacular__Black_English__Ebonics a nonstandard form of American English spoken by some American Black people
subtype: cockney the nonstandard dialect of natives of the east end of London
subtype: King's_English standard southern British English
subtype: Middle_English English from about 1100 to 1450
subtype: East_Midland the dialect of Middle English that replaced West Saxon as the literary language and which developed into Modern English
subtype: West_Midland a dialect of Middle English
subtype: Northern a dialect of Middle English that developed into Scottish Lallans
subtype: Kentish a dialect of Middle English
subtype: Southwestern__West_Saxon a dialect of Middle English
subtype: Modern_English English since about 1450
subtype: Old_English__Anglo-Saxon English prior to about 1100
subtype: West_Saxon a literary dialect of Old English
subtype: Anglian one of the major dialects of Old English
subtype: Jutish__Kentish one of the major dialects of Old English
subtype: Oxford_English the dialect of English spoken at Oxford University and regarded by many as affected and pretentious
subtype: Scottish__Scots__Scots_English the dialect of English used in Scotland
subtype: Scottish_Lallans__Lallans a dialect of English spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland
subtype: German_language__German__High_German the standard German language; developed historically from West Germanic
subtype: Old_High_German High German prior to 1200
subtype: Middle_High_German High German from 1100 to 1500
subtype: Yiddish a dialect of High German including some Hebrew and other words; spoken as a vernacular by European Jews
subtype: Pennsylvania_Dutch a dialect of High German spoken in parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland
subtype: Low_German__Plattdeutsch a German dialect spoken in northern Germany
subtype: Old_Saxon Low German prior to 1200
subtype: Middle_Low_German Low German from 1100 to 1500
subtype: Dutch the West Germanic language of the Netherlands
subtype: Flemish_dialect__Flemish one of two official languages of Belgium; closely related to Dutch
subtype: Afrikaans__Taal__the_Taal__South_African_Dutch an official language of the Republic of South Africa; closely related to Dutch and Flemish
subtype: Frisian a West Germanic language spoken in the northwestern Netherlands; a near relative of English
subtype: Old_Frisian the Frisian language until the 16th century
subtype: Proto-Norse the Germanic language of Scandinavia up until about 700
subtype: Old_Norse the extinct Germanic language of medieval Scandinavia and Iceland from about to 700 to 1350
subtype: Old_Icelandic__oldicelandic the extinct dialect of Old Norse that was spoken in Iceland up until about 1600
subtype: Scandinavian_language__Scandinavian__Nordic__Norse__North_Germanic__North_Germanic_language the northern family of Germanic languages that are spoken in Scandinavia and Iceland
subtype: Danish a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark
subtype: Icelandic a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland
subtype: Norwegian a Scandinavian language that is spoken in Norway
subtype: Bokmal__Dano-Norwegian__Riksmal one of two official languages of Norway; closely related to Danish
subtype: New_Norwegian__Landsmal__Nynorsk one of two official languages of Norway; based on rural dialects
subtype: Swedish a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Sweden and one of two official languages of Finland
subtype: Faroese__Faeroese a Scandinavian language (closely related to Icelandic) that is spoken on the Faroe Islands
subtype: East_Germanic_language__East_Germanic an extinct branch of the Germanic languages
subtype: Gothic extinct East Germanic language of the ancient Goths; the only surviving record being fragments of a 4th-century translation of the Bible by Bishop Ulfilas
subtype: Celtic_language__Celtic a branch of the Indo-European languages that (judging from inscriptions and place names) was spread widely over Europe in the pre-Christian era
subtype: Gaelic__Goidelic__Erse any of several related languages of the Celts in Ireland and Scotland
subtype: Irish_Gaelic__Irish the Celtic language of Ireland
subtype: Old_Irish Irish Gaelic up to about 1100
subtype: Middle_Irish Irish Gaelic from 1100 to 1500
subtype: Scottish_Gaelic__Scots_Gaelic the Gaelic language of Scotland
subtype: Manx the Gaelic language formerly spoken on the Isle of Man
subtype: Brythonic__Brittanic a southern group of Celtic languages
subtype: Welsh a Celtic language of Wales
subtype: Cornish.Brythonic__cornish a Celtic language formerly spoken in Cornwall
subtype: Breton a Celtic language of Brittany
subtype: Italic_language__Italic a branch of the Indo-European languages of which Latin is the chief representative
subtype: Osco-Umbrian a group of dead languages of ancient Italy; they were displace by Latin
subtype: Umbrian an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
subtype: Oscan an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
subtype: Sabellian an extinct Osco-Umbrian language of ancient Italy that survives only in a few inscriptions
subtype: Latin any dialect of the language of ancient Rome
subtype: Old_Latin the oldest recorded Latin (dating back at early as the 6th century B.C.)
subtype: classical_Latin the language of educated people in ancient Rome; "Latin is a language as dead as dead can be. It killed the ancient Romans--and now it's killing me"
subtype: Low_Latin any dialect of Latin other than the classical
subtype: Vulgar_Latin nonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire; source of Romance languages
subtype: Medieval_Latin Latin used for liturgical purposes during the Middle Ages
subtype: Late_Latin__Biblical_Latin the form of Latin written between the 3rd and 8th centuries
subtype: Neo-Latin__New_Latin Latin since the Renaissance; used for scientific nomenclature
subtype: Romance_language__Romance__romance__Latinian_language the group of languages derived from Latin
subtype: bodice_ripper a romantic novel containing scenes in which the heroine is sexually violated
subtype: Italian.Romance_language__italian the Romance language spoken in Italy
subtype: Old_Italian the Italian language up to the middle of the 16th century
subtype: Tuscan a dialect of Italian spoken in Tuscany (especially Florence)
subtype: French the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France
subtype: Langue_d'oil_French__Langue_d'oil medieval provincial dialects of French spoken in central and northern France
subtype: Langue_d'oc_French__Langue_d'oc medieval provincial dialects of French formerly spoken in the south of France
subtype: Provencal__Occitan__occitan the medieval dialects of Langue d'oc
subtype: Old_French the earliest form of the French language; 9th to 15th century
subtype: Norman-French__Old_North_French the medieval Norman dialect of Old French
subtype: Anglo-French__Anglo-Norman the French (Norman) language used in medieval England
subtype: Canadian_French__canadianfrench the French language as spoken in Quebec, Canada
subtype: Walloon dialect of French spoken in Belgium and adjacent parts of France
subtype: Portuguese the Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil
subtype: Galician the dialect of Portuguese (sometimes regarded as a dialect of Spanish) spoken in Galicia northwestern Spain
subtype: Spanish the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain
subtype: Mexican_Spanish the dialect of Spanish spoken in Mexico
subtype: Catalan the Romance language spoken in Catalonia in eastern Spain (related to Spanish and Occitan)
subtype: Rumanian an eastern Romance language spoken in Rumania
subtype: Tocharian a branch of the Indo-European language family that originated in central Asia during the first millennium A.D.
subtype: Turfan_dialect__Turfan__East_Tocharian a dialect of Tocharian
subtype: Kuchean_dialect__Kuchean__West_Tocharian a dialect of Tocharian
subtype: Indo-Iranian_language__Indo-Iranian the branch of the Indo-European family of languages including the Indic and Iranian language groups
subtype: Indic__Indo-Aryan a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages
subtype: Sanskrit__Sanskritic_language an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism); an official language of India although it is now used only for religious purposes
subtype: Sindhi the Indic language of the Sindhi people
subtype: Romany__Gypsy the Indic language of the Gypsies
subtype: Urdu the official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi; widely used in India (mostly by Moslems); written in Arabic script
subtype: Hindi the most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars; spoken mostly in the north of India; along with English it is the official language of India; usually written in Devanagari script
subtype: Hindoostani__Hindustani__Hindostani a form of Hindi spoken around Delhi
subtype: Bihari the Indic language spoken in Bihar (and by some people in Pakistan and Bangladesh)
subtype: Magadhan a subfamily of Indic languages
subtype: Asamiya__Assamese the Magadhan language spoken by the Assamese people; closely related to Bengali
subtype: Bengali a Magadhan language spoken by the Bengali people; the official language of Bangladesh and West Bengal
subtype: Oriya a Magadhan language that is spoken by the Oriya people and is the official language of the Indian state of Orissa
subtype: Marathi__Mahratti an Indic language; the state language of Maharashtra in west central India; written in the Devanagari script
subtype: Gujarati__Gujerati the Indic language spoken by the people of India who live in Gujarat in western India
subtype: Punjabi__Panjabi the Indic language spoken by most people in Punjab in northwestern India
subtype: Sinhala__Sinhalese__Singhalese the Indic language spoken by the people of Sri Lanka
subtype: Dard__Dardic__Dardic_language any of a group of Indic languages spoken in Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan
subtype: Shina a Dardic language spoken in northern Kashmir
subtype: Khowar a Dardic language spoken in northwestern Pakistan
subtype: Kafiri a Dardic language spoken by the Kafir people in northeastern Afghanistan
subtype: Kashmiri the official state language of Kashmir
subtype: Nepali the official state language of Nepal
subtype: Iranian_language__Iranian the modern Persian language spoken in Iran
subtype: Zend__Avestan an ancient Iranian language
subtype: Gathic an ancient Iranian language
subtype: Persian__Farsi the language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms
subtype: Dari_Persian__Dari an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan
subtype: Tajiki an Iranian language spoken in Iran and Russia
subtype: Kurdish an Iranian language spoken in Turkey and Iran and Iraq and Syria and Russia
subtype: Balochi__Baluchi an Iranian language spoken in Pakistan and Iran and Afghanistan and Russia and the Persian gulf
subtype: Paxto__Pashto__Afghani__Afghan an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan
subtype: Ossete a northeastern Iranian language spoken in Russia
subtype: Scythian the Iranian language spoken by the ancient Scythians
subtype: Anatolian_language__Anatolian an extinct branch of the Indo-European family of languages known from inscriptions and important in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo European
subtype: Hittite the principal language of the Anatolian group
subtype: Lycian an Anatolian language
subtype: Luwian__Luvian an Anatolian language
subtype: Lydian an Anatolian language
subtype: Palaic an Anatolian language
subtype: Hellenic__Greek__Hellenic_language the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages
subtype: Modern_Greek the Greek language as spoken and written today
subtype: Romaic__Demotic the modern Greek vernacular
subtype: Katharevusa literary style of Modern Greek containing features borrowed from Koine
subtype: Late_Greek the Greek language in the 3rd to 8th centuries
subtype: Medieval_Greek__Middle_Greek__Byzantine_Greek the Greek language from about 600 to 1200 AD
subtype: Koine a Greek dialect that flourished under the Roman Empire
subtype: Ancient_Greek the Greek language prior to the Roman Empire
subtype: Attic__Classical_Greek the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken and written in Attica and Athens
subtype: Aeolic__Eolic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Thessaly and Boeotia and Aeolis
subtype: Arcadic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken by Arcadians
subtype: Doric the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in the Peloponnesus
subtype: Ionic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Ionia
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