This document specializes the very general 'Semantic Classification of Information Technology Resources' for Knowledge Management (KM). The same approach is followed and hence is not described again here. This file is specialized by the 'Semantic Classification of Formal Concept Analysis Resources' and the 'Semantic Classification of Conceptual Graph Resources'. It is also complemented by a file on Systems of logic.
Comparison with the Semantic Web Topics Ontology of ISWC 2006: this "topics ontology" is not usable for knowledge representation and is not scalable for document indexation since (i) it does not follow knowledge representation/sharing best practices, is not integrated into a lexical ontology, and updates should be suggested to its creators by email or via a wiki, and (ii) it is based on "topics" and uses quite vague relations such as topic_subtopic, topic_requires, topic_relatedTo and topic_relatedProjects, and hence does not permit the user to find "a right place" to insert a new concept, placing a topic into a specialization hierarchy of topics is quite arbitrary, whereas a category for a task or a data structure has a unique correct place into a partOf/specializationOf hierarchy of tasks or data structures, given the intended formal meaning of the categories and the formal meanings of the used partOf/specializationOf relations.
As in any file related to WebKB-2, information refers to knowledge as well as data, and knowledge (as opposed to "data") refers to any collection of logic-based formal or semi-formal statements using symbols belonging to a natural ontology (or several fully aligned natural ontologies) that is at least minimally structured: (i) "natural" is here used to leave out networks or specialization hierarchies automatically derived from the co-occurrences of sets of words in documents, (ii) "minimally structured" here means that semantically identical objects must be related by identity relations and each object (except for the most general one) must be related to at least one semantically different object by a generalisation relation.
The generic user "km" (for Knowledge Management) is used below. Since this is a "generic user", no password is (and can be) associated to it in WebKB-2, and anyone may add categories in the name of "km".
Reminder: (i) the link "object" has different (more specialized) meanings depending on the connected categories, (ii) so does the link "part": between physical objects it refers to the link "physical part", between tasks it refers to the link "subtask".
Table of contents
1. General roles (playable by entities as well as situations) + KM domains and theories
2. Situations -- KM related processes (tasks, methodologies, ...) or states
2.1. Knowledge modelling, representation and extraction; knowledge-based indexation
2.2.1 Knowledge normalization
2.2.2. (Re)presenting knowledge in a concise/organized/precise/readable way
2.2.3. Knowledge Modelling/Classification/Extraction
2.3. Knowledge collecting/Eliciting
2.2. Knowledge comparison, mapping and inferencing processes
2.3. Knowledge import, export and translation
2.4. Knowledge interfacing: display, editing and organization for presentation purposes
2.5. Knowledge querying/search
2.6. Knowledge evaluation, validation; knowledge-based decision support
2.6. KB/ontology sharing and distribution
2.7. Exploitation of KB and KBSs for applications
2.8. Tasks specific to certain languages, structures or methodologies
2.9. Other KM related tasks, e.g., teaching KM
3. Entities -- KM related things that are not states, processes, domains or theories
3.1. Structures and Languages
3.2. Tools
3.2.2. KB Systems
3.2.2. Interfaces
3.3. Journals, Conferences, Publishers and Mailing Lists
3.4. Articles, Books and other Documents
3.5. People: Researchers, Specialists, Teams/Projects, ...
km#knowledge_management_science__knowledge_management__KM__knowledge_engineering__KE__conceptual_knowledge_processing__CKP__knowledge_acquisition__KA >part of: #information_science, /* >part: km#FCA_domain km#CG_domain, //in _FCA.html and _CG.html */ object: km#KM_task km#KM_structure km#KM_tool km#KM_mailing_list;
km#KM_task (^a K.M. (sub)task^) < is#information_sciences_task,
> km#knowledge_management
km#knowledge_comparison km#knowledge_inference/reasoning/generation km#knowledge_validation
km#knowledge_representation
km#knowledge_search_task
km#knowledge_sharing km#knowledge_mapping/merging/federation km#knowledge_import/export
km#knowledge_evaluation
km#collecting_knowledge_for_modelling km#teaching_a_KM_related_subject
km#language/structure_specific_task km#KM_methodology_task,
object: km#KB; //agent: km#KBS;
km#knowledge_management__KM__knowledge_engineering__KE__conceptual_knowledge_processing__CKP__knowledge_acquisition__KA
(^KM is a KM_task itself, the one that any other KM_tasks are a subtask of^)
subtask: km#KM_task,
> {km#prototype_based_KA km#model_based_KA};
km#model_based_KA
subtask: km#creation/update_of_the_KB_conceptual_model km#creation/update_of_the_KBS_design_model
km#use_of_the_KBS_design_model_to_create/update_the_KBS;
km#creation/update_of_the_KB_conceptual_model
subtask: km#combination_and_instantiation_of_generic_task_models
km#selection_and_adaptation_of_domain_ontologies;
km#knowledge_comparison
> km#graph_matching;
km#graph_matching
> km#CG_matching;
km#knowledge_inference/reasoning/generation
> {km#generalizing km#specializing} km#analogy_making
{km#monotonic_reasoning km#non_monotonic_reasoning}
{km#consistent_inference km#inconsistent_inference}
{km#complete_inference km#incomplete_inference}
{km#structure-only_based_inference km#rule_based_inference},
subtask: km#knowledge_comparison;
km#generalizing__generalization__generalising__generalisation
> km#deduction km#abduction km#induction;
km#specializing__specialization__specialising__specialisation;
km#analogy_making
> km#case_base_reasoning__CBR;
km#non_monotonic_reasoning
> km#belief_revision;
km#belief_revision
> km#permissive_belief_revision;
km#knowledge_validation
> km#validation_of_KB_conceptual_model km#KB_validation
km#validation_of_knowledge_implementation
km#consistency_checking km#completeness_checking,
subtask: km#knowledge_inference/reasoning/generation;
km#validation_of_KB_conceptual_model
object: km#KB_conceptual_model;
km#knowledge_representation__representing_knowledge__KR__knowledge_modelling
(^representing information in a more or less formal way^)
< is#information_presentation,
//already done: is#representing_information_in_a_formal_or_semi_formal_way,
> km#knowledge_normalization
km#representing_knowledge_in_a_concise/organized/precise/readable_way
km#knowledge_modelling/classification/extraction
km#language/structure_specific_knowledge_representation
km#methodology_specific_knowledge_representation_or_modelling,
object: km#KR_methodology km#KR_language,
subtask: km#knowledge_validation;
km#knowledge_normalization (^representing knowledge in a precise, organized
and scalable manner; this implies reducing the number of non-automatically
comparable ways information is or can be written, and increasing the number
of relations between objects (especially common/important relations such
as generalization relations, partOf relations and case relations)^)
> km#use_of_a_normalizing_KRL
km#re-use_of_a_top_level_or_large_ontology
{km#following_of_a_category_naming_principle
km#following_of_a_phrasing_principle_for_category_annotations
km#following_of_a_knowledge_organization_principle};
km#re-use_of_a_top_level_or_large_ontology
> km#following_of_an_ontological_principle;
km#following_of_a_category_naming_principle (^lexical normalization involves following object naming rules such as "using English singular nouns or nominal expressions" and "avoiding the Intercap style"^)
> {km#following_of_the_InterCap_style_for_naming_categories
km#following_of_an_underscore_based_style_for_naming_categories}
km#use_of_nouns_or_nominal_forms_for_naming_categories;
km#use_of_nouns_or_nominal_forms_for_naming_categories
> km#use_of_singular_nouns_or_nominal_forms_for_naming_categories;
km#following_of_a_knowledge_organization_principle (^Structural and ontological normalization involves following rules such as "when introducing an object into an ontology, relate it to all its already represented direct generalizations, specializations, components and containers", "use subtypeOf relations instead of or in addition to instanceOf relations when both cases are possible", "avoid the use of non binary relations" and "do not represent processes via relations"^)
> km#use_of_a_graph-oriented-reading_convention
km#limiting_the_number_of_relation_types
km#following_of_an_ontological_principle;
km#following_of_an_ontological_principle
> km#following_of_a_principle_of_the_Ontoclean_methodology;
km#representing_knowledge_in_a_concise/organized/precise/readable_way
> km#representing_knowledge_in_a_concise_way km#representing_knowledge_in_an_organized_way
km#representing_knowledge_in_a_readable_way km#representing_knowledge_in_a_precise_way;
km#representing_knowledge_in_a_concise_way
subtask: km#use_of_a_graph-oriented-reading_convention,
object: km#concise_notation;
km#representing_knowledge_in_an_organized_way (^setting or presenting many relations between categories or statements^)
> km#increasing_the_number_of_explicit_conceptual_relations_between_conceptual_objects,
subtask: km#knowledge_normalization km#representing_knowledge_in_a_concise_way;
km#increasing_the_number_of_explicit_conceptual_relations_between_conceptual_objects
> km#increasing_the_number_of_explicit_conceptual_relations_between_relation_types
km#increasing_the_number_of_explicit_conceptual_relations_between_concept_types
km#increasing_the_number_of_explicit_conceptual_relations_between_objects_from_different_users;
km#representing_knowledge_in_a_readable_way
subtask: km#knowledge_normalization km#representing_knowledge_in_a_concise_way;
km#representing_knowledge_in_a_precise_way (^precise or explicit^)
subtask: km#knowledge_normalization
km#representing_knowledge_in_a_concise_way
km#representing_knowledge_in_an_organized_way;
km#knowledge_modelling/classification/extraction__knowledge_acquisition__KA_task__KA
(^this is "knowledge acquisition" in its restricted sense;
in its broader sense, it is equivalent to "knowledge management"^)
> {km#KA_from_people km#KA_from_data} km#classification,
subtask: km#knowledge_normalization km#knowledge_inference/reasoning/generation;
km#KA_from_data
> km#semi_automatic_KA_from_data;
km#semi_automatic_KA_from_data__knowledge_discovery__data_mining
> km#semi_automatic_KA_from_data_by_classification
{km#knowledge_extraction_from_documents
km#knowledge_extraction_from_databases};
km#semi_automatic_KA_from_data_by_classification
> km#concept_clustering_from_data; //see below
km#knowledge_extraction_from_documents
> km#semantic_web_mining km#knowledge-oriented_NLP
km#ontology_extraction_from_documents
km#document_structure_analysis_or_discovery;
km#knowledge-oriented_NLP
> km#CG_extraction_by_NLP;
km#ontology_extraction_from_documents
> km#terminological_analysis;
km#terminological_analysis
object: km#terminological_analysis_tool;
km#knowledge_extraction_from_databases__knowledge_discovery_in_databases__KDD
> km#FCA_based_KDD;
km#classification
> km#conceptual_clustering km#classification_by_semantic_grids;
km#conceptual_clustering__concept_clusterization
(^it can be used both for KA and IR, from knowledge or data^)
> km#conceptual_clustering_via_a_generalization_hierarchy
km#conceptual_clustering_from_data;
km#conceptual_clustering_via_a_generalization_hierarchy
> km#conceptual_clustering_via_a_category_generalization_hierarchy
km#conceptual_clustering_via_a_CG_generalization_hierarchy;
km#conceptual_clustering_via_a_category_generalization_hierarchy
> km#FCA_based_conceptual_clustering
{km#type_classification km#instance_classification}
km#type_classification__ontology_learning;
km#instance_classification__instance_learning
(^assignement of instances to types of concepts/relations^);
km#conceptual_clustering_from_data
> km#conceptual_clustering_from_database
km#conceptual_clustering_from_documents;
km#conceptual_clustering_from_documents
> km#conceptual_clustering_from_emails,
< is#knowledge_based_document_search;
km#knowledge_search_task < is#knowledge_based_information_search,
> {km#specialization_search km#generalization_search}
km#analogy_search km#structure_only_based_search
{km#complete_knowledge_search km#incomplete_knowledge_search}
{km#consistent_knowledge_search km#inconsistent_knowledge_search},
subtask: km#knowledge_inference/reasoning/generation
km#representing_knowledge_in_a_concise/organized/precise/readable_way;
km#specialization_search__implication_search
> km#specialization_structural_search km#complete_specialization_search;
km#generalization_search
> km#generalization_structural_search km#complete_generalization_search;
km#structure_only_based_search < km#structure-only_based_inference,
> km#specialization_structural_search
km#generalization_structural_search;
km#generalization_structural_search
> km#generalization_structural_search_of_FOL_statements;
km#complete_knowledge_search < km#complete_inference;
km#incomplete_knowledge_search < km#incomplete_inference;
km#consistent_knowledge_search < km#consistent_inference;
km#inconsistent_knowledge_search < km#inconsistent_inference;
km#knowledge_sharing //already done: < is#information_sharing,
> {km#synchronous_knowledge_sharing km#asynchronous_knowledge_sharing}
{km#private_module_based_knowledge_sharing km#fully_shared_knowledge_based_sharing},
subtask: km#knowledge_representation km#knowledge_mapping/merging/federation
km#knowledge_import/export km#knowledge_evaluation;
km#knowledge_mapping/merging/federation
(^mapping refers to the setting of semantic links between some categories of the different KBs^)
> km#mapping/merging/federation_of_ontologies
km#mapping/merging/federation_of_CG_based_KBs
km#mapping/merging/federation_of_FCA_based_KBs;
km#knowledge_import/export
> km#knowledge_translation;
km#knowledge_translation
> km#conversion_between_CG_and_other_models_or_notations
km#conversion_between_FCA_and_other_models_or_notations;
km#collecting_knowledge_for_modelling
> km#eliciting_knowledge_from_a_person,
subtask: km#knowledge_modelling/classification/extraction;
km#eliciting_knowledge_from_a_person
subtask: km#knowledge_modelling/classification/extraction;
km#teaching_a_KM_related_subject < is#teaching_an_IS_related_subject,
> km#teaching_CGs;
km#language/structure_specific_task
> km#CG_task km#FCA_task km#language/structure_specific_knowledge_representation;
km#language/structure_specific_knowledge_representation
> km#CG_based_KR;
km#KM_methodology_task (^a task advised by a KM methodology^)
< is#IS_methodology,
> km#KR_methodology_task km#KA_methodology_task
km#methodology_specific_knowledge_representation_or_modelling;
km#KR_methodology_task (^lexical/ontological/structural rules/conventions for a better
checking/search/exploitation/re-use/sharing of the knowledge^)
> km#ontology_building_methodology_task km#Peirce_based_KR_methodology_task;
km#KA_methodology_task__knowledge_acquisition_methodology_task__knowledge_modelling_methodology_task
> {km#prototype_based_KA_methodology_task km#model_based_KA_methodology_task};
km#prototype_based_KA_methodology_task (^km#prototype_based_KA or any substask of it^)
> km#prototype_based_KA;
km#model_based_KA_methodology_task (^km#model_based_KA or any substask of it^)
> km#model_based_KA km#task_related_to_the_creation/update_of_the_KB_conceptual_model
km#creation/update_of_the_KBS_design_model
km#use_of_the_KBS_design_model_to_create/update_the_KBS
km#KADS_task;
km#task_related_to_the_creation/update_of_the_KB_conceptual_model
< km#methodology_specific_knowledge_representation_or_modelling,
> km#creation/update_of_the_KB_conceptual_model
km#combination_and_instantiation_of_generic_task_models
km#selection_and_adaptation_of_domain_ontologies;
km#KADS_task (^a task of Knowledge Acquisition and Design Structuring^)
> {km#KADS-I km#CommonKADS},
object of: km#KADS_tool; //KADS may be seen as an input/parameter of KADS tools
km#KADS-I__KADS-1__KADS1
url: http://www.webkb.org/kb/webkb1/KADS1.html;
km#CommonKADS__Common-KADS__KADS-II__KADS-2__KADS2
url: http://hcs.science.uva.nl/projects/CommonKADS/home.html;
km#KM_structure < is#symbolic_structure,
> km#KB {km#base_of_facts/beliefs km#ontology km#KB_category km#KB_statement}
km#data_to_model km#KA_model km#KR_language
km#mathematical_KM_structure km#language_specific_structure;
km#KB__knowledge_base part: km#ontology km#base_of_facts/beliefs;
km#ontology__set_of_category_definitions/constraints
> km#lexical_ontology km#language_ontology km#domain_ontology
km#top_level_ontology km#concept_ontology km#relation_ontology
km#multi_source_ontology,
part: 1..* km#KB_category 1..* km#category_definition;
km#top_level_ontology
> km#DOLCE_light km#SUMO km#top_level_of_ontology_of_John_Sowa;
km#multi_source_ontology (^ontology where the creator of each category and statement is recorded and represented via a category^)
> km#default_MSO_of_WebKB-2;
km#default_MSO_of_WebKB-2 (^an ontology provided as default by a version of WebKB-2^)
part of: km#WebKB-2,
part: km#DOLCE_light km#top_level_of_ontology_of_John_Sowa;
//km#DOLCE km#SUMO /*an adaptation of*/km#WordNet;
km#KB_statement > {km#category_definition km#fact_or_belief};
//to do: CHECK DUPLICATIONS WITH theKB_categs.html
km#KB_category (^if a category has an identifier, this identifier is a "formal term"^)
> {km#individual km#type};
km#individual (^if an individual has an identifier, this identifier may be named a "constant"^)
> km#context;
km#context > km#module/namespace;
km#type > {km#concept_type km#relation_type};
km#relation_type
> km#lexical_link km#link_to_document_element km#link_to_creator;
km#KA_model__knowledge_acquisition_model
> {km#generic_KA_model km#instantiated_KA_model} km#task_model
km#CommonKADS_model km#KB_conceptual_model km#KBS_design_model;
km#task_model
> {km#generic_task_model km#instantiated_task_model} kads#task_model;
km#CommonKADS_model
> {kads#organisation_model kads#task_model kads#agent_model
kads#communication_model kads#expertise_model kads#design_model},
url: http://www.sics.se/ktm/projects/ck-models.html;
km#KB_conceptual_model
part: km#instantiated_KA_model km#domain_ontology kads#expertise_model;
kads#expertise_model
part: kads#task_model;
km#KBS_design_model
> kads#design_model;
km#KR_language__KRL__KR_model_or_notation
> {km#KR_model/structure km#KR_notation} //not km#semantics: not a structure
km#predicate_logic_oriented_language km#frame_oriented_language
km#graph_oriented_language km#KR_language_with_query_commands
km#KR_language_with_scripting_capabilities;
// attribute: km#semantics;
km#KR_notation
> km#linear_notation;
km#linear_notation__text_based_notation;
km#predicate_logic_oriented_language
> km#KIF km#CYCL;
km#frame_oriented_language
> km#terminological_logic km#Frame-Logic;
km#graph_oriented_language
> km#Peirce_existential_graphs km#CGs km#RDF km#concept_maps_language km#FCA_graph;
km#Peirce_existential_graphs__EGs;
km#mathematical_KM_structure < is#mathematical_symbolic_structure,
> km#FCA_structure;
km#language_specific_structure
> km#CG_structure;
km#KM_tool__knowledge_management_tool < #software,
> km#knowledge_base_system km#inference_engine
km#KA_tool km#terminological_analysis_tool km#knowledge_based_IR_system
km#knowledge_interface_generator km#language/structure_specific_tool
km#ontology_management_tool;
km#knowledge_based_IR_system //also a subtype of is#IR_system (see below)
> {km#WebKB km#CGKAT};
km#KA_tool
> km#KADS_tool;
km#KADS_tool url: http://web.swi.psy.uva.nl/projects/kads22/;
km#terminological_analysis_tool
> {km#ACABIT km#LEXTER km#TERMS km#XTract};
//these are types to permit their versions to be represented as subtypes too
km#language/structure_specific_tool
> km#CG_related_tool;
km#knowledge_base_system__KBS
> km#KBMS,
part: km#KBMS;
km#KBMS
> {km#graph_based_KBMS km#SNEPSwD},
part: km#KB km#inference_engine;
km#knowledge_interface_generator
> km#knowledge_graphical_editor;
km#knowledge_graphical_editor < is#graph_editor,
> km#taxonomy_graphical_editor
{km#CG_graphical_editor km#FCA_structure_graphical_editor};
km#taxonomy_graphical_editor < is#hierarchy_editor;
km#KM_mailing_list < is#IS_mailing_list; km#international_research_conference_on_knowledge_management < is#international_research_conference_in_IS, > km#ICCS; //it is a type: there is one instance each year
I have put my representations/indexations of articles from ICCS (mostly from ICCS 2002)
in the _CG.html file (except for those related to FCA which I have put
in the _FCA.html file) even when these articles are more about
knowledge management in general than CG specific.
[an #article, dc#Coverage: km#knowledge_representation,
pm#title: "What Is a Knowledge Representation?",
dc#Creator: "Randall Davis, Howard E. Shrobe and Peter Szolovits",
pm#object of: (a #publishing, pm#time: 1993,
pm#place: (the #object_section "14:1 p17-33",
pm#part of: is#AI_Magazine)),
pm#url: http://medg.lcs.mit.edu/ftp/psz/k-rep.html];
[an #article, dc#Coverage: km#knowledge_translation,
pm#title: "Relationships with other formalisms",
dc#Creator: "D. Nardi, U. Sattler, D. Calvanese, R. Molitor",
pm#part of: (a #book, pm#title: "Relationships with other formalisms",
pm#object of: (a #publishing, pm#time: 2002,
pm#agent: is#Cambridge_University_Press)),
pm#url: http://www.itee.uq.edu.au/~comp4001/dlbackground2.pdf];
This part will be dealt with later.