#Afroasiatic_language__Afroasiatic__Afrasian__Afrasian_language__Hamito-Semitic  a large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa
  supertype:  #natural_language__naturallanguage__tongue  a human written or spoken language used by a community; opposed to e.g. a computer language
  subtype:  #Chad__Chadic__Chadic_language  a family of Afroasiatic tonal languages (mostly two tones) spoken in the regions west and south of Lake Chad in north central Africa
     subtype:  #West_Chadic  a group of Chadic languages spoken in northern Nigeria; Hausa in the most important member
        subtype:  #Hausa__Haussa  the chief member of the Chadic family of Afroasiatic languages; widely used as a trading language
        subtype:  #Bole__Bolanci  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa
        subtype:  #Angas  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa
        subtype:  #Ron__Bokkos__Daffo  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
        subtype:  #Bade  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
        subtype:  #Warji  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
        subtype:  #Zaar__Sayanci  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
     subtype:  #Biu-Mandara  a group of Chadic languages spoken in the border area between Cameroon and Nigeria south of Lake Chad
        subtype:  #Tera__Pidlimdi__Yamaltu  a three-tone Chadic language
        subtype:  #Bura__Pabir  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
        subtype:  #Higi__Kapsiki  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
        subtype:  #Mandara__Wandala  a Chadic language spoken in the Mandara mountains in Cameroon; has only two vowels
        subtype:  #Matakam__Mafa  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
        subtype:  #Sukur  a Chadic language spoke south of Lake Chad
        subtype:  #Daba__Kola__Musgoi  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
        subtype:  #Bata  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
        subtype:  #Kotoko  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
        subtype:  #Musgu__Munjuk__Mulwi  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
        subtype:  #Gidar  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
     subtype:  #East_Chadic  a group of Chadic languages spoken in Chad
        subtype:  #Somrai__Sibine  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
        subtype:  #Nancere  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
        subtype:  #Kera  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
        subtype:  #Dangla__Dangaleat  a Chadic language spoken in Chad; uses seven vowels plus differences in vowel length
        subtype:  #Mokulu  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
        subtype:  #Sokoro  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
     subtype:  #Masa  an independent group of closely related Chadic languages spoken in the area between the Biu-Mandara and East Chadic languages
  subtype:  #Semitic  a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family
     subtype:  #Akkadian  an ancient branch of the Semitic languages
        subtype:  #Assyrian  an extinct language of the Assyrians regarded as a dialect of Akkadian
     subtype:  #Amharic__Ethiopian_language  the dominant and official language of Ethiopia; a semitic language much influenced by the Cushitic language with which Amhara people have been in close contact
     subtype:  #Arabic_language__Arabic  the Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects
     subtype:  #Aramaic  an ancient group of related Semitic dialects some of which are still spoken in Syria
        subtype:  #Biblical_Aramaic  the form of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine in the time of the New Testament
     subtype:  #Canaanitic_language__Canaanitic  a group of Semitic languages
        subtype:  #Hebrew  the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel
           subtype:  #Modern_Hebrew  Hebrew used in Israel today; revived from ancient Hebrew
        subtype:  #Canaanite  the extinct language of the Semitic people who occupied Canaan before the Israelite conquest
        subtype:  #Phoenician  the extinct language of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the ancient world
           subtype:  #Punic  the Phoenician dialect of ancient Carthage
        subtype:  #Ugaritic  an extinct Semitic language of northern Syria
  subtype:  #Hamitic_language__Hamitic  a group of North African languages related to Semitic
  subtype:  #Egyptian  the ancient and now extinct language of Pharaonic Egypt; written records date back to 3000 BC
     subtype:  #Coptic  the liturgical language of the Coptic Church of Egypt and Ethiopia; written in the Greek alphabet
  subtype:  #Berber  a cluster of related dialects that were once the major language of North Africa west of Egypt; now spoken mostly in Morocco
     subtype:  #Tuareg  the dialect of Berber spoken by the Tuareg people
  subtype:  #Cushitic  a group of languages spoken in Ethiopia and Somalia and northwestern Kenya and adjacent regions
     subtype:  #Somali  the Cushitic language spoken by the Somali people
  subtype:  #Omotic  a group of related languages spoken in a valley of southern Ethiopia; closely related to Cushitic languages

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