pm#Mediterranean_region
  supertype:  region  a large indefinite location on the surface of the Earth; "penguins inhabit the polar regions"
  part:  Mediterranean_Sea__Mediterranean  the largest inland sea; between Europe and Africa and Asia
     part:  Cyprus  an island in the eastern Mediterranean
        part:  Republic_of_Cyprus__Cyprus  a country on the island of Cyprus; 80% of the people are of Greek origin and 20% or Turkish origin
           part:  Nicosia__capital_of_Cyprus  the capital and largest city of Cyprus
     part:  Crete__Kriti  the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean; site of the Minoan civilization that reached its peak in 1600 BC
     part:  Egadi_Islands__Aegadean_Isles__Aegadean_Islands__Isole_Egadi__Aegates  a group of islands off the west coast of Sicily in the Mediterranean
     part:  Sardinia__Sardegna  an island in the Mediterranean west of Italy
     part:  Sicilia__Sicily  the largest island in the Mediterranean
        part:  siege_of_Syracuse__Syracuse  the Athenian siege of Syracuse (415-413 BC) was eventually won by Syracuse
        part:  siege_of_Syracuse.siege__siegeofsyracuse__Syracuse  the Roman siege of Syracuse (214-212 BC) was eventually won by the Romans who sacked the city (killing Archimedes)
     part:  Corsica__Corse  an island in the Mediterranean; with adjacent islets it constitutes a region of France
     part:  Malta  a strategically located island south of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea
        part:  Republic_of_Malta__Malta  a republic on the island of Malta in the Mediterranean; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1964
           part:  Valletta__Valetta__capital_of_Malta  the capital of Malta; located on the northeastern coast of the island
     part:  Abukir_Bay__Abukir  a bay on the Mediterranean Sea in northern Egypt
     part:  Adriatic_Sea__Adriatic  an arm of the Mediterranean between Slovenia and Croatia and Montenegro and Albania on the east and Italy on the west
     part:  Aegean_Sea__Aegean  an arm of the Mediterranean between Greece and Turkey; a main trade route for the ancient civilizations of Crete and Greece and Rome and Persia
        part:  Aegean_island  an island in the Aegean Sea
        part:  Lemnos__Limnos  a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea; famous for a reddish-brown clay that has medicinal properties
     part:  Gulf_of_Antalya  a gulf of the Mediterranean Sea in southwestern Turkey
     part:  Gulf_of_Sidra  wide inlet of the Mediterranean Sea on the north coast of Libya
     part:  Ionian_Sea  an arm of the Mediterranean Sea between western Greece and southern Italy
        part:  Gulf_of_Corinth__Gulf_of_Lepanto  inlet of the Ionian Sea between central Greece and the Peloponnesus
     part:  Ligurian_Sea  an arm of the Mediterranean between northwest Italy and Corsica
  part:  Spain__Kingdom_of_Spain__Espana  a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power
     part:  Andalusia__Andalucia  a region in southern Spain on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean; formerly a center of Moorish civilization
        part:  Granada  a city in southeastern Spain; site of the Alhambra (a palace and fortress built by Moslems in the Middle Ages) which is now a major tourist attraction
           part:  Alhambra  a palace and fortress built in Granada by the Moslems in the Middle Ages
     part:  Madrid__capital_of_Spain__Spanish_capital  the capital and largest city situated centrally in Spain; home of an outstanding art museum
     part:  Balearic_Islands  an archipelago in the western Mediterranean off the eastern coast of Spain
        part:  Majorca  the largest of the Balearic Islands
     part:  Majorca  the largest of the Balearic Islands
     part:  Canary_Islands__Canaries  a group of mountainous islands in the Atlantic off the northwest coast of Africa forming Spanish provinces
        part:  Tenerife  a Spanish island in the Atlantic off the northwestern coast of Africa; the largest of the Canary Islands
     part:  Barcelona  a city in northeastern Spain on the Mediterranean; 2nd largest Spanish city and the largest port and commercial center; has been a center for radical political beliefs
     part:  Cadiz  an ancient port city in southwestern Spain
     part:  Cartagena.port__cartagena  a port in southeastern Spain on the Mediterranean
     part:  Cordova__Cordoba  a city in southern Spain; center of Moorish culture
     part:  Jerez_de_la_Frontera__Jerez  a city in southwestern Spain that is famous for making sherry
     part:  Leon.Spain__leon  a city in northwestern Spain at the foot of the Cantabrian Mountains
     part:  Malaga  a port city and resort in Andalusia in southern Spain on the Mediterranean
     part:  Oviedo  a city in northwestern Spain near the Cantabrian Mountains
     part:  San_Sebastian  a city in northern Spain on the Bay of Biscay near the French border; a fashionable seaside resort
     part:  Sevilla__Seville  a city in southwestern Spain; a major port and cultural center; the capital of bullfighting in Spain
     part:  Toledo.Spain__toledo  a city in central Spain on the Tagus river; famous for steel and swords since the first century
     part:  Aragon  a region of northeastern Spain; a former kingdom that united with Castile in 1479 to form Spain (after the marriage of Ferdinand V and Isabella I)
     part:  Zaragoza__Saragossa  an ancient city in northeastern Spain; formerly the capital of Aragon
     part:  Castile__Castilla  a region of central Spain; a former kingdom that comprised most of modern Spain and united with Aragon to form Spain in 1479
     part:  Catalonia  a region of northeastern Spain
     part:  Galicia  a region (and former kingdom) in northwestern Spain on the Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay
     part:  Valencia.Spain__valencia  a city in eastern Spain on the Mediterranean; "Valencia is the third largest city in Spain"
     part:  Lusitania  ancient region and Roman province of the Iberian peninsula; corresponds roughly to modern Portugal and parts of Spain
     part:  Cantabrian_Mountains  a range of mountains in northern Spain along the coast of the Bay of Biscay
     part:  Ebro_River__Ebro  a Spanish river; flows into the Mediterranean
     part:  Pyrenees  a chain of mountains between France and Spain
     part:  Sierra_Nevada  a mountain range in southern Spain along the Mediterranean coast east of Granada
     part:  Tagus_River__Tagus  a European river; flows into the North Atlantic
  part:  France__French_Republic  a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe
     part:  Dunkerque__Dunkirk  a city in northern France on the North Sea where in World War II (1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk in a desperate retreat under enemy fire
     part:  Paris__City_of_Light__French_capital__capital_of_France  the capital and largest city of France; and international center of culture and commerce
        part:  Louvre_Museum__Louvre  an art museum that is a famous tourist attraction in Paris
        part:  Tuileries_Gardens__Tuileries  formal gardens next to the Louvre in Paris
        part:  Tuileries_Palace__Tuileries  palace and royal residence built for Catherine de Medicis in 1564 and burned down in 1871; all that remains today are the formal gardens
        part:  Left_Bank__Latin_Quarter  the region of Paris on the southern bank of the Seine; a center of artistic and student life
           part:  Quai_d'Orsay  the street in Paris along the south bank of the Seine known for its governmental ministries
        part:  Montmartre  the highest point in Paris; famous for its associations with many artists
        part:  Right_Bank  the region of Paris on the north bank of the Seine
        part:  Ile-St-Louis  island in Paris on the Seine
        part:  Champs_Elysees  a major avenue in Paris famous for elegant shops and cafes
        part:  Orly  a suburb of Paris; site of the international airport serving Paris
     part:  Bordeaux  a port city in southwestern France; a major center of the wine trade
     part:  Brest  a port city in northwestern France (in Brittany); the chief naval station of France
     part:  Cannes  a port and resort city on the French Riviera; site of an annual film festival
     part:  Chablis  a town in north central France noted for white Burgundy wines
     part:  Dijon  an industrial city in eastern France north of Lyons
     part:  Grenoble  a city in southeastern FRance on the Isere River
     part:  Le_Havre  a port city in northern France on the English Channel at the mouth of the Seine
     part:  Lille  an industrial city in northern France near the Belgian border; was the medieval capital of Flanders
     part:  Lyon__Lyons  a city in east-central France on the Rhone River; a principal producer of silk and rayon
     part:  Marseille__Marseilles  a port city in southeastern France on the Mediterranean
     part:  Nancy  a city in northeastern France in Lorraine
     part:  Nantes  a port city in western France on the Loire estuary
     part:  Nice  a city in southeastern France on the Mediterranean; the leading resort on the French Riviera
     part:  Orleans  a city on the Loire river in north central France; site of the siege of Orleans by the English (1428-1429)
     part:  Toulouse  a city on the Garonne River in southern France southeast of Bordeaux; a cultural center of medieval Europe
     part:  Versailles  a city in north central France near Paris; site of the Palace of Versailles that was built by Louis XIV in the 17th century
     part:  Vichy  a town in central France (south of Paris) noted for hot mineral springs; was capital of the unoccupied part of France during World War II
     part:  Riviera  a coastal area between La Spezia in Italy and Cannes in France; "the Riviera contains some of Europe's most popular resorts"
        part:  French_Riviera__Cote_d'Azur  the French part of the Riviera
     part:  French_region  a geographical subdivision of France
     part:  Alsace__Alsatia__Elsass  a region of northeastern France famous for its wines
     part:  Anjou  a former province of western France in the Loire valley
     part:  Aquitaine__Aquitania  a region of southwestern France between Bordeaux and the Pyrenees
     part:  Artois  a former province of northern France near the English Channel (between Picardy and Flanders)
     part:  Auvergne  a region in central France
     part:  Bourgogne__Burgundy  a former province of eastern France that is famous for its wines
     part:  Bretagne__Brittany__Breiz  a former province of northwestern France on a peninsula between the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay
     part:  Centre  a low-lying region in central France
     part:  Champagne-Ardenne__Champagne  a region of northeastern France
        part:  Ardennes  a wooded plateau in the Champagne-Ardenne region of France; the site of intense fighting in World Wars I and II
           part:  battle_of_the_Ardennes_Bulge__Battle_of_the_Bulge__Ardennes_counteroffensive  battle during World War II; in December 1945 von Rundstedt launched a powerful counteroffensive in the Ardennes Forest that caught the Allies by surprise
     part:  Corse__Corsica  a region of France on the island of Corsica; birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte
     part:  Franche-Comte  a former province of eastern France
     part:  Gascogne__Gascony  a region of southwestern France
     part:  Ile-de-France  a region of north central France in the Paris Basin
     part:  Languedoc-Roussillon  a region in south central France; named after the medieval dialect of French that was spoken there
     part:  Limousin  a region of central France west of the Auvergne mountains
     part:  Lorraine__Lothringen  an eastern French region rich in iron-ore deposits
     part:  Midi  the south of France
     part:  Midi-Pyrenees  a region in southwestern FRance
     part:  Nord-Pas-de-Calais  a region in northeastern France
     part:  Pays_de_la_Loire  an agricultural region of western France on the Bay of Biscay
        part:  Mayenne  a department of northwestern France in the Pays de la Loire region
     part:  Picardie__Picardy  a region of northern France on the English Channel
     part:  Poitou-Charentes__Poitou  a low-lying region of west central France on the Bay of Biscay
     part:  Rhone-Alpes  a mountainous region of eastern France drained by the Rhone and Saone and Isere rivers
        part:  Lyonnais  a former province of east central France; now administered by Rhone-Alpes
           part:  Lyon__Lyons  a city in east-central France on the Rhone River; a principal producer of silk and rayon
     part:  Normandie__Normandy  a former province of northwestern France on the English channel; divided into Haute-Normandie and Basse-Normandie
        part:  Basse-Normandie__Lower-Normandy  a division of Normandy
        part:  Haute-Normandie__Upper-Normandy  a division of Normandy
     part:  Orleanais  a former province of north central France; centered around Orleans
     part:  Provence  a former province of southeastern France; now administered with Cote d'Azur
     part:  the_Alps__Alps  a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction
        part:  Dolomite_Alps  an eastern range of the Alps in northeastern Italy famous for their dolomitic limestone
        part:  Matterhorn  a mountain in the Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy (14,780 feet high); noted for its distinctive shape
        part:  Mont_Blanc__Monte_Bianco  the highest mountain peak in the Alps; on the border between France and Italy south of Geneva (15,781 feet high)
        part:  Weisshorn  a mountain in the Alps in Switzerland (14,804 feet high)
     part:  Garonne_River__Garonne  a river that rises in the Pyrenees and flows northwest to the Bay of Biscay
     part:  Isere_River__Isere  a river in southeastern France; a tributary of the Rhone
     part:  Loire_River__Loire  a French river; flows into the North Atlantic
     part:  Meuse_River__Meuse  a European river; flows into the North Sea
     part:  Mont_Blanc__Monte_Bianco  the highest mountain peak in the Alps; on the border between France and Italy south of Geneva (15,781 feet high)
     part:  Pyrenees  a chain of mountains between France and Spain
     part:  Rhine_River__Rhine__Rhein  a major European river carrying more traffic than any other river in the world; flows into the North Sea
     part:  Rhone_River__Rhone  a major French river; flows into the Mediterranean near Marseilles; "the Rhone valley is famous for its vineyards"
     part:  Sambre_River__Sambre  a river in western Europe that rises in northern France and flows generally east into Belgium where it joins the Neuse at Namur
     part:  Saone_River__Saone  a river in eastern France; rises in Lorraine and flows south to become the chief tributary of the Rhone
     part:  Scheldt_River__Scheldt__scheldt  a river that rises in France and flows northeast across Belgium and empties into the North Sea
     part:  Seine_River__Seine  a French river that flows through the heart of Paris and then northward into the English Channel
  part:  Italy__Italian_Republic__Italia  a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD
     part:  Cannae  ancient city is southeastern Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans in 216 BC
     part:  battle_of_Caporetto__Caporetto  battle of World War I (1917); Italians were defeated by the Austrian and German forces
     part:  Battle_of_Lake_Trasimenus__Lake_Trasimenus  a battle in 217 BC in which Hannibal ambushed a Roman army led by Flaminius
     part:  battle_of_Magenta__Magenta  a battle in 1859 in which the French and Sardinian forces under Napoleon III defeated the Austrians under Francis Joseph I
     part:  Marengo  a battle in 1800 in which the French under Napoleon Bonaparte won a great victory over the Austrians
     part:  Metaurus_River  a battle during the second of the Punic Wars (207 BC); Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal was defeated by the Romans which ended Hannibal's hopes for success in Italy
     part:  battle_of_Ravenna__Ravenna  a battle between the French and an alliance of Spaniards and Swiss and Venetians in 1512
     part:  Salerno  a battle in World War II; the port was captured by US troops in September 1943
     part:  battle_of_Solferino__Solferino  an indecisive battle in 1859 between the French and Sardinians under Emperor Napoleon III and the Austrians under Emperor Francis Joseph I
     part:  battle_of_Trasimeno__Trasimeno  a battle in central Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans under Flaminius in 217 BC
     part:  Appian_Way  an ancient Roman road in Italy extending south from Rome to Brindisi; begun in 312 BC
     part:  Flaminian_Way  an ancient Roman road in Italy built by Gaius Flaminius in 220 BC; extends north from Rome to Cisalpine Gaul
     part:  Italian_Peninsula  a boot-shaped peninsula in southern Europe extending into the Mediterranean Sea
        part:  San_Marino__Republic_of_San_Marino  the smallest republic in the world; the oldest independent country in Europe (achieved independence in 301); located in the Apennines and completely surrounded by Italy
           part:  San_Marino.capital__sanmarino__capital_of_San_Marino  the capital and only city of San Marino
     part:  Pompeii  ancient city southeast of Naples that was buried by a volcanic eruption from Vesuvius
     part:  Herculaneum  ancient city; now destroyed
     part:  Abruzzi_e_Molise__Abruzzi  a mountainous region of central Italy on the Adriatic
        part:  Aquila_degli_Abruzzi__Aquila__L'Aquila  the provincial capital of the Abruzzi region in central Italy
     part:  Basilicata__Lucania  a region of southern Italy (forming the instep of the Italian `boot')
     part:  Calabria  a region of southern Italy (forming the toe of the Italian `boot')
     part:  Campania  a region of southwestern Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea including the islands of Capri and Ischia
        part:  Naples__Napoli  a port and tourist center in southwestern Italy; capital of the Campania region
        part:  Capri  an island (part of Campania) in the Bay of Naples in southern Italy; a tourist attraction noted for beautiful scenery
        part:  Ischia  a volcanic island (part of Campania) in the Tyrrhenian Sea at the north end of the Bay of Naples
     part:  Emilia-Romagna  a region of north central Italy on the Adriatic
        part:  Bologna  the capital of Emilia-Romagna; located in northern Italy east of the Apennines
     part:  Friuli-Venezia_Giulia  a region in northeastern Italy
     part:  Latium__Lazio  an ancient region of west central Italy (southeast of Rome) on the Tyrrhenian Sea
     part:  Roma__Rome__Eternal_City__Italian_capital__capital_of_Italy  capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire
        part:  Colosseum  amphitheater in Rome built about AD 75 or 80
        part:  Palatine  the most important of the Seven Hills of ancient Rome; supposedly the location of the first settlement and the site of many imperial palaces
        part:  Holy_See__The_Holy_See__State_of_the_Vatican_City  the smallest sovereign state in the world; the see of the Pope (as the Bishop of Rome); home of the Pope and the central administration of the Roman Catholic Church; achieved independence from Italy in 1929
           part:  Vatican_City__Citta_del_Vaticano  the capital of the State of the Vatican City
              part:  Vatican_Palace__Vatican  the residence of the Catholic Pope in the Vatican City
     part:  Brindisi  a port city in southeastern Apulia in Italy; a center for the Crusades in the Middle Ages
     part:  Tivoli__Tibur  a town twenty miles east of Rome (Tibur is the ancient name); a summer resort during the Roman empire; noted for its waterfalls
     part:  Liguria  region of northwestern Italy on the Ligurian Sea
        part:  Genoa__Genova  a seaport in northwestern Italy; provincial capital of Liguria
        part:  La_Spezia  a port city in Liguria on an arm of the Ligurian Sea; a major seaport and year-round resort
     part:  Lombardy__Lombardia  a region of north central Italy bordering Switzerland
        part:  Cremona  a city in Lombardy on the Po River; noted for the manufacture of fine violins in the 16th-18th centuries
        part:  Milan__Milano  the capital of Lombardy in northern Italy; has been an international center of trade and industry since the Middle Ages
     part:  Marche__Marches  a region in central Italy
     part:  Molise  a region of south central Italy
     part:  Piemonte__Piedmont  the region of northwestern Italy; includes the Po valley
        part:  Turin__Torino  capital city of the Piemonte region of northwestern Italy
     part:  Puglia__Apulia  a region in southeastern Italy on the Adriatic
        part:  Bari  capital city of the Apulia region on the Adriatic coast
     part:  Sardegna__Sardinia  the Italian region on the island of Sardinia; the kingdom of Sardinia was the nucleus for uniting Italy during the 19th century
     part:  Sicily__Sicilia  the Italian region on the island of Sicily
        part:  Egadi_Islands__Aegadean_Isles__Aegadean_Islands__Isole_Egadi__Aegates  a group of islands off the west coast of Sicily in the Mediterranean
        part:  Messina  a port city in northeastern Sicily on the Strait of Messina
        part:  Siracusa__Syracuse  a city in southeastern Sicily that was founded by Corinthians in the 8th century BC
        part:  Palermo  the capital of Sicily; located in northwestern Sicily; an important port for 3000 years
        part:  Agrigento__Acragas__Girgenti  a town in Italy in southwestern Sicily near the coast; the site of six Greek temples
        part:  Mount_Etna__Etna__Mt_Etna  an inactive volcano in Sicily; last erupted in 1961; the highest volcano in Europe (10,500 feet)
     part:  Tuscany__Toscana  a region in central Italy
        part:  Pisa  a city in Tuscany; site of the famous Leaning Tower
        part:  Firenze__Florence  a city in central Italy on the Arno River; provincial capital of Tuscany; center of the Italian renaissance from 14th to 16th centuries
     part:  Trentino-Alto_Adige  a region of northeastern Italy
     part:  Umbria  a mountainous region in central Italy
     part:  Valle_D'Aosta  a region in northwestern Italy
     part:  Veneto__Venezia-Euganea__Venetia  a region of northeastern Italy on the Adriatic
        part:  Padua__Padova__Patavium  a city in Veneto
        part:  Venice__Venezia  the provincial capital of Veneto; built on 118 islands within a lagoon in the Gulf of Venice which is an arm of the Adriatic; has canals instead of streets; one of Italy's major ports and a famous tourist attraction
        part:  Verona  a city in Veneto on the River Adige
     part:  Etruria  an ancient country in central Italy; assimilated by the Romans by about 200 BC
     part:  Riviera  a coastal area between La Spezia in Italy and Cannes in France; "the Riviera contains some of Europe's most popular resorts"
     part:  Mount_Vesuvius__Vesuvius__Mt._Vesuvius  a volcano in southwestern Italy on the Mediterranean coast; erupted in 79 AD and buried Pompeii; last erupted in 1944
     part:  River_Adige__Adige  a river in northern Italy that flows southeast into the Adriatic Sea; "Verona is on the Adige"
     part:  the_Alps__Alps  a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction
     part:  Apennines  a mountain range extending the length of the Italian peninsula
        part:  Caudine_Forks  a battle in the Apennines in 321 BC in which the Samnites defeated the Romans
     part:  River_Arno__Arno  a river in central Italy rising in the Apennines and flowing through Florence and Pisa to the Ligurian Sea
     part:  Dolomite_Alps  an eastern range of the Alps in northeastern Italy famous for their dolomitic limestone
     part:  Matterhorn  a mountain in the Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy (14,780 feet high); noted for its distinctive shape
     part:  Mont_Blanc__Monte_Bianco  the highest mountain peak in the Alps; on the border between France and Italy south of Geneva (15,781 feet high)
     part:  Po_River__Po  a European river; flows into the Adriatic Sea
  part:  Greece__Hellenic_Republic__Ellas  town a republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula; known for grapes and olives and olive oil
     part:  Chaeronea  a battle in which Philip of Macedon defeated the Athenians and Thebans (338 BC) and also Sulla defeated Mithridates (86 BC)
     part:  battle_of_Lepanto__Lepanto  Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope
     part:  battle_of_Leuctra__Leuctra  Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 BC; the battle ended Sparta's military supremacy in Greece
     part:  Mantinea__Mantineia  the site of three famous battles among Greek city-states: in 418 BC and 362 BC and 207 BC
     part:  battle_of_Marathon__Marathon  a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians
     part:  battle_of_Navarino__Navarino  a naval battle in the War of Greek Independence (1827); the Turkish and Egyptian fleet was defeated by the allied fleet
     part:  battle_of_Pharsalus__Pharsalus  Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 BC
     part:  battle_of_Thermopylae__Thermopylae  a famous battle in 480 BC; a Greek army under Leonidas was annihilated by the Persians who were trying to conquer Greece
     part:  Aigina__Aegina  an island in the Aegean Sea in the Saronic Gulf
     part:  Chios__Khios  an island in the Aegean Sea off the west coast of Turkey; belongs to Greece
     part:  Cyclades__Kikladhes  a group of over 200 islands in the southern Aegean
     part:  Dodecanese__Dhodhekanisos  a group of islands in the southeast Aegean Sea
        part:  Rhodes__Rodhos  a Greek island in the southeast Aegean Sea 10 miles off the Turkish coast; the largest of the Dodecanese; it was colonized before 1000 BC by Dorians from Argos
     part:  Lesbos__Lesvos__Mytilene  an island of eastern Greece in the eastern Aegean Sea; in antiquity it was famous for lyric poetry
     part:  Rhodes__Rodhos  a Greek island in the southeast Aegean Sea 10 miles off the Turkish coast; the largest of the Dodecanese; it was colonized before 1000 BC by Dorians from Argos
     part:  Crete__Kriti  the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean; site of the Minoan civilization that reached its peak in 1600 BC
     part:  Ithaki__Ithaca  a Greek island west of Greece; in Homeric legend Odysseus was its king
     part:  Mount_Athos__Athos  an autonomous area in northeastern Greece that is the site of several Greek Orthodox monasteries founded in the tenth century
     part:  Athens__Athinai__capital_of_Greece__Greek_capital  the capital and largest city of Greece; named after Athena (its patron goddess); "in the 5th century BC ancient Athens was the world's most powerful and civilized city"
        part:  Dipylon_gate__Dipylon  a gateway on the west of ancient Athens near which a distinctive style of pottery has been found
     part:  Actium  an ancient town on a promontory in western Greece
     part:  Attica  the territory of Athens in ancient Greece
     part:  Corinth__Korinthos  the modern Greek port near the site of the ancient city that was second only to Athens
     part:  Argos  an ancient city in southeastern Greece; dominated the Peloponnese in the 7th century BC
     part:  Delphi  an ancient Greek city on the slopes of Mount Parnassus; site of the Temple of Apollo
        part:  Temple_of_Apollo__Oracle_of_Apollo__Delphic_oracle__oracle_of_Delphi  (Greek mythology) the oracle at Delphi where a priestess supposedly delivered messages from Apollo to those who sought advice; the messages were usually obscure or ambiguous
     part:  Mycenae  an ancient city is southern Greece; center of the Mycenaean civilization
     part:  Epirus  an ancient area on the Ionian Sea that flourished as a kingdom in the 3rd century BC; located in northwest Greece and southern Albania
     part:  Laconia  an ancient region of southern Greece in the southeastern Peloponnesus; dominated by Sparta
     part:  Boeotia  a district of ancient Greece northwest of Athens
        part:  Thebes  an ancient Greek city in Boeotia destroyed by Alexander the Great in 336 BC
     part:  Thessaloniki__Salonika__Salonica__Thessalonica  a port city in northeastern Greece on an inlet of the Aegean Sea; second largest city of Greece
     part:  Thessalia__Thessaly  a fertile plain on the Aegean Sea in east central Greece; Thessaly was a former region of ancient Greece
     part:  Arcadia  a department of Greece in the central Peloponnese
     part:  Peloponnese__Peloponnesus__Peloponnesian_Peninsula  the southern peninsula of Greece; dominated by Sparta until the 4th century BC
        part:  Sparta  an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess; the dominant city of the Peloponnesus prior to the 4th century BC
        part:  Olympia  a plain in Greece in the northwestern Peloponnese; site of the original Olympian Games
     part:  Lemnos__Limnos  a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea; famous for a reddish-brown clay that has medicinal properties
     part:  Mount_Olympus__Olympus__Mt._Olympus__Olimbos  a mountain in northeast Greece near the Aegean coast; believed by ancient Greeks to be the dwelling place of the gods (9,570 feet high)
     part:  Mount_Parnassus__Parnassus__Liakoura  a mountain in central Greece where (according to Greek mythology) the Muses lived; known as the mythological home of music and poetry; "Liakoura is the modern name of Mount Parnassus"
     part:  Saronic_Gulf__Gulf_of_Aegina  a gulf of the Aegean on the southeastern coast of Greece
  part:  Turkey__Republic_of_Turkey  a Eurasian republic in Asia Minor and the Balkans; achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1923
     part:  Dardanelles_campaign__Dardanelles  the unsuccessful campaign in World War I (1915) by the English and French to open a passage for aid to Russia; defeated by the Turks
     part:  Edirne__Adrianople__Adrianopolis  a city in northwestern Turkey; a Thracian town that was rebuilt and renamed by the Roman emperor Hadrian
     part:  Abydos  an ancient Greek colony on the Asiatic side of the Dardanelles; scene of the legend of Hero and Leander
     part:  Adana__Seyhan  a city in southern Turkey on the Seyhan River
     part:  Ankara__Turkish_capital__capital_of_Turkey  the capital of Turkey; located in west-central Turkey; formerly known as Angora and is the home of Angora goats
     part:  Antalya__Adalia  a port city in southwestern Turkey on the Gulf of Antalya
     part:  Antioch__Antakya__Antakiya  a town in southern Turkey; ancient commercial center and capital of Syria; an early center of Christianity
     part:  Dardanelles__Hellespont  the strait between the Aegean and the Sea of Marmara that separates European from Asian Turkey
     part:  Istanbul__Stambul__Stamboul__Constantinople  the largest city and former capital of Turkey; rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine who made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire; now the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church
        part:  Bosporus_Bridge  a suspension bridge across the Bosporus at Istanbul
     part:  Bursa__Brusa  a city in northwestern Turkey
     part:  Izmir__Smyrna  a port city in western Turkey
     part:  Aegospotamos__Aegospotami  a creek emptying into the Hellespont in present-day Turkey; at its mouth in 405 BC the Spartan fleet under Lysander defeated the Athenians and ended the Peloponnesian War
     part:  Mount_Ararat__Ararat__Mt._Ararat  the mountain peak that Noah's ark landed on as the waters of the great flood receded
     part:  Aras__Araxes  a river that rises in northeastern Turkey (near the source of the Euphrates) and flows generally eastward through Armenia to the Caspian Sea; ancient name was Araxes
     part:  Bosporus  a strait connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea; separates the European and Asian parts of Turkey; an important shipping route
     part:  Euphrates_River__Euphrates  a river in southwestern Asia; flows into the Persian Gulf; was important in the development of several great civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia
     part:  Seyhan_River__Seyhan  a Turkish river flowing south southwest into the Mediterranean
     part:  Tigris_River__Tigris  an Asian river; a tributary of the Euphrates River
  part:  North_Africa
     part:  Morocco__Kingdom_of_Morocco__Maroc__Marruecos__Al-Magrib  a kingdom (constitutional monarchy) in northwestern Africa; achieved independence from France in 1956
        part:  Casablanca  a port on the Atlantic and the largest city of Morocco
        part:  El_Aaium  a town in Morocco near the Atlantic coast
        part:  Fez__Fes  a city in north central Morocco; religious center
        part:  Marrakesh__Marrakech  a city in western Morocco; tourist center
        part:  Rabat__capital_of_Morocco  the capital of Morocco; located in the northwestern on the Atlantic coast
        part:  Tangier__Tangiers  a city of northern Morocco at the west end of the Strait of Gibraltar; "the first tangerines were shipped from Tangier to Europe in 1841"
        part:  Western_Sahara__Spanish_Sahara  an area in northwestern Africa with rich phosphate deposits; under Moroccan control since 1992
        part:  Jebel_Musa__Abila__Abyla  a promontory in northern Morocco opposite the Rock of Gibraltar; one of the Pillars of Hercules
     part:  Tunisia__Republic_of_Tunisia  a republic in northwestern Africa on the Mediterranean coast; achieved independence from France in 1956; "southern Tunisia is mostly desert"
        part:  battle_of_Zama__Zama  the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War
        part:  Tunis__capital_of_Tunisia  the capital and principal port of Tunisia
        part:  Sfax__Safaqis  the second largest city in Tunisia; located in eastern Tunisia near a phosphate region
     part:  Algeria__Democratic_and_Popular_Republic_of_Algeria__Algerie  a republic in northwestern Africa on the Mediterranean Sea; colonized by France in the 19th century but gained autonomy in the early 1960s
        part:  Algiers__Algerian_capital  an ancient port on the Mediterranean; the capital and largest city of Algeria
        part:  Oran  a port city in northwestern Algeria and the country's 2nd largest city
     part:  Egypt__Arab_Republic_of_Egypt__United_Arab_Republic  a republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971; site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC
        part:  Aswan_High_Dam__Aswan_Dam__High_Dam  one of the world's largest dams on the Nile River in southern Egypt
        part:  Sinai_Peninsula__Sinai  a peninsula in northeastern Egypt; at north end of Red Sea
           part:  Sinai_Desert__Sinai  a desert on the Sinai Peninsula in northeastern Egypt
           part:  Mount_Sinai__Sinai  a mountain peak in the southern Sinai Peninsula (7,500 feet high); it is believed to be the peak on which Moses received the Ten Commandments
        part:  El_Iskandriyah__Alexandria  the chief port of Egypt; located on the western edge of the Nile delta on the Mediterranean Sea; founded by Alexander the Great; the capital of ancient Egypt
        part:  Aswan__Assuan__Assouan  an ancient city on the Nile in Egypt; site of the Aswan High Dam
        part:  Cairo__El_Qahira__Egyptian_capital__capital_of_Egypt  the capital of Egypt and the largest city in Africa; a major port just south of the Nile Delta; formerly the home of the Pharaohs
        part:  El_Alamein  a village west of Alexandria on the north coast of Egypt; the scene of a decisive Allied victory over the Germans in 1942
        part:  Giza__El_Giza  an ancient Egyptian city on the west bank of the Nile opposite Cairo; site of three Great Pyramids and the Sphinx
        part:  Memphis.Egypt__memphi  an ancient city of Egypt (S of Cairo)
        part:  Luxor  a city in central Egypt on the east bank of the Nile; site of the Temple of Luxor
        part:  Saqqara__Saqqarah__Sakkara  a town in northern Egypt; site of the oldest Egyptian pyramids (the Step Pyramid)
        part:  Suez  a city in northeastern Egypt at the head of the Gulf of Suez and at the southern end of the Suez Canal
        part:  Suez_Canal  a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
        part:  Lake_Nasser__Nasser  lake in Egypt formed by dams built on the Nile River at Aswan
        part:  Nile_River__Nile  world's longest river (4187 miles); flows northern through Africa into the Mediterranean; the Nile River valley in Egypt was the site of the world's first great civilization
  part:  Arabian_Peninsula__Arabia  a peninsula between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf; strategically important for its oil resources
     part:  Oman__Sultanate_of_Oman__Muscat_and_Oman  a strategically located monarchy on the southern and eastern coasts of the Arabian Peninsula; the economy is dominated by oil
        part:  Muscat__Masqat__capital_of_Oman  a port on the Gulf of Oman and capital of the sultanate of Oman
     part:  Qatar_Peninsula__Qatar__Katar__Katar_Peninsula  a peninsula extending northward from the Arabian mainland into the Persian Gulf
        part:  Qatar__State_of_Qatar__Katar__State_of_Katar  an Arab country on the peninsula of Qatar; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1971; the economy is dominated by oil
           part:  Doha__Bida__El_Beda__capital_of_Qatar  the capital and chief port of Qatar
     part:  Saudi_Arabia__Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia  a kingdom occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula in southwest Asia; vast oil reserves dominate the economy
        part:  Riyadh__capital_of_Saudi_Arabia  joint capital (with Mecca) of Saudi Arabia located in the central oasis; largest city in Saudi Arabia
        part:  Mecca  joint capital (with Riyadh) of Saudi Arabia; located in western Saudi Arabia; as the birthplace of Mohammed it is the holiest city of Islam
        part:  Medina__Al_Madinah  a city in western Saudi Arabia; site of the tomb of Mohammed; the second most holy city of Islam
        part:  Jiddah__Jidda  port city in western Saudi Arabia on the Red Sea
     part:  United_Arab_Emirates  a federation of seven Arab emirates on the eastern Arabian peninsula; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1971; rich in oil reserves
        part:  Abu_Dhabi__United_Arab_Emirates's_capital  a sheikhdom of eastern Arabia and capital of the United Arab Emirates
        part:  Dubai  port city in the United Arab Emirates on the Persian Gulf
     part:  Yemen__Republic_of_Yemen  a republic on the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula on the Indian Ocean; formed in 1990 when North Yemen and South Yemen merged
        part:  Aden  chief port of Yemen; located on the Gulf of Aden; its strategic location have made it a major trading center of southern Arabia since ancient times
        part:  San'a__Sanaa__Sana  the capital and largest city of Yemen; on the central plateau
     part:  Arabian_Desert  a desert on the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia


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