pm#predicate_type__predicatetype a sentence-forming relation with each tuple being a finite, ordered sequence of objects
closed_exclusion: pm#function_type sumo#list
supertype: pm#relation_type there are three kinds of relation(_types): pm#predicate_type, pm#function_type and sumo#list; both predicates and functions denote sets of ordered n-tuples; the difference between these two classes is that predicates cover formula-forming operators, while functions cover term-forming operators; a list, on the other hand, is a particular ordered n-tuple
instance of: pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type
instance: sumo#disjoint_relation sumo#contrary_attribute sumo#exhaustive_attribute
instance: sumo#exhaustive_decomposition (sumo#class,sumo#class+) an exhaustive_decomposition of a class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every instance of C is an instance of one of the subclasses in the set; note: this does not necessarily mean that the elements of the set are disjoint (see sumo#partition - a partition is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition)
subtype: sumo#partition (sumo#class,sumo#class+) a partition of a class C is a set of mutually disjoint classes (a subclass partition) covering C; each instance of C is instance of exactly one of the subclasses in the partition
instance: sumo#disjoint_decomposition (sumo#class,sumo#class+) a disjoint_decomposition of a class C is a set of mutually disjoint subclasses of C
subtype: sumo#partition (sumo#class,sumo#class+) a partition of a class C is a set of mutually disjoint classes (a subclass partition) covering C; each instance of C is instance of exactly one of the subclasses in the partition
instance: sumo#partition sumo#holds
equal: sumo#predicate (pm)
subtype: pm#binary_predicate_type the class of predicates relating two items - its valence is two
subtype: pm#case_relation_type the class of predicates relating the spatially distinguished parts of a process. e.g., the agent, patient or destination of an action, the flammable substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain
instance: pm#doer/object/result/place (pm#situation,?)
subtype: pm#doer/object/result (pm#situation,?)
subtype: pm#agent__doer (pm#situation [48..*],pm#entity [49..*])
subtype: pm#organizer (pm#situation,pm#causal_entity)
subtype: pm#participant (pm#situation,pm#causal_entity)
subtype: pm#seller__vendor___vender (pm#situation -> pm#goal_directed_agent)
subtype: pm#customer__client___buyer__buyer___purchaser__purchaser___vendee (pm#situation,pm#goal_directed_agent)
subtype: pm#responsible_agent__responsibleagent (pm#situation,pm#causal_entity)
subtype: sumo#agent (sumo#process,dl#agentive_physical_object) the 2nd argument is an active determinant, animate or inanimate, of the process
subtype: pm#initiator (pm#situation,pm#causal_entity)
subtype: pm#object/result (pm#situation,?)
subtype: pm#instrument (pm#situation,pm#entity)
subtype: sumo#instrument (sumo#process,sumo#object) the 2nd argument is used in bringing about the first and is not changed by it, e.g., the key is an instrument in 'the key opened the door'; instrument and resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair
subtype: pm#object__patient___theme__theme (pm#situation,?)
subtype: pm#input (pm#process,?)
subtype: pm#material (pm#process,?)
subtype: pm#parameter (pm#process,?)
subtype: pm#input_output__inputoutput (pm#process,?)
subtype: pm#modified_object (pm#process,?)
subtype: pm#muted_object__mutedobject (pm#process,?)
subtype: pm#deleted_object__deletedobject (pm#process,?)
subtype: sumo#patient (sumo#process,?) the 2nd argument may be moved, said, experienced, etc; the direct objects in 'The cat swallowed the canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of patients; the patient of a process may or may not undergo structural change as a result of the process
subtype: sumo#instrument (sumo#process,sumo#object) the 2nd argument is used in bringing about the first and is not changed by it, e.g., the key is an instrument in 'the key opened the door'; instrument and resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair
subtype: sumo#resource (sumo#process,sumo#object) the object is present at the beginning of the process, is used by it, and as a consequence is changed by it; for example, soap is a resource in 'the gun was carved out of soap'; resource differs from instrument in that its internal or physical properties are altered in some way by the process
subtype: sumo#result (sumo#process,?) the 2nd argument is the product of the process, e.g., house is a result in 'Eric built a house'
subtype: pm#result (pm#situation,?)
subtype: pm#output (pm#process,?)
subtype: sumo#result (sumo#process,?) the 2nd argument is the product of the process, e.g., house is a result in 'Eric built a house'
subtype: pm#from/to (pm#situation,pm#entity)
subtype: pm#source (pm#situation,pm#causal_entity)
subtype: pm#recipient (pm#situation,pm#entity)
subtype: pm#beneficiary (pm#situation,pm#causal_entity)
subtype: pm#from/to_place__from/toplace (pm#process -> pm#spatial_object)
subtype: pm#from_place (pm#process -> pm#spatial_object)
subtype: pm#to_place__destination (pm#process -> pm#spatial_object)
subtype: pm#via_place__viaplace__via (pm#process -> pm#spatial_object)
subtype: pm#path (pm#process -> pm#spatial_object)
subtype: sumo#origin__from (sumo#process,sumo#object) the 2nd argument (which must be present at least at the beginning of the process) indicates where the process began; for example, the submarine is the origin in 'the missile was launched from a submarine'
subtype: sumo#destination__to (sumo#process,pm#entity) the 2nd parameter is the target or goal of the process; for example, Danbury would be the destination in 'Bob went to Danbury'; this is a very general case_role which, in particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'; thus, John would be the destination in 'Tom gave a book to John'
subtype: pm#place (pm#situation -> pm#spatial_object)
subtype: pm#path_length (pm#process -> pm#spatial_attribute_or_quality_or_measure)
instance: pm#experiencer (pm#situation,pm#causal_entity)
subtype: sumo#experiencer (sumo#process,dl#agentive_physical_object) e.g., Yojo is the experiencer of seeing in 'Yojo sees the fish'; unlike agent, this relation does not entail a causal relation between the arguments
instance: sumo#exploits sumo#agent sumo#destination__to sumo#experiencer sumo#origin__from
instance: sumo#patient (sumo#process,?) the 2nd argument may be moved, said, experienced, etc; the direct objects in 'The cat swallowed the canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of patients; the patient of a process may or may not undergo structural change as a result of the process
instance: sumo#path sumo#direction
instance: sumo#instance (?,sumo#set_or_class) if the common reading conventions of parameters had been respected, this type would have been named instance_of; an object is an instance of a set_or_class if it is included in that set_or_class; an individual may be an instance of many classes, some of which may be subclasses of others; thus, there is no assumption in the meaning of instance about specificity or uniqueness
subtype: pm#kind__type___class___instance_of__instanceof (?,rdfs#class) the '^' link in the FT notation
subtype: sumo#immediate_instance__immediateinstance (?,sumo#set_or_class) if the common reading conventions of parameters had been respected, this type would have been named immediate_instance_of; an object is an immediate_instance of a set_or_class if it is an instance of the set_or_class and there does not exist a subclass of set_or_class such that it is an instance of the subclass
instance: pm#inverse__reverse
instance: sumo#subclass__subclass_of (sumo#set_or_class,sumo#set_or_class) if the common reading conventions of parameters had been respected, this type would have been named subclass_of; every instance of the 1st argument is also an instance of the 2nd argument; a class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses
subtype: sumo#immediate_subclass__immediate_subclass_of (sumo#set_or_class,sumo#set_or_class) the 1st argument is a subclass of the 2nd argument and there is no other subclass of the 2nd argument such that the 1st is also a subclass of the 2nd; in WebKB, use the link '<'
instance: sumo#subrelation (pm#relation_type,pm#relation_type) if the common reading conventions of parameters had been respected, this type would have been named subclass_of; every tuple of the 1st argument (r1) is also a tuple of the 2nd argument (r2), i.e. if r1 holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n, then the r2 holds for the same arguments; a consequence of this is that a relation and its subrelations must have the same valence
subtype: rdfs#sub_property_of (pm#binary_relation_type,pm#binary_relation_type) in WebKB, use the link '<'
instance: pm#equal (?,?) "=" in KIF; true if the 1st argument is identical to the 2nd
subtype: owl#same_as (?,?) MORE PRECISE TYPES THAN THIS ONE SHOULD BE USED
subtype: pm#same_type_as (pm#type,pm#type)
subtype: owl#equivalent_class (rdfs#class,rdfs#class) in WebKB, use the link '='
subtype: owl#equivalent_property (pm#binary_relation_type,pm#binary_relation_type) in WebKB, use the link '='
subtype: owl#same_individual_as (?,?)
instance: sumo#range sumo#range_subclass sumo#valence sumo#documentation sumo#disjoint sumo#related_internal_concept sumo#sub_attribute__subattribute sumo#successor_attribute__successorattribute sumo#successor_attribute_closure__successorattributeclosure sumo#entails__entail sumo#material__material_type_of sumo#sub_collection__subcollection__sub_collection_of sumo#contains_information sumo#leader__leader_of
instance: sumo#property (?,sumo#Attribute)
subtype: sumo#attribute (sumo#object,sumo#Attribute) the 2nd argument is an attribute of the 1st
subtype: sumo#manner (sumo#process,sumo#Attribute) the 1st argument is qualified by the 2nd (which is usually denoted by and adverb), e.g., the speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports competition
instance: sumo#less_than sumo#greater_than__greaterthan sumo#less_than_or_equal_to sumo#greater_than_or_equal_to sumo#increases_likelihood__increaseslikelihood__increases_likelihood_of sumo#decreases_likelihood__decreaseslikelihood__decreases_likelihood_of sumo#independent_probability__independentprobability sumo#in_scope_of_interest sumo#in_list
instance: sumo#sub_list__sublist__sub_list_of (sumo#list,sumo#list) the 1st argument is a sublist of the 2nd, i.e. every element of the 1st is an element of the 2nd and the elements that are common to both lists have the same order in both lists
subtype: sumo#initial_list__initiallist (sumo#list,sumo#list) the 1st argument (?L1) is a sublist of the 2nd (?L2), and (sumo#list_order_fn ?L1 ?NUMBER) returns the same value as (sumo#list_order_fn ?L2 ?N) for all of the values of ?N over which (sumo#list_order_fn ?L1 ?N) is defined
instance: sumo#initial_list__initiallist sumo#closed_on sumo#reflexive_on__reflexiveon sumo#irreflexive_on__irreflexiveon sumo#partial_ordering_on sumo#total_ordering_on sumo#trichotomizing_on sumo#equivalence_relation_on sumo#distributes__distribute sumo#causes sumo#causes_subclass sumo#copy sumo#time sumo#holds_during__holdsduring sumo#exploits sumo#has_purpose__haspurpose sumo#has_skill__hasskill
instance: sumo#partly_located__partly_located_at (sumo#physical,sumo#object) the instance of the 1st argument is at least partially located at the 2nd argument, e.g., Istanbul is partly located in Asia and partly located in Europe
subtype: sumo#contains (sumo#self_connected_object,sumo#object) the relation of spatial containment for two separable objects; when the two objects are not separable (e.g., an automobile and one of its seats), the relation of part should be used; (sumo#contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the self_connected_object ?OBJ1 has a space (i.e. a hole) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2
subtype: sumo#located (sumo#physical,sumo#object) the 1st argument is partly_located at the object, and there is no part or sub_process of the 1st argument that is not located at the object
subtype: sumo#exactly_located (sumo#physical,sumo#object) the actual, minimal location of an object
instance: sumo#traverses__traverse (sumo#object,sumo#object) the first object crosses or extends across the second; note that crosses and penetrates are subrelations of traverses
subtype: sumo#crosses__crosse (sumo#object,sumo#object) the 1st object traverses the second without being connected to it
subtype: sumo#penetrates (sumo#object,sumo#object) the 1st object is connected to the second along at least one whole dimension (length, width or depth)
instance: sumo#possesses__possesse sumo#precondition sumo#inhibits sumo#prevents
instance: sumo#refers (?,?) the 1st argument mentions or includes a reference to the 2nd argument, e.g., an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of oil may refer to many other things, e.g., the general state of the economy, the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, etc.
subtype: sumo#names__name (pm#string,?) the string names the 2nd argument
subtype: sumo#unique_identifier (pm#string,?) the string uniquely identifies the 2nd argument
subtype: sumo#represents (?,?) the 1st argument in some way indicates, expresses, connotes, pictures, describes ... the 2nd argument
subtype: sumo#contains_information (sumo#content_bearing_object,sumo#proposition) relates a content_bearing_object to the proposition it expresses; examples include the relationships between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its musical content
subtype: sumo#realization (?,?)
subtype: rdfs#see_also__seealso (?,pm#entity)
subtype: rdfs#is_defined_by (?,pm#entity) in WebKB, pm#definition SHOULD BE USED INSTEAD
subtype: pm#definition (?,pm#description_content/medium/container) see also #definition
subtype: rst#definition (pm#description_content/medium/container,pm#description_content/medium/container) a logical relation should be used instead of this relation
subtype: owl#imports__import (?,pm#entity) if imports(X,Y) and you believe X, then you should believe what is in Y
instance: sumo#subsumes_content_class sumo#subsumes_content_instance sumo#expressed_in_language sumo#sub_proposition__subproposition sumo#uses sumo#identity_element sumo#element sumo#measure sumo#larger sumo#smaller sumo#duration sumo#frequency sumo#temporal_part sumo#before_or_equal sumo#overlaps_temporally sumo#meets_temporally__meetstemporally sumo#earlier sumo#cooccur sumo#date sumo#connected sumo#hole sumo#sub_process__subproces sumo#transaction_amount__transactionamount sumo#geographic_subregion sumo#developmental_form__developmentalform sumo#inhabits sumo#authors__author sumo#editor sumo#publishes__publishe sumo#version sumo#wears__wear sumo#family_relation sumo#parent sumo#sibling sumo#legal_relation__legalrelation sumo#employs__employ sumo#citizen sumo#premise sumo#conclusion sumo#consistent sumo#faces__face sumo#modal_attribute__modalattribute sumo#geometric_part__geometricpart sumo#parallel sumo#angular_measure__angularmeasure sumo#line_measure
subtype: pm#ternary_predicate_type__ternarypredicatetype class of predicates that require exactly three arguments
instance: sumo#domain sumo#domain_subclass
instance: sumo#related_external_concept (pm#string,?,sumo#language) used to signify a three-place relation between a concept in an external knowledge source, a concept in the SUMO, and the name of the other knowledge source
subtype: sumo#synonymous_external_concept (pm#string,?,sumo#language) the 2nd argument has the same meaning as the 1st in the language denoted by the 3rd argument
subtype: sumo#subsumed_external_concept (pm#string,?,sumo#language) the 2nd argument is subsumed by the 1st in the language denoted by the 3rd argument
subtype: sumo#subsuming_external_concept (pm#string,?,sumo#language) the 2nd argument subsumes the 1st in the language denoted by the 3rd argument
instance: sumo#conditional_probability__conditionalprobability sumo#prefers__prefer sumo#capability sumo#has_purpose_for_agent__haspurposeforagent sumo#confers_norm__confersnorm sumo#deprives_norm sumo#between sumo#represents_for_agent sumo#represents_in_language sumo#distance sumo#temporally_between sumo#temporally_between_or_equal sumo#connects sumo#orientation sumo#occupies_position sumo#point_of_intersection sumo#geometric_distance__geometricdistance
subtype: pm#quaternary_predicate_type class of predicates that require four arguments
subtype: pm#quintary_predicate_type class of predicates that require five arguments
No statement uses or specializes pm#predicate_type; click here to add one.