#Europe the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles
supertype: region a large indefinite location on the surface of the Earth; "penguins inhabit the polar regions"
part of: Eurasia
part: European_country__European_nation countries occupying the European continent
part: European_mainland__Continent the European mainland; "Englishmen like to visit the Continent but they wouldn't like to live there"
part: Scandinavian_country__Scandinavian_nation countries occupying Scandinavia
part: Balkan_Peninsula__Balkans a large peninsula in southeastern Europe containing the Balkan Mountain Range
part: Balkan_Wars wars between Turkey and Balkan countries (Greece and Serbia and Bulgaria) and later between Turkey and Montenegro; 1912-1914
part: battle_of_Lule_Burgas__Lule_Burgas the principal battle of the Balkan Wars (1912); Bulgarian forces defeated the Turks
part: Balkan_country__Balkan_nation__Balkans__Balkan_state a country on the Balkan Peninsula
part: Albania__Republic_of_Albania a republic in southeastern Europe on the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula
part: Tirana__Albanian_capital the capital and largest city of Albania in the center of the country
part: Durres__Durazzo port city in western Albania on the Adriatic
part: Epirus an ancient area on the Ionian Sea that flourished as a kingdom in the 3rd century BC; located in northwest Greece and southern Albania
part: Croatia__Republic_of_Croatia__Hrvatska a republic in the western Balkans in south-central Europe in the eastern Adriatic coastal area; formerly part of the Hapsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; became independent in 1991
part: Dubrovnik__Ragusa a port city in southwestern Croatia on the Adriatic; a popular tourist center
part: Split an old Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea
part: Zagreb the capital of Croatia
part: Macedon__Macedonia__Makedonija the ancient kingdom of Philip II and Alexander the Great in the southeastern Balkans that is now divided among modern Macedonia and Greece and Bulgaria
part: battle_of_Pydna__Pydna a major victory by the Romans over the Macedonians in 168 BC; resulted in the downfall of the ancient Macedonian kingdom
part: Thrace a region and ancient country in the east of the Balkan Peninsula north of the Aegean Sea; colonized by ancient Greeks; later a Roman province; now divided between Greece and Turkey
part: battle_of_Lule_Burgas__Lule_Burgas the principal battle of the Balkan Wars (1912); Bulgarian forces defeated the Turks
part: Macedonia landlocked republic on the Balkan Peninsula; achieved independence from Yugoslavia in 1991
part: battle_of_Philippi__Philippi Octavian and Mark Antony defeated Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC
part: Skopje__Skoplje__Uskub capital of modern Macedonia
part: Turkey__Republic_of_Turkey a Eurasian republic in Asia Minor and the Balkans; achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1923
part: Dardanelles_campaign__Dardanelles the unsuccessful campaign in World War I (1915) by the English and French to open a passage for aid to Russia; defeated by the Turks
part: Edirne__Adrianople__Adrianopolis a city in northwestern Turkey; a Thracian town that was rebuilt and renamed by the Roman emperor Hadrian
part: Abydos an ancient Greek colony on the Asiatic side of the Dardanelles; scene of the legend of Hero and Leander
part: Adana__Seyhan a city in southern Turkey on the Seyhan River
part: Ankara__Turkish_capital__capital_of_Turkey the capital of Turkey; located in west-central Turkey; formerly known as Angora and is the home of Angora goats
part: Antalya__Adalia a port city in southwestern Turkey on the Gulf of Antalya
part: Antioch__Antakya__Antakiya a town in southern Turkey; ancient commercial center and capital of Syria; an early center of Christianity
part: Dardanelles__Hellespont the strait between the Aegean and the Sea of Marmara that separates European from Asian Turkey
part: Istanbul__Stambul__Stamboul__Constantinople the largest city and former capital of Turkey; rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine who made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire; now the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church
part: Bosporus_Bridge a suspension bridge across the Bosporus at Istanbul
part: Bursa__Brusa a city in northwestern Turkey
part: Izmir__Smyrna a port city in western Turkey
part: Aegospotamos__Aegospotami a creek emptying into the Hellespont in present-day Turkey; at its mouth in 405 BC the Spartan fleet under Lysander defeated the Athenians and ended the Peloponnesian War
part: Mount_Ararat__Ararat__Mt._Ararat the mountain peak that Noah's ark landed on as the waters of the great flood receded
part: Aras__Araxes a river that rises in northeastern Turkey (near the source of the Euphrates) and flows generally eastward through Armenia to the Caspian Sea; ancient name was Araxes
part: Bosporus a strait connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea; separates the European and Asian parts of Turkey; an important shipping route
part: Euphrates_River__Euphrates a river in southwestern Asia; flows into the Persian Gulf; was important in the development of several great civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia
part: Seyhan_River__Seyhan a Turkish river flowing south southwest into the Mediterranean
part: Tigris_River__Tigris an Asian river; a tributary of the Euphrates River
part: Balkans__Balkan_Mountains__Balkan_Mountain_Range the major mountain range of Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula
part: Bulgaria__Republic_of_Bulgaria a republic in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe
part: Plevna__Pleven the town was taken from the Turks by the Russians in 1877 after a siege of 143 days
part: Sofia__Serdica__Bulgarian_capital capital and largest city of Bulgaria located in western Bulgaria
part: Plovdiv__Philippopolis an ancient city in southern Bulgaria; commercial center of an agricultural region
part: Danube_River__Danube the 2nd longest European river; flows into the Black Sea
part: Czech_Republic a landlocked republic in central Europe; separated from Slovakia in 1993
part: Prague__Praha__Prag__Czech_capital capital and largest city of the Czech Republic
part: Austerlitz a town in the Czech Republic; site of the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805
part: Bohemian a native or inhabitant of Bohemia in the Czech Republic
part: Czechoslovakia a former republic in central Europe; divided into Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993
part: Danube_River__Danube the 2nd longest European river; flows into the Black Sea
part: Slovakia__Slovak_Republic a landlocked republic in central Europe; separated from the Czech Republic in 1993
part: Bratislava__capital_of_Slovakia__Pressburg__Pozsony capital and largest city of Slovakia
part: northern_Europe the northernmost countries of Europe
part: Scandinavia a group of culturally related countries in northern Europe; Finland and Iceland are sometimes considered Scandinavian
part: Scandinavian_Peninsula__Scandinavia the peninsula in northern Europe occupied by Norway and Sweden
part: Germany__Federal_Republic_of_Germany__Deutschland__FRG a republic in central Europe; split into East German and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990
part: Blenheim the British Duke of Marlborough and the Austrian Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the French in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession
part: battle_of_Jena__Jena the battle in 1806 in which Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians
part: battle_of_Lutzen__Lutzen a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1632); Swedes under King Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Imperialists under Wallenstein; Gustavus was killed
part: battle_of_Minden__Minden a battle in the Seven Years' War (1759) in which the English forces and their allies defeated the French
part: battle_of_Rossbach__Rossbach a battle in the Seven Years' War (1757); Prussian forces under Frederick the Great defeated the armies of France and Austria
part: battle_of_Teutoburger_Wald__Teutoburger_Wald a battle in 9 AD in which the Germans under Arminius annihilated three Roman legions
part: Dachau a concentration camp created by the Nazis near Munich in southern Germany
part: Rhineland__Rheinland a picturesque region of Germany around the Rhine river
part: Lower_Saxony a state in northwestern Germany
part: Aachen__Aix-la-Chapelle a city in western Germany near the Dutch and Belgian borders; formerly it was Charlemagne's northern capital
part: Berlin__German_capital capital of Germany located in eastern Germany
part: West_Berlin the part of Berlin under United States and British and French control until 1989
part: Dresden a city in southeastern Germany on the Elbe River; it was almost totally destroyed by British air raids in 1945
part: Leipzig a city in southeastern Germany famous for fairs; formerly a music and publishing center
part: Solingen a city in west central Germany noted for cutlery
part: Weimar a German city near Leipzig; scene of the adoption in 1919 of the constitution of the Weimar Republic that lasted until 1933
part: Bavaria a state in southwestern Germany famous for its beer; site of automobile factory
part: Bonn a city in western Germany on the Rhine River; was the capital of West Germany between 1949 and 1989
part: Cologne__Koln a commercial center and river port in western Germany on the Rhine River; flourished during the 15th century as a member of the Hanseatic League
part: Braunschweig__Brunswick a city in central Germany
part: Dusseldorf an industrial city in western Germany on the Rhine
part: Essen a city in western Germany; industrial center of the Ruhr
part: Frankfurt_on_the_Main__Frankfurt__Frankfort a German city; an industrial and commercial and financial center
part: Halle-an-der-Saale__Halle a city in the Saxony region of Germany on the Saale River; a member of the Hanseatic League during the 13th and 14th centuries
part: Hamburg a city in northern Germany on the Elbe River
part: Hannover__Hanover a port city in northwestern Germany
part: Lubeck a city in northwestern Germany and an important Baltic port; a leading member of the Hanseatic League
part: Mannheim a city in southwestern Germany at the confluence of the Rhine and Neckar rivers
part: Munich__Muenchen the capital and largest city of Bavaria in southeastern Germany
part: Nuremberg__Nurnberg a city in southeastern Germany; site of Allied trials of Nazi war criminals (1945-46)
part: Rostock a city in northeastern Germany near the Baltic sea; an important member of the Hanseatic League in the 14th century
part: Stuttgart a city in southwestern Germany famous for innovative architecture
part: Wurzburg__Wuerzburg a city of south central Germany
part: Palatinate__Pfalz a territory in southwestern Germany formerly ruled by the counts palatine
part: Prussia__Preussen a former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland; "in the 19th century Prussia led the economic and political unification of the German states"
part: Brandenburg the territory of an Elector of the Holy Roman Empire that expanded to become the kingdom of Prussia in 1701
part: Ruhr_Valley__Ruhr a major industrial and coal mining region in the valley of the Ruhr river in northwestern Germany
part: Thuringia a historical region of southern Germany
part: Danube_River__Danube the 2nd longest European river; flows into the Black Sea
part: Neckar_River__Neckar a river in Germany; rises in the Black Forest and flows north into the Rhine
part: Oder_River__Oder a European river; flows into the Baltic Sea
part: Rhine_River__Rhine__Rhein a major European river carrying more traffic than any other river in the world; flows into the North Sea
part: Ruhr_River__Ruhr a tributary of the Rhine
part: Saale_River__Saale a river that rises in central Germany and flows north to join the Elbe River
part: Darmstadt
part: Finland__Republic_of_Finland__Suomi republic in northern Europe; achieved independence from Russia in 1917
part: Karelia a region in Finland and Russia between the Gulf of Finland and the White Sea
part: Helsinki__Helsingfors__capital_of_Finland__Finnish_capital the capital and largest city of Finland; located in southern Finland; a major port and commercial and cultural center
part: Espoo a city in southern Finland
part: Tampere__Tammerfors an industrial city in south central Finland
part: Aland_islands__Aaland_islands__Ahvenanmaa an archipelago of some 6,000 islands in the Gulf of Bothnia under Finnish control
part: Mariehamn__Maarianhamina a town that is the chief port of the Aland islands
part: Greece__Hellenic_Republic__Ellas town a republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula; known for grapes and olives and olive oil
part: Chaeronea a battle in which Philip of Macedon defeated the Athenians and Thebans (338 BC) and also Sulla defeated Mithridates (86 BC)
part: battle_of_Lepanto__Lepanto Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope
part: battle_of_Leuctra__Leuctra Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 BC; the battle ended Sparta's military supremacy in Greece
part: Mantinea__Mantineia the site of three famous battles among Greek city-states: in 418 BC and 362 BC and 207 BC
part: battle_of_Marathon__Marathon a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians
part: battle_of_Navarino__Navarino a naval battle in the War of Greek Independence (1827); the Turkish and Egyptian fleet was defeated by the allied fleet
part: battle_of_Pharsalus__Pharsalus Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 BC
part: battle_of_Thermopylae__Thermopylae a famous battle in 480 BC; a Greek army under Leonidas was annihilated by the Persians who were trying to conquer Greece
part: Aigina__Aegina an island in the Aegean Sea in the Saronic Gulf
part: Chios__Khios an island in the Aegean Sea off the west coast of Turkey; belongs to Greece
part: Cyclades__Kikladhes a group of over 200 islands in the southern Aegean
part: Dodecanese__Dhodhekanisos a group of islands in the southeast Aegean Sea
part: Rhodes__Rodhos a Greek island in the southeast Aegean Sea 10 miles off the Turkish coast; the largest of the Dodecanese; it was colonized before 1000 BC by Dorians from Argos
part: Lesbos__Lesvos__Mytilene an island of eastern Greece in the eastern Aegean Sea; in antiquity it was famous for lyric poetry
part: Rhodes__Rodhos a Greek island in the southeast Aegean Sea 10 miles off the Turkish coast; the largest of the Dodecanese; it was colonized before 1000 BC by Dorians from Argos
part: Crete__Kriti the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean; site of the Minoan civilization that reached its peak in 1600 BC
part: Ithaki__Ithaca a Greek island west of Greece; in Homeric legend Odysseus was its king
part: Mount_Athos__Athos an autonomous area in northeastern Greece that is the site of several Greek Orthodox monasteries founded in the tenth century
part: Athens__Athinai__capital_of_Greece__Greek_capital the capital and largest city of Greece; named after Athena (its patron goddess); "in the 5th century BC ancient Athens was the world's most powerful and civilized city"
part: Dipylon_gate__Dipylon a gateway on the west of ancient Athens near which a distinctive style of pottery has been found
part: Actium an ancient town on a promontory in western Greece
part: Attica the territory of Athens in ancient Greece
part: Corinth__Korinthos the modern Greek port near the site of the ancient city that was second only to Athens
part: Argos an ancient city in southeastern Greece; dominated the Peloponnese in the 7th century BC
part: Delphi an ancient Greek city on the slopes of Mount Parnassus; site of the Temple of Apollo
part: Temple_of_Apollo__Oracle_of_Apollo__Delphic_oracle__oracle_of_Delphi (Greek mythology) the oracle at Delphi where a priestess supposedly delivered messages from Apollo to those who sought advice; the messages were usually obscure or ambiguous
part: Mycenae an ancient city is southern Greece; center of the Mycenaean civilization
part: Epirus an ancient area on the Ionian Sea that flourished as a kingdom in the 3rd century BC; located in northwest Greece and southern Albania
part: Laconia an ancient region of southern Greece in the southeastern Peloponnesus; dominated by Sparta
part: Boeotia a district of ancient Greece northwest of Athens
part: Thebes an ancient Greek city in Boeotia destroyed by Alexander the Great in 336 BC
part: Thessaloniki__Salonika__Salonica__Thessalonica a port city in northeastern Greece on an inlet of the Aegean Sea; second largest city of Greece
part: Thessalia__Thessaly a fertile plain on the Aegean Sea in east central Greece; Thessaly was a former region of ancient Greece
part: Arcadia a department of Greece in the central Peloponnese
part: Peloponnese__Peloponnesus__Peloponnesian_Peninsula the southern peninsula of Greece; dominated by Sparta until the 4th century BC
part: Sparta an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess; the dominant city of the Peloponnesus prior to the 4th century BC
part: Olympia a plain in Greece in the northwestern Peloponnese; site of the original Olympian Games
part: Lemnos__Limnos a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea; famous for a reddish-brown clay that has medicinal properties
part: Mount_Olympus__Olympus__Mt._Olympus__Olimbos a mountain in northeast Greece near the Aegean coast; believed by ancient Greeks to be the dwelling place of the gods (9,570 feet high)
part: Mount_Parnassus__Parnassus__Liakoura a mountain in central Greece where (according to Greek mythology) the Muses lived; known as the mythological home of music and poetry; "Liakoura is the modern name of Mount Parnassus"
part: Saronic_Gulf__Gulf_of_Aegina a gulf of the Aegean on the southeastern coast of Greece
part: Roman_Empire an empire including the lands in Europe and Africa and Asia that were ruled by ancient Rome
part: Holy_Roman_Empire__First_Reich the lands ruled by Charlemagne; a continuation of the Roman Empire in Europe
part: Byzantine_Empire__Eastern_Roman_Empire a continuation of the Roman Empire in the East after AD 330 when Constantine the Great rebuilt Byzantium and called it Constantinople and made it his capital
part: Byzantium an ancient city on the Bosporus founded by the Greeks; site of modern Istanbul
part: Italy__Italian_Republic__Italia a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD
part: Cannae ancient city is southeastern Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans in 216 BC
part: battle_of_Caporetto__Caporetto battle of World War I (1917); Italians were defeated by the Austrian and German forces
part: Battle_of_Lake_Trasimenus__Lake_Trasimenus a battle in 217 BC in which Hannibal ambushed a Roman army led by Flaminius
part: battle_of_Magenta__Magenta a battle in 1859 in which the French and Sardinian forces under Napoleon III defeated the Austrians under Francis Joseph I
part: Marengo a battle in 1800 in which the French under Napoleon Bonaparte won a great victory over the Austrians
part: Metaurus_River a battle during the second of the Punic Wars (207 BC); Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal was defeated by the Romans which ended Hannibal's hopes for success in Italy
part: battle_of_Ravenna__Ravenna a battle between the French and an alliance of Spaniards and Swiss and Venetians in 1512
part: Salerno a battle in World War II; the port was captured by US troops in September 1943
part: battle_of_Solferino__Solferino an indecisive battle in 1859 between the French and Sardinians under Emperor Napoleon III and the Austrians under Emperor Francis Joseph I
part: battle_of_Trasimeno__Trasimeno a battle in central Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans under Flaminius in 217 BC
part: Appian_Way an ancient Roman road in Italy extending south from Rome to Brindisi; begun in 312 BC
part: Flaminian_Way an ancient Roman road in Italy built by Gaius Flaminius in 220 BC; extends north from Rome to Cisalpine Gaul
part: Italian_Peninsula a boot-shaped peninsula in southern Europe extending into the Mediterranean Sea
part: San_Marino__Republic_of_San_Marino the smallest republic in the world; the oldest independent country in Europe (achieved independence in 301); located in the Apennines and completely surrounded by Italy
part: San_Marino.capital__sanmarino__capital_of_San_Marino the capital and only city of San Marino
part: Pompeii ancient city southeast of Naples that was buried by a volcanic eruption from Vesuvius
part: Herculaneum ancient city; now destroyed
part: Abruzzi_e_Molise__Abruzzi a mountainous region of central Italy on the Adriatic
part: Aquila_degli_Abruzzi__Aquila__L'Aquila the provincial capital of the Abruzzi region in central Italy
part: Basilicata__Lucania a region of southern Italy (forming the instep of the Italian `boot')
part: Calabria a region of southern Italy (forming the toe of the Italian `boot')
part: Campania a region of southwestern Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea including the islands of Capri and Ischia
part: Naples__Napoli a port and tourist center in southwestern Italy; capital of the Campania region
part: Capri an island (part of Campania) in the Bay of Naples in southern Italy; a tourist attraction noted for beautiful scenery
part: Ischia a volcanic island (part of Campania) in the Tyrrhenian Sea at the north end of the Bay of Naples
part: Emilia-Romagna a region of north central Italy on the Adriatic
part: Bologna the capital of Emilia-Romagna; located in northern Italy east of the Apennines
part: Friuli-Venezia_Giulia a region in northeastern Italy
part: Latium__Lazio an ancient region of west central Italy (southeast of Rome) on the Tyrrhenian Sea
part: Roma__Rome__Eternal_City__Italian_capital__capital_of_Italy capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire
part: Colosseum amphitheater in Rome built about AD 75 or 80
part: Palatine the most important of the Seven Hills of ancient Rome; supposedly the location of the first settlement and the site of many imperial palaces
part: Holy_See__The_Holy_See__State_of_the_Vatican_City the smallest sovereign state in the world; the see of the Pope (as the Bishop of Rome); home of the Pope and the central administration of the Roman Catholic Church; achieved independence from Italy in 1929
part: Vatican_City__Citta_del_Vaticano the capital of the State of the Vatican City
part: Vatican_Palace__Vatican the residence of the Catholic Pope in the Vatican City
part: Brindisi a port city in southeastern Apulia in Italy; a center for the Crusades in the Middle Ages
part: Tivoli__Tibur a town twenty miles east of Rome (Tibur is the ancient name); a summer resort during the Roman empire; noted for its waterfalls
part: Liguria region of northwestern Italy on the Ligurian Sea
part: Genoa__Genova a seaport in northwestern Italy; provincial capital of Liguria
part: La_Spezia a port city in Liguria on an arm of the Ligurian Sea; a major seaport and year-round resort
part: Lombardy__Lombardia a region of north central Italy bordering Switzerland
part: Cremona a city in Lombardy on the Po River; noted for the manufacture of fine violins in the 16th-18th centuries
part: Milan__Milano the capital of Lombardy in northern Italy; has been an international center of trade and industry since the Middle Ages
part: Marche__Marches a region in central Italy
part: Molise a region of south central Italy
part: Piemonte__Piedmont the region of northwestern Italy; includes the Po valley
part: Turin__Torino capital city of the Piemonte region of northwestern Italy
part: Puglia__Apulia a region in southeastern Italy on the Adriatic
part: Bari capital city of the Apulia region on the Adriatic coast
part: Sardegna__Sardinia the Italian region on the island of Sardinia; the kingdom of Sardinia was the nucleus for uniting Italy during the 19th century
part: Sicily__Sicilia the Italian region on the island of Sicily
part: Egadi_Islands__Aegadean_Isles__Aegadean_Islands__Isole_Egadi__Aegates a group of islands off the west coast of Sicily in the Mediterranean
part: Messina a port city in northeastern Sicily on the Strait of Messina
part: Siracusa__Syracuse a city in southeastern Sicily that was founded by Corinthians in the 8th century BC
part: Palermo the capital of Sicily; located in northwestern Sicily; an important port for 3000 years
part: Agrigento__Acragas__Girgenti a town in Italy in southwestern Sicily near the coast; the site of six Greek temples
part: Mount_Etna__Etna__Mt_Etna an inactive volcano in Sicily; last erupted in 1961; the highest volcano in Europe (10,500 feet)
part: Tuscany__Toscana a region in central Italy
part: Pisa a city in Tuscany; site of the famous Leaning Tower
part: Firenze__Florence a city in central Italy on the Arno River; provincial capital of Tuscany; center of the Italian renaissance from 14th to 16th centuries
part: Trentino-Alto_Adige a region of northeastern Italy
part: Umbria a mountainous region in central Italy
part: Valle_D'Aosta a region in northwestern Italy
part: Veneto__Venezia-Euganea__Venetia a region of northeastern Italy on the Adriatic
part: Padua__Padova__Patavium a city in Veneto
part: Venice__Venezia the provincial capital of Veneto; built on 118 islands within a lagoon in the Gulf of Venice which is an arm of the Adriatic; has canals instead of streets; one of Italy's major ports and a famous tourist attraction
part: Verona a city in Veneto on the River Adige
part: Etruria an ancient country in central Italy; assimilated by the Romans by about 200 BC
part: Riviera a coastal area between La Spezia in Italy and Cannes in France; "the Riviera contains some of Europe's most popular resorts"
part: French_Riviera__Cote_d'Azur the French part of the Riviera
part: Mount_Vesuvius__Vesuvius__Mt._Vesuvius a volcano in southwestern Italy on the Mediterranean coast; erupted in 79 AD and buried Pompeii; last erupted in 1944
part: River_Adige__Adige a river in northern Italy that flows southeast into the Adriatic Sea; "Verona is on the Adige"
part: the_Alps__Alps a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction
part: Dolomite_Alps an eastern range of the Alps in northeastern Italy famous for their dolomitic limestone
part: Matterhorn a mountain in the Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy (14,780 feet high); noted for its distinctive shape
part: Mont_Blanc__Monte_Bianco the highest mountain peak in the Alps; on the border between France and Italy south of Geneva (15,781 feet high)
part: Weisshorn a mountain in the Alps in Switzerland (14,804 feet high)
part: Apennines a mountain range extending the length of the Italian peninsula
part: Caudine_Forks a battle in the Apennines in 321 BC in which the Samnites defeated the Romans
part: River_Arno__Arno a river in central Italy rising in the Apennines and flowing through Florence and Pisa to the Ligurian Sea
part: Dolomite_Alps an eastern range of the Alps in northeastern Italy famous for their dolomitic limestone
part: Matterhorn a mountain in the Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy (14,780 feet high); noted for its distinctive shape
part: Mont_Blanc__Monte_Bianco the highest mountain peak in the Alps; on the border between France and Italy south of Geneva (15,781 feet high)
part: Po_River__Po a European river; flows into the Adriatic Sea
part: Romania__Roumania__Rumania a Balkan republic in southeastern Europe
part: Bucharest__Bucharesti__Bucuresti__capital_of_Romania capital and largest city of Romania in southeastern Romania
part: Danube_River__Danube the 2nd longest European river; flows into the Black Sea
part: Austria-Hungary a geographical area in central and eastern Europe; broken into separate countries at the end of World War I
part: Austria__Republic_of_Austria__Oesterreich a mountainous republic in central Europe; under the Hapsburgs (1278-1918) Austria maintained control of the Holy Roman Empire and was a leader in European politics until the 19th century
part: Tyrol__Tirol a picturesque mountainous province of western Austria
part: Vienna__Austrian_capital__capital_of_Austria the capital and largest city of Austria; located on the Danube in northeastern Austria; was the home of Beethoven and Brahms and Haydn and Mozart and Schubert and Strauss
part: Graz an industrial city is southeastern Austria
part: Linz__Lentia city in northern Austria on the Danube; noted as a cultural center
part: Salzburg city in western Austria; a music center and birthplace of Mozart
part: Innsbruck city in southwestern Austria; known as a summer and winter resort
part: the_Alps__Alps a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction
part: Danube_River__Danube the 2nd longest European river; flows into the Black Sea
part: Flanders a medieval country in northern Europe that included regions now parts of northern France and Belgium and southwestern Netherlands
part: Belgium__Kingdom_of_Belgium__Belgique a monarchy in northwestern Europe; headquarters for the European Common Market and for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
part: Bouvines in 1214 the French under King Philip Augustus defeated a coalition formed against him in one of the greatest battles of the middle ages
part: battle_of_Fontenoy__Fontenoy a battle in 1745 in which the French army under Marshal Saxe defeated the English army and their allies under the duke of Cumberland
part: battle_of_Waterloo__Waterloo the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat; Prussian and British forces under Blucher and the Duke of Wellington routed the French forces under Napoleon
part: first_battle_of_Ypres__Ypres__battle_of_Ypres battle in World War I (1914); heavy but indecisive fighting as the Allies and the Germans both tried to break through the lines of the others
part: second_battle_of_Ypres__Ypres__battle_of_Ypres battle in World War I (1915); Germans wanted to try chlorine (a toxic yellow gas) as a weapon and succeeded in taking considerable territory from the Allied salient
part: third_battle_of_Ypres__Ypres__battle_of_Ypres battle in World War I (1917); an Allied offensive which eventually failed because tanks bogged down in the waterlogged soil of Flanders; Germans introduced mustard gas which interfered with the Allied artillery
part: Bruxelles__Brussels__Belgian_capital__capital_of_Belgium the capital and largest city of Belgium; seat of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
part: Antwerpen__Antwerp__Anvers a port in northern Belgium on the Scheldt river
part: Bruges__City_of_Bridges a city in northwestern Belgium in West Flanders province; connected by canal to the North Sea; the old city is a popular tourist attraction
part: Charleroi city in southwestern Belgium; center of an industrial region
part: Gent__Gand__Ghent port city in northwestern Belgium and industrial center; famous for cloth industry
part: Liege__Luik city in eastern Belgium; largest French-speaking city in Belgium
part: Namur a city in south central Belgium situated on a promontory between the Meuse River and the Sambre River; the site of intense fighting in World War I and World War II
part: Meuse_River__Meuse a European river; flows into the North Sea
part: Sambre_River__Sambre a river in western Europe that rises in northern France and flows generally east into Belgium where it joins the Neuse at Namur
part: Scheldt_River__Scheldt__scheldt a river that rises in France and flows northeast across Belgium and empties into the North Sea
part: England a division of the United Kingdom
part: Cotswolds__Cotswold_Hills a range of low hills in southwestern England
part: Lancaster a city in northwestern England
part: Lake_District__Lakeland a popular tourist area in northwestern England including England's largest lake and highest mountain
part: London__Greater_London__British_capital__capital_of_the_United_Kingdom the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center
part: Big_Ben clock in the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, London
part: Old_Bailey the Central Criminal Court in London
part: Fleet_Street.street__fleetstreet a street in central London where newspaper offices are situated
part: Harley_Street a street in central London where the consulting rooms of many physicians and surgeons are located
part: Lombard_Street a street in central London containing many of the major London banks
part: Greenwich a borough of Greater London on the Thames; zero degrees of longitude runs through Greenwich; time is measured relative to Greenwich Mean Time
part: Bloomsbury a city district of central London laid out in garden squares
part: Soho a city district of central London now noted for restaurants and nightclubs
part: Wembley a southeastern part of Greater London that is the site of the English national soccer stadium
part: West_End the part of west central London containing the main entertainment and shopping areas
part: Strand a street in west central London famous for its theaters and hotels
part: Westminster__City_of_Westminster a borough of Greater London on the Thames; contains Buckingham Palace and the Houses of Parliament and Westminster Abbey
part: Buckingham_Palace the London residence of the British sovereign
part: Downing_Street.street__downingstreet a street of Westminster in London; "the Prime Minister lives at No. 10 Downing Street"
part: Houses_of_Parliament the building in which the House of Commons and the House of Lords meet
part: Westminster_Abbey a famous Gothic church in London on the site of a former Benedictine monastery; "Westminster Abbey is the scene of the coronations of almost all English monarchs"; "Distinguished English subjects are buried in Westminster Abbey"
part: Pall_Mall a fashionable street in London noted for its many private clubs
part: Wimbledon a suburb of London and the headquarters of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club where annual international tennis championships are played on grass courts
part: Manchester a city in northwestern England (30 miles east of Liverpool); heart of the most densely populated area of England
part: Hull__Kingston-upon_Hull a large fishing port in northeastern England
part: Humber_Bridge a suspension bridge at Hull England; 4,626 feet long
part: Liverpool a large city in northwestern England; its port is the country's major outlet for industrial exports
part: Birmingham a city in central England; 2nd largest English city and an important industrial and transportation center
part: Oxford.England__oxford a city in southern England northwest of London; site of Oxford University
part: Oxford_University__Oxford a university in England
part: Cambridge a city in eastern England on the River Cam; site of Cambridge University
part: Cambridge_University__Cambridge a university in England
part: Blackpool a resort town in Lancashire in northwestern England on the Irish Sea; famous for its tower
part: Brighton a city in East Sussex in southern England that is a popular resort; site of the University of Sussex
part: Bristol an industrial city and port in southwestern England near the mouth of the River Avon
part: Leicester an industrial city on the River Soar in Leicestershire in central England; built on the site of a Roman settlement
part: Newcastle-upon-Tyne__Newcastle a port in northeastern England on the River Tyne; a center for coal exports (giving rise to the expression "carry coals to Newcastle" meaning to do something unnecessary)
part: Pompey__Portsmouth a port city in southern England on the English Channel; Britain's major naval base
part: Coventry an industrial city in central England; devastated by air raids during World War II; remembered as the home of Lady Godiva in the 11th century
part: Gloucester.England__gloucester a city in southwestern England in Gloucestershire on the Severn
part: Reading a city on the River Thames in Berkshire in southern England
part: Worcester.England__worcester a cathedral city in west central England on the River Severn
part: Avon a county in southwestern England
part: Berkshire a county in southern England
part: Eton_College a public school for boys founded in 1440; located in Berkshire
part: Reading a city on the River Thames in Berkshire in southern England
part: Cornwall a hilly county in southwestern England
part: Devonshire__Devon a county in southwestern England
part: Gloucestershire__gloucestershire a county in southwestern England in the lower Severn valley
part: Hampshire a county of southern England on the English Channel
part: Winchester.England__winchester a city in southern England; administrative center of Hampshire
part: Winchester_College the oldest English public school; located in Winchester
part: Kent a county in southeastern England; the first to be colonized by the Romans
part: Canterbury a town in Kent in southeastern England; site of the cathedral where Thomas a Becket was martyred in 1170; seat of the archbishop and primate of the Anglican Church
part: Somerset a county in southwestern England on the Bristol Channel
part: East_Sussex a county in southern England on the English Channel
part: Hastings a town in East Sussex just south of the place where the Battle of Hastings took place
part: West_Sussex a county in southern England on the English Channel
part: Leicestershire__Leicester a largely agricultural county in central England
part: Bosworth_Field the battle that ended the Wars of the Roses (1485); Richard III was killed and Henry Tudor was crowned as Henry VII
part: Leicester an industrial city on the River Soar in Leicestershire in central England; built on the site of a Roman settlement
part: Lincolnshire an agricultural county of eastern England on the North Sea
part: Northumberland the northernmost county of England; has many Roman remains (including Hadrian's Wall)
part: East_Anglia a region of eastern England that was formerly a kingdom
part: Lancashire a historical area of northwestern England on the Irish Sea; noted for textiles
part: Yorkshire a former large county in northern England; in 1974 it was divided into three smaller counties
part: North_Yorkshire a county in northern England
part: West_Yorkshire a metropolitan county in northern England
part: Leeds a city on the River Aire in West Yorkshire in northern England; a center of the clothing industry
part: South_Yorkshire a metropolitan county in northern England
part: Sheffield a steel manufacturing city in northern England famous for its cutlery industry
part: Northumbria an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in northern England until 876
part: West_Country the southwest of England (including Cornwall and Devon and Somerset)
part: Sussex a former Anglo-Saxon kingdom in southern England on the English Channel; was captured by Wessex in the 9th century
part: Wessex a Saxon kingdom in southwestern England that became the most powerful English kingdom by the 10th century
part: Hadrian's_Wall an ancient Roman wall built by the Emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century; marked the northern boundary of the Roman Empire in Britain
part: River_Aire__Aire a river in northern England that flows southeast through West Yorkshire
part: Upper_Avon__Avon a river in central England that flows through Stratford-on-Avon and empties into the Severn
part: Avon.river__avon a river in southwestern England rising in Gloucestershire and flowing through Bristol to empty into the estuary of the Severn
part: River_Severn__Severn__Severn_River a river in England and Wales flowing into the Bristol Channel; the longest river in Great Britain
part: River_Tyne__Tyne a river in northern England that flows east to the North Sea
part: Northern_Ireland a division of the United Kingdom located on the northern part of the island of Ireland
part: Bangor.Northern_Ireland a town in southeastern Northern Ireland
part: Belfast__capital_of_Northern_Ireland capital and largest city of Northern Ireland; the center of Irish Protestantism
part: Eire__Ireland__Irish_Free_State__Republic_of_Ireland a republic consisting of 26 of 32 counties comprising the island of Ireland; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1921
part: Cork a port city in southern Ireland
part: Galway a port city in western Ireland on Galway Bay
part: Dublin__Irish_capital__capital_of_Ireland capital and largest city and major port of the Republic of Ireland
part: Limerick port city in southwestern Ireland
part: Tara a village in eastern Ireland (northwest of Dublin); seat of Irish kings until 6th century
part: Waterford a port city in southern Ireland; famous for glass industry
part: Scotland one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; located on the northern part of the island of Great Britain; famous for bagpipes and plaids and kilts
part: Bannockburn a battle in which the Scots under Robert the Bruce defeated the English and assured the independence of Scotland
part: battle_of_Brunanburh__Brunanburh battle in 937 when Athelstan defeated the Scots; recounted in the Ballad of the Battle of Brunanburh in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
part: battle_of_Langside__Langside (1568) Catholic forces supporting Mary Queen of Scots were routed by Protestants under her half-brother Lord James Stuart, Earl of Murray
part: Highlands the Highlands are a mountainous region of northern Scotland famous for its rugged beauty; known for the style of dress (the kilt and tartan) and the clan system (now in disuse)
part: Galloway.district__galloway a district in southwestern Scotland
part: Aberdeen.Scotland__aberdeen a city in northeastern Scotland on the North Sea
part: Lothian_Region a district in southeast central Scotland (south side of the Firth of Forth) and the location of Edinburgh
part: Edinburgh the capital of Scotland; located in the Lothian Region on the south side of the Firth of Forth
part: Glasgow largest city in Scotland; a port in west central Scotland; one of the great shipbuilding centers of the world
part: Hebrides__Hebridean_Islands__Hebridean_Isles__Western_Islands__Western_Isles a group of more than 500 islands off the western coast of Scotland
part: Inner_Hebrides islands between the Outer Hebrides and the western coast of Scotland
part: Outer_Hebrides a 130-mile long archipelago northwest of Scotland
part: Orkney_Islands an archipelago of about 70 islands in the North Atlantic and North Sea off the northeastern coast of Scotland
part: Shetland_Islands__Shetland__Zetland an archipelago of about 100 islands in the North Atlantic off the north coast of Scotland
part: Firth_of_Forth a large firth on the east coast of Scotland; location of Edinburgh
part: Loch_Achray a lake in central Scotland
part: Loch_Ness a lake in the Scottish highlands; the largest body of fresh water in Great Britain
part: Loch_Ness_monster__Nessie large aquatic animal supposed to resemble a serpent or plesiosaur of Loch Ness in Scotland
part: France__French_Republic a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe
part: Dunkerque__Dunkirk a city in northern France on the North Sea where in World War II (1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk in a desperate retreat under enemy fire
part: Paris__City_of_Light__French_capital__capital_of_France the capital and largest city of France; and international center of culture and commerce
part: Louvre_Museum__Louvre an art museum that is a famous tourist attraction in Paris
part: Tuileries_Gardens__Tuileries formal gardens next to the Louvre in Paris
part: Tuileries_Palace__Tuileries palace and royal residence built for Catherine de Medicis in 1564 and burned down in 1871; all that remains today are the formal gardens
part: Left_Bank__Latin_Quarter the region of Paris on the southern bank of the Seine; a center of artistic and student life
part: Quai_d'Orsay the street in Paris along the south bank of the Seine known for its governmental ministries
part: Montmartre the highest point in Paris; famous for its associations with many artists
part: Right_Bank the region of Paris on the north bank of the Seine
part: Ile-St-Louis island in Paris on the Seine
part: Champs_Elysees a major avenue in Paris famous for elegant shops and cafes
part: Orly a suburb of Paris; site of the international airport serving Paris
part: Bordeaux a port city in southwestern France; a major center of the wine trade
part: Brest a port city in northwestern France (in Brittany); the chief naval station of France
part: Cannes a port and resort city on the French Riviera; site of an annual film festival
part: Chablis a town in north central France noted for white Burgundy wines
part: Dijon an industrial city in eastern France north of Lyons
part: Grenoble a city in southeastern FRance on the Isere River
part: Le_Havre a port city in northern France on the English Channel at the mouth of the Seine
part: Lille an industrial city in northern France near the Belgian border; was the medieval capital of Flanders
part: Lyon__Lyons a city in east-central France on the Rhone River; a principal producer of silk and rayon
part: Marseille__Marseilles a port city in southeastern France on the Mediterranean
part: Nancy a city in northeastern France in Lorraine
part: Nantes a port city in western France on the Loire estuary
part: Nice a city in southeastern France on the Mediterranean; the leading resort on the French Riviera
part: Orleans a city on the Loire river in north central France; site of the siege of Orleans by the English (1428-1429)
part: Toulouse a city on the Garonne River in southern France southeast of Bordeaux; a cultural center of medieval Europe
part: Versailles a city in north central France near Paris; site of the Palace of Versailles that was built by Louis XIV in the 17th century
part: Vichy a town in central France (south of Paris) noted for hot mineral springs; was capital of the unoccupied part of France during World War II
part: Riviera a coastal area between La Spezia in Italy and Cannes in France; "the Riviera contains some of Europe's most popular resorts"
part: French_region a geographical subdivision of France
part: Alsace__Alsatia__Elsass a region of northeastern France famous for its wines
part: Anjou a former province of western France in the Loire valley
part: Aquitaine__Aquitania a region of southwestern France between Bordeaux and the Pyrenees
part: Artois a former province of northern France near the English Channel (between Picardy and Flanders)
part: Auvergne a region in central France
part: Bourgogne__Burgundy a former province of eastern France that is famous for its wines
part: Bretagne__Brittany__Breiz a former province of northwestern France on a peninsula between the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay
part: Centre a low-lying region in central France
part: Champagne-Ardenne__Champagne a region of northeastern France
part: Ardennes a wooded plateau in the Champagne-Ardenne region of France; the site of intense fighting in World Wars I and II
part: battle_of_the_Ardennes_Bulge__Battle_of_the_Bulge__Ardennes_counteroffensive battle during World War II; in December 1945 von Rundstedt launched a powerful counteroffensive in the Ardennes Forest that caught the Allies by surprise
part: Corse__Corsica a region of France on the island of Corsica; birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte
part: Franche-Comte a former province of eastern France
part: Gascogne__Gascony a region of southwestern France
part: Ile-de-France a region of north central France in the Paris Basin
part: Languedoc-Roussillon a region in south central France; named after the medieval dialect of French that was spoken there
part: Limousin a region of central France west of the Auvergne mountains
part: Lorraine__Lothringen an eastern French region rich in iron-ore deposits
part: Midi the south of France
part: Midi-Pyrenees a region in southwestern FRance
part: Nord-Pas-de-Calais a region in northeastern France
part: Pays_de_la_Loire an agricultural region of western France on the Bay of Biscay
part: Mayenne a department of northwestern France in the Pays de la Loire region
part: Picardie__Picardy a region of northern France on the English Channel
part: Poitou-Charentes__Poitou a low-lying region of west central France on the Bay of Biscay
part: Rhone-Alpes a mountainous region of eastern France drained by the Rhone and Saone and Isere rivers
part: Lyonnais a former province of east central France; now administered by Rhone-Alpes
part: Lyon__Lyons a city in east-central France on the Rhone River; a principal producer of silk and rayon
part: Normandie__Normandy a former province of northwestern France on the English channel; divided into Haute-Normandie and Basse-Normandie
part: Basse-Normandie__Lower-Normandy a division of Normandy
part: Haute-Normandie__Upper-Normandy a division of Normandy
part: Orleanais a former province of north central France; centered around Orleans
part: Provence a former province of southeastern France; now administered with Cote d'Azur
part: the_Alps__Alps a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction
part: Garonne_River__Garonne a river that rises in the Pyrenees and flows northwest to the Bay of Biscay
part: Isere_River__Isere a river in southeastern France; a tributary of the Rhone
part: Loire_River__Loire a French river; flows into the North Atlantic
part: Meuse_River__Meuse a European river; flows into the North Sea
part: Mont_Blanc__Monte_Bianco the highest mountain peak in the Alps; on the border between France and Italy south of Geneva (15,781 feet high)
part: Pyrenees a chain of mountains between France and Spain
part: Rhine_River__Rhine__Rhein a major European river carrying more traffic than any other river in the world; flows into the North Sea
part: Rhone_River__Rhone a major French river; flows into the Mediterranean near Marseilles; "the Rhone valley is famous for its vineyards"
part: Sambre_River__Sambre a river in western Europe that rises in northern France and flows generally east into Belgium where it joins the Neuse at Namur
part: Saone_River__Saone a river in eastern France; rises in Lorraine and flows south to become the chief tributary of the Rhone
part: Scheldt_River__Scheldt__scheldt a river that rises in France and flows northeast across Belgium and empties into the North Sea
part: Seine_River__Seine a French river that flows through the heart of Paris and then northward into the English Channel
part: Netherlands__The_Netherlands__Kingdom_of_The_Netherlands__Holland__holland a constitutional monarchy in western Europe on the North Sea; achieved independence from Spain in 1579; half the country lies below sea level
part: Amsterdam__Dutch_capital__capital_of_The_Netherlands an industrial center and the nominal capital of the Netherlands; center of the diamond-cutting industry; seat of an important stock exchange; known for its canals and art museum
part: The_Hague__'s_Gravenhage__Den_Haag the site of the royal residence and the de facto capital in the western part of the Netherlands; seat of the International Court of Justice
part: Eindhoven city in southeastern Netherlands noted for electrical industry
part: Nijmegen an industrial city in the eastern Netherlands
part: Rotterdam the 2nd largest city in the Netherlands; located in the western Netherlands near the North Sea
part: Leiden__Leyden a city in the western Netherlands; residence of the Pilgrim Fathers for 11 years before they sailed for America in 1620
part: Utrecht a city in the central Netherlands
part: Meuse_River__Meuse a European river; flows into the North Sea
part: Rhine_River__Rhine__Rhein a major European river carrying more traffic than any other river in the world; flows into the North Sea
part: Hungary__Republic_of_Hungary__Magyarorszag a republic in central Europe
part: Budapest__Hungarian_capital__capital_of_Hungary capital and largest city of Hungary; located on the Danube River in north-central Hungary
part: Lake_Balaton__Balaton__Plattensee a large shallow lake in western Hungary
part: Danube_River__Danube the 2nd longest European river; flows into the Black Sea
part: Republic_of_Iceland__Iceland an island republic on the island of Iceland; became independent of Denmark in 1944
part: Reykjavik__capital_of_Iceland the capital and chief port of Iceland on the southwestern coast of Iceland; buildings are heated by natural hot water
part: Lappland__Lapland a region in northmost Europe inhabited by Lapps
part: Liechtenstein__Principality_of_Liechtenstein a small landlocked principality (constitutional monarchy) in central Europe located in the Alps between Austria and Switzerland
part: Vaduz__capital_of_Liechtenstein the capital and largest city of Liechtenstein
part: Luxembourg__Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg__Luxemburg a grand duchy (a constitutional monarchy) landlocked in northwestern Europe between France and Belgium and Germany; an international financial center
part: Luxembourg-Ville__Luxembourg__Luxemburg__Luxembourg_City__capital_of_Luxembourg the capital and largest city of Luxembourg
part: Monaco__Principality_of_Monaco a constitutional monarchy in a tiny enclave on the French Riviera
part: Monaco-Ville the capital of Monaco
part: Monte_Carlo a town and popular resort in the principality of Monaco; world-famous for its gambling casino
part: Poland__Republic_of_Poland__Polska a republic in central Europe; the invasion of Poland by Germany in 1939 started World War II
part: battle_of_Tannenberg__Tannenberg a battle in World War I (1914); decisive German victory over the Russians
part: Prussia__Preussen a former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland; "in the 19th century Prussia led the economic and political unification of the German states"
part: Warsaw__capital_of_Poland the capital and largest city of Poland; located in central Poland
part: Cracow__Krakow__Krakau an industrial city in southern Poland on the Vistula
part: Gdansk__Danzig a city of northern Poland near the mouth of the Vistula River on a gulf of the Baltic Sea; a member of the Hanseatic League in the 14th century
part: Lodz a large city of central Poland
part: Lublin an industrial city of eastern Poland
part: Wroclaw__Breslau a city in southwestern Poland on the Oder
part: Oder_River__Oder a European river; flows into the Baltic Sea
part: Vistula_River__Vistula a European river; flows into the Baltic Sea
part: Iberian_Peninsula__Iberia a peninsula in southwestern Europe
part: Portugal__Portuguese_Republic a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries created a vast overseas empire (including Brazil)
part: Azores__Acores islands in the Atlantic Ocean belonging to Portugal; "the Azores are strategically located on transatlantic air and shipping routes"
part: Madeira_Islands a group of volcanic island in the Atlantic Ocean west of Morocco
part: Braga an ancient city in northern Portugal
part: Lisbon__Lisboa__capital_of_Portugal capital and largest city and economic and cultural center of Portugal; a major port in western Portugal on Tagus River where it broadens and empties into the Atlantic
part: Ponte_25'_de_Abril a suspension bridge across the Tagus River at Lisbon
part: Porto__Oporto port city in northwest Portugal; noted for port wine
part: Setubal a port town on the Atlantic coast of Portugal southeast of Lisbon
part: Lusitania ancient region and Roman province of the Iberian peninsula; corresponds roughly to modern Portugal and parts of Spain
part: Tagus_River__Tagus a European river; flows into the North Atlantic
part: Andorra__Principality_of_Andorra a small republic in the eastern Pyrenees between Spain and France
part: Spain__Kingdom_of_Spain__Espana a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power
part: Andalusia__Andalucia a region in southern Spain on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean; formerly a center of Moorish civilization
part: Granada a city in southeastern Spain; site of the Alhambra (a palace and fortress built by Moslems in the Middle Ages) which is now a major tourist attraction
part: Alhambra a palace and fortress built in Granada by the Moslems in the Middle Ages
part: Madrid__capital_of_Spain__Spanish_capital the capital and largest city situated centrally in Spain; home of an outstanding art museum
part: Balearic_Islands an archipelago in the western Mediterranean off the eastern coast of Spain
part: Majorca the largest of the Balearic Islands
part: Majorca the largest of the Balearic Islands
part: Canary_Islands__Canaries a group of mountainous islands in the Atlantic off the northwest coast of Africa forming Spanish provinces
part: Tenerife a Spanish island in the Atlantic off the northwestern coast of Africa; the largest of the Canary Islands
part: Barcelona a city in northeastern Spain on the Mediterranean; 2nd largest Spanish city and the largest port and commercial center; has been a center for radical political beliefs
part: Cadiz an ancient port city in southwestern Spain
part: Cartagena.port__cartagena a port in southeastern Spain on the Mediterranean
part: Cordova__Cordoba a city in southern Spain; center of Moorish culture
part: Jerez_de_la_Frontera__Jerez a city in southwestern Spain that is famous for making sherry
part: Leon.Spain__leon a city in northwestern Spain at the foot of the Cantabrian Mountains
part: Malaga a port city and resort in Andalusia in southern Spain on the Mediterranean
part: Oviedo a city in northwestern Spain near the Cantabrian Mountains
part: San_Sebastian a city in northern Spain on the Bay of Biscay near the French border; a fashionable seaside resort
part: Sevilla__Seville a city in southwestern Spain; a major port and cultural center; the capital of bullfighting in Spain
part: Toledo.Spain__toledo a city in central Spain on the Tagus river; famous for steel and swords since the first century
part: Aragon a region of northeastern Spain; a former kingdom that united with Castile in 1479 to form Spain (after the marriage of Ferdinand V and Isabella I)
part: Zaragoza__Saragossa an ancient city in northeastern Spain; formerly the capital of Aragon
part: Castile__Castilla a region of central Spain; a former kingdom that comprised most of modern Spain and united with Aragon to form Spain in 1479
part: Catalonia a region of northeastern Spain
part: Galicia a region (and former kingdom) in northwestern Spain on the Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay
part: Valencia.Spain__valencia a city in eastern Spain on the Mediterranean; "Valencia is the third largest city in Spain"
part: Lusitania ancient region and Roman province of the Iberian peninsula; corresponds roughly to modern Portugal and parts of Spain
part: Cantabrian_Mountains a range of mountains in northern Spain along the coast of the Bay of Biscay
part: Ebro_River__Ebro a Spanish river; flows into the Mediterranean
part: Pyrenees a chain of mountains between France and Spain
part: Sierra_Nevada a mountain range in southern Spain along the Mediterranean coast east of Granada
part: Tagus_River__Tagus a European river; flows into the North Atlantic
part: Belarus__Republic_of_Belarus__Byelarus__Byelorussia__Belorussia__White_Russia a landlocked republic in eastern Europe; formerly a European Soviet
part: Minsk__capital_of_Byelorussia the capital of Belarus and of the Commonwealth of Independent States
part: Dnieper_River__Dnieper a river that rises in Russia near Smolensk and flowing south through Belarus and Ukraine to empty into the Black Sea
part: Baltic_State__Baltic_Republic European countries bordering the Baltic Sea
part: Estonia__Republic_of_Estonia__Esthonia a republic in northeastern Europe on the Baltic Sea
part: Tallinn__capital_of_Estonia port city that is the capital and largest city of Estonia
part: Livonia a region on the Baltic that is divided between northern Estonia and southern Latvia
part: Latvia__Republic_of_Latvia a republic in northeastern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea
part: Livonia a region on the Baltic that is divided between northern Estonia and southern Latvia
part: Riga__capital_of_Latvia port city that is the capital and largest city of Latvia
part: Moldova__Republic_of_Moldava__Moldavia a landlocked republic in eastern Europe; formerly a European Soviet but achieved independence in 1991
part: Kishinev__Chisinau__capital_of_Moldova the capital of Moldova
part: Ukraine__Ukrayina a republic in southeastern Europe; formerly a European Soviet; the center of the original Russian state which came into existence in the ninth century
part: Crimea a Ukrainian peninsula between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov
part: Crimean_War a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England France Turkey Sardinia; 1853-1856
part: Sebastopol__Sevastopol a city in southern Ukraine on the Black Sea
part: Yalta a resort city in southern Ukraine on the Black Sea; scene of the Allied conference between Churchill and Stalin and Roosevelt in 1945
part: Kiev__capital_of_the_Ukraine capital and largest city of the Ukraine; a major manufacturing and transportation center
part: Donetsk__Donetske__Stalino an industrial city in the Donets Basin
part: Donets_Basin__Donbass__Donbas an industrial region in the Ukraine
part: Chernobyl a city in north central Ukraine; site of a major disaster at a nuclear power plant (16 April 1986)
part: Kharkov__Kharkiv a city in northeastern Ukraine; former capital of the Ukraine
part: Odesa__Odessa a port city of south central Ukraine on an arm of the Black Sea
part: Danube_River__Danube the 2nd longest European river; flows into the Black Sea
part: Dnieper_River__Dnieper a river that rises in Russia near Smolensk and flowing south through Belarus and Ukraine to empty into the Black Sea
part: Gibraltar__Rock_of_Gibraltar__Calpe place of a colony of the United Kingdom located on a limestone promontory at the southern tip of Spain; strategically important because it can control the entrance of ships into the Mediterranean; one of the Pillars of Hercules
part: Switzerland__Swiss_Confederation__Suisse__Schweiz__Svizzera a landlocked federal republic in central Europe
part: battle_of_Sempatch__Sempatch the Swiss Confederation escaped Hapsburg domination by their victory in 1386
part: Ticino__Tessin an Italian-speaking region of southern Switzerland
part: Swiss_canton one of the cantons of Switzerland
part: Bern__Berne__capital_of_Switzerland the capital of Switzerland; located in western Switzerland
part: Basel__Basle__Bale a city in northwestern Switzerland
part: Geneva__Geneve__Genf a city in southwestern Switzerland at the western end of Lake Geneva; the Palace of Nations originally housed the League of Nations and is now the European headquarters for the United Nations
part: Lausanne a city in western Switzerland; cultural and commercial center
part: Zurich the largest city in Switzerland; located in the northern part of the country; "Zurich is the center of the German-speaking part of Switzerland"
part: Aare_River__Aare__Aar a river in north central Switzerland that runs northeast into the Rhine
part: the_Alps__Alps a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction
part: Matterhorn a mountain in the Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy (14,780 feet high); noted for its distinctive shape
part: Rhine_River__Rhine__Rhein a major European river carrying more traffic than any other river in the world; flows into the North Sea
part: Rhone_River__Rhone a major French river; flows into the Mediterranean near Marseilles; "the Rhone valley is famous for its vineyards"
part: Weisshorn a mountain in the Alps in Switzerland (14,804 feet high)
part: Ottoman_Empire__Turkish_Empire an empire created by the Ottoman Turks in the 13th century and that lasted until the end of World War I
part: Low_Countries the lowland region of western Europe on the North Sea: Belgium and Luxembourg and the Netherlands
part: Silesia__Slask__Slezsko__Schlesien a region of central Europe rich in deposits of coal and iron ore; annexed by Prussia in 1742 but now largely in Poland
part: Elbe_River__Elbe a river in central Europe that arises in northwestern Czechoslovakia and flows northward through Germany to empty into the North Sea
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