sumo#linguistic_expression content bearing objects which are language-related, i.e. both languages and the elements of languages, e.g., words
exclusion: sumo#icon
supertype: sumo#content_bearing_object__contentbearingobject a self_connected_object that expresses content; this content may be a sumo#proposition, e.g., when the content_bearing_object is a sentence or text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or physical object, as with an icon, a word or a phrase
subtype: sumo#word
subtype: sumo#sentence syntactically well-formed formula of a language; it includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a proposition
subtype: sumo#formula syntactically well-formed formula in the SUO-KIF knowledge representation language
subtype: sumo#language system of signs for expressing thought; the system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created by a person or group of people
subtype: sumo#animal_language language used by animals other than humans
subtype: pm#non_animal_language
subtype: sumo#human_language__humanlanguage language used by humans
subtype: sumo#natural_language__naturallanguage
subtype: sumo#constructed_language__constructedlanguage
subtype: sumo#spoken_human_language
subtype: sumo#manual_human_language
subtype: sumo#artificial_language designed language
subtype: sumo#constructed_language__constructedlanguage
subtype: sumo#computer_language languages designed for and interpreted by a computer
subtype: #linguistic_communication__language a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols; "he taught foreign languages"; "the language introduced is standard throughout the text"; "the speed with which a program can be executed depends on the language in which it is written"
subtype: #words.linguistic_communication__word language that is spoken or written; "he has a gift for words"; "she put her thoughts into words"
subtype: #source_language a language that is to be translated into another language
subtype: #application-oriented_language__problem-oriented_language a language whose statements resemble terminology of the user
subtype: #high-level_language a problem-oriented language requiring little knowledge of the computer on which it will be run
subtype: #job-control_language__jobcontrollanguage a problem-oriented language used to describe job requirements to an operating system
subtype: #command_language__commandlanguage__query_language__querylanguage__search_language a source language consisting of procedural operators that invoke functions to be executed
subtype: #object_language__target_language the language into which a text written in another language is to be translated
subtype: #sign_language__signing language expressed by visible hand gestures
subtype: #fingerspelling an alphabet of manual signs
subtype: #ASL__American_sign_language the sign language used in the United States
subtype: #artificial_language a language that is deliberately created for a specific purpose
subtype: #Antido an artificial language related to Ido
subtype: #Arulo an artificial language intended for international use as an auxiliary language
subtype: #Basic_English a simplified form of English proposed for use as an auxiliary language for international communication; devised by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards
subtype: #Blaia_Zimondal an artificial language
subtype: #Esperantido an artificial language based on Esperanto and Ido
subtype: #Esperanto an artificial language based as far as possible on words common to all the European languages
subtype: #Europan an artificial language proposed as an auxiliary European language
subtype: #Idiom_Neutral an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on Volapuk but with a vocabulary selected on the basis of the maximum internationality of the roots
subtype: #Interlingua an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on words common to English and the Romance language
subtype: #Ido an artificial language that is a revision and simplification of Esperanto
subtype: #Latinesce an artificial language based on Latin
subtype: #Latino an artificial language based on words common to the Romance languages
subtype: #Latino_sine_flexione Latino without inflectional morphology
subtype: #Lingualumina an artificial language
subtype: #Lingvo_Kosmopolita an artificial language
subtype: #Monario an artificial language
subtype: #Nov-Esperanto an artificial language based on Esperanto
subtype: #Novial an artificial language
subtype: #Nov-Latin an artificial language based on Latin
subtype: #Occidental.artificial_language__occidental an artificial language
subtype: #Optez an artificial language
subtype: #Pasigraphy an artificial international language using characters (as mathematical symbols) instead of words to express ideas
subtype: #Ro an artificial language for international use that rejects rejects all existing words and is based instead on an abstract analysis of ideas
subtype: #Romanal an artificial language
subtype: #Solresol an artificial language
subtype: #Volapuk one of the first artificial language constructed for use as an auxiliary international language; based largely on English but with some German and French and Latin roots
subtype: #programming_language__programminglanguage__programing_language (computer science) a language designed for programming computers
subtype: #algorithmic_language__algorithmiclanguage an artificial language designed to express algorithms
subtype: #algebraic_language__algebraiclanguage an algorithmic language having statements that resemble algebraic expressions
subtype: #ALGOL ALGOrithmic Language; a programming language used to express computer programs as algorithms
subtype: #FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation; high-level programing language for mathematical and scientific purposes
subtype: pm#procedural_language
subtype: pm#procedural_compiled_language
subtype: #Java_language__Java a simple platform-independent object-oriented programming language used for writing applets that are downloaded from the World Wide Web by a client and run on the client's machine
subtype: pm#Java_1.0
subtype: pm#Java_2.0
subtype: #COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language
subtype: #C a general-purpose programing language closely associated with the UNIX operating system
subtype: #Pascal a programing language designed to teach programming through a top-down modular approach
subtype: pm#procedural_scripting_language
subtype: pm#procedural_Web-scripting_language
subtype: pm#Javascript
subtype: pm#Javascript_1.0
subtype: pm#Javascript_2.0
subtype: #LISP__list-processing_language a flexible procedure-oriented programing language that manipulates symbols in the form of lists
subtype: #BASIC a popular programming language that is relatively easy to learn (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code); no longer in general use
subtype: is#C++
subtype: is#ADA
subtype: #assembly_language a low-level programing language; close approximation to machine language
subtype: #computer_language__computer-oriented_language__machine_language__machinelanguage__machine-oriented_language a programming language designed for use on a specific class of computers
subtype: #multidimensional_language a programming language whose expressions are assembled in more than one dimension
subtype: #decision_table a table or matrix of all contingencies and the actions to be taken for each
subtype: #flow_chart__flow_diagram a diagram of the sequence of operations in a computer program
subtype: #logic_diagram__logicdiagram__logical_diagram__logicaldiagram a graphical representation of a program using formal logic
subtype: #target_language__object_language a computer language into which something written in another computer language is to be translated
subtype: #object-oriented_programming_language__object-oriented_programing_language (computer science) a programming language that enables the programmer to associate a set of procedures with each type of data structure; "C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is an extension of C"
subtype: #Java_language__Java a simple platform-independent object-oriented programming language used for writing applets that are downloaded from the World Wide Web by a client and run on the client's machine
subtype: #one-dimensional_language__onedimensionallanguage a programming language whose expressions are represented by strings of characters
subtype: #stratified_language a language that cannot be used as its own metalanguage
subtype: #unstratified_language a programming language that (like natural language) can be used as its own metalanguage
subtype: #Prolog__logic_programing__logicprograming__logic_programming__logicprogramming a computer language designed in Europe to support natural language processing
subtype: pm#declarative_language__declarativelanguage
subtype: pm#rule_based_language
subtype: pm#purely_declarative_rule_based_language rule-based language without implicit instructions, e.g., the order between the rules is not important
subtype: pm#file_formatting_language
subtype: pm#declarative_Web-scripting_language
subtype: pm#style_sheet_language__stylesheetlanguage
subtype: pm#Web-scripting_language__language_interpreted_by_Web_browsers
subtype: pm#procedural_Web-scripting_language
subtype: pm#declarative_Web-scripting_language
subtype: #pidgin an artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages
subtype: #Chinook_Jargon__Oregon_Jargon a pidgin incorporating Chinook and French and English words; formerly used as a lingua franca in northwestern North America
subtype: #metalanguage a language that can be used to describe languages
subtype: #syntax_language__syntaxlanguage a language used to describe the syntax of another language
subtype: #natural_language__naturallanguage__tongue a human written or spoken language used by a community; opposed to e.g. a computer language
subtype: #interlanguage__interlingua a language used for international communication
subtype: #lingua_franca__koine a common language used by speakers of different languages
subtype: #mother_tongue__maternal_language__first_language__firstlanguage one's native language; the language learned by children and passed from one generation to the next
subtype: #tone_language__tonal_language__tonallanguage a language in which different tones distinguish different meanings
subtype: #contour_language__contourlanguage a tone language that uses pitch changes
subtype: #register_language a tone language that uses different voice registers
subtype: #creole a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages
subtype: #Amerind__Amerindian_language__American-Indian_language__American_Indian__Indian any of the languages spoken by Amerindians
subtype: #Algonquian_language__Algonquian__Algonquin family of North American Indian languages spoken from Labrador to South Carolina and west to the Great Plains
subtype: #Abnaki the Algonquian language spoken by the Abnaki and Penobscot peoples
subtype: #Algonkian__Algonkin the Algonquian language spoken by the Algonkian people
subtype: #Arapaho__Arapahoe the Algonquian language spoken by the Arapaho people
subtype: #Blackfoot any of the Algonquian languages spoken by the Blackfoot people
subtype: #Cheyenne the Algonquian language spoken by the Cheyenne people
subtype: #Cree the Algonquian language spoken by the Cree people
subtype: #Delaware.Algonquian_language__delaware the Algonquian language spoken by the Delaware people
subtype: #Fox the Algonquian language of the Fox people
subtype: #Illinois.Algonquian_language__illinoi the Algonquian language of the Illinois and Miami peoples
subtype: #Kickapoo the Algonquian language of the Kickapoo people
subtype: #Maleseet__Malecite the Algonquian language of the Malecite and Passamaquody peoples
subtype: #Massachuset__Massachusetts the Algonquian language of the Massachuset people
subtype: #Menomini the Algonquian language spoken by the Menomini people
subtype: #Micmac the Algonquian language of the Micmac people
subtype: #Mohican__Mahican the Algonquian language spoken by the Mohican people
subtype: #Nanticoke the Algonquian language spoken by the Nanticoke and Conoy people
subtype: #Ojibwa__Ojibway__Chippewa the Algonquian language spoken by the Ojibwa people
subtype: #Pamlico the Algonquian language of the Pamlico people
subtype: #Potawatomi the Algonquian language spoken by the Potawatomi people
subtype: #Powhatan the Algonquian language of the Powhatan people
subtype: #Shawnee the Algonquian language spoken by the Shawnee people
subtype: #Atakapan__Atakapa__Attacapa__Attacapan a language spoken by the Atakapa people of the Gulf coast of Louisiana and Texas
subtype: #Athapaskan_language__Athapaskan__Athapascan__Athabaskan__Athabascan a group of Amerindian languages (the name coined by an American anthropologist, Edward Sapir)
subtype: #Apache.Athapaskan_language__apache the language of the Apache people
subtype: #Chiricahua_Apache an Apache language
subtype: #San_Carlos_Apache an Apache language
subtype: #Navaho__Navajo the Athapaskan language spoken by the Navaho people
subtype: #Hupa the Athapaskan language spoken by the Hupa people
subtype: #Mattole the Athapaskan language spoken by the Mattole people
subtype: #Chippewyan__Chipewyan__Chippewaian the language spoken by the Chipewyan people
subtype: #Muskhogean_language__Muskhogean__Muskogean__Muskogean_language a family of North American Indian languages spoken in the southeastern United States
subtype: #Alabama.Muskhogean_language__alabama the Muskhogean language of the Alabama people
subtype: #Chickasaw the Muskhogean language of the Chickasaw people
subtype: #Chahta__Choctaw the Muskhogean language of the Choctaw people
subtype: #Hitchiti the Muskhogean language spoken by the Hitchiti people
subtype: #Koasati the Muskhogean language spoken by the Koasati people
subtype: #Muskogee the Muskhogean language spoken by the Muskogee people
subtype: #Seminole the Muskhogean language of the Seminole people
subtype: #Na-Dene a family of North American Indian languages
subtype: #Haida the Na-Dene language of the Haida people
subtype: #Tlingit the Na-Dene language spoken by the Tlingit people
subtype: #Mosan a family of Amerindian languages spoken in Washington and British Columbia
subtype: #Chemakuan a group of Mosan languages spoken in Washington
subtype: #Chemakum a Chemakuan language spoken by the Chemakum people
subtype: #Salishan__Salish a family of Mosan language spoken in northwestern United States and western Canada
subtype: #Skagit a Salishan dialect spoken by the Skagit people
subtype: #Wakashan_language__Wakashan a family of North American Indian languages of British Columbia and Washington
subtype: #Kwakiutl a Wakashan language spoken by the Kwakiutl people
subtype: #Nootka a Wakashan language spoken by the Nootka people
subtype: #Caddoan__Caddo__Caddoan_language a family of North American Indian languages spoken widely in the midwest by Caddo peoples
subtype: #Arikara__Aricara the Caddoan language spoken by the Arikara people
subtype: #Pawnee the Caddoan language spoken by the Pawnee people
subtype: #Wichita the Caddoan language spoken by the Wichita people
subtype: #Iroquoian_language__Iroquoian__Iroquois a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Iroquois peoples
subtype: #Cherokee the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people
subtype: #Cayuga the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cayuga people
subtype: #Mohawk the Iroquoian language spoken by the Mohawk people
subtype: #Seneca the Iroquoian language spoken by the Seneca people
subtype: #Oneida the Iroquoian language spoken by the Oneida people
subtype: #Onondaga the Iroquoian language spoken by the Onondaga people
subtype: #Tuscarora the Iroquoian language spoken by the Tuscarora people
subtype: #Quechuan__Quechua__Quechuan_language__Kechua__Kechuan the language of the Quechua which was spoken by the Incas
subtype: #Maracan_language__Maraco the language spoken by the Maraco people
subtype: #Tupi-Guarani_language__Tupi-Guarani a family of South American Indian languages
subtype: #Guarani the language spoken by the Guarani people of Paraguay and Bolivia
subtype: #Tupi the language spoken by the Tupi people of Brazil and Paraguay
subtype: #Arawak__Arawakan a family of South American Indian languages spoken in northeastern South America
subtype: #Carib__Caribbean_language the family of languages spoken by the Carib people
subtype: #Uto-Aztecan_language__Uto-Aztecan a family of American Indian languages
subtype: #Shoshonean_language__Shoshonean__Shoshonian__Shoshonian_language a subfamily of Uto-Aztecan languages spoken mainly in the southwestern United States
subtype: #Shoshone the language spoken by the Shoshone people (belonging to the Uto-Aztecan family)
subtype: #Comanche the Shoshonean language spoken by the Comanche people
subtype: #Hopi the Shoshonean language spoken by the Hopi people
subtype: #Paiute the Shoshonean language spoken by the Paiute people
subtype: #Ute the Shoshonean language spoken by the Ute people
subtype: #Pima the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Pima people
subtype: #Aztecan the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Aztec people
subtype: #Nahuatl the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Nahuatl people
subtype: #Cahita the Uto-Aztecan language of the Cahita people
subtype: #Tatahumara the Uto-Aztecan language of the Tatahumara people
subtype: #Mayan_language__Maya__Mayan a family of American Indian languages spoken by Mayan peoples
subtype: #Kekchi a Mayan language spoken by the Kekchi people
subtype: #Mam a Mayan language spoken by the Mam people
subtype: #Yucatec__Yucateco a Mayan language spoken by the Yucatec people
subtype: #Quiche the Mayan language spoken by the Quiche people
subtype: #Cakchiquel the Mayan language spoken by the Cakchiquel people
subtype: #Siouan_language__Siouan a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Sioux
subtype: #Biloxi the Siouan language spoken by the Biloxi people
subtype: #Catawba the Siouan language spoken by the Catawba people
subtype: #Chiwere the Siouan language spoken by the Iowa and Oto and Missouri people
subtype: #Iowa.Chiwere__iowa__Ioway a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Iowa people
subtype: #Missouri.Chiwere__missouri a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Missouri people
subtype: #Oto__oto__Otoe a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Oto people
subtype: #Crow a Siouan language spoken by the Crow people
subtype: #Dakota the Siouan language spoken by the Dakota people
subtype: #Dhegiha a branch of the Siouan languages
subtype: #Kansa__Kansas the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Kansa people
subtype: #Omaha the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Omaha people
subtype: #Osage the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Osage people
subtype: #Ponca__Ponka the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Ponca people
subtype: #Quapaw the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Quapaw people
subtype: #Hidatsa__Gros_Ventre a Siouan language spoken by the Hidatsa people
subtype: #Hunkpapa a Siouan language spoken by the Hunkpapa people
subtype: #Ofo a Siouan language spoken by the Ofo people
subtype: #Oglala__Ogalala a Siouan language spoken by the Oglala people
subtype: #Santee the Siouan language spoken by the Santee people
subtype: #Tutelo the Siouan language spoken by the Tutelo people
subtype: #Winnebago the Siouan language spoken by the Winnebago people
subtype: #Tanoan_language__Tanoan a family of North American Indian language spoken in southwestern United States
subtype: #Kiowa the Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa people
subtype: #Hoka__Hokan a family of Amerindian languages spoken in California
subtype: #Chimariko the Hokan language spoken by the Chimariko people
subtype: #Esselen the Hokan language spoken by the Esselen people
subtype: #Kulanapan a group of languages of the Hokan family
subtype: #Pomo the Kulanapan language spoken by the Pomo
subtype: #Quoratean a group of languages of the Hokan family
subtype: #Karok the Quoratean language of the Karok people
subtype: #Shastan a group of languages of the Hokan family in California
subtype: #Achomawi the Shastan language spoken by the Achomawi people
subtype: #Atsugewi the Shastan language spoken by the Atsugewi people
subtype: #Shasta the Shastan language spoken by the Shasta people
subtype: #Yuman a group of language of the Hokan family in Arizona and California and Mexico
subtype: #Akwa'ala the Yuman language spoken by the Akwa'ala people
subtype: #Cochimi the Yuman language spoken by the Cochimi people
subtype: #Cocopa__Cocopah the Yuman language spoken by the Cocopa people
subtype: #Diegueno the Yuman language spoken by the Diegueno people
subtype: #Havasupai the Yuman language spoken by the Havasupai people
subtype: #Kamia the Yuman language spoken by the Kamia people
subtype: #Kiliwa__Kiliwi the Yuman language spoken by the Kiliwa people
subtype: #Maricopa the Yuman language spoken by the Maricopa and the Halchidhoma peoples
subtype: #Mohave__Mojave the Yuman language spoken by the Mohave people
subtype: #Walapai__Hualapai__Hualpai the Yuman language spoken by the Walapai people
subtype: #Yavapai the Yuman language spoken by the Yavapai people
subtype: #Yuma the Yuman language spoken by the Yuma people
subtype: #Yanan a language group of the Hokan family
subtype: #Yahi the Yanan language spoken by the Yahi people
subtype: #Yana the Yanan language spoken by the Yana people
subtype: #Penutian a family of Amerindian language spoken in the great interior valley of California
subtype: #Copehan a group of Penutian languages spoken to the west of the Sacramento river
subtype: #Patwin a Copehan language spoken by the Patwin people
subtype: #Wintun a Copehan language spoken by the Wintun people
subtype: #Costanoan a Penutian language spoken by the Costanoan people
subtype: #Mariposan__Yokuts a Penutian language spoken by the Yokuts people in the San Joaquin valley
subtype: #Moquelumnan__Miwok a Penutian language spoken by the Miwok people
subtype: #Pujunan__Maidu a Penutian language spoken by the Maidu people
subtype: #Chinookan__Chinook a Penutian language spoken by the Chinook people
subtype: #Kalapooian__Kalapuyan a Penutian language spoken by the Kalapuya people
subtype: #Kusan a Penutian language spoken by the Kusan people
subtype: #Shahaptian__Sahaptin a Penutian language spoken by the Shahaptian people
subtype: #Nez_Perce the Shahaptian language spoken by the Nez Perce people
subtype: #Takilman__Takelma a Penutian language spoken by the Takelma people
subtype: #Tsimshian a Penutian language spoken by the Tsimshian people
subtype: #Eskimo-Aleut_language__Eskimo-Aleut the family of languages that includes Eskimo and Aleut
subtype: #Eskimo__Esquimau the language spoken by the Eskimo people
subtype: #Aleut the language spoken by the Aleut people
subtype: #Sino-Tibetan_language__Sino-Tibetan the family of tonal languages spoken in eastern Asia (in China and Tibet and Burma and Thai)
subtype: #Sinitic_language__Sinitic a group of Sino-Tibetan languages
subtype: #Chinese any of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in China (regarded as dialects of a single language (even though they are mutually unintelligible) because they share an ideographic writing system)
subtype: #Mandarin_Chinese__Mandarin__Mandarin_dialect__Beijing_dialect the dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of China
subtype: #Wu_dialect__Wu__Shanghai_dialect a dialect of Chinese spoken in the Yangtze delta
subtype: #Yue_dialect__Yue__Cantonese__Cantonese_dialect the dialect of Chinese spoken in Canton and neighboring provinces and in Hong Kong and elsewhere outside China
subtype: #Min_dialect__Min__Fukien__Fukkianese__Hokkianese__Amoy__Taiwanese any of the forms of Chinese spoken in Fukien province
subtype: #Hakka_dialect__Hakka a dialect of Chinese spoken in southeastern China; this form of Chinese is not well known outside China because few of the Hakka people have migrated
subtype: #Tibeto-Burman_language__Tibeto-Burman a branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages spoken from Tibet to the Malay peninsula
subtype: #Qiang__Qiangic the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Sichuan
subtype: #Bai__Baic the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Dali region of Yunnan
subtype: #Himalayish the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Tibet and Nepal and Bhutan and Sikkim
subtype: #Tibetan Himalayish language spoken in Tibet
subtype: #Newari Himalayish language spoken in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal
subtype: #Kamarupan the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northeastern India and adjacent regions of western Burma
subtype: #Kuki-Chin__Kuki__Chin Kamarupan languages spoken in western Burma and Bangladesh and easternmost India
subtype: #Naga Kamarupan languages spoken in northeastern India and western Burma
subtype: #Mikir-Meithei Kamarupan languages spoken in the states of Manipur and Assam in northeastern India
subtype: #Bodo-Garo__Barish Kamarupan languages spoken in the state of Assam in northeastern India
subtype: #Miri__Mirish__Abor__Dafla little known Kamarupan languages
subtype: #Karen__Karenic the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Thailand and Burmese borderlands
subtype: #Lolo-Burmese__Burmese-Yi the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northern Burma and Yunnan
subtype: #Burmese the official language of Burma
subtype: #Loloish languages spoken by hill tribes in northern Burma and neighboring areas
subtype: #Lisu a Loloish language
subtype: #Hani__Akha a Loloish language
subtype: #Lahu a Loloish language
subtype: #Lolo__Yi a Loloish language
subtype: #Kachin__Kachinic Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in northernmost Burma and adjacent China and India
subtype: #Jinghpo__Jinghpaw__Chingpo a Kachinic language
subtype: #Kadai_language__Kadai__Kam-Tai a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in southeastern Asia
subtype: #Kam-Sui a group of Kadai languages
subtype: #Tai the most widespread and best known of the Kadai family of languages
subtype: #White_Tai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Red_Tai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Tai_Dam__Black_Tai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Tai_Nuea__Chinese_Shan__Dehong_Dai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Tai_Long__Shan a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Tai_Lue__Xishuangbanna_Dai__xishuangbannadai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Tai_Yuan__Kam_Muang a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Khuen a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Lao the Tai language of a Buddhist people living in the area of the Mekong River in Thailand and Laos
subtype: #Khamti a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Southern_Tai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Tay a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Nung a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Tho a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Central_Thai__Thai__Siamese a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Bouyei__Buyi a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Zhuang a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Yay a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Saek a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: #Austro-Asiatic__Munda-Mon-Khmer a family of languages spoken in southn and southeastern Asia
subtype: #Munda a family of languages spoken by people scattered throughout central India
subtype: #Mon-Khmer a branch of the Austro-Asiatic languages
subtype: #Annamite__Vietnamese__Annamese the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Vietnam
subtype: #Khmer the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Cambodia
subtype: #Austronesian_language__Austronesian the family of languages spoken in Australia and Formosa and Malaysia and Polynesia
subtype: #Malayo-Polynesian the branch of the Austronesian languages spoken from Madagascar to the central Pacific
subtype: #Oceanic__Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian an eastern subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages
subtype: #Tahitian the Oceanic language spoken on Tahiti
subtype: #Maori the Oceanic language spoken by the Maori people in New Zealand
subtype: #Hawaiian the Oceanic languages spoken on Hawaii
subtype: #Fijian the Oceanic language spoken on Fiji
subtype: #Western_Malayo-Polynesian a western subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages
subtype: #Malay a western subfamily of Western Malayo-Polynesian languages
subtype: #Bahasa_Malaysia__Malaysian__Bahasa_Melayu__Bahasa_Kebangsaan the Malay language spoken in Malaysia
subtype: #Bahasa_Indonesia__Indonesian__Bahasa the dialect of Malay used as the national language of the Republic of Indonesia or of Malaysia
subtype: #Javanese the Indonesian language spoken on Java
subtype: #Sundanese the Indonesian language spoken in the Lesser Sunda Islands
subtype: #Balinese the Indonesian language of the people of Bali
subtype: #Philippine__Filipino official language of the Philippines; based on Tagalog; draws its lexicon from other Philippine languages
subtype: #Tagalog language of the Tagalog people on which Filipino is based
subtype: #Cebuano__Cebuan language of the people of Cebu in the Philippines; its lexicon contributes to the official language of the Philippines
subtype: #Aboriginal_Australian__Australian the Austronesian languages spoken by Australian aborigines
subtype: #Dyirbal__Jirrbal a language of Australian aborigines
subtype: #Walbiri__Warlpiri a language of Australian aborigines
subtype: #Formosan the Austronesian languages spoken on Formosa
subtype: #Tayalic__Atayalic a language spoken by a Malaysian people on Formosa
subtype: #Tsouic a Formosan language
subtype: #Paiwanic a Formosan language
subtype: #Papuan_language__Papuan any of the indigenous languages spoken in Papua New Guinea or New Britain or the Solomon Islands that are not Malayo-Polynesian languages
subtype: #Khoisan_language__Khoisan a family of languages spoken in southern Africa
subtype: #Khoikhoin__Khoikhoi__Hottentot any of the Khoisan languages spoken by the pastoral people of Namibia and South Africa
subtype: #Indo-European_language__Indo-European__Indo-Hittite the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia
subtype: #Proto-Indo_European__PIE a prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Indo-European languages
subtype: #Albanian the Indo-European language spoken by the people of Albania
subtype: #Gheg_dialect__Gheg the dialect of Albanian spoken in northern Albania and Yugoslavia
subtype: #Tosk_dialect__Tosk the dialect of Albanian spoken in southern Albania and in areas of Greece and Italy
subtype: #Armenian_language__Armenian the Indo-European language spoken predominantly in Armenia
subtype: #Illyrian a minor and almost extinct branch of the Indo-European languages; spoken along the Dalmatian coast
subtype: #Thraco-Phrygian an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family thought by some to be related to Armenian
subtype: #Thracian a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient people of Thrace but extinct by the early Middle Ages
subtype: #Phrygian a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Phrygia and now extinct--preserved only in a few inscriptions
subtype: #Balto-Slavic_language__Balto-Slavic__Balto-Slavonic a family of Indo-European languages including the Slavic and Baltic languages
subtype: #Slavic_language__Slavic__Slavonic__Slavonic_language a branch of the Indo European family of language
subtype: #Old_Church_Slavonic__Old_Church_Slavic__Church_Slavic__Old_Bulgarian the Slavic language into which the Bible was translated in the 9th Century
subtype: #Russian.Slavic_language__russian the Slavic language that is the official language of Russia
subtype: #Belarusian__Byelorussian the Slavic language spoken in Belarus
subtype: #Ukrainian the Slavic language spoken in the Ukraine
subtype: #Polish the Slavic language of Poland
subtype: #Slovak the Slavic language spoken in Slovakia
subtype: #Czech the Slavic language of the Czech people
subtype: #Slovene the Slavic language of the Slovene people
subtype: #Serbo-Croat__Serbo-Croatian the Slavic language of the Serbs and Croats; the Serbian dialect is usually written in the Cyrillic alphabet and the Croatian dialect is usually written in the Roman alphabet
subtype: #Lusatian__Sorbian aa slavonic language spoken in rural area of southeastern Germany
subtype: #Macedonian.Slavic_language__macedonian the Slavic language of modern Macedonia
subtype: #Bulgarian a Slavic language spoken in Bulgaria
subtype: #Baltic_language__Baltic a branch of the Indo-European family of languages related to the Slavonic languages; Baltic languages have preserved many archaic features that are believed to have existed in Proto-Indo European
subtype: #Old_Prussian a dead language of the non-German Prussians (extinct after 1700); thought to belong to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
subtype: #Lithuanian the official language of Lithuania; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo European
subtype: #Lettish__Latvian the official language of Latvia; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
subtype: #Germanic_language__Germanic a branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken currently fall into two major groups: Scandinavian and West Germanic
subtype: #West_Germanic_language__West_Germanic a branch of the Germanic languages
subtype: #English_language__English an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the US and most of the Commonwealth countries
subtype: #American_English__American_language__American the English language as used in the United States
subtype: #Black_English_Vernacular__Black_English__Ebonics a nonstandard form of American English spoken by some American Black people
subtype: #cockney the nonstandard dialect of natives of the east end of London
subtype: #King's_English standard southern British English
subtype: #Middle_English English from about 1100 to 1450
subtype: #East_Midland the dialect of Middle English that replaced West Saxon as the literary language and which developed into Modern English
subtype: #West_Midland a dialect of Middle English
subtype: #Northern a dialect of Middle English that developed into Scottish Lallans
subtype: #Kentish a dialect of Middle English
subtype: #Southwestern__West_Saxon a dialect of Middle English
subtype: #Modern_English English since about 1450
subtype: #Old_English__Anglo-Saxon English prior to about 1100
subtype: #West_Saxon a literary dialect of Old English
subtype: #Anglian one of the major dialects of Old English
subtype: #Jutish__Kentish one of the major dialects of Old English
subtype: #Oxford_English the dialect of English spoken at Oxford University and regarded by many as affected and pretentious
subtype: #Scottish__Scots__Scots_English the dialect of English used in Scotland
subtype: #Scottish_Lallans__Lallans a dialect of English spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland
subtype: #German_language__German__High_German the standard German language; developed historically from West Germanic
subtype: #Old_High_German High German prior to 1200
subtype: #Middle_High_German High German from 1100 to 1500
subtype: #Yiddish a dialect of High German including some Hebrew and other words; spoken as a vernacular by European Jews
subtype: #Pennsylvania_Dutch a dialect of High German spoken in parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland
subtype: #Low_German__Plattdeutsch a German dialect spoken in northern Germany
subtype: #Old_Saxon Low German prior to 1200
subtype: #Middle_Low_German Low German from 1100 to 1500
subtype: #Dutch the West Germanic language of the Netherlands
subtype: #Flemish_dialect__Flemish one of two official languages of Belgium; closely related to Dutch
subtype: #Afrikaans__Taal__the_Taal__South_African_Dutch an official language of the Republic of South Africa; closely related to Dutch and Flemish
subtype: #Frisian a West Germanic language spoken in the northwestern Netherlands; a near relative of English
subtype: #Old_Frisian the Frisian language until the 16th century
subtype: #Proto-Norse the Germanic language of Scandinavia up until about 700
subtype: #Old_Norse the extinct Germanic language of medieval Scandinavia and Iceland from about to 700 to 1350
subtype: #Old_Icelandic__oldicelandic the extinct dialect of Old Norse that was spoken in Iceland up until about 1600
subtype: #Scandinavian_language__Scandinavian__Nordic__Norse__North_Germanic__North_Germanic_language the northern family of Germanic languages that are spoken in Scandinavia and Iceland
subtype: #Danish a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark
subtype: #Icelandic a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland
subtype: #Norwegian a Scandinavian language that is spoken in Norway
subtype: #Bokmal__Dano-Norwegian__Riksmal one of two official languages of Norway; closely related to Danish
subtype: #New_Norwegian__Landsmal__Nynorsk one of two official languages of Norway; based on rural dialects
subtype: #Swedish a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Sweden and one of two official languages of Finland
subtype: #Faroese__Faeroese a Scandinavian language (closely related to Icelandic) that is spoken on the Faroe Islands
subtype: #East_Germanic_language__East_Germanic an extinct branch of the Germanic languages
subtype: #Gothic extinct East Germanic language of the ancient Goths; the only surviving record being fragments of a 4th-century translation of the Bible by Bishop Ulfilas
subtype: #Celtic_language__Celtic a branch of the Indo-European languages that (judging from inscriptions and place names) was spread widely over Europe in the pre-Christian era
subtype: #Gaelic__Goidelic__Erse any of several related languages of the Celts in Ireland and Scotland
subtype: #Irish_Gaelic__Irish the Celtic language of Ireland
subtype: #Old_Irish Irish Gaelic up to about 1100
subtype: #Middle_Irish Irish Gaelic from 1100 to 1500
subtype: #Scottish_Gaelic__Scots_Gaelic the Gaelic language of Scotland
subtype: #Manx the Gaelic language formerly spoken on the Isle of Man
subtype: #Brythonic__Brittanic a southern group of Celtic languages
subtype: #Welsh a Celtic language of Wales
subtype: #Cornish.Brythonic__cornish a Celtic language formerly spoken in Cornwall
subtype: #Breton a Celtic language of Brittany
subtype: #Italic_language__Italic a branch of the Indo-European languages of which Latin is the chief representative
subtype: #Osco-Umbrian a group of dead languages of ancient Italy; they were displace by Latin
subtype: #Umbrian an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
subtype: #Oscan an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
subtype: #Sabellian an extinct Osco-Umbrian language of ancient Italy that survives only in a few inscriptions
subtype: #Latin any dialect of the language of ancient Rome
subtype: #Old_Latin the oldest recorded Latin (dating back at early as the 6th century B.C.)
subtype: #classical_Latin the language of educated people in ancient Rome; "Latin is a language as dead as dead can be. It killed the ancient Romans--and now it's killing me"
subtype: #Low_Latin any dialect of Latin other than the classical
subtype: #Vulgar_Latin nonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire; source of Romance languages
subtype: #Medieval_Latin Latin used for liturgical purposes during the Middle Ages
subtype: #Late_Latin__Biblical_Latin the form of Latin written between the 3rd and 8th centuries
subtype: #Neo-Latin__New_Latin Latin since the Renaissance; used for scientific nomenclature
subtype: #Romance_language__Romance__romance__Latinian_language the group of languages derived from Latin
subtype: #bodice_ripper a romantic novel containing scenes in which the heroine is sexually violated
subtype: #Italian.Romance_language__italian the Romance language spoken in Italy
subtype: #Old_Italian the Italian language up to the middle of the 16th century
subtype: #Tuscan a dialect of Italian spoken in Tuscany (especially Florence)
subtype: #French the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France
subtype: #Langue_d'oil_French__Langue_d'oil medieval provincial dialects of French spoken in central and northern France
subtype: #Langue_d'oc_French__Langue_d'oc medieval provincial dialects of French formerly spoken in the south of France
subtype: #Provencal__Occitan__occitan the medieval dialects of Langue d'oc
subtype: #Old_French the earliest form of the French language; 9th to 15th century
subtype: #Norman-French__Old_North_French the medieval Norman dialect of Old French
subtype: #Anglo-French__Anglo-Norman the French (Norman) language used in medieval England
subtype: #Canadian_French__canadianfrench the French language as spoken in Quebec, Canada
subtype: #Walloon dialect of French spoken in Belgium and adjacent parts of France
subtype: #Portuguese the Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil
subtype: #Galician the dialect of Portuguese (sometimes regarded as a dialect of Spanish) spoken in Galicia northwestern Spain
subtype: #Spanish the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain
subtype: #Mexican_Spanish the dialect of Spanish spoken in Mexico
subtype: #Catalan the Romance language spoken in Catalonia in eastern Spain (related to Spanish and Occitan)
subtype: #Rumanian an eastern Romance language spoken in Rumania
subtype: #Tocharian a branch of the Indo-European language family that originated in central Asia during the first millennium A.D.
subtype: #Turfan_dialect__Turfan__East_Tocharian a dialect of Tocharian
subtype: #Kuchean_dialect__Kuchean__West_Tocharian a dialect of Tocharian
subtype: #Indo-Iranian_language__Indo-Iranian the branch of the Indo-European family of languages including the Indic and Iranian language groups
subtype: #Indic__Indo-Aryan a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages
subtype: #Sanskrit__Sanskritic_language an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism); an official language of India although it is now used only for religious purposes
subtype: #Sindhi the Indic language of the Sindhi people
subtype: #Romany__Gypsy the Indic language of the Gypsies
subtype: #Urdu the official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi; widely used in India (mostly by Moslems); written in Arabic script
subtype: #Hindi the most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars; spoken mostly in the north of India; along with English it is the official language of India; usually written in Devanagari script
subtype: #Hindoostani__Hindustani__Hindostani a form of Hindi spoken around Delhi
subtype: #Bihari the Indic language spoken in Bihar (and by some people in Pakistan and Bangladesh)
subtype: #Magadhan a subfamily of Indic languages
subtype: #Asamiya__Assamese the Magadhan language spoken by the Assamese people; closely related to Bengali
subtype: #Bengali a Magadhan language spoken by the Bengali people; the official language of Bangladesh and West Bengal
subtype: #Oriya a Magadhan language that is spoken by the Oriya people and is the official language of the Indian state of Orissa
subtype: #Marathi__Mahratti an Indic language; the state language of Maharashtra in west central India; written in the Devanagari script
subtype: #Gujarati__Gujerati the Indic language spoken by the people of India who live in Gujarat in western India
subtype: #Punjabi__Panjabi the Indic language spoken by most people in Punjab in northwestern India
subtype: #Sinhala__Sinhalese__Singhalese the Indic language spoken by the people of Sri Lanka
subtype: #Dard__Dardic__Dardic_language any of a group of Indic languages spoken in Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan
subtype: #Shina a Dardic language spoken in northern Kashmir
subtype: #Khowar a Dardic language spoken in northwestern Pakistan
subtype: #Kafiri a Dardic language spoken by the Kafir people in northeastern Afghanistan
subtype: #Kashmiri the official state language of Kashmir
subtype: #Nepali the official state language of Nepal
subtype: #Iranian_language__Iranian the modern Persian language spoken in Iran
subtype: #Zend__Avestan an ancient Iranian language
subtype: #Gathic an ancient Iranian language
subtype: #Persian__Farsi the language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms
subtype: #Dari_Persian__Dari an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan
subtype: #Tajiki an Iranian language spoken in Iran and Russia
subtype: #Kurdish an Iranian language spoken in Turkey and Iran and Iraq and Syria and Russia
subtype: #Balochi__Baluchi an Iranian language spoken in Pakistan and Iran and Afghanistan and Russia and the Persian gulf
subtype: #Paxto__Pashto__Afghani__Afghan an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan
subtype: #Ossete a northeastern Iranian language spoken in Russia
subtype: #Scythian the Iranian language spoken by the ancient Scythians
subtype: #Anatolian_language__Anatolian an extinct branch of the Indo-European family of languages known from inscriptions and important in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo European
subtype: #Hittite the principal language of the Anatolian group
subtype: #Lycian an Anatolian language
subtype: #Luwian__Luvian an Anatolian language
subtype: #Lydian an Anatolian language
subtype: #Palaic an Anatolian language
subtype: #Hellenic__Greek__Hellenic_language the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages
subtype: #Modern_Greek the Greek language as spoken and written today
subtype: #Romaic__Demotic the modern Greek vernacular
subtype: #Katharevusa literary style of Modern Greek containing features borrowed from Koine
subtype: #Late_Greek the Greek language in the 3rd to 8th centuries
subtype: #Medieval_Greek__Middle_Greek__Byzantine_Greek the Greek language from about 600 to 1200 AD
subtype: #Koine a Greek dialect that flourished under the Roman Empire
subtype: #Ancient_Greek the Greek language prior to the Roman Empire
subtype: #Attic__Classical_Greek the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken and written in Attica and Athens
subtype: #Aeolic__Eolic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Thessaly and Boeotia and Aeolis
subtype: #Arcadic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken by Arcadians
subtype: #Doric the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in the Peloponnesus
subtype: #Ionic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Ionia
subtype: #Ural-Altaic a (postulated) group of languages including many of the indigenous languages of Russia (but not Russian)
subtype: #Altaic_language__Altaic a group of related languages spoken in Asia and southeastern Europe
subtype: #Turkic__Turki__Turko-Tatar__Turkic_language a subfamily of Altaic languages
subtype: #Turkish a Turkic language spoken by the Turks
subtype: #Turkmen__Turkoman__Turcoman the Turkic language spoken by the Turkoman people
subtype: #Azerbaijani the Turkic language spoken by the Azerbaijani people
subtype: #Kazak__Kazakh the Turkic language spoken by the Kazak people
subtype: #Tatar the Turkic language spoken by the Tatar people living from the Volga to the Ural Mountains
subtype: #Uzbek__Uzbeg__Uzbak__Usbek__Usbeg the Turkic language spoken by the Uzbek people
subtype: #Uigur__Uighur the Turkic language spoken by the Uigur people
subtype: #Yakut the Turkic language spoken by the Yakut people
subtype: #Kirghiz__Kirgiz__Khirghiz the Turkic language spoken by the Kirghiz people
subtype: #Karakalpak the Turkic language spoken by the Karakalpak people
subtype: #Chuvash the Turkic language spoken by the Chuvash people
subtype: #Chagatai__Jagatai__Jaghatai__Eastern_Turki a literary language of Chinese Turkestan (named for one of the sons of Genghis Khan)
subtype: #Tungusic_language__Tungusic a family of Altaic languages spoken in Mongolia and neighboring areas
subtype: #Tunguz__Tungus__Evenki__Ewenki the Tungusic language of the Evenki people in eastern Siberia
subtype: #Manchu the Tungusic language spoken by the Manchu people
subtype: #Mongolian__Mongolic__Mongolic_language a family of Altaic language spoken in Mongolia
subtype: #Khalkha__Khalka__Kalka the language of the Khalkha people that is the official language of the Mongolian People's Republic
subtype: #Korean.Altaic_language__korean the Altaic language spoken by the Korean people
subtype: #Japanese the language (usually considered to be Altaic) spoken by the Japanese people
subtype: #Ryukyuan the language (related to Japanese) that is spoken by the people of the Ryukyu Islands
subtype: #Uralic_language__Uralic a family of Ural-Altaic languages
subtype: #Finno-Ugric__Finno-Ugrian a family of Uralic languages indigenous to Scandinavia and Hungary and Russia and western Siberia (prior to the Slavic expansion into those regions)
subtype: #Fennic__Finnic__Non-Ugric one of two branches of the Finno-Ugric languages; a family of languages including Finnish and Estonian (but not Hungarian)
subtype: #Permic a group of Finnic languages spoken in the northwest Urals
subtype: #Udmurt__Votyak the Finnic language spoken by the Votyak people
subtype: #Zyrian__Komi the Finnic language spoken by the Komi people
subtype: #Volgaic a group of Finnic languages spoken around the Volga river
subtype: #Cheremis__Cheremiss__Mari the Finnic language spoken by the Cheremis people
subtype: #Mordva__Mordvin__Mordvinian the Finnic language spoken by the Mordvin people
subtype: #Baltic-Finnic a group of Finnic languages including Finnish and Estonian
subtype: #Livonian the Finnic language spoken by the people of Livonia in Estonia and Latvia
subtype: #Estonian__Esthonian the official language of Estonia; belongs to the Baltic-Finnic family of languages
subtype: #Karelian__Carelian a Finnic language spoken by the people of Karelia
subtype: #Ludian a Baltic-Finnic language
subtype: #Finnish__Suomi the official language of Finland; belongs to the Baltic Finnic family of languages
subtype: #Veps__Vepse__Vepsian a Finnic language spoken by the Veps people
subtype: #Ingrian a Finnic language spoken by the Ingrian people
subtype: #Ugric__Ugrian one of the two branches of the Finno-Ugric family of languages; spoken in Hungary and northwestern Siberia
subtype: #Hungarian__Magyar the official language of Hungary (also spoken in Rumania); belongs to the Ugric family of languages
subtype: #Khanty__Ostyak a Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Ostyak people
subtype: #Mansi__Vogul the Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Vogul people
subtype: #Lappic__Lappish any of the languages spoken by the Lapp people and generally assumed to be Uralic languages
subtype: #Sami__Lapp the language of the nomadic Lapp people in northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula
subtype: #Samoyedic__Samoyed the Uralic languages spoken by the Samoyed people in northwestern Siberia
subtype: #Nenets__Nentsi__Nentsy__Yurak-Samoyed a Uralic language spoken by a Samoyed people of northern Siberia
subtype: #Enets__Entsi__Entsy__Yenisei__Yenisei-Samoyed__Yeniseian the Uralic language spoken by the Yeniseian people
subtype: #Nganasan the Uralic language spoken by the Nganasan people
subtype: #Selkup__Ostyak-Samoyed the Uralic language spoken by the Ostyak-Samoyed people
subtype: #Basque the language of the Basque people; of no known relation to any other language
subtype: #Elamitic__Elamite__Susian an extinct ancient language of unknown affinities; spoken by the Elamites
subtype: #Kassite__Cassite an ancient language spoken by the Kassite people
subtype: #Caucasian_language__Caucasian a number of language spoken in the Caucasus that have no known affiliations to languages spoken elsewhere
subtype: #Georgian.Caucasian_language__georgian a southern Caucasian language with 3 million speakers and a long literary tradition
subtype: #Circassian a northern Caucasian language spoken by the Circassian people
subtype: #Abkhazian__Abkhasian a Circassian language spoken by the Abkhaz people
subtype: #Ubykh a virtually extinct Caucasian language spoken exclusively in Turkey
subtype: #Dravidian_language__Dravidian__Dravidic a large family of languages spoken in south and central India and Sri Lanka
subtype: #South_Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in southern India
subtype: #Irula a Dravidian language closely related to Tamil that is spoken in a hilly section of southwestern India
subtype: #Kodagu a Dravidian language spoken by the Kodagu people
subtype: #Kota__Kotar a Dravidian language spoken by the Kota people
subtype: #Toda the Dravidian language spoken by the Toda people in southern India
subtype: #Kannada__Kanarese a Dravidian language spoken in southern India
subtype: #Badaga the dialect of Kannada that is spoken by the Badaga people
subtype: #Tulu a Dravidian language spoken by the Tulu people
subtype: #Malayalam a Dravidian language (closely related to Tamil) that is spoken in southwestern India
subtype: #Tamil the Dravidian language spoken since prehistoric times by the Tamil people in southern India and Sri Lanka
subtype: #South-Central_Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in south central India
subtype: #Telugu a Dravidian language spoken by the Telugu people in southeastern India
subtype: #Savara a Dravidian language spoke by the Savara people in southeastern India (north of Madras)
subtype: #Gondi a Dravidian language spoken by the Gond people in south central India
subtype: #Pengo a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: #Manda a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: #Kui the Dravidian language spoken by the Kui people in southeastern India
subtype: #Kuvi a Dravidian language spoken in southeast India
subtype: #Central_Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in central India
subtype: #Kolami the Dravidian language spoken by the Kolam people in central India
subtype: #Naiki a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: #Parji a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: #Ollari a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: #Gadaba the Dravidian language spoken by the Gadaba people
subtype: #North_Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in eastern India
subtype: #Kurux a Dravidian language spoken in eastern India
subtype: #Malto the Dravidian language spoken by the Malto people
subtype: #Brahui an isolated Dravidian language spoken by the Brahui people in Pakistan
subtype: #Afroasiatic_language__Afroasiatic__Afrasian__Afrasian_language__Hamito-Semitic a large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa
subtype: #Chad__Chadic__Chadic_language a family of Afroasiatic tonal languages (mostly two tones) spoken in the regions west and south of Lake Chad in north central Africa
subtype: #West_Chadic a group of Chadic languages spoken in northern Nigeria; Hausa in the most important member
subtype: #Hausa__Haussa the chief member of the Chadic family of Afroasiatic languages; widely used as a trading language
subtype: #Bole__Bolanci a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa
subtype: #Angas a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa
subtype: #Ron__Bokkos__Daffo a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
subtype: #Bade a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
subtype: #Warji a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
subtype: #Zaar__Sayanci a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
subtype: #Biu-Mandara a group of Chadic languages spoken in the border area between Cameroon and Nigeria south of Lake Chad
subtype: #Tera__Pidlimdi__Yamaltu a three-tone Chadic language
subtype: #Bura__Pabir a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: #Higi__Kapsiki a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: #Mandara__Wandala a Chadic language spoken in the Mandara mountains in Cameroon; has only two vowels
subtype: #Matakam__Mafa a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: #Sukur a Chadic language spoke south of Lake Chad
subtype: #Daba__Kola__Musgoi a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: #Bata a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: #Kotoko a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: #Musgu__Munjuk__Mulwi a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: #Gidar a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: #East_Chadic a group of Chadic languages spoken in Chad
subtype: #Somrai__Sibine a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: #Nancere a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: #Kera a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: #Dangla__Dangaleat a Chadic language spoken in Chad; uses seven vowels plus differences in vowel length
subtype: #Mokulu a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: #Sokoro a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: #Masa an independent group of closely related Chadic languages spoken in the area between the Biu-Mandara and East Chadic languages
subtype: #Semitic a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family
subtype: #Akkadian an ancient branch of the Semitic languages
subtype: #Assyrian an extinct language of the Assyrians regarded as a dialect of Akkadian
subtype: #Amharic__Ethiopian_language the dominant and official language of Ethiopia; a semitic language much influenced by the Cushitic language with which Amhara people have been in close contact
subtype: #Arabic_language__Arabic the Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects
subtype: #Aramaic an ancient group of related Semitic dialects some of which are still spoken in Syria
subtype: #Biblical_Aramaic the form of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine in the time of the New Testament
subtype: #Canaanitic_language__Canaanitic a group of Semitic languages
subtype: #Hebrew the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel
subtype: #Modern_Hebrew Hebrew used in Israel today; revived from ancient Hebrew
subtype: #Canaanite the extinct language of the Semitic people who occupied Canaan before the Israelite conquest
subtype: #Phoenician the extinct language of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the ancient world
subtype: #Punic the Phoenician dialect of ancient Carthage
subtype: #Ugaritic an extinct Semitic language of northern Syria
subtype: #Hamitic_language__Hamitic a group of North African languages related to Semitic
subtype: #Egyptian the ancient and now extinct language of Pharaonic Egypt; written records date back to 3000 BC
subtype: #Coptic the liturgical language of the Coptic Church of Egypt and Ethiopia; written in the Greek alphabet
subtype: #Berber a cluster of related dialects that were once the major language of North Africa west of Egypt; now spoken mostly in Morocco
subtype: #Tuareg the dialect of Berber spoken by the Tuareg people
subtype: #Cushitic a group of languages spoken in Ethiopia and Somalia and northwestern Kenya and adjacent regions
subtype: #Somali the Cushitic language spoken by the Somali people
subtype: #Omotic a group of related languages spoken in a valley of southern Ethiopia; closely related to Cushitic languages
subtype: #Niger-Kordofanian_language__Niger-Kordofanian the family of languages that includes most of the languages spoken in sub-Saharan Africa; the majority of them are tonal languages but there are important exceptions (e.g., Swahili or Fula)
subtype: #Kordofanian a group of languages spoken in the relatively small Kordofan area of the south Sudan
subtype: #Niger-Congo a family of African language spoken in west Africa
subtype: #Sango a trade language widely used in Chad
subtype: #Bantoid_language__Bantu a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent
subtype: #Chichewa the Bantu language of the Chewa people of east central Africa
subtype: #ChiMwini a Bantu language spoken in southern Somalia
subtype: #Chishona a Bantu language that is one of the two major languages of Zimbabwe
subtype: #Fang a Bantu language spoken in Cameroon
subtype: #Gikuyu a Bantu language spoken in western Kenya
subtype: #Giriama a Bantu language spoken in the coastal regions of eastern Kenya
subtype: #Kamba a Bantu language spoken by the Kamba people in Kenya
subtype: #Kichaga__Chaga__Chagga a Bantu language spoken by the Chaga people in northern Tanzania
subtype: #Kinyarwanda a Bantu language
subtype: #Kiswahili a Bantu language
subtype: #Kongo the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo people living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola
subtype: #Luba a Bantu language spoken in southern Zaire
subtype: #LuGanda the Bantu language of the Buganda people; spoken in Uganda
subtype: #Luyia a Bantu language
subtype: #Mashi a Bantu language
subtype: #Mwera a Bantu language spoken in southern coastal Tanzania
subtype: #Nguni a group of southern Bantu languages
subtype: #Ndebele__Matabele a Bantu language sometimes considered a dialect of Zulu
subtype: #Swazi a Bantu language closely related to Zulu
subtype: #Xhosa a Bantu language closely related to Zulu
subtype: #Zulu a Bantu language of considerable literary importance in southeastern Africa
subtype: #Nyamwezi a Bantu language spoken in central Tanzania
subtype: #Pokomo a Bantu language spoken in the Kenyan coastal areas of East Africa
subtype: #Sotho any of the mutually intelligible southern Bantu languages of the Sotho people in Botswana and South Africa and Lesotho
subtype: #Sesotho__Basuto the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Basotho; an official language of Lesotho
subtype: #Setswana__Tswana__Sechuana the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Tswana people in Botswana
subtype: #Umbundu a Bantu language spoken in Angola
subtype: #Swahili the most widely spoken Bantu languages; the official language of Kenya and Tanzania and widely used as a lingua franca in east and central Africa
subtype: #Tonga the language of the Tonga people of south central Africa (Zambia and Rhodesia)
subtype: #Gur__Voltaic a group of Niger-Congo languages spoken primarily in southeastern Mali and northern Ghana
subtype: #West_African a group of languages spoken in the extreme western part of West Africa
subtype: #Fula__Fulah__Fulani a family of languages of the Fula people of west Africa in the sub-Sahara regions from Senegal to Chad; the best known of the West African Niger-Congo languages
subtype: #Serer a West African language closely related to Fula; spoken primarily in Senegal and Gambia
subtype: #Wolof the West AFrican language of the Wolof people in Senegal
subtype: #Mande a group of African languages in the Niger-Congo group spoken from Senegal east as far as the Ivory Coast
subtype: #Kwa a group of African language in the Niger-Congo group spoken from the Ivory Coast east to Nigeria
subtype: #Aku__Yoruba a Kwa language spoken by the Yoruba people in southwestern Nigeria
subtype: #Akan a Kwa language spoken in Ghana and the Ivory Coast
subtype: #Ewe a Kwa language spoken by the Ewe people in Ghana and Togo and Benin
subtype: #Nilo-Saharan_language__Nilo-Saharan a family of East African languages spoken by Nilotic peoples from the Sahara south to Kenya and Tanzania
subtype: #Chari-Nile a group of Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of the Sudan and Zaire and Uganda and Tanzania
subtype: #Nilotic_language__Nilotic a group of languages of East Africa belonging to the Chari-Nile group
subtype: #Dinka a Nilotic language
subtype: #Luo a Nilotic language
subtype: #Masai a Nilotic language
subtype: #Saharan a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of Chad
subtype: #Songhai a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Songhai people in Mali and Niger
subtype: #linguistic_string__string__string_of_words__word_string a linear sequence of words as spoken or written
subtype: #sentence a string of words satisfying the grammatical rules of a language; "he always spoke in grammatical sentences"
subtype: #complex_sentence__complexsentence a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause
subtype: #loose_sentence__loosesentence a complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows
subtype: #periodic_sentence a complex sentence in which the main clause comes last and is preceded by the subordinate clause
subtype: #compound_sentence a sentence composed of at least two coordinate independent clauses
subtype: #declarative_sentence__declarativesentence__declaratory_sentence__declaratorysentence a sentence (in the indicative mood) that makes a declaration
subtype: #run-on_sentence an ungrammatical sentence in which two or more independent clauses are conjoined without a conjunction
subtype: #topic_sentence__topicsentence a sentence that states the topic of its paragraph
subtype: #interrogative__question__interrogation__interrogative_sentence__interrogativesentence a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply; "he asked a direct question"; "he had trouble phrasing his interrogations"
subtype: #cross-question__crossquestion a question asked in cross-examination
subtype: #leading_question__leadingquestion a question phrased in such a way as to suggest the desired answer; a lawyer may ask leading questions on cross-examination
subtype: #yes-no_question a question that can be answered by yes or no
subtype: #syntagma__syntagm a syntactic string that forms a part of some larger syntactic unit
subtype: #grammatical_constituent__grammaticalconstituent__constituent a word or phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction
subtype: #subject.grammatical_constituent (linguistics) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the grammatical constituent about which something is predicated
subtype: #object a grammatical constituent that is acted upon; "the object of the verb"
subtype: #prepositional_object__prepositionalobject__object_of_a_preposition the object governed by a preposition
subtype: #direct_object__object_of_the_verb the object that receives the direct action of the verb
subtype: #indirect_object the object that is the recipient or beneficiary of the action of the verb
subtype: #retained_object an object in a passive construction
subtype: #ablative_absolute a constituent in Latin grammar; a noun and its modifier can function as a sentence modifier
subtype: #immediate_constituent__immediateconstituent a constituent of a sentence at the first step in an analysis: e.g., subject and predicate
subtype: #grammatical_construction__grammaticalconstruction__construction__expression a group of words that form a constituent of a sentence and are considered as a single unit; "I concluded from his awkward constructions that he was a foreigner"
subtype: #clause (grammar) an expression including a subject and predicate but not constituting a complete sentence
subtype: #main_clause__independent_clause__independentclause a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence
subtype: #subordinate_clause__subordinateclause__dependent_clause__dependentclause a clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb
subtype: #restrictive_clause__restrictiveclause a subordinate clause that limits or restricts the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies
subtype: #nonrestrictive_clause__descriptive_clause__descriptiveclause a subordinate clause that does not limit or restrict the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies
subtype: #relative_clause a clause introduced by a relative pronoun; "`who visits frequently' is a relative clause in the sentence `John, who visits frequently, is ill'"
subtype: #complement a word or phrase used to complete a grammatical construction
subtype: #involution a long and intricate and complicated grammatical construction
subtype: #phrase an expression forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence but not containing a finite verb
subtype: #noun_phrase (linguistics) a phrase that can function as the subject or object of a verb
subtype: #verb_phrase__predicate (linguistics) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the predicate contains the verb and its complements
subtype: #prepositional_phrase__prepositionalphrase a phrase beginning with a preposition
subtype: #response.phrase a phrase recited or sung by the congregation following a versicle by the priest or minister
subtype: #advice_and_consent a legal phrase in the US Constitution that allows the Senate to constrain the President's powers of appointment and treaty-making
subtype: #catchphrase__catch_phrase__catchphrase a phrase that has become a catchword
subtype: #predicator an expression that predicates
subtype: #misconstruction an ungrammatical constituent
subtype: #term.grammatical_constituent one of the substantive phrases in a logical proposition; "the major term of a syllogism must occur twice"
subtype: #subject.term (logic) the first term of a proposition
subtype: #predicate (logic) what is predicated of the subject of a proposition; the second term in a proposition is predicated of the first term by means of the copula; "`Socrates is a man' predicates manhood of Socrates"
subtype: #grammatical_referent__grammaticalreferent__referent the first term in a proposition; the term to which other terms relate
subtype: #relatum a term in a proposition that is related to the referent of the proposition
subtype: #major_term__majorterm the term in a syllogism that is the predicate of the conclusion
subtype: #minor_term__minorterm the term in a syllogism that is the subject of the conclusion
subtype: #middle_term the term in a syllogism that is common to both premises and excluded from the conclusion
subtype: #barrage__outpouring__onslaught the rapid and continuous delivery of linguistic communication (spoken or written)
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