pm#description_medium__descriptionmedium e.g., a syntax, a language, a script, a structure
supertype: description description (content/medium) of an entity or a situation
subtype: content_bearing_object__contentbearingobject a self_connected_object that expresses content; this content may be a sumo#proposition, e.g., when the content_bearing_object is a sentence or text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or physical object, as with an icon, a word or a phrase
subtype: icon content bearing objects that are not languages and which have some sort of similarity with the objects that they represent, e.g., symbolic roadway signs, representational art works, photographs, etc
subtype: linguistic_expression content bearing objects which are language-related, i.e. both languages and the elements of languages, e.g., words
subtype: word
subtype: sentence syntactically well-formed formula of a language; it includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a proposition
subtype: formula syntactically well-formed formula in the SUO-KIF knowledge representation language
subtype: language system of signs for expressing thought; the system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created by a person or group of people
subtype: animal_language language used by animals other than humans
subtype: non_animal_language
subtype: human_language__humanlanguage language used by humans
subtype: natural_language__naturallanguage
subtype: constructed_language__constructedlanguage
subtype: spoken_human_language
subtype: manual_human_language
subtype: artificial_language designed language
subtype: constructed_language__constructedlanguage
subtype: computer_language languages designed for and interpreted by a computer
subtype: linguistic_communication__language a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols; "he taught foreign languages"; "the language introduced is standard throughout the text"; "the speed with which a program can be executed depends on the language in which it is written"
subtype: words.linguistic_communication__word language that is spoken or written; "he has a gift for words"; "she put her thoughts into words"
subtype: source_language a language that is to be translated into another language
subtype: application-oriented_language__problem-oriented_language a language whose statements resemble terminology of the user
subtype: high-level_language a problem-oriented language requiring little knowledge of the computer on which it will be run
subtype: job-control_language__jobcontrollanguage a problem-oriented language used to describe job requirements to an operating system
subtype: command_language__commandlanguage__query_language__querylanguage__search_language a source language consisting of procedural operators that invoke functions to be executed
subtype: object_language__target_language the language into which a text written in another language is to be translated
subtype: sign_language__signing language expressed by visible hand gestures
subtype: fingerspelling an alphabet of manual signs
subtype: ASL__American_sign_language the sign language used in the United States
subtype: artificial_language a language that is deliberately created for a specific purpose
subtype: Antido an artificial language related to Ido
subtype: Arulo an artificial language intended for international use as an auxiliary language
subtype: Basic_English a simplified form of English proposed for use as an auxiliary language for international communication; devised by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards
subtype: Blaia_Zimondal an artificial language
subtype: Esperantido an artificial language based on Esperanto and Ido
subtype: Esperanto an artificial language based as far as possible on words common to all the European languages
subtype: Europan an artificial language proposed as an auxiliary European language
subtype: Idiom_Neutral an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on Volapuk but with a vocabulary selected on the basis of the maximum internationality of the roots
subtype: Interlingua an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on words common to English and the Romance language
subtype: Ido an artificial language that is a revision and simplification of Esperanto
subtype: Latinesce an artificial language based on Latin
subtype: Latino an artificial language based on words common to the Romance languages
subtype: Latino_sine_flexione Latino without inflectional morphology
subtype: Lingualumina an artificial language
subtype: Lingvo_Kosmopolita an artificial language
subtype: Monario an artificial language
subtype: Nov-Esperanto an artificial language based on Esperanto
subtype: Novial an artificial language
subtype: Nov-Latin an artificial language based on Latin
subtype: Occidental.artificial_language__occidental an artificial language
subtype: Optez an artificial language
subtype: Pasigraphy an artificial international language using characters (as mathematical symbols) instead of words to express ideas
subtype: Ro an artificial language for international use that rejects rejects all existing words and is based instead on an abstract analysis of ideas
subtype: Romanal an artificial language
subtype: Solresol an artificial language
subtype: Volapuk one of the first artificial language constructed for use as an auxiliary international language; based largely on English but with some German and French and Latin roots
subtype: programming_language__programminglanguage__programing_language (computer science) a language designed for programming computers
subtype: algorithmic_language__algorithmiclanguage an artificial language designed to express algorithms
subtype: algebraic_language__algebraiclanguage an algorithmic language having statements that resemble algebraic expressions
subtype: ALGOL ALGOrithmic Language; a programming language used to express computer programs as algorithms
subtype: FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation; high-level programing language for mathematical and scientific purposes
subtype: procedural_language
subtype: procedural_compiled_language
subtype: Java_language__Java a simple platform-independent object-oriented programming language used for writing applets that are downloaded from the World Wide Web by a client and run on the client's machine
subtype: Java_1.0
subtype: Java_2.0
subtype: COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language
subtype: C a general-purpose programing language closely associated with the UNIX operating system
subtype: Pascal a programing language designed to teach programming through a top-down modular approach
subtype: procedural_scripting_language
subtype: procedural_Web-scripting_language
subtype: Javascript
subtype: Javascript_1.0
subtype: Javascript_2.0
subtype: LISP__list-processing_language a flexible procedure-oriented programing language that manipulates symbols in the form of lists
subtype: BASIC a popular programming language that is relatively easy to learn (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code); no longer in general use
subtype: C++
subtype: ADA
subtype: assembly_language a low-level programing language; close approximation to machine language
subtype: computer_language__computer-oriented_language__machine_language__machinelanguage__machine-oriented_language a programming language designed for use on a specific class of computers
subtype: multidimensional_language a programming language whose expressions are assembled in more than one dimension
subtype: decision_table a table or matrix of all contingencies and the actions to be taken for each
subtype: flow_chart__flow_diagram a diagram of the sequence of operations in a computer program
subtype: logic_diagram__logicdiagram__logical_diagram__logicaldiagram a graphical representation of a program using formal logic
subtype: target_language__object_language a computer language into which something written in another computer language is to be translated
subtype: object-oriented_programming_language__object-oriented_programing_language (computer science) a programming language that enables the programmer to associate a set of procedures with each type of data structure; "C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is an extension of C"
subtype: Java_language__Java a simple platform-independent object-oriented programming language used for writing applets that are downloaded from the World Wide Web by a client and run on the client's machine
subtype: one-dimensional_language__onedimensionallanguage a programming language whose expressions are represented by strings of characters
subtype: stratified_language a language that cannot be used as its own metalanguage
subtype: unstratified_language a programming language that (like natural language) can be used as its own metalanguage
subtype: Prolog__logic_programing__logicprograming__logic_programming__logicprogramming a computer language designed in Europe to support natural language processing
subtype: declarative_language__declarativelanguage
subtype: rule_based_language
subtype: purely_declarative_rule_based_language rule-based language without implicit instructions, e.g., the order between the rules is not important
subtype: file_formatting_language
subtype: declarative_Web-scripting_language
subtype: style_sheet_language__stylesheetlanguage
subtype: Web-scripting_language__language_interpreted_by_Web_browsers
subtype: procedural_Web-scripting_language
subtype: declarative_Web-scripting_language
subtype: pidgin an artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages
subtype: Chinook_Jargon__Oregon_Jargon a pidgin incorporating Chinook and French and English words; formerly used as a lingua franca in northwestern North America
subtype: metalanguage a language that can be used to describe languages
subtype: syntax_language__syntaxlanguage a language used to describe the syntax of another language
subtype: natural_language__naturallanguage__tongue a human written or spoken language used by a community; opposed to e.g. a computer language
subtype: interlanguage__interlingua a language used for international communication
subtype: lingua_franca__koine a common language used by speakers of different languages
subtype: mother_tongue__maternal_language__first_language__firstlanguage one's native language; the language learned by children and passed from one generation to the next
subtype: tone_language__tonal_language__tonallanguage a language in which different tones distinguish different meanings
subtype: contour_language__contourlanguage a tone language that uses pitch changes
subtype: register_language a tone language that uses different voice registers
subtype: creole a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages
subtype: Amerind__Amerindian_language__American-Indian_language__American_Indian__Indian any of the languages spoken by Amerindians
subtype: Algonquian_language__Algonquian__Algonquin family of North American Indian languages spoken from Labrador to South Carolina and west to the Great Plains
subtype: Abnaki the Algonquian language spoken by the Abnaki and Penobscot peoples
subtype: Algonkian__Algonkin the Algonquian language spoken by the Algonkian people
subtype: Arapaho__Arapahoe the Algonquian language spoken by the Arapaho people
subtype: Blackfoot any of the Algonquian languages spoken by the Blackfoot people
subtype: Cheyenne the Algonquian language spoken by the Cheyenne people
subtype: Cree the Algonquian language spoken by the Cree people
subtype: Delaware.Algonquian_language__delaware the Algonquian language spoken by the Delaware people
subtype: Fox the Algonquian language of the Fox people
subtype: Illinois.Algonquian_language__illinoi the Algonquian language of the Illinois and Miami peoples
subtype: Kickapoo the Algonquian language of the Kickapoo people
subtype: Maleseet__Malecite the Algonquian language of the Malecite and Passamaquody peoples
subtype: Massachuset__Massachusetts the Algonquian language of the Massachuset people
subtype: Menomini the Algonquian language spoken by the Menomini people
subtype: Micmac the Algonquian language of the Micmac people
subtype: Mohican__Mahican the Algonquian language spoken by the Mohican people
subtype: Nanticoke the Algonquian language spoken by the Nanticoke and Conoy people
subtype: Ojibwa__Ojibway__Chippewa the Algonquian language spoken by the Ojibwa people
subtype: Pamlico the Algonquian language of the Pamlico people
subtype: Potawatomi the Algonquian language spoken by the Potawatomi people
subtype: Powhatan the Algonquian language of the Powhatan people
subtype: Shawnee the Algonquian language spoken by the Shawnee people
subtype: Atakapan__Atakapa__Attacapa__Attacapan a language spoken by the Atakapa people of the Gulf coast of Louisiana and Texas
subtype: Athapaskan_language__Athapaskan__Athapascan__Athabaskan__Athabascan a group of Amerindian languages (the name coined by an American anthropologist, Edward Sapir)
subtype: Apache.Athapaskan_language__apache the language of the Apache people
subtype: Chiricahua_Apache an Apache language
subtype: San_Carlos_Apache an Apache language
subtype: Navaho__Navajo the Athapaskan language spoken by the Navaho people
subtype: Hupa the Athapaskan language spoken by the Hupa people
subtype: Mattole the Athapaskan language spoken by the Mattole people
subtype: Chippewyan__Chipewyan__Chippewaian the language spoken by the Chipewyan people
subtype: Muskhogean_language__Muskhogean__Muskogean__Muskogean_language a family of North American Indian languages spoken in the southeastern United States
subtype: Alabama.Muskhogean_language__alabama the Muskhogean language of the Alabama people
subtype: Chickasaw the Muskhogean language of the Chickasaw people
subtype: Chahta__Choctaw the Muskhogean language of the Choctaw people
subtype: Hitchiti the Muskhogean language spoken by the Hitchiti people
subtype: Koasati the Muskhogean language spoken by the Koasati people
subtype: Muskogee the Muskhogean language spoken by the Muskogee people
subtype: Seminole the Muskhogean language of the Seminole people
subtype: Na-Dene a family of North American Indian languages
subtype: Haida the Na-Dene language of the Haida people
subtype: Tlingit the Na-Dene language spoken by the Tlingit people
subtype: Mosan a family of Amerindian languages spoken in Washington and British Columbia
subtype: Chemakuan a group of Mosan languages spoken in Washington
subtype: Chemakum a Chemakuan language spoken by the Chemakum people
subtype: Salishan__Salish a family of Mosan language spoken in northwestern United States and western Canada
subtype: Skagit a Salishan dialect spoken by the Skagit people
subtype: Wakashan_language__Wakashan a family of North American Indian languages of British Columbia and Washington
subtype: Kwakiutl a Wakashan language spoken by the Kwakiutl people
subtype: Nootka a Wakashan language spoken by the Nootka people
subtype: Caddoan__Caddo__Caddoan_language a family of North American Indian languages spoken widely in the midwest by Caddo peoples
subtype: Arikara__Aricara the Caddoan language spoken by the Arikara people
subtype: Pawnee the Caddoan language spoken by the Pawnee people
subtype: Wichita the Caddoan language spoken by the Wichita people
subtype: Iroquoian_language__Iroquoian__Iroquois a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Iroquois peoples
subtype: Cherokee the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people
subtype: Cayuga the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cayuga people
subtype: Mohawk the Iroquoian language spoken by the Mohawk people
subtype: Seneca the Iroquoian language spoken by the Seneca people
subtype: Oneida the Iroquoian language spoken by the Oneida people
subtype: Onondaga the Iroquoian language spoken by the Onondaga people
subtype: Tuscarora the Iroquoian language spoken by the Tuscarora people
subtype: Quechuan__Quechua__Quechuan_language__Kechua__Kechuan the language of the Quechua which was spoken by the Incas
subtype: Maracan_language__Maraco the language spoken by the Maraco people
subtype: Tupi-Guarani_language__Tupi-Guarani a family of South American Indian languages
subtype: Guarani the language spoken by the Guarani people of Paraguay and Bolivia
subtype: Tupi the language spoken by the Tupi people of Brazil and Paraguay
subtype: Arawak__Arawakan a family of South American Indian languages spoken in northeastern South America
subtype: Carib__Caribbean_language the family of languages spoken by the Carib people
subtype: Uto-Aztecan_language__Uto-Aztecan a family of American Indian languages
subtype: Shoshonean_language__Shoshonean__Shoshonian__Shoshonian_language a subfamily of Uto-Aztecan languages spoken mainly in the southwestern United States
subtype: Shoshone the language spoken by the Shoshone people (belonging to the Uto-Aztecan family)
subtype: Comanche the Shoshonean language spoken by the Comanche people
subtype: Hopi the Shoshonean language spoken by the Hopi people
subtype: Paiute the Shoshonean language spoken by the Paiute people
subtype: Ute the Shoshonean language spoken by the Ute people
subtype: Pima the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Pima people
subtype: Aztecan the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Aztec people
subtype: Nahuatl the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Nahuatl people
subtype: Cahita the Uto-Aztecan language of the Cahita people
subtype: Tatahumara the Uto-Aztecan language of the Tatahumara people
subtype: Mayan_language__Maya__Mayan a family of American Indian languages spoken by Mayan peoples
subtype: Kekchi a Mayan language spoken by the Kekchi people
subtype: Mam a Mayan language spoken by the Mam people
subtype: Yucatec__Yucateco a Mayan language spoken by the Yucatec people
subtype: Quiche the Mayan language spoken by the Quiche people
subtype: Cakchiquel the Mayan language spoken by the Cakchiquel people
subtype: Siouan_language__Siouan a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Sioux
subtype: Biloxi the Siouan language spoken by the Biloxi people
subtype: Catawba the Siouan language spoken by the Catawba people
subtype: Chiwere the Siouan language spoken by the Iowa and Oto and Missouri people
subtype: Iowa.Chiwere__iowa__Ioway a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Iowa people
subtype: Missouri.Chiwere__missouri a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Missouri people
subtype: Oto__oto__Otoe a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Oto people
subtype: Crow a Siouan language spoken by the Crow people
subtype: Dakota the Siouan language spoken by the Dakota people
subtype: Dhegiha a branch of the Siouan languages
subtype: Kansa__Kansas the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Kansa people
subtype: Omaha the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Omaha people
subtype: Osage the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Osage people
subtype: Ponca__Ponka the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Ponca people
subtype: Quapaw the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Quapaw people
subtype: Hidatsa__Gros_Ventre a Siouan language spoken by the Hidatsa people
subtype: Hunkpapa a Siouan language spoken by the Hunkpapa people
subtype: Ofo a Siouan language spoken by the Ofo people
subtype: Oglala__Ogalala a Siouan language spoken by the Oglala people
subtype: Santee the Siouan language spoken by the Santee people
subtype: Tutelo the Siouan language spoken by the Tutelo people
subtype: Winnebago the Siouan language spoken by the Winnebago people
subtype: Tanoan_language__Tanoan a family of North American Indian language spoken in southwestern United States
subtype: Kiowa the Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa people
subtype: Hoka__Hokan a family of Amerindian languages spoken in California
subtype: Chimariko the Hokan language spoken by the Chimariko people
subtype: Esselen the Hokan language spoken by the Esselen people
subtype: Kulanapan a group of languages of the Hokan family
subtype: Pomo the Kulanapan language spoken by the Pomo
subtype: Quoratean a group of languages of the Hokan family
subtype: Karok the Quoratean language of the Karok people
subtype: Shastan a group of languages of the Hokan family in California
subtype: Achomawi the Shastan language spoken by the Achomawi people
subtype: Atsugewi the Shastan language spoken by the Atsugewi people
subtype: Shasta the Shastan language spoken by the Shasta people
subtype: Yuman a group of language of the Hokan family in Arizona and California and Mexico
subtype: Akwa'ala the Yuman language spoken by the Akwa'ala people
subtype: Cochimi the Yuman language spoken by the Cochimi people
subtype: Cocopa__Cocopah the Yuman language spoken by the Cocopa people
subtype: Diegueno the Yuman language spoken by the Diegueno people
subtype: Havasupai the Yuman language spoken by the Havasupai people
subtype: Kamia the Yuman language spoken by the Kamia people
subtype: Kiliwa__Kiliwi the Yuman language spoken by the Kiliwa people
subtype: Maricopa the Yuman language spoken by the Maricopa and the Halchidhoma peoples
subtype: Mohave__Mojave the Yuman language spoken by the Mohave people
subtype: Walapai__Hualapai__Hualpai the Yuman language spoken by the Walapai people
subtype: Yavapai the Yuman language spoken by the Yavapai people
subtype: Yuma the Yuman language spoken by the Yuma people
subtype: Yanan a language group of the Hokan family
subtype: Yahi the Yanan language spoken by the Yahi people
subtype: Yana the Yanan language spoken by the Yana people
subtype: Penutian a family of Amerindian language spoken in the great interior valley of California
subtype: Copehan a group of Penutian languages spoken to the west of the Sacramento river
subtype: Patwin a Copehan language spoken by the Patwin people
subtype: Wintun a Copehan language spoken by the Wintun people
subtype: Costanoan a Penutian language spoken by the Costanoan people
subtype: Mariposan__Yokuts a Penutian language spoken by the Yokuts people in the San Joaquin valley
subtype: Moquelumnan__Miwok a Penutian language spoken by the Miwok people
subtype: Pujunan__Maidu a Penutian language spoken by the Maidu people
subtype: Chinookan__Chinook a Penutian language spoken by the Chinook people
subtype: Kalapooian__Kalapuyan a Penutian language spoken by the Kalapuya people
subtype: Kusan a Penutian language spoken by the Kusan people
subtype: Shahaptian__Sahaptin a Penutian language spoken by the Shahaptian people
subtype: Nez_Perce the Shahaptian language spoken by the Nez Perce people
subtype: Takilman__Takelma a Penutian language spoken by the Takelma people
subtype: Tsimshian a Penutian language spoken by the Tsimshian people
subtype: Eskimo-Aleut_language__Eskimo-Aleut the family of languages that includes Eskimo and Aleut
subtype: Eskimo__Esquimau the language spoken by the Eskimo people
subtype: Aleut the language spoken by the Aleut people
subtype: Sino-Tibetan_language__Sino-Tibetan the family of tonal languages spoken in eastern Asia (in China and Tibet and Burma and Thai)
subtype: Sinitic_language__Sinitic a group of Sino-Tibetan languages
subtype: Chinese any of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in China (regarded as dialects of a single language (even though they are mutually unintelligible) because they share an ideographic writing system)
subtype: Mandarin_Chinese__Mandarin__Mandarin_dialect__Beijing_dialect the dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of China
subtype: Wu_dialect__Wu__Shanghai_dialect a dialect of Chinese spoken in the Yangtze delta
subtype: Yue_dialect__Yue__Cantonese__Cantonese_dialect the dialect of Chinese spoken in Canton and neighboring provinces and in Hong Kong and elsewhere outside China
subtype: Min_dialect__Min__Fukien__Fukkianese__Hokkianese__Amoy__Taiwanese any of the forms of Chinese spoken in Fukien province
subtype: Hakka_dialect__Hakka a dialect of Chinese spoken in southeastern China; this form of Chinese is not well known outside China because few of the Hakka people have migrated
subtype: Tibeto-Burman_language__Tibeto-Burman a branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages spoken from Tibet to the Malay peninsula
subtype: Qiang__Qiangic the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Sichuan
subtype: Bai__Baic the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Dali region of Yunnan
subtype: Himalayish the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Tibet and Nepal and Bhutan and Sikkim
subtype: Tibetan Himalayish language spoken in Tibet
subtype: Newari Himalayish language spoken in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal
subtype: Kamarupan the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northeastern India and adjacent regions of western Burma
subtype: Kuki-Chin__Kuki__Chin Kamarupan languages spoken in western Burma and Bangladesh and easternmost India
subtype: Naga Kamarupan languages spoken in northeastern India and western Burma
subtype: Mikir-Meithei Kamarupan languages spoken in the states of Manipur and Assam in northeastern India
subtype: Bodo-Garo__Barish Kamarupan languages spoken in the state of Assam in northeastern India
subtype: Miri__Mirish__Abor__Dafla little known Kamarupan languages
subtype: Karen__Karenic the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Thailand and Burmese borderlands
subtype: Lolo-Burmese__Burmese-Yi the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northern Burma and Yunnan
subtype: Burmese the official language of Burma
subtype: Loloish languages spoken by hill tribes in northern Burma and neighboring areas
subtype: Lisu a Loloish language
subtype: Hani__Akha a Loloish language
subtype: Lahu a Loloish language
subtype: Lolo__Yi a Loloish language
subtype: Kachin__Kachinic Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in northernmost Burma and adjacent China and India
subtype: Jinghpo__Jinghpaw__Chingpo a Kachinic language
subtype: Kadai_language__Kadai__Kam-Tai a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in southeastern Asia
subtype: Kam-Sui a group of Kadai languages
subtype: Tai the most widespread and best known of the Kadai family of languages
subtype: White_Tai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Red_Tai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tai_Dam__Black_Tai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tai_Nuea__Chinese_Shan__Dehong_Dai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tai_Long__Shan a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tai_Lue__Xishuangbanna_Dai__xishuangbannadai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tai_Yuan__Kam_Muang a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Khuen a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Lao the Tai language of a Buddhist people living in the area of the Mekong River in Thailand and Laos
subtype: Khamti a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Southern_Tai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tay a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Nung a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tho a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Central_Thai__Thai__Siamese a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Bouyei__Buyi a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Zhuang a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Yay a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Saek a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Austro-Asiatic__Munda-Mon-Khmer a family of languages spoken in southn and southeastern Asia
subtype: Munda a family of languages spoken by people scattered throughout central India
subtype: Mon-Khmer a branch of the Austro-Asiatic languages
subtype: Annamite__Vietnamese__Annamese the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Vietnam
subtype: Khmer the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Cambodia
subtype: Austronesian_language__Austronesian the family of languages spoken in Australia and Formosa and Malaysia and Polynesia
subtype: Malayo-Polynesian the branch of the Austronesian languages spoken from Madagascar to the central Pacific
subtype: Oceanic__Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian an eastern subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages
subtype: Tahitian the Oceanic language spoken on Tahiti
subtype: Maori the Oceanic language spoken by the Maori people in New Zealand
subtype: Hawaiian the Oceanic languages spoken on Hawaii
subtype: Fijian the Oceanic language spoken on Fiji
subtype: Western_Malayo-Polynesian a western subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages
subtype: Malay a western subfamily of Western Malayo-Polynesian languages
subtype: Bahasa_Malaysia__Malaysian__Bahasa_Melayu__Bahasa_Kebangsaan the Malay language spoken in Malaysia
subtype: Bahasa_Indonesia__Indonesian__Bahasa the dialect of Malay used as the national language of the Republic of Indonesia or of Malaysia
subtype: Javanese the Indonesian language spoken on Java
subtype: Sundanese the Indonesian language spoken in the Lesser Sunda Islands
subtype: Balinese the Indonesian language of the people of Bali
subtype: Philippine__Filipino official language of the Philippines; based on Tagalog; draws its lexicon from other Philippine languages
subtype: Tagalog language of the Tagalog people on which Filipino is based
subtype: Cebuano__Cebuan language of the people of Cebu in the Philippines; its lexicon contributes to the official language of the Philippines
subtype: Aboriginal_Australian__Australian the Austronesian languages spoken by Australian aborigines
subtype: Dyirbal__Jirrbal a language of Australian aborigines
subtype: Walbiri__Warlpiri a language of Australian aborigines
subtype: Formosan the Austronesian languages spoken on Formosa
subtype: Tayalic__Atayalic a language spoken by a Malaysian people on Formosa
subtype: Tsouic a Formosan language
subtype: Paiwanic a Formosan language
subtype: Papuan_language__Papuan any of the indigenous languages spoken in Papua New Guinea or New Britain or the Solomon Islands that are not Malayo-Polynesian languages
subtype: Khoisan_language__Khoisan a family of languages spoken in southern Africa
subtype: Khoikhoin__Khoikhoi__Hottentot any of the Khoisan languages spoken by the pastoral people of Namibia and South Africa
subtype: Indo-European_language__Indo-European__Indo-Hittite the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia
subtype: Proto-Indo_European__PIE a prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Indo-European languages
subtype: Albanian the Indo-European language spoken by the people of Albania
subtype: Gheg_dialect__Gheg the dialect of Albanian spoken in northern Albania and Yugoslavia
subtype: Tosk_dialect__Tosk the dialect of Albanian spoken in southern Albania and in areas of Greece and Italy
subtype: Armenian_language__Armenian the Indo-European language spoken predominantly in Armenia
subtype: Illyrian a minor and almost extinct branch of the Indo-European languages; spoken along the Dalmatian coast
subtype: Thraco-Phrygian an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family thought by some to be related to Armenian
subtype: Thracian a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient people of Thrace but extinct by the early Middle Ages
subtype: Phrygian a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Phrygia and now extinct--preserved only in a few inscriptions
subtype: Balto-Slavic_language__Balto-Slavic__Balto-Slavonic a family of Indo-European languages including the Slavic and Baltic languages
subtype: Slavic_language__Slavic__Slavonic__Slavonic_language a branch of the Indo European family of language
subtype: Old_Church_Slavonic__Old_Church_Slavic__Church_Slavic__Old_Bulgarian the Slavic language into which the Bible was translated in the 9th Century
subtype: Russian.Slavic_language__russian the Slavic language that is the official language of Russia
subtype: Belarusian__Byelorussian the Slavic language spoken in Belarus
subtype: Ukrainian the Slavic language spoken in the Ukraine
subtype: Polish the Slavic language of Poland
subtype: Slovak the Slavic language spoken in Slovakia
subtype: Czech the Slavic language of the Czech people
subtype: Slovene the Slavic language of the Slovene people
subtype: Serbo-Croat__Serbo-Croatian the Slavic language of the Serbs and Croats; the Serbian dialect is usually written in the Cyrillic alphabet and the Croatian dialect is usually written in the Roman alphabet
subtype: Lusatian__Sorbian aa slavonic language spoken in rural area of southeastern Germany
subtype: Macedonian.Slavic_language__macedonian the Slavic language of modern Macedonia
subtype: Bulgarian a Slavic language spoken in Bulgaria
subtype: Baltic_language__Baltic a branch of the Indo-European family of languages related to the Slavonic languages; Baltic languages have preserved many archaic features that are believed to have existed in Proto-Indo European
subtype: Old_Prussian a dead language of the non-German Prussians (extinct after 1700); thought to belong to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
subtype: Lithuanian the official language of Lithuania; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo European
subtype: Lettish__Latvian the official language of Latvia; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
subtype: Germanic_language__Germanic a branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken currently fall into two major groups: Scandinavian and West Germanic
subtype: West_Germanic_language__West_Germanic a branch of the Germanic languages
subtype: English_language__English an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the US and most of the Commonwealth countries
subtype: American_English__American_language__American the English language as used in the United States
subtype: Black_English_Vernacular__Black_English__Ebonics a nonstandard form of American English spoken by some American Black people
subtype: cockney the nonstandard dialect of natives of the east end of London
subtype: King's_English standard southern British English
subtype: Middle_English English from about 1100 to 1450
subtype: East_Midland the dialect of Middle English that replaced West Saxon as the literary language and which developed into Modern English
subtype: West_Midland a dialect of Middle English
subtype: Northern a dialect of Middle English that developed into Scottish Lallans
subtype: Kentish a dialect of Middle English
subtype: Southwestern__West_Saxon a dialect of Middle English
subtype: Modern_English English since about 1450
subtype: Old_English__Anglo-Saxon English prior to about 1100
subtype: West_Saxon a literary dialect of Old English
subtype: Anglian one of the major dialects of Old English
subtype: Jutish__Kentish one of the major dialects of Old English
subtype: Oxford_English the dialect of English spoken at Oxford University and regarded by many as affected and pretentious
subtype: Scottish__Scots__Scots_English the dialect of English used in Scotland
subtype: Scottish_Lallans__Lallans a dialect of English spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland
subtype: German_language__German__High_German the standard German language; developed historically from West Germanic
subtype: Old_High_German High German prior to 1200
subtype: Middle_High_German High German from 1100 to 1500
subtype: Yiddish a dialect of High German including some Hebrew and other words; spoken as a vernacular by European Jews
subtype: Pennsylvania_Dutch a dialect of High German spoken in parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland
subtype: Low_German__Plattdeutsch a German dialect spoken in northern Germany
subtype: Old_Saxon Low German prior to 1200
subtype: Middle_Low_German Low German from 1100 to 1500
subtype: Dutch the West Germanic language of the Netherlands
subtype: Flemish_dialect__Flemish one of two official languages of Belgium; closely related to Dutch
subtype: Afrikaans__Taal__the_Taal__South_African_Dutch an official language of the Republic of South Africa; closely related to Dutch and Flemish
subtype: Frisian a West Germanic language spoken in the northwestern Netherlands; a near relative of English
subtype: Old_Frisian the Frisian language until the 16th century
subtype: Proto-Norse the Germanic language of Scandinavia up until about 700
subtype: Old_Norse the extinct Germanic language of medieval Scandinavia and Iceland from about to 700 to 1350
subtype: Old_Icelandic__oldicelandic the extinct dialect of Old Norse that was spoken in Iceland up until about 1600
subtype: Scandinavian_language__Scandinavian__Nordic__Norse__North_Germanic__North_Germanic_language the northern family of Germanic languages that are spoken in Scandinavia and Iceland
subtype: Danish a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark
subtype: Icelandic a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland
subtype: Norwegian a Scandinavian language that is spoken in Norway
subtype: Bokmal__Dano-Norwegian__Riksmal one of two official languages of Norway; closely related to Danish
subtype: New_Norwegian__Landsmal__Nynorsk one of two official languages of Norway; based on rural dialects
subtype: Swedish a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Sweden and one of two official languages of Finland
subtype: Faroese__Faeroese a Scandinavian language (closely related to Icelandic) that is spoken on the Faroe Islands
subtype: East_Germanic_language__East_Germanic an extinct branch of the Germanic languages
subtype: Gothic extinct East Germanic language of the ancient Goths; the only surviving record being fragments of a 4th-century translation of the Bible by Bishop Ulfilas
subtype: Celtic_language__Celtic a branch of the Indo-European languages that (judging from inscriptions and place names) was spread widely over Europe in the pre-Christian era
subtype: Gaelic__Goidelic__Erse any of several related languages of the Celts in Ireland and Scotland
subtype: Irish_Gaelic__Irish the Celtic language of Ireland
subtype: Old_Irish Irish Gaelic up to about 1100
subtype: Middle_Irish Irish Gaelic from 1100 to 1500
subtype: Scottish_Gaelic__Scots_Gaelic the Gaelic language of Scotland
subtype: Manx the Gaelic language formerly spoken on the Isle of Man
subtype: Brythonic__Brittanic a southern group of Celtic languages
subtype: Welsh a Celtic language of Wales
subtype: Cornish.Brythonic__cornish a Celtic language formerly spoken in Cornwall
subtype: Breton a Celtic language of Brittany
subtype: Italic_language__Italic a branch of the Indo-European languages of which Latin is the chief representative
subtype: Osco-Umbrian a group of dead languages of ancient Italy; they were displace by Latin
subtype: Umbrian an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
subtype: Oscan an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
subtype: Sabellian an extinct Osco-Umbrian language of ancient Italy that survives only in a few inscriptions
subtype: Latin any dialect of the language of ancient Rome
subtype: Old_Latin the oldest recorded Latin (dating back at early as the 6th century B.C.)
subtype: classical_Latin the language of educated people in ancient Rome; "Latin is a language as dead as dead can be. It killed the ancient Romans--and now it's killing me"
subtype: Low_Latin any dialect of Latin other than the classical
subtype: Vulgar_Latin nonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire; source of Romance languages
subtype: Medieval_Latin Latin used for liturgical purposes during the Middle Ages
subtype: Late_Latin__Biblical_Latin the form of Latin written between the 3rd and 8th centuries
subtype: Neo-Latin__New_Latin Latin since the Renaissance; used for scientific nomenclature
subtype: Romance_language__Romance__romance__Latinian_language the group of languages derived from Latin
subtype: bodice_ripper a romantic novel containing scenes in which the heroine is sexually violated
subtype: Italian.Romance_language__italian the Romance language spoken in Italy
subtype: Old_Italian the Italian language up to the middle of the 16th century
subtype: Tuscan a dialect of Italian spoken in Tuscany (especially Florence)
subtype: French the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France
subtype: Langue_d'oil_French__Langue_d'oil medieval provincial dialects of French spoken in central and northern France
subtype: Langue_d'oc_French__Langue_d'oc medieval provincial dialects of French formerly spoken in the south of France
subtype: Provencal__Occitan__occitan the medieval dialects of Langue d'oc
subtype: Old_French the earliest form of the French language; 9th to 15th century
subtype: Norman-French__Old_North_French the medieval Norman dialect of Old French
subtype: Anglo-French__Anglo-Norman the French (Norman) language used in medieval England
subtype: Canadian_French__canadianfrench the French language as spoken in Quebec, Canada
subtype: Walloon dialect of French spoken in Belgium and adjacent parts of France
subtype: Portuguese the Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil
subtype: Galician the dialect of Portuguese (sometimes regarded as a dialect of Spanish) spoken in Galicia northwestern Spain
subtype: Spanish the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain
subtype: Mexican_Spanish the dialect of Spanish spoken in Mexico
subtype: Catalan the Romance language spoken in Catalonia in eastern Spain (related to Spanish and Occitan)
subtype: Rumanian an eastern Romance language spoken in Rumania
subtype: Tocharian a branch of the Indo-European language family that originated in central Asia during the first millennium A.D.
subtype: Turfan_dialect__Turfan__East_Tocharian a dialect of Tocharian
subtype: Kuchean_dialect__Kuchean__West_Tocharian a dialect of Tocharian
subtype: Indo-Iranian_language__Indo-Iranian the branch of the Indo-European family of languages including the Indic and Iranian language groups
subtype: Indic__Indo-Aryan a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages
subtype: Sanskrit__Sanskritic_language an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism); an official language of India although it is now used only for religious purposes
subtype: Sindhi the Indic language of the Sindhi people
subtype: Romany__Gypsy the Indic language of the Gypsies
subtype: Urdu the official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi; widely used in India (mostly by Moslems); written in Arabic script
subtype: Hindi the most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars; spoken mostly in the north of India; along with English it is the official language of India; usually written in Devanagari script
subtype: Hindoostani__Hindustani__Hindostani a form of Hindi spoken around Delhi
subtype: Bihari the Indic language spoken in Bihar (and by some people in Pakistan and Bangladesh)
subtype: Magadhan a subfamily of Indic languages
subtype: Asamiya__Assamese the Magadhan language spoken by the Assamese people; closely related to Bengali
subtype: Bengali a Magadhan language spoken by the Bengali people; the official language of Bangladesh and West Bengal
subtype: Oriya a Magadhan language that is spoken by the Oriya people and is the official language of the Indian state of Orissa
subtype: Marathi__Mahratti an Indic language; the state language of Maharashtra in west central India; written in the Devanagari script
subtype: Gujarati__Gujerati the Indic language spoken by the people of India who live in Gujarat in western India
subtype: Punjabi__Panjabi the Indic language spoken by most people in Punjab in northwestern India
subtype: Sinhala__Sinhalese__Singhalese the Indic language spoken by the people of Sri Lanka
subtype: Dard__Dardic__Dardic_language any of a group of Indic languages spoken in Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan
subtype: Shina a Dardic language spoken in northern Kashmir
subtype: Khowar a Dardic language spoken in northwestern Pakistan
subtype: Kafiri a Dardic language spoken by the Kafir people in northeastern Afghanistan
subtype: Kashmiri the official state language of Kashmir
subtype: Nepali the official state language of Nepal
subtype: Iranian_language__Iranian the modern Persian language spoken in Iran
subtype: Zend__Avestan an ancient Iranian language
subtype: Gathic an ancient Iranian language
subtype: Persian__Farsi the language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms
subtype: Dari_Persian__Dari an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan
subtype: Tajiki an Iranian language spoken in Iran and Russia
subtype: Kurdish an Iranian language spoken in Turkey and Iran and Iraq and Syria and Russia
subtype: Balochi__Baluchi an Iranian language spoken in Pakistan and Iran and Afghanistan and Russia and the Persian gulf
subtype: Paxto__Pashto__Afghani__Afghan an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan
subtype: Ossete a northeastern Iranian language spoken in Russia
subtype: Scythian the Iranian language spoken by the ancient Scythians
subtype: Anatolian_language__Anatolian an extinct branch of the Indo-European family of languages known from inscriptions and important in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo European
subtype: Hittite the principal language of the Anatolian group
subtype: Lycian an Anatolian language
subtype: Luwian__Luvian an Anatolian language
subtype: Lydian an Anatolian language
subtype: Palaic an Anatolian language
subtype: Hellenic__Greek__Hellenic_language the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages
subtype: Modern_Greek the Greek language as spoken and written today
subtype: Romaic__Demotic the modern Greek vernacular
subtype: Katharevusa literary style of Modern Greek containing features borrowed from Koine
subtype: Late_Greek the Greek language in the 3rd to 8th centuries
subtype: Medieval_Greek__Middle_Greek__Byzantine_Greek the Greek language from about 600 to 1200 AD
subtype: Koine a Greek dialect that flourished under the Roman Empire
subtype: Ancient_Greek the Greek language prior to the Roman Empire
subtype: Attic__Classical_Greek the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken and written in Attica and Athens
subtype: Aeolic__Eolic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Thessaly and Boeotia and Aeolis
subtype: Arcadic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken by Arcadians
subtype: Doric the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in the Peloponnesus
subtype: Ionic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Ionia
subtype: Ural-Altaic a (postulated) group of languages including many of the indigenous languages of Russia (but not Russian)
subtype: Altaic_language__Altaic a group of related languages spoken in Asia and southeastern Europe
subtype: Turkic__Turki__Turko-Tatar__Turkic_language a subfamily of Altaic languages
subtype: Turkish a Turkic language spoken by the Turks
subtype: Turkmen__Turkoman__Turcoman the Turkic language spoken by the Turkoman people
subtype: Azerbaijani the Turkic language spoken by the Azerbaijani people
subtype: Kazak__Kazakh the Turkic language spoken by the Kazak people
subtype: Tatar the Turkic language spoken by the Tatar people living from the Volga to the Ural Mountains
subtype: Uzbek__Uzbeg__Uzbak__Usbek__Usbeg the Turkic language spoken by the Uzbek people
subtype: Uigur__Uighur the Turkic language spoken by the Uigur people
subtype: Yakut the Turkic language spoken by the Yakut people
subtype: Kirghiz__Kirgiz__Khirghiz the Turkic language spoken by the Kirghiz people
subtype: Karakalpak the Turkic language spoken by the Karakalpak people
subtype: Chuvash the Turkic language spoken by the Chuvash people
subtype: Chagatai__Jagatai__Jaghatai__Eastern_Turki a literary language of Chinese Turkestan (named for one of the sons of Genghis Khan)
subtype: Tungusic_language__Tungusic a family of Altaic languages spoken in Mongolia and neighboring areas
subtype: Tunguz__Tungus__Evenki__Ewenki the Tungusic language of the Evenki people in eastern Siberia
subtype: Manchu the Tungusic language spoken by the Manchu people
subtype: Mongolian__Mongolic__Mongolic_language a family of Altaic language spoken in Mongolia
subtype: Khalkha__Khalka__Kalka the language of the Khalkha people that is the official language of the Mongolian People's Republic
subtype: Korean.Altaic_language__korean the Altaic language spoken by the Korean people
subtype: Japanese the language (usually considered to be Altaic) spoken by the Japanese people
subtype: Ryukyuan the language (related to Japanese) that is spoken by the people of the Ryukyu Islands
subtype: Uralic_language__Uralic a family of Ural-Altaic languages
subtype: Finno-Ugric__Finno-Ugrian a family of Uralic languages indigenous to Scandinavia and Hungary and Russia and western Siberia (prior to the Slavic expansion into those regions)
subtype: Fennic__Finnic__Non-Ugric one of two branches of the Finno-Ugric languages; a family of languages including Finnish and Estonian (but not Hungarian)
subtype: Permic a group of Finnic languages spoken in the northwest Urals
subtype: Udmurt__Votyak the Finnic language spoken by the Votyak people
subtype: Zyrian__Komi the Finnic language spoken by the Komi people
subtype: Volgaic a group of Finnic languages spoken around the Volga river
subtype: Cheremis__Cheremiss__Mari the Finnic language spoken by the Cheremis people
subtype: Mordva__Mordvin__Mordvinian the Finnic language spoken by the Mordvin people
subtype: Baltic-Finnic a group of Finnic languages including Finnish and Estonian
subtype: Livonian the Finnic language spoken by the people of Livonia in Estonia and Latvia
subtype: Estonian__Esthonian the official language of Estonia; belongs to the Baltic-Finnic family of languages
subtype: Karelian__Carelian a Finnic language spoken by the people of Karelia
subtype: Ludian a Baltic-Finnic language
subtype: Finnish__Suomi the official language of Finland; belongs to the Baltic Finnic family of languages
subtype: Veps__Vepse__Vepsian a Finnic language spoken by the Veps people
subtype: Ingrian a Finnic language spoken by the Ingrian people
subtype: Ugric__Ugrian one of the two branches of the Finno-Ugric family of languages; spoken in Hungary and northwestern Siberia
subtype: Hungarian__Magyar the official language of Hungary (also spoken in Rumania); belongs to the Ugric family of languages
subtype: Khanty__Ostyak a Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Ostyak people
subtype: Mansi__Vogul the Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Vogul people
subtype: Lappic__Lappish any of the languages spoken by the Lapp people and generally assumed to be Uralic languages
subtype: Sami__Lapp the language of the nomadic Lapp people in northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula
subtype: Samoyedic__Samoyed the Uralic languages spoken by the Samoyed people in northwestern Siberia
subtype: Nenets__Nentsi__Nentsy__Yurak-Samoyed a Uralic language spoken by a Samoyed people of northern Siberia
subtype: Enets__Entsi__Entsy__Yenisei__Yenisei-Samoyed__Yeniseian the Uralic language spoken by the Yeniseian people
subtype: Nganasan the Uralic language spoken by the Nganasan people
subtype: Selkup__Ostyak-Samoyed the Uralic language spoken by the Ostyak-Samoyed people
subtype: Basque the language of the Basque people; of no known relation to any other language
subtype: Elamitic__Elamite__Susian an extinct ancient language of unknown affinities; spoken by the Elamites
subtype: Kassite__Cassite an ancient language spoken by the Kassite people
subtype: Caucasian_language__Caucasian a number of language spoken in the Caucasus that have no known affiliations to languages spoken elsewhere
subtype: Georgian.Caucasian_language__georgian a southern Caucasian language with 3 million speakers and a long literary tradition
subtype: Circassian a northern Caucasian language spoken by the Circassian people
subtype: Abkhazian__Abkhasian a Circassian language spoken by the Abkhaz people
subtype: Ubykh a virtually extinct Caucasian language spoken exclusively in Turkey
subtype: Dravidian_language__Dravidian__Dravidic a large family of languages spoken in south and central India and Sri Lanka
subtype: South_Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in southern India
subtype: Irula a Dravidian language closely related to Tamil that is spoken in a hilly section of southwestern India
subtype: Kodagu a Dravidian language spoken by the Kodagu people
subtype: Kota__Kotar a Dravidian language spoken by the Kota people
subtype: Toda the Dravidian language spoken by the Toda people in southern India
subtype: Kannada__Kanarese a Dravidian language spoken in southern India
subtype: Badaga the dialect of Kannada that is spoken by the Badaga people
subtype: Tulu a Dravidian language spoken by the Tulu people
subtype: Malayalam a Dravidian language (closely related to Tamil) that is spoken in southwestern India
subtype: Tamil the Dravidian language spoken since prehistoric times by the Tamil people in southern India and Sri Lanka
subtype: South-Central_Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in south central India
subtype: Telugu a Dravidian language spoken by the Telugu people in southeastern India
subtype: Savara a Dravidian language spoke by the Savara people in southeastern India (north of Madras)
subtype: Gondi a Dravidian language spoken by the Gond people in south central India
subtype: Pengo a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: Manda a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: Kui the Dravidian language spoken by the Kui people in southeastern India
subtype: Kuvi a Dravidian language spoken in southeast India
subtype: Central_Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in central India
subtype: Kolami the Dravidian language spoken by the Kolam people in central India
subtype: Naiki a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: Parji a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: Ollari a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: Gadaba the Dravidian language spoken by the Gadaba people
subtype: North_Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in eastern India
subtype: Kurux a Dravidian language spoken in eastern India
subtype: Malto the Dravidian language spoken by the Malto people
subtype: Brahui an isolated Dravidian language spoken by the Brahui people in Pakistan
subtype: Afroasiatic_language__Afroasiatic__Afrasian__Afrasian_language__Hamito-Semitic a large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa
subtype: Chad__Chadic__Chadic_language a family of Afroasiatic tonal languages (mostly two tones) spoken in the regions west and south of Lake Chad in north central Africa
subtype: West_Chadic a group of Chadic languages spoken in northern Nigeria; Hausa in the most important member
subtype: Hausa__Haussa the chief member of the Chadic family of Afroasiatic languages; widely used as a trading language
subtype: Bole__Bolanci a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa
subtype: Angas a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa
subtype: Ron__Bokkos__Daffo a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
subtype: Bade a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
subtype: Warji a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
subtype: Zaar__Sayanci a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
subtype: Biu-Mandara a group of Chadic languages spoken in the border area between Cameroon and Nigeria south of Lake Chad
subtype: Tera__Pidlimdi__Yamaltu a three-tone Chadic language
subtype: Bura__Pabir a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Higi__Kapsiki a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Mandara__Wandala a Chadic language spoken in the Mandara mountains in Cameroon; has only two vowels
subtype: Matakam__Mafa a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Sukur a Chadic language spoke south of Lake Chad
subtype: Daba__Kola__Musgoi a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Bata a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Kotoko a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Musgu__Munjuk__Mulwi a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Gidar a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: East_Chadic a group of Chadic languages spoken in Chad
subtype: Somrai__Sibine a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: Nancere a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: Kera a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: Dangla__Dangaleat a Chadic language spoken in Chad; uses seven vowels plus differences in vowel length
subtype: Mokulu a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: Sokoro a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: Masa an independent group of closely related Chadic languages spoken in the area between the Biu-Mandara and East Chadic languages
subtype: Semitic a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family
subtype: Akkadian an ancient branch of the Semitic languages
subtype: Assyrian an extinct language of the Assyrians regarded as a dialect of Akkadian
subtype: Amharic__Ethiopian_language the dominant and official language of Ethiopia; a semitic language much influenced by the Cushitic language with which Amhara people have been in close contact
subtype: Arabic_language__Arabic the Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects
subtype: Aramaic an ancient group of related Semitic dialects some of which are still spoken in Syria
subtype: Biblical_Aramaic the form of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine in the time of the New Testament
subtype: Canaanitic_language__Canaanitic a group of Semitic languages
subtype: Hebrew the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel
subtype: Modern_Hebrew Hebrew used in Israel today; revived from ancient Hebrew
subtype: Canaanite the extinct language of the Semitic people who occupied Canaan before the Israelite conquest
subtype: Phoenician the extinct language of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the ancient world
subtype: Punic the Phoenician dialect of ancient Carthage
subtype: Ugaritic an extinct Semitic language of northern Syria
subtype: Hamitic_language__Hamitic a group of North African languages related to Semitic
subtype: Egyptian the ancient and now extinct language of Pharaonic Egypt; written records date back to 3000 BC
subtype: Coptic the liturgical language of the Coptic Church of Egypt and Ethiopia; written in the Greek alphabet
subtype: Berber a cluster of related dialects that were once the major language of North Africa west of Egypt; now spoken mostly in Morocco
subtype: Tuareg the dialect of Berber spoken by the Tuareg people
subtype: Cushitic a group of languages spoken in Ethiopia and Somalia and northwestern Kenya and adjacent regions
subtype: Somali the Cushitic language spoken by the Somali people
subtype: Omotic a group of related languages spoken in a valley of southern Ethiopia; closely related to Cushitic languages
subtype: Niger-Kordofanian_language__Niger-Kordofanian the family of languages that includes most of the languages spoken in sub-Saharan Africa; the majority of them are tonal languages but there are important exceptions (e.g., Swahili or Fula)
subtype: Kordofanian a group of languages spoken in the relatively small Kordofan area of the south Sudan
subtype: Niger-Congo a family of African language spoken in west Africa
subtype: Sango a trade language widely used in Chad
subtype: Bantoid_language__Bantu a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent
subtype: Chichewa the Bantu language of the Chewa people of east central Africa
subtype: ChiMwini a Bantu language spoken in southern Somalia
subtype: Chishona a Bantu language that is one of the two major languages of Zimbabwe
subtype: Fang a Bantu language spoken in Cameroon
subtype: Gikuyu a Bantu language spoken in western Kenya
subtype: Giriama a Bantu language spoken in the coastal regions of eastern Kenya
subtype: Kamba a Bantu language spoken by the Kamba people in Kenya
subtype: Kichaga__Chaga__Chagga a Bantu language spoken by the Chaga people in northern Tanzania
subtype: Kinyarwanda a Bantu language
subtype: Kiswahili a Bantu language
subtype: Kongo the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo people living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola
subtype: Luba a Bantu language spoken in southern Zaire
subtype: LuGanda the Bantu language of the Buganda people; spoken in Uganda
subtype: Luyia a Bantu language
subtype: Mashi a Bantu language
subtype: Mwera a Bantu language spoken in southern coastal Tanzania
subtype: Nguni a group of southern Bantu languages
subtype: Ndebele__Matabele a Bantu language sometimes considered a dialect of Zulu
subtype: Swazi a Bantu language closely related to Zulu
subtype: Xhosa a Bantu language closely related to Zulu
subtype: Zulu a Bantu language of considerable literary importance in southeastern Africa
subtype: Nyamwezi a Bantu language spoken in central Tanzania
subtype: Pokomo a Bantu language spoken in the Kenyan coastal areas of East Africa
subtype: Sotho any of the mutually intelligible southern Bantu languages of the Sotho people in Botswana and South Africa and Lesotho
subtype: Sesotho__Basuto the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Basotho; an official language of Lesotho
subtype: Setswana__Tswana__Sechuana the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Tswana people in Botswana
subtype: Umbundu a Bantu language spoken in Angola
subtype: Swahili the most widely spoken Bantu languages; the official language of Kenya and Tanzania and widely used as a lingua franca in east and central Africa
subtype: Tonga the language of the Tonga people of south central Africa (Zambia and Rhodesia)
subtype: Gur__Voltaic a group of Niger-Congo languages spoken primarily in southeastern Mali and northern Ghana
subtype: West_African a group of languages spoken in the extreme western part of West Africa
subtype: Fula__Fulah__Fulani a family of languages of the Fula people of west Africa in the sub-Sahara regions from Senegal to Chad; the best known of the West African Niger-Congo languages
subtype: Serer a West African language closely related to Fula; spoken primarily in Senegal and Gambia
subtype: Wolof the West AFrican language of the Wolof people in Senegal
subtype: Mande a group of African languages in the Niger-Congo group spoken from Senegal east as far as the Ivory Coast
subtype: Kwa a group of African language in the Niger-Congo group spoken from the Ivory Coast east to Nigeria
subtype: Aku__Yoruba a Kwa language spoken by the Yoruba people in southwestern Nigeria
subtype: Akan a Kwa language spoken in Ghana and the Ivory Coast
subtype: Ewe a Kwa language spoken by the Ewe people in Ghana and Togo and Benin
subtype: Nilo-Saharan_language__Nilo-Saharan a family of East African languages spoken by Nilotic peoples from the Sahara south to Kenya and Tanzania
subtype: Chari-Nile a group of Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of the Sudan and Zaire and Uganda and Tanzania
subtype: Nilotic_language__Nilotic a group of languages of East Africa belonging to the Chari-Nile group
subtype: Dinka a Nilotic language
subtype: Luo a Nilotic language
subtype: Masai a Nilotic language
subtype: Saharan a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of Chad
subtype: Songhai a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Songhai people in Mali and Niger
subtype: linguistic_string__string__string_of_words__word_string a linear sequence of words as spoken or written
subtype: sentence a string of words satisfying the grammatical rules of a language; "he always spoke in grammatical sentences"
subtype: complex_sentence__complexsentence a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause
subtype: loose_sentence__loosesentence a complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows
subtype: periodic_sentence a complex sentence in which the main clause comes last and is preceded by the subordinate clause
subtype: compound_sentence a sentence composed of at least two coordinate independent clauses
subtype: declarative_sentence__declarativesentence__declaratory_sentence__declaratorysentence a sentence (in the indicative mood) that makes a declaration
subtype: run-on_sentence an ungrammatical sentence in which two or more independent clauses are conjoined without a conjunction
subtype: topic_sentence__topicsentence a sentence that states the topic of its paragraph
subtype: interrogative__question__interrogation__interrogative_sentence__interrogativesentence a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply; "he asked a direct question"; "he had trouble phrasing his interrogations"
subtype: cross-question__crossquestion a question asked in cross-examination
subtype: leading_question__leadingquestion a question phrased in such a way as to suggest the desired answer; a lawyer may ask leading questions on cross-examination
subtype: yes-no_question a question that can be answered by yes or no
subtype: syntagma__syntagm a syntactic string that forms a part of some larger syntactic unit
subtype: grammatical_constituent__grammaticalconstituent__constituent a word or phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction
subtype: subject.grammatical_constituent (linguistics) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the grammatical constituent about which something is predicated
subtype: object a grammatical constituent that is acted upon; "the object of the verb"
subtype: prepositional_object__prepositionalobject__object_of_a_preposition the object governed by a preposition
subtype: direct_object__object_of_the_verb the object that receives the direct action of the verb
subtype: indirect_object the object that is the recipient or beneficiary of the action of the verb
subtype: retained_object an object in a passive construction
subtype: ablative_absolute a constituent in Latin grammar; a noun and its modifier can function as a sentence modifier
subtype: immediate_constituent__immediateconstituent a constituent of a sentence at the first step in an analysis: e.g., subject and predicate
subtype: grammatical_construction__grammaticalconstruction__construction__expression a group of words that form a constituent of a sentence and are considered as a single unit; "I concluded from his awkward constructions that he was a foreigner"
subtype: clause (grammar) an expression including a subject and predicate but not constituting a complete sentence
subtype: main_clause__independent_clause__independentclause a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence
subtype: subordinate_clause__subordinateclause__dependent_clause__dependentclause a clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb
subtype: restrictive_clause__restrictiveclause a subordinate clause that limits or restricts the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies
subtype: nonrestrictive_clause__descriptive_clause__descriptiveclause a subordinate clause that does not limit or restrict the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies
subtype: relative_clause a clause introduced by a relative pronoun; "`who visits frequently' is a relative clause in the sentence `John, who visits frequently, is ill'"
subtype: complement a word or phrase used to complete a grammatical construction
subtype: involution a long and intricate and complicated grammatical construction
subtype: phrase an expression forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence but not containing a finite verb
subtype: noun_phrase (linguistics) a phrase that can function as the subject or object of a verb
subtype: verb_phrase__predicate (linguistics) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the predicate contains the verb and its complements
subtype: prepositional_phrase__prepositionalphrase a phrase beginning with a preposition
subtype: response.phrase a phrase recited or sung by the congregation following a versicle by the priest or minister
subtype: advice_and_consent a legal phrase in the US Constitution that allows the Senate to constrain the President's powers of appointment and treaty-making
subtype: catchphrase__catch_phrase__catchphrase a phrase that has become a catchword
subtype: predicator an expression that predicates
subtype: misconstruction an ungrammatical constituent
subtype: term.grammatical_constituent one of the substantive phrases in a logical proposition; "the major term of a syllogism must occur twice"
subtype: subject.term (logic) the first term of a proposition
subtype: predicate (logic) what is predicated of the subject of a proposition; the second term in a proposition is predicated of the first term by means of the copula; "`Socrates is a man' predicates manhood of Socrates"
subtype: grammatical_referent__grammaticalreferent__referent the first term in a proposition; the term to which other terms relate
subtype: relatum a term in a proposition that is related to the referent of the proposition
subtype: major_term__majorterm the term in a syllogism that is the predicate of the conclusion
subtype: minor_term__minorterm the term in a syllogism that is the subject of the conclusion
subtype: middle_term the term in a syllogism that is common to both premises and excluded from the conclusion
subtype: barrage__outpouring__onslaught the rapid and continuous delivery of linguistic communication (spoken or written)
subtype: string a string of characters
subtype: XML_literal
subtype: Literal
subtype: name_string
subtype: character element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc.; sumo#character is a subclass of sumo#symbolic_string, because every instance of sumo#character is an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element
subtype: atomic_ADT__atomic_abstract_data_type
subtype: number
subtype: real_number a number that can be expressed as a (possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. a number that has a position on the number line
subtype: rational_number real_number that is the product of dividing two integers
subtype: integer a negative or nonnegative whole number
subtype: nonnegative_integer__nonnegativeinteger integer >= 0
subtype: positive_integer integer > 0
subtype: zero class containing only 0
subtype: negative_integer integer < 0
subtype: even_integer integer that is evenly divisible by 2
subtype: odd_integer__oddinteger integer that is not evenly divisible by 2
subtype: prime_number__primenumber
subtype: irrational_number
subtype: nonnegative_real_number real_number >= 0
subtype: nonnegative_integer__nonnegativeinteger integer >= 0
subtype: positive_real_number real_number > 0
subtype: positive_integer integer > 0
subtype: negative_real_number real_number < 0
subtype: negative_integer integer < 0
subtype: binary_number elements from the number system with base 2; every binary_number is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0
subtype: decimal
subtype: imaginary_number__imaginarynumber a number that is the result of multiplying a real_number by the square root of -1
subtype: complex_number__complexnumber a number that has the form: x + yi, where x and y are real_numbers and i is the square root of -1
subtype: boolean two instances: true and false
instance: true false
subtype: structured_ADT__structured_abstract_data_type
subtype: list a particular ordered n-tuple of items; generally speaking, lists are created by means of the list_fn function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a list with the items in the same order; anything, including other lists, may be an item in a list; note too that lists are extensional - two lists that have the same items in the same order are identical; note too that a list (the null_list) may contain no items
subtype: unique_list a list in which no item appears more than once, i.e. a list for which there are no distinct numbers ?n1 and ?n2 such that (sumo#list_order_fn ?list ?n1) and (sumo#list_order_fn ?list ?n2) return the same value
subtype: null__null_list type of empty lists
instance: null_list
subtype: single__list_with_1_element list of length 1
subtype: double__list_with_2_elements list of length 2
subtype: triple__list_with_3_elements list of length 3
subtype: container
subtype: bag
subtype: seq
subtype: list
subtype: disjoint__disjoint_list_of_classes classes in such a list are pairwise disjoint
subtype: alt alternatives (exclusive or inclusive?)
subtype: or_bag bag of OR-ed elements
subtype: xor_bag__xorbag bag of XOR-ed elements
subtype: multidimensional_object ordered list of thing; click here for details
subtype: multidimensional_property_space
subtype: multidimensional_number
subtype: multidimensional_property
subtype: multidimensional_number_space
subtype: multidimensional_scale
subtype: set ADT where duplicate elements are not allowed
subtype: or_set set of OR-ed elements
subtype: xor_set__xorset set of XOR-ed elements
subtype: number_container
subtype: array
subtype: string a string of characters
subtype: queue
subtype: stack
subtype: keyed_collection_ADT
subtype: graph_ADT
subtype: graph__connected_graph__connectedgraph every graph is assumed to contain at least two arcs and three nodes
subtype: lattice an arrangement of points or particles or objects in a regular periodic pattern in 2 or 3 dimensions
subtype: space_lattice__spacelattice__crystal_lattice__crystallattice__Bravais_lattice a 3-dimensional geometric arrangement of the atoms or molecules or ions composing a crystal
subtype: statement
subtype: ontology a set of categories, and definitions or axioms about these categories
subtype: Dolce_version__Dolce a version of the Dolce ontology
subtype: dolce_full__dolcefull__Dolce a full version of Dolce
subtype: Dolce_lite__dl a restricted version of Dolce that can be expressed in OWL DL
subtype: block_set__blockset
subtype: data_range
subtype: structure the complex composition of knowledge as elements and their combinations; "his lectures have no structure"
subtype: organisation__arrangement__organization__system an organized structure for arranging or classifying; "he changed the arrangement of the topics"; "the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original"; "he tried to understand their system of classification"
subtype: classification_system a system for classifying things
subtype: hierarchical_classification_system a classification system where entries are arranged based on some hierarchical structure
subtype: rating_system__scoring_system__scoringsystem a system of classifying according to quality or merit or amount
subtype: file_system__filing_system a system of classifying into files (usually arranged alphabetically)
subtype: pigeonholing__grouping a system for classifying things into groups
subtype: ABO_blood_group_system__ABO_system__ABO_group a classification system for the antigens of human blood; used in blood transfusion therapy; four groups are A and B and AB and O
subtype: contrivance.organisation an artificial or unnatural or obviously contrived arrangement of details or parts etc.; "the plot contained too many improbable contrivances to be believable"
subtype: coordinate_system__frame_of_reference__reference_system__referencesystem__reference_frame__referenceframe a system that uses coordinates to establish position
subtype: inertial_reference_frame__inertial_frame a coordinate system in which Newton's first law of motion is valid
subtype: space-time_continuum__space-time__spacetime the 4-dimensional coordinate system (3 dimensions of space and 1 of time) in which physical events are located
subtype: data_structure the organization of data (and its storage allocations in a computer)
subtype: hierarchical_structure__hierarchical_data_structure a structure of data having several levels arranged in a tree-like structure
subtype: design.organisation__plan an arrangement scheme; "the awkward design of the keyboard made operation difficult"; "it was an excellent design for living"; "a plan for seating guests"
subtype: layout.design a plan or design of something that is laid out
subtype: trap.design__snare something (often something deceptively attractive) that catches you unawares; "the exam was full of trap questions"; "it was all a snare and delusion"
subtype: iron_trap a trap from which there is no escape
subtype: speed_trap__speedtrap a trap arranged on a roadway for catching speeders
subtype: hotel_plan__hotelplan__meal_plan a plan and a room rate for providing meals to guests at a hotel
subtype: American_plan a hotel plan that includes three meals daily
subtype: modified_American_plan a hotel plan that includes breakfast and dinner (but not lunch)
subtype: Bermuda_plan a hotel plan that provides a full breakfast daily
subtype: European_plan__continental_plan__continentalplan a hotel plan that provides a continental breakfast daily
subtype: statistical_distribution__statisticaldistribution__distribution an arrangement of values of a variable showing their observed or theoretical frequency of occurrence
subtype: frequency_distribution__frequencydistribution a distribution of observed frequencies of occurrence of the values of a variable
subtype: normal_distribution__Gaussian_distribution a theoretical distribution with finite mean and variance
subtype: Poisson_distribution a theoretical distribution that is a good approximation to the binomial distribution when the probability is small and the number of trials is large
subtype: sample_distribution__sample items selected from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population
subtype: random_sample a sample in which every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected
subtype: stratified_sample__representative_sample__proportional_sample the population is divided into strata and a random sample is taken from each stratum
subtype: binomial_distribution__Bernoulli_distribution a theoretical distribution of the number of successes in a finite set of independent trials with a constant probability of success
subtype: genetic_map__geneticmap graphical representation of the arrangement of genes on a chromosome
subtype: lattice an arrangement of points or particles or objects in a regular periodic pattern in 2 or 3 dimensions
subtype: living_arrangement an arrangement to allow people (or ideas) to co-exist
subtype: calendar.organisation a system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year
subtype: lunar_calendar__lunarcalendar a calendar based on lunar cycles
subtype: Muhammadan_calendar__Mohammedan_calendar__Moslem_calendar__Muslim_calendar the lunar calendar used by Moslems; dates from 622 AD (the year of the Hegira); the beginning of the Moslem year retrogresses through the solar year completing the cycle every 32 years
instance: Roman_calendar
subtype: lunisolar_calendar__lunisolarcalendar a calendar based on both lunar and solar cycles
subtype: Jewish_calendar__Hebrew_calendar__hebrewcalendar (Judaism) the calendar used by the Jews; dates from 3761 BC (the assumed date of the creation of the world); a lunar year of 354 days is adjusted to the solar year by periodic leap years
subtype: Hindu_calendar the lunisolar calendar governing the religious life of Hindus; an extra month is inserted after every month in which there are two new moons (once every three years)
subtype: solar_calendar__solarcalendar a calendar based on solar cycles
subtype: Gregorian_calendar__New_Style the solar calendar now in general use, introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 AD to correct an error in the Julian calendar by suppressing 10 days, making Oct 5 be called Oct 15, and providing that only centenary years divisible by 400 should be leap years; it was adopted by Great Britain and the American colonies in 1752
subtype: church_calendar__ecclesiastical_calendar a calendar of the Christian year indicating the dates of fasts and festivals
subtype: Julian_calendar__Old_Style the solar calendar introduced in Rome in 46 b.c. by Julius Caesar and slightly modified by Augustus, establishing the 12-month year of 365 days with each 4th year having 366 days and the months having 31 or 30 days except for February
subtype: Revolutionary_calendar the calendar adopted by The French First Republic in 1793 and abandoned in 1805; dates were calculated from Sept. 22, 1792
subtype: configuration__constellation an arrangement of parts or elements; "the outcome depends on the configuration of influences at the time"
subtype: unitization the configuration of smaller units of information into large coordinated units
subtype: redundancy.configuration (electronics) a system design that duplicates components to provide alternatives in case one component fails
subtype: form.structure__shape__pattern a perceptual structure; "the composition presents problems for students of musical form"; "a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them"
subtype: fractal a geometric pattern that is repeated at every scale and so cannot be represented by classical geometry
subtype: gestalt a configuration or pattern of elements so unified as a whole that it cannot be described merely as a sum of its parts
subtype: mosaic.form a pattern resembling a mosaic
subtype: strand.form a pattern forming a unity within a larger structural whole; "he tried to pick up the strands of his former life"; "I could hear several melodic strands simultaneously"
subtype: syntax__sentence_structure__phrase_structure the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences
subtype: sound_structure__soundstructure__morphology__syllable_structure__word_structure the admissible arrangement of sounds in words
subtype: affixation the result of adding an affix to a root word
subtype: language_unit__linguistic_unit one of the natural units into which linguistic messages can be analyzed
subtype: discourse extended verbal expression in speech or writing
subtype: linguistic_context__context__context_of_use discourse that surrounds a language unit and helps to determine its interpretation
subtype: word a unit of language that native speakers can identify; "words are the blocks from which sentences are made"; "he hardly said ten words all morning"
subtype: anagram a word or phrase spelled by rearranging the letters of another word or phrase
subtype: antigram an anagram that means the opposite of the original word or phrase; "`restful' is the antigram of `fluster'"
subtype: anaphor a word (such as a pronoun) used to avoid repetition; the referent of an anaphor is determined by its antecedent
subtype: antonym__opposite_word__opposite two words that express opposing concepts; "to him the opposite of gay was depressed"
subtype: direct_antonym antonyms that are commonly associated (e.g., `wet' and `dry')
subtype: indirect_antonym antonyms whose opposition is mediated (e.g., the antonymy of `wet' and `parched' is mediated by the similarity of `parched' to `dry')
subtype: back-formation a word invented (usually unwittingly by subtracting an affix) on the assumption that a familiar word derives from it
subtype: portmanteau_word__portmanteauword__blend__portmanteau a word formed by joining two others (e.g., `smog' is a blend of `smoke' and `fog')
subtype: charade a word acted out in an episode of the game of charades
subtype: cognate_word__cognateword__cognate a word is cognate with another if both derive from the same word in an ancestral language
subtype: content_word__contentword__open-class_word a word to which an independent meaning can be assigned
subtype: headword.content_word__head_word a word that is qualified by a modifier
subtype: noun a word that can be used to refer to a person or place or thing
subtype: mass_noun a noun that does not form plurals
subtype: count_noun__countnoun a noun that forms plurals
subtype: proper_noun__proper_name a noun that denotes a particular thing; usually capitalized
subtype: common_noun a noun that denotes any or all members of a class
subtype: verbal_noun__deverbal_noun a noun that is derived from a verb
subtype: gerund a noun formed from a verb (such as the `-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun)
subtype: adnoun an adjective used as a noun; "`meek' in `blessed are the meek' is an adnoun"
subtype: verb.content_word a content word that denotes an action or a state
subtype: copula__copulative__linking_verb__linkingverb an equating verb (such as `be' or `become') that links the subject with the complement of a sentence
subtype: modifier.content_word__qualifier a content word that qualifies the meaning of a noun or verb
subtype: intensifier__intensive a modifier that has little meaning except to intensify the meaning it modifies; "`up' in `finished up' is an intensifier"; "`honestly' in `I honestly don't know' is an intensifier"
subtype: adjective a word that expresses an attribute of something
subtype: descriptive_adjective__descriptiveadjective__qualifying_adjective an adjective that ascribes to its noun the value of an attribute of that noun (e.g., `a nervous person' or `a musical speaking voice')
subtype: relational_adjective__classifying_adjective__classifyingadjective an adjective that classifies its noun (e.g., `a nervous disease' or `a musical instrument')
subtype: pertainym (informal) meaning relating to or pertaining to
subtype: comparative the comparative form of an adjective; "`better' is the comparative of `good'"
subtype: superlative.adjective the superlative form of an adjective; "`best' is the superlative form of `good'"
subtype: adverb.modifier a word that modifies something other than a noun
subtype: adverbial a word or group of words function as an adverb
subtype: dangling_modifier__misplaced_modifier__misplacedmodifier a word or phrase apparently modifying an unintended word because of its placement in a sentence: e.g., `when young' in `when young, circuses appeal to all of us'
subtype: dangling_participle a participle (usually at the beginning of a sentence) apparently modifying a word other than the word intended: e.g., `flying across the country' in `flying across the country the Rockies came into view'
subtype: contraction a word formed from two or more words by omitting or combining some sounds: "won't" from "will not"; "o'clock" from "of the clock"
subtype: deictic_word__deicticword__deictic a word specifying identity or spacial or temporal location from the perspective of a speaker or hearer in the context in which the communication occurs: "words that introduce particulars of the speaker's and hearer's shared cognitive field into the message"- R.Rommetveit
subtype: derivative (linguistics) a word that is derived from another word; "`electricity' is a derivative of `electric'"
subtype: diminutive a word that is formed with a suffix (such as -let or -kin) to indicate smallness
subtype: disyllable__dissyllable a word having two syllables
subtype: word_form__form__signifier the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word; "the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached"
subtype: plural_form__plural the form of a word that is used to denote more than one
subtype: singular_form__singular the form of a word that is used to denote a singleton
subtype: ghost_word__ghostword a word form that has entered the language through the perpetuation of an error
subtype: root_word__root__base__stem__theme__radical (linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed; "thematic vowels are part of the stem"
subtype: etymon__root a simple form inferred as the common basis from which related words in several languages can be derived by linguistic processes
subtype: citation_form__main_entry_word__entry_word__entryword the form of a word that heads a lexical entry and is alphabetized in a dictionary
subtype: abbreviation.word_form a shortened form of a word or phrase
subtype: apocope abbreviation of a word by omitting the final sound or sounds; "the British get `pud' from `pudding' by apocope"
subtype: acronym a word formed from the initial letters of a multi-word name
subtype: four-letter_word__four-letter_Anglo-Saxon_word any of several short English words (often having 4 letters) generally regarded as obscene or offensive
subtype: function_word__closed-class_word a word that serves a grammatical function but has no identifiable meaning
subtype: determiner__determinative one of a limited class of noun modifiers that determine the referents of noun phrases
subtype: article.determiner (Grammar) a determiner that may indicate the specificity of reference of a noun phrase
subtype: definite_article a determiner (as `the' in English) that indicates specificity of reference
subtype: indefinite_article a determiner (as `a' or `some' in English) that indicates non-specificity of reference
subtype: preposition a function word that combines with a noun or pronoun or noun phrase to form a prepositional phrase that can have an adverbial or adjectival relation to some other word
subtype: pronoun a function word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase
subtype: anaphoric_pronoun__anaphoricpronoun a pronoun that refers to an antecedent
subtype: demonstrative_pronoun__demonstrative a pronoun that points out an intended referent
subtype: personal_pronoun a pronoun expressing a distinction of person
subtype: reflexive_pronoun__reflexivepronoun__reflexive a personal pronoun compounded with -self to show the agent's action affects itself
subtype: relative_pronoun a pronoun (as `that' or `which' or `who') that introduces a relative clause referring to some antecedent
subtype: conjunctive__conjunction__connective an uninflected function word that serves to conjoin words or phrases or clauses or sentences
subtype: coordinating_conjunction a conjunction (like `and' or `or') that connects two identically constructed grammatical constituents
subtype: subordinate_conjunction__subordinateconjunction__subordinating_conjunction__subordinatingconjunction a conjunction (like `since' or `that' or `who') that introduces a dependent clause
subtype: particle.function_word a function word having different uses in different languages
subtype: head_word__head (linguistics) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent
subtype: headword a word placed at the beginning of a line or paragraph (as in a dictionary entry)
subtype: heteronym two words are heteronyms if they are spelled the same way but differ in pronunciation (e.g. `bow')
subtype: holonym__wholename a word that names the whole of which a given word is a part; "`hat' is a holonym for `brim' and `crown'"
subtype: homonym two words are homonyms if they are pronounced or spelled the same way but have different meanings
subtype: homograph two words are homographs if they are spelled the same way but differ in meaning (e.g. fair)
subtype: homophone two words are homophones if they are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning or spelling or both (e.g. bare and bear)
subtype: hypernym__superordinate__superordinate_word__superordinateword a word that is more generic than a given word
subtype: hyponym__subordinate_word__subordinateword a word that is more specific than a given word
subtype: key_word__keyword a significant word used in indexing or cataloging
subtype: loanblend__hybrid a word that is composed of parts from different languages (e.g., `monolingual' has a Greek prefix and a Latin root)
subtype: loanword__loan a word borrowed from another language; e.g. `blitz' is a German word borrowed into modern English
subtype: Gallicism a word or phrase borrowed from French
subtype: meronym__part_name a word that names a part of a larger whole; "`brim' and `crown' are meronyms of `hat'"
subtype: metonym a word that is used metonymically; a word that denotes one thing but refers to a related thing
subtype: monosyllable__monosyllabic_word a word or utterance of one syllable
subtype: neology__neologism__coinage a newly invented word or phrase
subtype: nonce_word__nonceword__hapax_legomenon__hapaxlegomenon a word with a special meaning used for a special occasion
subtype: oxytone word having stress or an acute accent on the last syllable
subtype: palindrome a word or phrase that reads the same backward as forward
subtype: primitive a word serving as the basis for inflected or derived forms; "`pick' is the primitive from which `picket' is derived"
subtype: paroxytone word having stress or acute accent on the next to last syllable
subtype: partitive word (such a `some' or `less') that is used to indicate a part as distinct from a whole
subtype: polysemant__polysemantic_word__polysemous_word a word having more than one meaning
subtype: polysyllable__polysyllabic_word a word of more than three syllables
subtype: jawbreaker a word that is hard to pronounce
subtype: sesquipedalian__sesquipedalia a very long word (a foot and a half long)
subtype: proparoxytone word having stress or acute accent on the antepenult
subtype: quantifier (grammar) a word that expresses a quantity (as `fifteen' or `many')
subtype: universal_quantifier__universalquantifier a logical quantifier of a proposition that asserts that the proposition is true for all members of a class of things
subtype: logical_quantifier__logicalquantifier__quantifier (logic) a word (such as `some' or `all` or `no') that binds the variables in a logical proposition
subtype: existential_quantifier__existentialquantifier__existential_operator__existentialoperator a logical quantifier of a proposition that asserts the existence of at least one thing for which the proposition is true
subtype: substantive a noun or a pronoun that is used in place of a noun
subtype: noun a word that can be used to refer to a person or place or thing
subtype: syncategorem (logic) a term that cannot be used meaningfully in isolation
subtype: synonym__equivalent_word two words that can be interchanged in a context are said to be synonymous relative to that context
subtype: term a word or expression used for some particular thing; "he learned many medical terms"
subtype: referent.term something that refers; a term that refers to another term
subtype: terminology__nomenclature__language a system of words used in a particular discipline; "legal terminology"; "the language of sociology"
subtype: markup_language a set of symbols and rules for their use when doing a markup of a document
subtype: standard_generalized_markup_language__SGML (computer science) a standardized language for the descriptive markup of documents; a set of rules for using whatever markup vocabulary is adopted
subtype: HTML__hypertext_markup_language a set of tags and rules (conforming to SGML) for using them in developing hypertext documents
subtype: XML the language for describing XML-based languages; see http://www.w3.org/XML
subtype: XML_based_language__XML_based_notation any notation following an XML schema; see http://www.w3.org/
subtype: XHTML description in http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/
subtype: SVG Scalable Vector Graphics; description in http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/
subtype: RDF/XML XML notation for the RDF model
instance: RDF_syntax_of_22-02-1999
subtype: PNML the PNML language
subtype: EPNML
subtype: PNK
subtype: trisyllable a word having three syllables
subtype: troponym__manner_name a word that denotes a manner of doing something; "`march' is a troponym of `walk'"
subtype: vocable__spokenword a word that is spoken aloud
subtype: classifier.word a word or morpheme used in some languages in certain contexts (such as counting) to indicate the semantic class in which an item belongs
subtype: written_word__writtenword the written form of a word
subtype: bigram a word that is written with two letters in an alphabetic writing system
subtype: trigram a word that is written with three letters in an alphabetic writing system
subtype: tetragram a word that is written with four letters in an alphabetic writing system
instance: Tetragrammaton
subtype: syllable a unit of spoken language larger than a phoneme; "the word `pocket' has two syllables"
subtype: penult__penultima__penultimate the next to last syllable in a word
subtype: antepenult__antepenultimate the 3rd syllable of a word counting back from the end
subtype: solfa_syllable__solfasyllable one of the names for notes of a musical scale in solmization
subtype: doh__ut the syllable naming the first (tonic) note of any major scale in solmization
subtype: re__ray the syllable naming the second (supertonic) note of any major scale in solmization
subtype: mi the syllable naming the third (mediant) note of any major scale in solmization
subtype: fa the syllable naming the fourth (subdominant) note of the diatonic scale in solmization
subtype: soh__so the syllable naming the fifth (dominant) note of any musical scale in solmization
subtype: la__lah the syllable naming the sixth (submediant) note of a major or minor scale in solmization
subtype: te__ti__si the syllable naming the the seventh (subtonic) note of any musical scale in solmization
subtype: lexeme a minimal unit (as a word or stem) in the lexicon of a language; `go' and `went' and `gone' and `going' are all members of the English lexeme `go'
subtype: morpheme minimal meaningful language unit; it cannot be divided into smaller meaningful units
subtype: allomorph a variant phonological representation of a morpheme: "the final sounds of `bets' and `beds' and `horses' and `oxen' are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme"
subtype: morphophoneme (linguistics) the phonemes (or strings of phonemes) that constitute the various allomorphs of a morpheme
subtype: free_morpheme__free_form a morpheme that can occur alone
subtype: bound_morpheme__boundmorpheme__bound_form__boundform a morpheme that occurs only as part of a larger construction; eg an -s at the end of plural nouns
subtype: combining_form__combiningform a bound form used only in compounds; "`hemato-' is a combining form in words like `hematology'"
subtype: affix a linguistic element added to a word to produce an inflected or derived form
subtype: prefix an affix that added in front of the word
subtype: alpha_privative__alphaprivative the negative prefix a- or un-
subtype: suffix__ending an affix that is added at the end of the word
subtype: inflectional_suffix an inflection that is added at the end of a root word
subtype: infix an affix that is inserted inside the word
subtype: classifier.word a word or morpheme used in some languages in certain contexts (such as counting) to indicate the semantic class in which an item belongs
subtype: formative minimal language unit that has a syntactic (or morphological) function
subtype: name a language unit by which a person or thing is known; "his name really is George Washington"; "those are two names for the same thing"
subtype: eponym a name derived from the name of person (real or imaginary) as the name of Alexandria is derived from the name of its founder: Alexander the Great
subtype: eponym.name the name of a person for whom something is supposedly named; "Constantine I is the eponym for Constantinople"
subtype: patronymic a name derived with an affix (such as -son in English or O'- in Irish) from the name of your father or a paternal ancestor
subtype: matronymic__metronymic a name derived from the name of your mother or a maternal ancestor
subtype: surname__family_name__cognomen__last_name the name used to identify the members of a family (as distinguished from each member's given name)
subtype: maiden_name a woman's surname before marriage
subtype: middle_name a name between your first name and your surname
subtype: first_name__firstname__given_name__givenname__forename the name that precedes the surname
subtype: Christian_name__baptismal_name__baptismalname the first name given to Christians at birth or christening
subtype: praenomen the first name of a citizen of ancient Rome
subtype: alias__alia__assumed_name__assumedname__false_name__falsename a name that has been assumed temporarily
subtype: pseudonym__anonym__nom_de_guerre a fictitious name used when the person performs a particular social role
subtype: stage_name__stagename the pseudonym of an actor
subtype: pen_name__penname__nom_de_plume an author's pseudonym
subtype: misnomer an incorrect or unsuitable name
subtype: writer's_name__author's_name the name that appears on the by-line to identify the author of a work
subtype: appellation__denomination__designation__appellative identifying word or words by which someone or something is called and classified or distinguished from others
subtype: nickname__moniker__cognomen__sobriquet__soubriquet a familiar name (often a shortened version of a person's given name); "Joe's mother would not use his nickname and always called him Joseph"
subtype: title.appellation an identifying appellation signifying status or function: e.g. Mr. or General; "the professor didn't like his friends to use his formal title"
subtype: Aga__Agha title for a civil or military leader (especially in Turkey)
subtype: Reverend a title of respect for a clergyman
subtype: Very_Reverend a title of respect for various ecclesiastical officials (as cathedral deans and canons and others)
subtype: nobility_title__title an appellation signifying nobility; "`your majesty' is the appropriate title to use in addressing a king"
subtype: Lordship a title used to address any British peer except a duke and extended to a bishop or a judge: "Your Lordship" or "His Lordship"
subtype: Ladyship a title used to address any peeress except a duchess; "Your Ladyship" or "Her Ladyship"
subtype: baronetcy the title of a baron
subtype: viscountcy the title of a viscount
subtype: pet_name__petname__hypocorism a name of endearment (especially one using a diminutive suffix); "`Billy' is a hypocorism for `William'"
subtype: title the name of a work of art or literary composition etc.; "he looked for books with the word `jazz' in the title"; "he refused to give titles to his paintings"; "I can never remember movie titles"
subtype: rubric.heading a title or heading that is printed in red or in a special type
subtype: place_name__placename__toponym the name by which a geographical place is known
subtype: signature your name written in your own handwriting
subtype: allograph a signature made by one person for another
subtype: John_Hancock__autograph a person's own signature
subtype: countersignature__countersign a second confirming signature endorsing a document already signed
subtype: endorsement.signature a signature that endorses something
subtype: blank_endorsement__blankendorsement__endorsement_in_blank an endorsement on commercial paper naming no payee and so payable to the bearer
subtype: sign_manual the signature of a sovereign on an official document
subtype: company_name__companyname the name by which a corporation is identified
subtype: domain_name (computer science) strings of letters used to name organizations and computers and addresses on the internet; "domain names are organized hierarchically with the more generic parts to the right"
subtype: trade_name__tradename__brand_name__brandname__brand__marque a name given to a product or service
subtype: recording_label__label trade name of a company that produces musical recordings; "the artists and repertoire department of a recording label is responsible for finding new talent"
subtype: previous_surname
subtype: middle_name
subtype: collocation a grouping of words in a sentence
subtype: speech_sound__phone__sound (linguistics) an individual sound unit of speech without concern as to whether or not it is a phoneme of some language
subtype: phoneme (linguistics) one of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language
subtype: allophone (linguistics) any of various acoustically different forms of the same phoneme
subtype: vowel_sound__vowelsound__vowel a speech sound made with the vocal tract open
subtype: ablaut__gradation a vowel whose quality or length is changed to indicate linguistic distinctions (such as sing sang sung song)
subtype: diphthong a vowel sound that starts near the articulatory position for one vowel and moves toward the position for another
subtype: schwa__shwa a neutral middle vowel; occurs in unstressed syllables
subtype: murmur_vowel__murmur a schwa that is incidental to the pronunciation of a consonant
subtype: stem_vowel__thematic_vowel a vowel that ends a stem and precedes an inflection
subtype: semivowel__glide a vowel-like sound that serves as a consonant
subtype: palatal a semivowel produced with the tongue near the palate (like the initial sound in the English word `yeast')
subtype: consonant a speech sound that is not a vowel
subtype: alveolar_consonant__dental_consonant__alveolar a consonant articulated with the tip of the tongue near the gum ridge
subtype: stop_consonant__stop__occlusive__plosive_consonant__plosiveconsonant__plosive_speech_sound__plosive a consonant produced by stopping air at some point and suddenly releasing it; "his stop consonants are too aspirated"
subtype: labial_stop a stop consonant that is produced with the lips
subtype: glottal_stop__glottalstop__glottal_plosive__glottalplosive__glottal_catch__glottalcatch a stop consonant articulated by releasing pressure at the glottis; as in the sudden onset of a vowel
subtype: suction_stop__suctionstop a stop consonant made by the suction of air into the mouth (as in Bantu)
subtype: aspirate a consonant pronounced with aspiration
subtype: labial_consonant__labial a consonant whose articulation involves movement of the lips
subtype: bilabial a consonant that is articulated using both lips; /p/ or /b/ or /w/
subtype: labial_stop a stop consonant that is produced with the lips
subtype: continuant_consonant__continuant consonant articulated by constricting (but not closing) the vocal tract
subtype: fricative_consonant__fricative a continuant consonant produced by breath moving against a narrowing of the vocal tract
subtype: nasal_consonant__nasal a continuant consonant produced through the nose with the mouth closed
subtype: liquid.continuant_consonant a frictionless non-nasal continuant (especially `l' and `r')
subtype: sibilant_consonant__sibilant a consonant characterized by a hissing sound (like s or sh)
subtype: affricate_consonant__affricateconsonant__affricate__affricative a composite speech sound consisting of a stop and a fricative articulated at the same point (as `ch' in `chair' and `j' in `joy')
subtype: surd__voiceless_consonant__voicelessconsonant a consonant produced without sound from the vocal cords
subtype: guttural_consonant__guttural a consonant articulated in the back of the mouth or throat
subtype: orinasal_phone__orinasal a speech sound produced with both the oral and nasal passages open (as French nasal vowels)
subtype: sonant__voiced_sound a speech sound accompanied by sound from the vocal cords
subtype: sign.language_unit (linguistics) a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; "The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary"--de Saussure
subtype: category_identifier__formal_term
subtype: symbolic_representation__symbol__symbolization__symbolisation something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible; "the eagle is a symbol of the United States"
subtype: crossbones two crossed bones (or a representation of two crossed bones) used as a symbol danger or death
subtype: death's_head__death'shead a human skull (or a representation of a human skull) used as a symbol of death
subtype: white_feather__whitefeather a symbol of cowardice
subtype: emblem.symbolic_representation__allegory a visible symbol representing an abstract idea
subtype: scarlet_letter__scarletletter the letter A in red; Puritans required adulterers to wear it
subtype: donkey the symbol of the Democratic Party; introduced in cartoons by Thomas Nast in 1874
subtype: dove.emblem an emblem of peace
subtype: eagle an emblem representing power; "the Roman eagle"
subtype: elephant.emblem the symbol of the Republican Party; introduced in cartoons by Thomas Nast in 1874
subtype: fasces bundle of rods containing an axe with the blade protruding; in ancient Rome it was a symbol of a magistrate's power; in modern Italy it is a symbol of Fascism
subtype: national_flag__flag__ensign an emblem flown as a symbol of nationality
subtype: American_flag__Stars_and_Stripes__Star-Spangled_Banner__Old_Glory the national flag of the United States of America
subtype: Stars_and_Bars__Confederate_flag the first flag of the Confederate States of American
subtype: hammer_and_sickle the emblem on the flag of the Soviet Union
subtype: Star_of_David__Magen_David__Mogen_David an emblem symbolizing Judaism; hexagram
subtype: badge an emblem (a small piece of plastic or cloth or metal) that signifies your status (rank or membership or affiliation etc.); "they checked everyone's badge before letting them in"
subtype: merit_badge__meritbadge a badge award to Boy Scouts in recognition of special projects
subtype: insignia a badge worn to show official position
subtype: caduceus an insignia used by the medical profession; modeled after the staff of Hermes
subtype: insignia_of_rank an insignia worn on a military uniform
subtype: shoulder_flash (British) something worn on the shoulder of a military uniform as an emblem of a division etc.
subtype: service_stripe__servicestripe__hashmark__hash_mark an insignia worn to indicate years of service
subtype: cordon.insignia cord or ribbon worn as an insignia of honor or rank
subtype: wings.insignia__wing stylized bird wings worn as an insignia by qualified pilots or air crew members
subtype: ID__I.D. a card or badge used to identify the bearer
subtype: black_belt__blackbelt a black sash worn to show expert standards in the martial arts (judo or karate)
subtype: blue_ribbon__cordon_bleu an honor or award gained for excellence
subtype: stripes__chevron__grade_insignia__gradeinsignia V-shaped sleeve badge indicating military rank and service
subtype: stripe a piece of braid, usually on the sleeve, indicating military rank or length of service
subtype: Paschal_Lamb__Agnus_Dei figure of a lamb; emblematic of Christ
subtype: maple-leaf__mapleleaf the emblem of Canada
subtype: medallion an emblem indicating that a taxicab is registered
subtype: spread_eagle.emblem__spreadeagle an emblem (an eagle with wings and legs spread) on the obverse of the Great Seal of the United States
subtype: swastika__Hakenkreuz the official emblem of the Nazi Party and the German Third Reich; a cross with the arms bent at right angles in a clockwise direction
subtype: IS_structure
subtype: symbolic_structure
subtype: mathematical_symbolic_structure
subtype: mathematical_KM_structure
subtype: FCA_structure
subtype: FCA_formal_context
subtype: FCA_simple_formal_context
subtype: FCA_many_valued_context
subtype: FCA_incomplete_context
subtype: FCA_formal_concept
subtype: FCA_graph
subtype: FCA_concept_graph
subtype: FCA_existential_concept_graph
subtype: FCA_concept_graph_with_negation
subtype: FCA_semiconcept_graph
subtype: FCA_semiconcept_graph_with_variables
subtype: FCA_protoconcept_graph
subtype: FCA_concept_graph_with_cuts
subtype: FCA_relation_graph
subtype: FCA_ontology
subtype: symbolic_structure_not_fully_mathematically_defined
subtype: KM_structure
subtype: KB__knowledge_base__knowledgebase
subtype: base_of_facts/beliefs
subtype: ontology__set_of_category_definitions/constraints
subtype: lexical_ontology__lexicalontology
subtype: language_ontology
subtype: domain_ontology
subtype: top_level_ontology__toplevelontology
subtype: DOLCE_light
subtype: SUMO
subtype: top_level_of_ontology_of_John_Sowa
subtype: concept_ontology__conceptontology
subtype: relation_ontology
subtype: multi_source_ontology ontology where the creator of each category and statement is recorded and represented via a category
subtype: default_MSO_of_WebKB-2 an ontology provided as default by a version of WebKB-2
subtype: CG_ontology
subtype: KB_category if a category has an identifier, this identifier is a "formal term"
subtype: individual if an individual has an identifier, this identifier may be named a "constant"
subtype: context
subtype: module/namespace
subtype: type
subtype: concept_type__concepttype
subtype: relation_type
subtype: lexical_link__lexicallink
subtype: link_to_document_element
subtype: link_to_creator
subtype: KB_statement
subtype: category_definition
subtype: fact_or_belief
subtype: data_to_model
subtype: KA_model__knowledge_acquisition_model__knowledgeacquisitionmodel
subtype: generic_KA_model
subtype: instantiated_KA_model
subtype: task_model
subtype: generic_task_model
subtype: instantiated_task_model
subtype: task_model
subtype: CommonKADS_model
subtype: organisation_model
subtype: task_model
subtype: agent_model
subtype: communication_model__communicationmodel
subtype: expertise_model__expertisemodel
subtype: design_model
subtype: KB_conceptual_model
subtype: KBS_design_model
subtype: design_model
subtype: KR_language__KRL__KR_model_or_notation
subtype: KR_model/structure
subtype: KR_notation
subtype: linear_notation__text_based_notation
subtype: CG_notation
subtype: CGIF__Conceptual_Graph_Interchange_Format
subtype: CGLF__Conceptual_Graph_Linear_Format
subtype: CGDF__Conceptual_Graph_Display_Format
subtype: CGPro__Conceptual_Graph_Prolog
subtype: XCG
subtype: FCG__Frame-CG
subtype: FE__Formalized-English
subtype: FT__For_taxonomy
subtype: predicate_logic_oriented_language
subtype: KIF
subtype: CYCL
subtype: frame_oriented_language
subtype: terminological_logic
subtype: Frame-Logic
subtype: graph_oriented_language
subtype: Peirce_existential_graphs__EGs
subtype: CGs
subtype: RDF
subtype: concept_maps_language
subtype: FCA_graph
subtype: CG_language__Conceptual_Graph
subtype: existential_CG
subtype: CG_with_context__cgwithcontext
subtype: existential_CG_plus_context
subtype: existential_CG_plus_if-then_connector
subtype: CG_model
subtype: CG_notation
subtype: KR_language_with_query_commands
subtype: KR_language_with_scripting_capabilities
subtype: mathematical_KM_structure
subtype: language_specific_structure
subtype: CG_structure
subtype: CG_statement
subtype: CG_language__Conceptual_Graph
subtype: CG_ontology
subtype: connexionist_structure
subtype: neural_network
1 schema is about description_medium
[graph1_on_description_medium
[any description_medium (^$(no inheritance)$^),
description_instrument of: a description,
may have for url: a URL,
may have for relation_from_description_content/medium/container (^$(explore)$^): a thing]
];
1 statement is about a direct instance of description_medium: graph1_on_description
20 statements are about indirect instances of description_medium: graph1_on_ontology, graph3_on_article, graph7_on_article, graph8_on_article, graph27_on_article, graph29_on_article, graph30_on_article, graph3_on_PhD_thesis, graph32_on_article, graph33_on_article, graph1_on_conference, graph1_on_file, graph1_on_written_material, graph1_on_publication, graph1_on_report, graph35_on_article, graph1_on_address, graph1_on_housing, graph1_on_meal_shop, graph1_on_person click here to display them or click here for a search form or here to add a statement
1275 categories printed