#belief any cognitive content held as true
exclusion: unbelief
supertype: cognitive_content__cognitivecontent__content__mental_object the sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learned
subtype: conviction__strong_belief__article_of_faith an unshakable belief in something without need for proof or evidence
subtype: amateurism the conviction that people should participate in sports as a hobby (for the fun of it) rather than for money
subtype: nationalism the conviction that the culture and interests of your nation are superior to those of any other nation
subtype: faith.belief complete confidence in a person or plan etc; "he cherished the faith of a good woman"; "the doctor-patient relationship is based on trust"
subtype: doctrine__philosophy__school_of_thought__ism a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school
subtype: abolitionism the doctrine that calls for the abolition of slavery
subtype: absolutism the doctrine of an absolute being
subtype: amoralism the doctrine that moral distinctions are invalid
subtype: animalism the doctrine that human beings are purely animal in nature and lacking a spiritual nature
subtype: animism the doctrine that all natural objects and the universe itself have souls; "animism is common among primitive peoples"
subtype: creationism the literal belief in the account of creation given in the Book of Genesis; "creationism denies the theory of evolution of species"
subtype: creation_science an effort to give scientific support for the truth of the account of creation given in the Book of Genesis
subtype: creed__credo any system of principles or beliefs
subtype: testament a profession of belief; "he stated his political testament"
subtype: Athanasian_Creed a Christian profession of faith
subtype: dogma a doctrine or code of beliefs accepted as authoritative; "he believed all the Marxist dogma"
subtype: dualism the doctrine that reality consists of two basic opposing elements, often taken to be mind and matter (or mind and body), or good and evil
subtype: epicureanism a doctrine of hedonism that was defended by several ancient Greek philosophers
subtype: expansionism the doctrine of expanding the territory or the economic influence of a country
subtype: formalism.doctrine the doctrine that formal structure rather than content is what should be represented
subtype: functionalism any doctrine that stresses utility or purpose
subtype: gospel a doctrine that is believed to be of great importance; "Newton's writings were gospel for those who followed"
subtype: gymnosophy the doctrine of a sect of Hindu philosophers who practiced nudity and asceticism and meditation
subtype: imitation.doctrine the doctrine that representations of nature or human behavior should be accurate imitations
subtype: mimesis the imitative representation of nature and human behavior in art and literature
subtype: laissez_faire__laissezfaire__individualism the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs
subtype: internationalism the doctrine that nations should cooperate because their common interests are more important than their differences
subtype: unilateralism the doctrine that nations should conduct their foreign affairs individualistically without the advice or involvement of other nations
subtype: irredentism__irridentism the doctrine that irredenta should be controlled by the country to which they are ethnically or historically related
subtype: literalism the doctrine of realistic (literal) portrayal in art or literature
subtype: majority_rule__democracy the doctrine that the numerical majority of an organized group can make decisions binding on the whole group
subtype: monism the doctrine that reality consists of a single basic substance or element
subtype: nihilism a revolutionary doctrine that advocates destruction of the social system for its own sake
subtype: passivism__pacifism the doctrine that all violence in unjustifiable
subtype: pluralism the doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or elements
subtype: populism the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite
subtype: freethinking__rationalism the doctrine that reason is the right basis for regulating conduct
subtype: humanism the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason; rejects religion and the supernatural
subtype: humanitarianism__humanism the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare
subtype: egalitarianism__equalitarianism the doctrine of the equality of mankind and the desirability of political and economic and social equality
subtype: feminism a doctrine that advocates equal rights for women
subtype: ecumenism__ecumenicism__ecumenicalism the doctrine of the ecumenical movement promoting cooperation and better understanding among different religious denominations; aimed at universal Christian unity
subtype: secessionism a doctrine that maintains the right of secession
subtype: secularism a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations
subtype: phenomenology a philosophical doctrine proposed by Edmund Husserl based on the study of human experience in which considerations of objective reality are not taken into account
subtype: philosophical_doctrine__philosophicaldoctrine__philosophical_theory__philosophicaltheory a doctrine accepted by adherents to a philosophy
subtype: aesthetic__esthetic a philosophical theory as to what is beautiful; "he despised the esthetic of minimalism"
subtype: Aristotelianism the philosophy of Aristotle that elaborates the fundamental principles of the syllogism
subtype: conceptualism the doctrine that the application of a general term to various objects indicates the existence of a mental entity that mediates the application
subtype: Confucianism the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity; high value given to learning and to devotion to family (including ancestors); peace; justice; influenced the traditional culture of China
subtype: deconstruction__deconstructionism a philosophical theory of criticism (usually of literature or film) that seeks to expose deep-seated contradictions in a work by delving below its surface meaning
subtype: empiricism__empiricist_philosophy__sensationalism the doctrine that knowledge derives from experience
subtype: experimentalism an empirical doctrine that advocates experimental principles
subtype: logical_positivism__logicalpositivism__positivism the form of empiricism that bases all knowledge on perceptual experience (not on intuition or revelation)
subtype: Comtism Auguste Comte's positivistic philosophy that metaphysics and theology should be replaced by a hierarchy of sciences from mathematics at the base to sociology at the top
subtype: existentialism__existentialist_philosophy a 20th-century philosophical movement; assumes that people are entirely free and thus responsible for what they make of themselves
subtype: determinism a philosophical doctrine holding that all events are inevitable consequences of antecedent sufficient causes; often understood as denying the possibility of free will
subtype: fatalism a philosophical doctrine holding that all events are predetermined in advance for all time and human beings are powerless to change them
subtype: formalism.philosophical_doctrine the philosophical theory that formal (logical or mathematical) statements have no meaning but that its symbols (regarded as physical entities) exhibit a form that has useful applications
subtype: idealism.philosophical_doctrine the doctrine that ideas are the only reality
subtype: intuitionism the doctrine that knowledge is acquired primarily by intuition
subtype: logicism the philosophical theory that all of mathematics can be derived from formal logic
subtype: physicalism__materialism the doctrine that matter is the only reality
subtype: dialectical_materialism__dialecticalmaterialism the materialistic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
subtype: mechanism.philosophical_doctrine the doctrine that all phenomena can be explained in terms of physical or biological causes
subtype: mentalism a doctrine that mind is the true reality and that objects exist only as aspects of the mind's awareness
subtype: nativism the philosophical doctrine that some ideas are innate
subtype: naturalism the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms without recourse to spiritual or supernatural explanations
subtype: nominalism the doctrine that the various objects labeled by the same term have nothing in common but their name
subtype: operationalism the doctrine that the meaning of a proposition consists of the operations involved in proving or applying it
subtype: Platonism__realism the philosophical doctrine that abstract concepts exist independent of their names
subtype: pragmatism the doctrine that practical consequences are the criteria of knowledge and meaning and value
subtype: probabilism the doctrine that (since certainty is unattainable) probability is a sufficient basis for belief and action
subtype: rationalism the doctrine that knowledge is acquired by reason without resort to experience
subtype: naive_realism__naiverealism__realism the philosophical doctrine that physical object continue to exist when not perceived
subtype: relativism the philosophical doctrine that all criteria of judgment are relative to the individuals and situations involved
subtype: scholasticism the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe; based on Aristotle and the Church Fathers
subtype: semiotics__semiotic a philosophical theory of the functions of signs and symbols
subtype: sensualism__sensationalism the ethical doctrine that feeling is the only criterion for what is good
subtype: solipsism the philosophical theory that the self is all that you know to exist
subtype: Stoicism the philosophical system of the Stoics following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno
subtype: subjectivism the doctrine that knowledge and value are dependent on and limited by your subjective experience
subtype: Daoism__Taoism philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events
subtype: teleology a doctrine explaining phenomena by their ends or purposes
subtype: traditionalism.philosophical_doctrine the doctrine that all knowledge was originally derived by divine revelation and that it is transmitted by traditions
subtype: vitalism a doctrine that life is a vital principle distinct from physics and chemistry
subtype: states'_rights.doctrine a doctrine that federal powers should be curtailed and returned to the individual states
subtype: nullification.states'_rights the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress
subtype: teaching__precept a doctrine that is taught; "the teaching of religion"; "he believed all the Christian precepts"
subtype: Golden_Rule a command based on Jesus' words in the Sermon on the Mount: "Whatsoever ye would that men do unto you, do you even so unto them" (Mathew 7:12)
subtype: theological_doctrine__theologicaldoctrine the doctrine of a religious group
subtype: theanthropism (theology) the doctrine that Jesus was a union of the human and the divine
subtype: predestination__foreordination__preordination__predetermination (theology) the doctrine (usually associated with Calvin) that God has foreordained every event throughout eternity (including the final salvation of mankind)
subtype: spiritualism.theological_doctrine any doctrine that asserts the separate existence of God
subtype: antinomianism the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture)
subtype: Thomism the comprehensive theological doctrine created by Saint Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century and still taught by the Dominicans
subtype: Arianism the theological doctrine taught by Arius that Christ the Son was not consubstantial with God the Father
subtype: Athanasianism the theological doctrine taught by Athanasius that Christ the Son is of the same substance as God the Father
subtype: Boehmenism__Behmenism the mystical theological doctrine of Jakob Boehme that influenced the Quakers
subtype: consubstantiation the High-Church Anglican doctrine that after the consecration of the Eucharist the substance of the body and blood of Christ coexists with the substance of the consecrated bread and wine
subtype: Episcopalianism the theological doctrine of Church government by bishops
subtype: Erastianism__Byzantinism__Caesaropapism the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters
subtype: Jansenism the Roman Catholic doctrine of Cornelis Jansen and his disciples; salvation is limited to those who are subject to supernatural determinism and the rest are assigned to perdition
subtype: millenarianism belief in the Christian doctrine of the millennium mentioned in the Book of Revelations
subtype: Quakerism the theological doctrine of the Society of Friends characterized by opposition to war and rejection of ritual and a formal creed and an ordained ministry
subtype: rationalism.theological_doctrine the theological doctrine that human reason rather than divine revelation establishes religious truth
subtype: deism__free_thought the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation
subtype: Rosicrucianism the theological doctrine that venerates the rose and the Cross as symbols of Christ's Resurrection and Redemption; claims various occult powers
subtype: synergism the theological doctrine that salvation results from the interaction of human will and divine grace
subtype: total_depravity the Calvinist doctrine that everyone is born in a state of corruption as a result of original sin
subtype: transubstantiation the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist
subtype: universalism the theological doctrine that all people will eventually be saved
subtype: Virgin_Birth__Nativity the theological doctrine that Jesus Christ had no human father; Christians believe that Jesus's birth fulfilled Old Testament prophecies and was attended by miracles; the Nativity is celebrated at Christmas
subtype: utilitarianism doctrine that the useful is the good; especially as elaborated by Jeremy Bentham and James Mill; the aim was said to be the greatest happiness for the greatest number
subtype: religious_doctrine__religiousdoctrine__church_doctrine__gospel__creed the body of teachings of a religious group that are generally accepted by that group
subtype: Nicene_Creed a formal creed summarizing Christian beliefs; first adopted in 325 and later expanded
subtype: tenet__belief__dogma a religious doctrine that is proclaimed as true without proof
subtype: article_of_faith__credendum (Christianity) any of the sections into which a creed or other statement of doctrine is divided
subtype: Immaculate_Conception the Roman Catholic doctrine that the Virgin Mary was conceived without any stain of original sin
subtype: Incarnation the Christian doctrine of the union of God and man in the person of Jesus Christ
subtype: real_presence the Christian doctrine that the body of Christ is actually present in the Eucharist
subtype: philosophy.belief any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation; "self-indulgence was his only philosophy"; "my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it"
subtype: outlook__expectation__prospect belief about (or mental picture of) the future
subtype: promise.outlook__hope grounds for feeling hopeful about the future; "there is little or no promise that he will recover"
subtype: rainbow.promise an illusory hope; "chasing rainbows"
subtype: foretaste an early limited awareness of something yet to occur
subtype: possibility a future prospect or potential; "this room has great possibilities"
subtype: anticipation.outlook__expectancy something expected (as on the basis of a norm); "each of them had their own anticipations"; "an indicator of expectancy in development"
subtype: life_expectancy an expected time to live as calculated on the basis of statistical probabilities
subtype: misgiving__apprehension painful expectation
subtype: fetichism__fetishism a belief in the magical power of fetishes (or the worship of a fetish)
subtype: meliorism the belief that the world can be made better by human effort
subtype: opinion.belief__sentiment__persuasion__view__thought a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty; "my opinion differs from yours"; "what are your thoughts on Haiti?"
subtype: idea a personal view; "he has an idea that we don't like him"
subtype: judgment.opinion__judgement__mind an opinion formed by judging something; "he was reluctant to make his judgment known"; "she changed her mind"
subtype: decision.judgment__determination__conclusion a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration: "a decision unfavorable to the opposition"; "his conclusion took the evidence into account"; "satisfied with the panel's determination"
subtype: eyes opinion or judgment; "in the eyes of the law" or "I was wrong in her eyes"
subtype: preconception__prepossession__parti_pris__preconceived_opinion__preconceived_idea__preconceived_notion an opinion formed beforehand without adequate evidence; "he did not even try to confirm his preconceptions"
subtype: pole.opinion one of two divergent or mutually exclusive opinions; "they are at opposite poles" or "they are poles apart"
subtype: political_sympathies__politics the opinion you hold with respect to political questions
subtype: autotelism belief that a work of art is an end in itself or its own justification
subtype: originalism the belief that the US Constitution should be interpreted in the way the authors originally intended it
subtype: pacifism the belief that all international disputes can be settled by arbitration
subtype: religious_belief__religiousbelief__religion__faith a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny; "he lost his faith but not his morality"
subtype: religious_cult__religiouscult__cult a system of religious beliefs and rituals
subtype: macumba a Brazilian religious cult of African origin; combines voodoo elements with singing a chanting and dancing
subtype: obeah__obi a religious belief of African origin involving witchcraft and sorcery; practiced in parts of the West Indies and tropical Americas
subtype: Rastafarianism belief in Ras Tafari (Haile Selassie of Ethiopia) as the Messiah and that Africa (especially Ethiopia) is the Promised Land
subtype: vodoun__voodoo__voodooism__hoodooism a religious cult practiced chiefly in Caribbean countries (especially Haiti); involves witchcraft and animistic deities
subtype: ecclesiasticism.religious_belief religion appropriate to a church and to ecclesiastical principles and practices
subtype: religious_mysticism__religiousmysticism__mysticism a religion based on mystical communion with an ultimate reality
subtype: quietism a form of religious mysticism requiring withdrawal from all human effort and passive contemplation of God
subtype: nature_worship a system of religion that deifies and worships natural forces and phenomena
subtype: revealed_religion a religion founded primarily on the revelations of God to humankind
subtype: theism the doctrine or belief in the existence of a God or gods
subtype: monotheism belief in a single God
subtype: Judaism the monotheistic religion of the Jews; based on the Old Testament and the Talmud
subtype: Orthodox_Judaism beliefs and practices of a Judaic sect that strictly observes Mosaic Law
subtype: Hasidism__Hassidism beliefs and practices of a sect of Orthodox Jews
subtype: Conservative_Judaism beliefs and practices of Conservative Jews
subtype: Reform_Judaism beliefs and practices of Reform Jews
subtype: Muhammadanism__Islam__Islamism__Mohammedanism__Muslimism the monotheistic religion of Muslims based on the Koran
subtype: polytheism__pantheism belief in multiple Gods
subtype: paganism__pagan_religion__paganreligion__heathenism any of various religions other than Christianity or Judaism or Islamism
subtype: Christianity__Christian_religion the system of Christian beliefs and practices
subtype: Second_Adventism__Adventism any Christian religion that believes the second coming of Christ is imminent
subtype: Seventh-Day_Adventism Adventism that is strongly Protestant and observes Saturday as the Sabbath
subtype: Catholicism__Catholicity the beliefs and practices of a Catholic Church
subtype: Romanism__Roman_Catholicism the beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church based in Rome
subtype: Eastern_Catholicism the beliefs and practices of any of the Eastern Catholic Churches based in Constantinople
subtype: Protestantism the theological system of any of the churches of Western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation
subtype: Anglicanism the faith and doctrine and practice of the Anglican Church
subtype: Anglo-Catholicism__High_Anglicanism a doctrine and practice within the Church of England emphasizing the Catholic tradition
subtype: Arminianism doctrines of Jacobus Arminius (1610) rejecting absolute predestination or strict Calvinism
subtype: Calvinism the theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone
subtype: Christian_Science religious system based on teachings of Mary Baker Eddy emphasizing spiritual healing
subtype: Lutheranism teachings of Martin Luther emphasizing the cardinal doctrine of justification by faith alone
subtype: Unitarianism Christian doctrine that stresses individual freedom of belief and rejects the Trinity
subtype: Trinitarianism Christian doctrine stressing belief in the Trinity
subtype: Congregationalism system of beliefs and church government of a Protestant denomination in which each member church is self-governing
subtype: Mennonitism system of beliefs and practices including belief in Scriptural authority; plain dress; adult baptism; foot washing; restriction of marriage to members of the group
subtype: evangelicalism stresses the importance of personal conversion and faith as the means of salvation
subtype: revivalism an attempt to reawaken the evangelical faith
subtype: fundamentalism the interpretation of every word in the Bible as literal truth
subtype: Methodism the religious beliefs and practices of Methodists characterized by concern with social welfare and public morals
subtype: Wesleyanism__Wesleyism evangelical principles taught by John Wesley
subtype: Anabaptism belief in: the primacy of the Bible; baptism of believers not infants; complete separation of church and state
subtype: Baptistic_doctrine any of various doctrines closely related to Anabaptism
subtype: Mormonism the doctrines and practices of the Mormon Church based on the Book of Mormon
subtype: pentecostalism the principles and practices of Pentecostal religious groups; characterized by religious excitement and talking in tongues
subtype: Presbyterianism the doctrines and practices of the Presbyterian Church: based in Calvinism
subtype: Puritanism.Protestantism__puritanism the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects)
subtype: Tractarianism__Puseyism principles of the founders of the Oxford movement; expounded in pamphlets called "Tracts for the Times"
subtype: Hinduism__Hindooism a complex of beliefs and values and customs including worship of many gods especially the Trimurti composed of Brahma the Creator; Vishnu the preserver; and Shiva the destroyer
subtype: Krishnaism worship of Krishna the 8th avatar of Vishnu
subtype: Shivaism__Sivaism worship of Shiva one of the 3 chief gods of the Hindu pantheon
subtype: Shaktism__Saktism worship of Shakti as the wife of Shiva
subtype: Vishnuism__Vaishnavism__Vaisnavism worship of Vishnu one of the 3 chief gods of the Hindu pantheon
subtype: Yoga a Hindu theistic philosophy; union of self and the Supreme Being is sought through a state of complete awareness and tranquillity attained by certain physical exercises
subtype: Brahmanism__Brahminism the religious beliefs of ancient India as prescribed in the sacred Vedas and Brahmanas and Upanishads
subtype: Jainism religion founded in the 6th century as a revolt against Hinduism; emphasizes asceticism and immortality and transmigration of the soul; denies existence of a perfect or supreme being
subtype: Sikhism a radically monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 16th Century
subtype: Buddhism the ethical philosophy of Buddha; emphasizes physical and spiritual discipline as a means of liberation from the physical world
subtype: Mahayana one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone; chiefly in China; Tibet; Japan
subtype: Hinayana one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing personal salvation through one's own efforts; chiefly in Sri Lanka (Ceylon); Myanmar (Burma); Thailand; Cambodia
subtype: Lamaism Tibetan Buddhist doctrine including non-Buddhist Indian elements and elements of preexisting shamanism
subtype: Zen_Buddhism__Zen doctrine that enlightenment can be attained through direct intuitive insight
subtype: Shingon a Japanese Buddhism emphasizing mystical symbolism of mantras and mudras and the Buddha's ideal which is inexpressible
subtype: Tantra__Tantrism doctrine of enlightenment as the realization of the oneness of one's self and the visible world; combines elements of Hinduism and paganism including magical and mystical elements like mantras and mudras and erotic rites; especially influential in Tibet
subtype: Hsuan_Chiao__Taoism popular Chinese philosophical system based in teachings of Lao-tzu but characterized by a pantheism of many gods and the practices of alchemy and divination and magic
subtype: Shintoism__Shinto the indigenous polytheistic religion of Japan lacking organized teachings; primarily nature and ancestor worship including a chief deity from whom the emperor is believed to be descended
subtype: Mithraism__Mithraicism ancient Persian religion; popular among Romans during first three centuries a.d.
subtype: Zoroastrianism__Mazdaism system founded in Persia in the 6th century b.c. by Zoroaster; set forth in the Zend-Avesta; based on concept of struggle between light (good) and dark (evil)
subtype: Parsiism__Parseeism Zoroastrian sect in India
subtype: shamanism an animistic religion of northern Asia having the belief that the mediation between the visible and the spirit worlds is effected by shamans
subtype: shamanism.religious_belief any animistic religion similar to Asian shamanism especially as practiced by certain Native American tribes
subtype: public_opinion__popular_opinion__popularopinion__opinion__vox_populi__voxpopuli a belief or sentiment shared by most people; the voice of the people; "he asked for a poll of public opinion"
subtype: sacerdotalism a belief that priests can act as mediators between human beings and God
subtype: spiritualism the belief that the spirits of dead people can communicate with people who are still alive (especially via a medium)
subtype: spiritual_world__unseen a belief that there is a realm controlled by a divine spirit
subtype: supernaturalism a belief in forces beyond ordinary human understanding
subtype: magic any art that invokes supernatural powers
subtype: juju the power associated with a juju
subtype: mojo a magic power or magic spell
subtype: conjuring__conjury invoking a spirit or devil
subtype: summoning__evocation calling up supposed supernatural forces by spells and incantations
subtype: sorcery__black_magic__blackmagic__black_art__blackart the belief in magical spells that harness occult forces or evil spirits to produce unnatural effects in the world
subtype: witchcraft__witchery the art of sorcery
subtype: bewitchment__enchantment a magical spell
subtype: diabolism__demonism__Satanism the worship of devils (especially Satan)
subtype: obiism belief in a kind of sorcery that originated in Africa and is practiced in the West Indies
subtype: theurgy magic performed with the help of beneficent spirits
subtype: exorcism__dispossession freeing from evil spirits
subtype: superstition__superstitious_notion__superstitiousnotion an irrational belief arising from ignorance or fear
subtype: theory.belief a belief that can guide behavior; "the architect has a theory that more is less"; "they killed him on the theory that dead men tell no tales"
subtype: hodgepodge__patchwork__jumble a theory or argument made up of miscellaneous or incongruous ideas
subtype: theosophy belief based on mystical insight into the nature of God and the soul
subtype: thought the organized beliefs of a period or group or individual; "19th century thought" or "Darwinian thought"
subtype: mainstream the prevailing current of thought; "his thinking was in the American mainstream"
subtype: totemism belief in the kinship of a group of people with a common totem
subtype: tribalism the beliefs of a tribal society
subtype: values beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something); "he has very conservatives values"
subtype: individualism a belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence
subtype: rugged_individualism individualism in social and economic affairs; belief not only in personal liberty and self-reliance but also in free competition
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