#relation an abstraction belonging to or characteristic of two entities or parts together
supertype: thing_that_can_be_seen_as_a_relation (pm) usable as relation type
subtype: social_relation a relation between living organisms (especially between people)
subtype: communication something that is communicated between people or groups
subtype: transmission communication by means of transmitted signals
subtype: imparting__conveyance__impartation the transmission of information
subtype: giving.imparting the imparting of news or promises etc.; "he gave us the news and made a great show of the giving"; "giving his word of honor seemed to come too easily"
subtype: public_exposure__dissemination__airing__circulation__spreading the opening of a subject to public discussion and debate
subtype: propagation.public_exposure__extension the spreading of something (a belief or practice) into new regions
subtype: transmission_channel__channel a path over which electrical signals can pass
subtype: channels official routes of communication; "you have to go through channels"
subtype: mass_media__media transmissions that are disseminated widely to the public
subtype: broadcast_media__broadcastmedia__broadcasting a medium that disseminates via telecommunications
subtype: electronic_communication communication by computer
subtype: digital_communication__digitalcommunication__data_communication electronic transmission of information that has been encoded digitally (as for storage and processing by computers)
subtype: asynchronous_transfer_mode__ATM a means of digital communications that is capable of very high speeds; suitable for transmission of images or voice or video as well as data; "ATM is used for both LAN and WAN"
subtype: electronic_mail__e-mail__email__email (computer science) a system of world-wide electronic communication in which a computer user can compose a message at one terminal that is generated at the recipient's terminal when he logs in
subtype: command_prompt__commandprompt__prompt (computer science) a symbol that appears on the computer screen to indicate that the computer is ready to receive a command
subtype: fiber_optics__fiberoptics__fibre_optics__fibreoptics the transmission of light signals via glass fibers
subtype: modulation (electronics) the transmission of a signal by imposing it on a carrier wave by changing the carrier's amplitude or frequency or phase
subtype: amplitude_modulation__amplitudemodulation__AM modulation of the amplitude of the (radio) carrier wave
subtype: frequency_modulation__frequencymodulation__FM modulation of the frequency of the (radio) carrier wave
subtype: phase_modulation__phasemodulation__PM modulation of the phase of the carrier wave
subtype: pulse_modulation__pulsemodulation modulation that imposes a signal on a train of pulses
subtype: pulse-time_modulation modulation of the time between successive pulses
subtype: uplink a transmission from Earth to a spacecraft or the path of such a transmission
subtype: message a communication (usually brief) that is written or spoken or signaled; "he sent a three-word message"
subtype: broadcast message that is transmitted by radio or television
subtype: radio_broadcast__radiobroadcast a broadcast via radio
subtype: simulcast a broadcast that is carried simultaneously by radio and television (or by FM and AM radio)
subtype: telecast a television broadcast
subtype: cipher__cypher a message written in a secret code
subtype: heliogram a message transmitted by means of the sun's rays
subtype: mail the bags of letters and packages that are transported by the postal service
subtype: 1st_class__1stclas__first_class__firstclas__first-class_mail__firstclassmail__1st-class_mail__1stclassmail__priority_mail mail that includes letters and postcards and packages sealed against inspection
subtype: correspondence.1st_class__correspondence communication by exchange of letters
subtype: express_mail__expressmail__express__expres mail that is distributed by a rapid and efficient system
subtype: pony_express express mail carried by relays of riders on horseback; especially between Missouri and California around 1860
subtype: parcel_post postal service that handles packages
subtype: bulk_mail mail consisting of large numbers of identical items (circulars or advertisements) sent to individual addresses at less than 1st-class rates
subtype: third-class_mail__thirdclassmail__third_class mail consisting of printed matter qualifying for reduced postal rates
subtype: junk_mail third-class mail consisting of advertising and often addressed to `resident' or `occupant'
subtype: airmail letters and packages that are transported by aircraft
subtype: air_mail__airmail mail that is sent by air transport
subtype: surface_mail__surfacemail mail that is sent by land or sea
subtype: registered_mail__registered_post mail that is registered by the post office when sent in order to assure safe delivery
subtype: special_delivery__specialdelivery mail that is delivered by a special carrier (for an additional charge)
subtype: phone_message__phonemessage__telephone_message__telephonemessage a message transmitted by telephone
subtype: radiogram a message transmitted by wireless telegraphy
subtype: dedication.message__inscription a short message (as in a book or musical work or on a photograph) dedicating it to someone or something
subtype: telegram__wire a message transmitted by telegraph
subtype: cablegram__cable__overseas_telegram a telegram sent abroad
subtype: letter_telegram__lettertelegram a cheaper form of telegram that is sent abroad for delivery the next day
subtype: night_letter__nightletter a cheaper form of telegram sent for delivery the next day
subtype: packet.message (computer science) a message or message fragment
subtype: linguistic_communication__language a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols; "he taught foreign languages"; "the language introduced is standard throughout the text"; "the speed with which a program can be executed depends on the language in which it is written"
subtype: words.linguistic_communication__word language that is spoken or written; "he has a gift for words"; "she put her thoughts into words"
subtype: source_language a language that is to be translated into another language
subtype: application-oriented_language__problem-oriented_language a language whose statements resemble terminology of the user
subtype: high-level_language a problem-oriented language requiring little knowledge of the computer on which it will be run
subtype: job-control_language__jobcontrollanguage a problem-oriented language used to describe job requirements to an operating system
subtype: command_language__commandlanguage__query_language__querylanguage__search_language a source language consisting of procedural operators that invoke functions to be executed
subtype: object_language__target_language the language into which a text written in another language is to be translated
subtype: sign_language__signing language expressed by visible hand gestures
subtype: fingerspelling an alphabet of manual signs
subtype: ASL__American_sign_language the sign language used in the United States
subtype: artificial_language a language that is deliberately created for a specific purpose
subtype: Antido an artificial language related to Ido
subtype: Arulo an artificial language intended for international use as an auxiliary language
subtype: Basic_English a simplified form of English proposed for use as an auxiliary language for international communication; devised by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards
subtype: Blaia_Zimondal an artificial language
subtype: Esperantido an artificial language based on Esperanto and Ido
subtype: Esperanto an artificial language based as far as possible on words common to all the European languages
subtype: Europan an artificial language proposed as an auxiliary European language
subtype: Idiom_Neutral an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on Volapuk but with a vocabulary selected on the basis of the maximum internationality of the roots
subtype: Interlingua an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on words common to English and the Romance language
subtype: Ido an artificial language that is a revision and simplification of Esperanto
subtype: Latinesce an artificial language based on Latin
subtype: Latino an artificial language based on words common to the Romance languages
subtype: Latino_sine_flexione Latino without inflectional morphology
subtype: Lingualumina an artificial language
subtype: Lingvo_Kosmopolita an artificial language
subtype: Monario an artificial language
subtype: Nov-Esperanto an artificial language based on Esperanto
subtype: Novial an artificial language
subtype: Nov-Latin an artificial language based on Latin
subtype: Occidental.artificial_language__occidental an artificial language
subtype: Optez an artificial language
subtype: Pasigraphy an artificial international language using characters (as mathematical symbols) instead of words to express ideas
subtype: Ro an artificial language for international use that rejects rejects all existing words and is based instead on an abstract analysis of ideas
subtype: Romanal an artificial language
subtype: Solresol an artificial language
subtype: Volapuk one of the first artificial language constructed for use as an auxiliary international language; based largely on English but with some German and French and Latin roots
subtype: programming_language__programminglanguage__programing_language (computer science) a language designed for programming computers
subtype: algorithmic_language__algorithmiclanguage an artificial language designed to express algorithms
subtype: algebraic_language__algebraiclanguage an algorithmic language having statements that resemble algebraic expressions
subtype: ALGOL ALGOrithmic Language; a programming language used to express computer programs as algorithms
subtype: FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation; high-level programing language for mathematical and scientific purposes
subtype: procedural_language
subtype: procedural_compiled_language
subtype: Java_language__Java a simple platform-independent object-oriented programming language used for writing applets that are downloaded from the World Wide Web by a client and run on the client's machine
subtype: Java_1.0
subtype: Java_2.0
subtype: COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language
subtype: C a general-purpose programing language closely associated with the UNIX operating system
subtype: Pascal a programing language designed to teach programming through a top-down modular approach
subtype: procedural_scripting_language
subtype: procedural_Web-scripting_language
subtype: Javascript
subtype: Javascript_1.0
subtype: Javascript_2.0
subtype: LISP__list-processing_language a flexible procedure-oriented programing language that manipulates symbols in the form of lists
subtype: BASIC a popular programming language that is relatively easy to learn (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code); no longer in general use
subtype: C++
subtype: ADA
subtype: assembly_language a low-level programing language; close approximation to machine language
subtype: computer_language__computer-oriented_language__machine_language__machinelanguage__machine-oriented_language a programming language designed for use on a specific class of computers
subtype: multidimensional_language a programming language whose expressions are assembled in more than one dimension
subtype: decision_table a table or matrix of all contingencies and the actions to be taken for each
subtype: flow_chart__flow_diagram a diagram of the sequence of operations in a computer program
subtype: logic_diagram__logicdiagram__logical_diagram__logicaldiagram a graphical representation of a program using formal logic
subtype: target_language__object_language a computer language into which something written in another computer language is to be translated
subtype: object-oriented_programming_language__object-oriented_programing_language (computer science) a programming language that enables the programmer to associate a set of procedures with each type of data structure; "C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is an extension of C"
subtype: Java_language__Java a simple platform-independent object-oriented programming language used for writing applets that are downloaded from the World Wide Web by a client and run on the client's machine
subtype: one-dimensional_language__onedimensionallanguage a programming language whose expressions are represented by strings of characters
subtype: stratified_language a language that cannot be used as its own metalanguage
subtype: unstratified_language a programming language that (like natural language) can be used as its own metalanguage
subtype: Prolog__logic_programing__logicprograming__logic_programming__logicprogramming a computer language designed in Europe to support natural language processing
subtype: declarative_language__declarativelanguage
subtype: rule_based_language
subtype: purely_declarative_rule_based_language rule-based language without implicit instructions, e.g., the order between the rules is not important
subtype: file_formatting_language
subtype: declarative_Web-scripting_language
subtype: style_sheet_language__stylesheetlanguage
subtype: Web-scripting_language__language_interpreted_by_Web_browsers
subtype: procedural_Web-scripting_language
subtype: declarative_Web-scripting_language
subtype: pidgin an artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages
subtype: Chinook_Jargon__Oregon_Jargon a pidgin incorporating Chinook and French and English words; formerly used as a lingua franca in northwestern North America
subtype: metalanguage a language that can be used to describe languages
subtype: syntax_language__syntaxlanguage a language used to describe the syntax of another language
subtype: natural_language__naturallanguage__tongue a human written or spoken language used by a community; opposed to e.g. a computer language
subtype: interlanguage__interlingua a language used for international communication
subtype: lingua_franca__koine a common language used by speakers of different languages
subtype: mother_tongue__maternal_language__first_language__firstlanguage one's native language; the language learned by children and passed from one generation to the next
subtype: tone_language__tonal_language__tonallanguage a language in which different tones distinguish different meanings
subtype: contour_language__contourlanguage a tone language that uses pitch changes
subtype: register_language a tone language that uses different voice registers
subtype: creole a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages
subtype: Amerind__Amerindian_language__American-Indian_language__American_Indian__Indian any of the languages spoken by Amerindians
subtype: Algonquian_language__Algonquian__Algonquin family of North American Indian languages spoken from Labrador to South Carolina and west to the Great Plains
subtype: Abnaki the Algonquian language spoken by the Abnaki and Penobscot peoples
subtype: Algonkian__Algonkin the Algonquian language spoken by the Algonkian people
subtype: Arapaho__Arapahoe the Algonquian language spoken by the Arapaho people
subtype: Blackfoot any of the Algonquian languages spoken by the Blackfoot people
subtype: Cheyenne the Algonquian language spoken by the Cheyenne people
subtype: Cree the Algonquian language spoken by the Cree people
subtype: Delaware.Algonquian_language__delaware the Algonquian language spoken by the Delaware people
subtype: Fox the Algonquian language of the Fox people
subtype: Illinois.Algonquian_language__illinoi the Algonquian language of the Illinois and Miami peoples
subtype: Kickapoo the Algonquian language of the Kickapoo people
subtype: Maleseet__Malecite the Algonquian language of the Malecite and Passamaquody peoples
subtype: Massachuset__Massachusetts the Algonquian language of the Massachuset people
subtype: Menomini the Algonquian language spoken by the Menomini people
subtype: Micmac the Algonquian language of the Micmac people
subtype: Mohican__Mahican the Algonquian language spoken by the Mohican people
subtype: Nanticoke the Algonquian language spoken by the Nanticoke and Conoy people
subtype: Ojibwa__Ojibway__Chippewa the Algonquian language spoken by the Ojibwa people
subtype: Pamlico the Algonquian language of the Pamlico people
subtype: Potawatomi the Algonquian language spoken by the Potawatomi people
subtype: Powhatan the Algonquian language of the Powhatan people
subtype: Shawnee the Algonquian language spoken by the Shawnee people
subtype: Atakapan__Atakapa__Attacapa__Attacapan a language spoken by the Atakapa people of the Gulf coast of Louisiana and Texas
subtype: Athapaskan_language__Athapaskan__Athapascan__Athabaskan__Athabascan a group of Amerindian languages (the name coined by an American anthropologist, Edward Sapir)
subtype: Apache.Athapaskan_language__apache the language of the Apache people
subtype: Chiricahua_Apache an Apache language
subtype: San_Carlos_Apache an Apache language
subtype: Navaho__Navajo the Athapaskan language spoken by the Navaho people
subtype: Hupa the Athapaskan language spoken by the Hupa people
subtype: Mattole the Athapaskan language spoken by the Mattole people
subtype: Chippewyan__Chipewyan__Chippewaian the language spoken by the Chipewyan people
subtype: Muskhogean_language__Muskhogean__Muskogean__Muskogean_language a family of North American Indian languages spoken in the southeastern United States
subtype: Alabama.Muskhogean_language__alabama the Muskhogean language of the Alabama people
subtype: Chickasaw the Muskhogean language of the Chickasaw people
subtype: Chahta__Choctaw the Muskhogean language of the Choctaw people
subtype: Hitchiti the Muskhogean language spoken by the Hitchiti people
subtype: Koasati the Muskhogean language spoken by the Koasati people
subtype: Muskogee the Muskhogean language spoken by the Muskogee people
subtype: Seminole the Muskhogean language of the Seminole people
subtype: Na-Dene a family of North American Indian languages
subtype: Haida the Na-Dene language of the Haida people
subtype: Tlingit the Na-Dene language spoken by the Tlingit people
subtype: Mosan a family of Amerindian languages spoken in Washington and British Columbia
subtype: Chemakuan a group of Mosan languages spoken in Washington
subtype: Chemakum a Chemakuan language spoken by the Chemakum people
subtype: Salishan__Salish a family of Mosan language spoken in northwestern United States and western Canada
subtype: Skagit a Salishan dialect spoken by the Skagit people
subtype: Wakashan_language__Wakashan a family of North American Indian languages of British Columbia and Washington
subtype: Kwakiutl a Wakashan language spoken by the Kwakiutl people
subtype: Nootka a Wakashan language spoken by the Nootka people
subtype: Caddoan__Caddo__Caddoan_language a family of North American Indian languages spoken widely in the midwest by Caddo peoples
subtype: Arikara__Aricara the Caddoan language spoken by the Arikara people
subtype: Pawnee the Caddoan language spoken by the Pawnee people
subtype: Wichita the Caddoan language spoken by the Wichita people
subtype: Iroquoian_language__Iroquoian__Iroquois a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Iroquois peoples
subtype: Cherokee the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people
subtype: Cayuga the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cayuga people
subtype: Mohawk the Iroquoian language spoken by the Mohawk people
subtype: Seneca the Iroquoian language spoken by the Seneca people
subtype: Oneida the Iroquoian language spoken by the Oneida people
subtype: Onondaga the Iroquoian language spoken by the Onondaga people
subtype: Tuscarora the Iroquoian language spoken by the Tuscarora people
subtype: Quechuan__Quechua__Quechuan_language__Kechua__Kechuan the language of the Quechua which was spoken by the Incas
subtype: Maracan_language__Maraco the language spoken by the Maraco people
subtype: Tupi-Guarani_language__Tupi-Guarani a family of South American Indian languages
subtype: Guarani the language spoken by the Guarani people of Paraguay and Bolivia
subtype: Tupi the language spoken by the Tupi people of Brazil and Paraguay
subtype: Arawak__Arawakan a family of South American Indian languages spoken in northeastern South America
subtype: Carib__Caribbean_language the family of languages spoken by the Carib people
subtype: Uto-Aztecan_language__Uto-Aztecan a family of American Indian languages
subtype: Shoshonean_language__Shoshonean__Shoshonian__Shoshonian_language a subfamily of Uto-Aztecan languages spoken mainly in the southwestern United States
subtype: Shoshone the language spoken by the Shoshone people (belonging to the Uto-Aztecan family)
subtype: Comanche the Shoshonean language spoken by the Comanche people
subtype: Hopi the Shoshonean language spoken by the Hopi people
subtype: Paiute the Shoshonean language spoken by the Paiute people
subtype: Ute the Shoshonean language spoken by the Ute people
subtype: Pima the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Pima people
subtype: Aztecan the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Aztec people
subtype: Nahuatl the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Nahuatl people
subtype: Cahita the Uto-Aztecan language of the Cahita people
subtype: Tatahumara the Uto-Aztecan language of the Tatahumara people
subtype: Mayan_language__Maya__Mayan a family of American Indian languages spoken by Mayan peoples
subtype: Kekchi a Mayan language spoken by the Kekchi people
subtype: Mam a Mayan language spoken by the Mam people
subtype: Yucatec__Yucateco a Mayan language spoken by the Yucatec people
subtype: Quiche the Mayan language spoken by the Quiche people
subtype: Cakchiquel the Mayan language spoken by the Cakchiquel people
subtype: Siouan_language__Siouan a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Sioux
subtype: Biloxi the Siouan language spoken by the Biloxi people
subtype: Catawba the Siouan language spoken by the Catawba people
subtype: Chiwere the Siouan language spoken by the Iowa and Oto and Missouri people
subtype: Iowa.Chiwere__iowa__Ioway a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Iowa people
subtype: Missouri.Chiwere__missouri a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Missouri people
subtype: Oto__oto__Otoe a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Oto people
subtype: Crow a Siouan language spoken by the Crow people
subtype: Dakota the Siouan language spoken by the Dakota people
subtype: Dhegiha a branch of the Siouan languages
subtype: Kansa__Kansas the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Kansa people
subtype: Omaha the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Omaha people
subtype: Osage the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Osage people
subtype: Ponca__Ponka the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Ponca people
subtype: Quapaw the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Quapaw people
subtype: Hidatsa__Gros_Ventre a Siouan language spoken by the Hidatsa people
subtype: Hunkpapa a Siouan language spoken by the Hunkpapa people
subtype: Ofo a Siouan language spoken by the Ofo people
subtype: Oglala__Ogalala a Siouan language spoken by the Oglala people
subtype: Santee the Siouan language spoken by the Santee people
subtype: Tutelo the Siouan language spoken by the Tutelo people
subtype: Winnebago the Siouan language spoken by the Winnebago people
subtype: Tanoan_language__Tanoan a family of North American Indian language spoken in southwestern United States
subtype: Kiowa the Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa people
subtype: Hoka__Hokan a family of Amerindian languages spoken in California
subtype: Chimariko the Hokan language spoken by the Chimariko people
subtype: Esselen the Hokan language spoken by the Esselen people
subtype: Kulanapan a group of languages of the Hokan family
subtype: Pomo the Kulanapan language spoken by the Pomo
subtype: Quoratean a group of languages of the Hokan family
subtype: Karok the Quoratean language of the Karok people
subtype: Shastan a group of languages of the Hokan family in California
subtype: Achomawi the Shastan language spoken by the Achomawi people
subtype: Atsugewi the Shastan language spoken by the Atsugewi people
subtype: Shasta the Shastan language spoken by the Shasta people
subtype: Yuman a group of language of the Hokan family in Arizona and California and Mexico
subtype: Akwa'ala the Yuman language spoken by the Akwa'ala people
subtype: Cochimi the Yuman language spoken by the Cochimi people
subtype: Cocopa__Cocopah the Yuman language spoken by the Cocopa people
subtype: Diegueno the Yuman language spoken by the Diegueno people
subtype: Havasupai the Yuman language spoken by the Havasupai people
subtype: Kamia the Yuman language spoken by the Kamia people
subtype: Kiliwa__Kiliwi the Yuman language spoken by the Kiliwa people
subtype: Maricopa the Yuman language spoken by the Maricopa and the Halchidhoma peoples
subtype: Mohave__Mojave the Yuman language spoken by the Mohave people
subtype: Walapai__Hualapai__Hualpai the Yuman language spoken by the Walapai people
subtype: Yavapai the Yuman language spoken by the Yavapai people
subtype: Yuma the Yuman language spoken by the Yuma people
subtype: Yanan a language group of the Hokan family
subtype: Yahi the Yanan language spoken by the Yahi people
subtype: Yana the Yanan language spoken by the Yana people
subtype: Penutian a family of Amerindian language spoken in the great interior valley of California
subtype: Copehan a group of Penutian languages spoken to the west of the Sacramento river
subtype: Patwin a Copehan language spoken by the Patwin people
subtype: Wintun a Copehan language spoken by the Wintun people
subtype: Costanoan a Penutian language spoken by the Costanoan people
subtype: Mariposan__Yokuts a Penutian language spoken by the Yokuts people in the San Joaquin valley
subtype: Moquelumnan__Miwok a Penutian language spoken by the Miwok people
subtype: Pujunan__Maidu a Penutian language spoken by the Maidu people
subtype: Chinookan__Chinook a Penutian language spoken by the Chinook people
subtype: Kalapooian__Kalapuyan a Penutian language spoken by the Kalapuya people
subtype: Kusan a Penutian language spoken by the Kusan people
subtype: Shahaptian__Sahaptin a Penutian language spoken by the Shahaptian people
subtype: Nez_Perce the Shahaptian language spoken by the Nez Perce people
subtype: Takilman__Takelma a Penutian language spoken by the Takelma people
subtype: Tsimshian a Penutian language spoken by the Tsimshian people
subtype: Eskimo-Aleut_language__Eskimo-Aleut the family of languages that includes Eskimo and Aleut
subtype: Eskimo__Esquimau the language spoken by the Eskimo people
subtype: Aleut the language spoken by the Aleut people
subtype: Sino-Tibetan_language__Sino-Tibetan the family of tonal languages spoken in eastern Asia (in China and Tibet and Burma and Thai)
subtype: Sinitic_language__Sinitic a group of Sino-Tibetan languages
subtype: Chinese any of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in China (regarded as dialects of a single language (even though they are mutually unintelligible) because they share an ideographic writing system)
subtype: Mandarin_Chinese__Mandarin__Mandarin_dialect__Beijing_dialect the dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of China
subtype: Wu_dialect__Wu__Shanghai_dialect a dialect of Chinese spoken in the Yangtze delta
subtype: Yue_dialect__Yue__Cantonese__Cantonese_dialect the dialect of Chinese spoken in Canton and neighboring provinces and in Hong Kong and elsewhere outside China
subtype: Min_dialect__Min__Fukien__Fukkianese__Hokkianese__Amoy__Taiwanese any of the forms of Chinese spoken in Fukien province
subtype: Hakka_dialect__Hakka a dialect of Chinese spoken in southeastern China; this form of Chinese is not well known outside China because few of the Hakka people have migrated
subtype: Tibeto-Burman_language__Tibeto-Burman a branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages spoken from Tibet to the Malay peninsula
subtype: Qiang__Qiangic the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Sichuan
subtype: Bai__Baic the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Dali region of Yunnan
subtype: Himalayish the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Tibet and Nepal and Bhutan and Sikkim
subtype: Tibetan Himalayish language spoken in Tibet
subtype: Newari Himalayish language spoken in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal
subtype: Kamarupan the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northeastern India and adjacent regions of western Burma
subtype: Kuki-Chin__Kuki__Chin Kamarupan languages spoken in western Burma and Bangladesh and easternmost India
subtype: Naga Kamarupan languages spoken in northeastern India and western Burma
subtype: Mikir-Meithei Kamarupan languages spoken in the states of Manipur and Assam in northeastern India
subtype: Bodo-Garo__Barish Kamarupan languages spoken in the state of Assam in northeastern India
subtype: Miri__Mirish__Abor__Dafla little known Kamarupan languages
subtype: Karen__Karenic the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Thailand and Burmese borderlands
subtype: Lolo-Burmese__Burmese-Yi the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northern Burma and Yunnan
subtype: Burmese the official language of Burma
subtype: Loloish languages spoken by hill tribes in northern Burma and neighboring areas
subtype: Lisu a Loloish language
subtype: Hani__Akha a Loloish language
subtype: Lahu a Loloish language
subtype: Lolo__Yi a Loloish language
subtype: Kachin__Kachinic Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in northernmost Burma and adjacent China and India
subtype: Jinghpo__Jinghpaw__Chingpo a Kachinic language
subtype: Kadai_language__Kadai__Kam-Tai a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in southeastern Asia
subtype: Kam-Sui a group of Kadai languages
subtype: Tai the most widespread and best known of the Kadai family of languages
subtype: White_Tai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Red_Tai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tai_Dam__Black_Tai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tai_Nuea__Chinese_Shan__Dehong_Dai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tai_Long__Shan a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tai_Lue__Xishuangbanna_Dai__xishuangbannadai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tai_Yuan__Kam_Muang a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Khuen a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Lao the Tai language of a Buddhist people living in the area of the Mekong River in Thailand and Laos
subtype: Khamti a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Southern_Tai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tay a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Nung a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tho a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Central_Thai__Thai__Siamese a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Bouyei__Buyi a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Zhuang a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Yay a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Saek a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Austro-Asiatic__Munda-Mon-Khmer a family of languages spoken in southn and southeastern Asia
subtype: Munda a family of languages spoken by people scattered throughout central India
subtype: Mon-Khmer a branch of the Austro-Asiatic languages
subtype: Annamite__Vietnamese__Annamese the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Vietnam
subtype: Khmer the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Cambodia
subtype: Austronesian_language__Austronesian the family of languages spoken in Australia and Formosa and Malaysia and Polynesia
subtype: Malayo-Polynesian the branch of the Austronesian languages spoken from Madagascar to the central Pacific
subtype: Oceanic__Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian an eastern subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages
subtype: Tahitian the Oceanic language spoken on Tahiti
subtype: Maori the Oceanic language spoken by the Maori people in New Zealand
subtype: Hawaiian the Oceanic languages spoken on Hawaii
subtype: Fijian the Oceanic language spoken on Fiji
subtype: Western_Malayo-Polynesian a western subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages
subtype: Malay a western subfamily of Western Malayo-Polynesian languages
subtype: Bahasa_Malaysia__Malaysian__Bahasa_Melayu__Bahasa_Kebangsaan the Malay language spoken in Malaysia
subtype: Bahasa_Indonesia__Indonesian__Bahasa the dialect of Malay used as the national language of the Republic of Indonesia or of Malaysia
subtype: Javanese the Indonesian language spoken on Java
subtype: Sundanese the Indonesian language spoken in the Lesser Sunda Islands
subtype: Balinese the Indonesian language of the people of Bali
subtype: Philippine__Filipino official language of the Philippines; based on Tagalog; draws its lexicon from other Philippine languages
subtype: Tagalog language of the Tagalog people on which Filipino is based
subtype: Cebuano__Cebuan language of the people of Cebu in the Philippines; its lexicon contributes to the official language of the Philippines
subtype: Aboriginal_Australian__Australian the Austronesian languages spoken by Australian aborigines
subtype: Dyirbal__Jirrbal a language of Australian aborigines
subtype: Walbiri__Warlpiri a language of Australian aborigines
subtype: Formosan the Austronesian languages spoken on Formosa
subtype: Tayalic__Atayalic a language spoken by a Malaysian people on Formosa
subtype: Tsouic a Formosan language
subtype: Paiwanic a Formosan language
subtype: Papuan_language__Papuan any of the indigenous languages spoken in Papua New Guinea or New Britain or the Solomon Islands that are not Malayo-Polynesian languages
subtype: Khoisan_language__Khoisan a family of languages spoken in southern Africa
subtype: Khoikhoin__Khoikhoi__Hottentot any of the Khoisan languages spoken by the pastoral people of Namibia and South Africa
subtype: Indo-European_language__Indo-European__Indo-Hittite the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia
subtype: Proto-Indo_European__PIE a prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Indo-European languages
subtype: Albanian the Indo-European language spoken by the people of Albania
subtype: Gheg_dialect__Gheg the dialect of Albanian spoken in northern Albania and Yugoslavia
subtype: Tosk_dialect__Tosk the dialect of Albanian spoken in southern Albania and in areas of Greece and Italy
subtype: Armenian_language__Armenian the Indo-European language spoken predominantly in Armenia
subtype: Illyrian a minor and almost extinct branch of the Indo-European languages; spoken along the Dalmatian coast
subtype: Thraco-Phrygian an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family thought by some to be related to Armenian
subtype: Thracian a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient people of Thrace but extinct by the early Middle Ages
subtype: Phrygian a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Phrygia and now extinct--preserved only in a few inscriptions
subtype: Balto-Slavic_language__Balto-Slavic__Balto-Slavonic a family of Indo-European languages including the Slavic and Baltic languages
subtype: Slavic_language__Slavic__Slavonic__Slavonic_language a branch of the Indo European family of language
subtype: Old_Church_Slavonic__Old_Church_Slavic__Church_Slavic__Old_Bulgarian the Slavic language into which the Bible was translated in the 9th Century
subtype: Russian.Slavic_language__russian the Slavic language that is the official language of Russia
subtype: Belarusian__Byelorussian the Slavic language spoken in Belarus
subtype: Ukrainian the Slavic language spoken in the Ukraine
subtype: Polish the Slavic language of Poland
subtype: Slovak the Slavic language spoken in Slovakia
subtype: Czech the Slavic language of the Czech people
subtype: Slovene the Slavic language of the Slovene people
subtype: Serbo-Croat__Serbo-Croatian the Slavic language of the Serbs and Croats; the Serbian dialect is usually written in the Cyrillic alphabet and the Croatian dialect is usually written in the Roman alphabet
subtype: Lusatian__Sorbian aa slavonic language spoken in rural area of southeastern Germany
subtype: Macedonian.Slavic_language__macedonian the Slavic language of modern Macedonia
subtype: Bulgarian a Slavic language spoken in Bulgaria
subtype: Baltic_language__Baltic a branch of the Indo-European family of languages related to the Slavonic languages; Baltic languages have preserved many archaic features that are believed to have existed in Proto-Indo European
subtype: Old_Prussian a dead language of the non-German Prussians (extinct after 1700); thought to belong to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
subtype: Lithuanian the official language of Lithuania; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo European
subtype: Lettish__Latvian the official language of Latvia; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
subtype: Germanic_language__Germanic a branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken currently fall into two major groups: Scandinavian and West Germanic
subtype: West_Germanic_language__West_Germanic a branch of the Germanic languages
subtype: English_language__English an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the US and most of the Commonwealth countries
subtype: American_English__American_language__American the English language as used in the United States
subtype: Black_English_Vernacular__Black_English__Ebonics a nonstandard form of American English spoken by some American Black people
subtype: cockney the nonstandard dialect of natives of the east end of London
subtype: King's_English standard southern British English
subtype: Middle_English English from about 1100 to 1450
subtype: East_Midland the dialect of Middle English that replaced West Saxon as the literary language and which developed into Modern English
subtype: West_Midland a dialect of Middle English
subtype: Northern a dialect of Middle English that developed into Scottish Lallans
subtype: Kentish a dialect of Middle English
subtype: Southwestern__West_Saxon a dialect of Middle English
subtype: Modern_English English since about 1450
subtype: Old_English__Anglo-Saxon English prior to about 1100
subtype: West_Saxon a literary dialect of Old English
subtype: Anglian one of the major dialects of Old English
subtype: Jutish__Kentish one of the major dialects of Old English
subtype: Oxford_English the dialect of English spoken at Oxford University and regarded by many as affected and pretentious
subtype: Scottish__Scots__Scots_English the dialect of English used in Scotland
subtype: Scottish_Lallans__Lallans a dialect of English spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland
subtype: German_language__German__High_German the standard German language; developed historically from West Germanic
subtype: Old_High_German High German prior to 1200
subtype: Middle_High_German High German from 1100 to 1500
subtype: Yiddish a dialect of High German including some Hebrew and other words; spoken as a vernacular by European Jews
subtype: Pennsylvania_Dutch a dialect of High German spoken in parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland
subtype: Low_German__Plattdeutsch a German dialect spoken in northern Germany
subtype: Old_Saxon Low German prior to 1200
subtype: Middle_Low_German Low German from 1100 to 1500
subtype: Dutch the West Germanic language of the Netherlands
subtype: Flemish_dialect__Flemish one of two official languages of Belgium; closely related to Dutch
subtype: Afrikaans__Taal__the_Taal__South_African_Dutch an official language of the Republic of South Africa; closely related to Dutch and Flemish
subtype: Frisian a West Germanic language spoken in the northwestern Netherlands; a near relative of English
subtype: Old_Frisian the Frisian language until the 16th century
subtype: Proto-Norse the Germanic language of Scandinavia up until about 700
subtype: Old_Norse the extinct Germanic language of medieval Scandinavia and Iceland from about to 700 to 1350
subtype: Old_Icelandic__oldicelandic the extinct dialect of Old Norse that was spoken in Iceland up until about 1600
subtype: Scandinavian_language__Scandinavian__Nordic__Norse__North_Germanic__North_Germanic_language the northern family of Germanic languages that are spoken in Scandinavia and Iceland
subtype: Danish a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark
subtype: Icelandic a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland
subtype: Norwegian a Scandinavian language that is spoken in Norway
subtype: Bokmal__Dano-Norwegian__Riksmal one of two official languages of Norway; closely related to Danish
subtype: New_Norwegian__Landsmal__Nynorsk one of two official languages of Norway; based on rural dialects
subtype: Swedish a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Sweden and one of two official languages of Finland
subtype: Faroese__Faeroese a Scandinavian language (closely related to Icelandic) that is spoken on the Faroe Islands
subtype: East_Germanic_language__East_Germanic an extinct branch of the Germanic languages
subtype: Gothic extinct East Germanic language of the ancient Goths; the only surviving record being fragments of a 4th-century translation of the Bible by Bishop Ulfilas
subtype: Celtic_language__Celtic a branch of the Indo-European languages that (judging from inscriptions and place names) was spread widely over Europe in the pre-Christian era
subtype: Gaelic__Goidelic__Erse any of several related languages of the Celts in Ireland and Scotland
subtype: Irish_Gaelic__Irish the Celtic language of Ireland
subtype: Old_Irish Irish Gaelic up to about 1100
subtype: Middle_Irish Irish Gaelic from 1100 to 1500
subtype: Scottish_Gaelic__Scots_Gaelic the Gaelic language of Scotland
subtype: Manx the Gaelic language formerly spoken on the Isle of Man
subtype: Brythonic__Brittanic a southern group of Celtic languages
subtype: Welsh a Celtic language of Wales
subtype: Cornish.Brythonic__cornish a Celtic language formerly spoken in Cornwall
subtype: Breton a Celtic language of Brittany
subtype: Italic_language__Italic a branch of the Indo-European languages of which Latin is the chief representative
subtype: Osco-Umbrian a group of dead languages of ancient Italy; they were displace by Latin
subtype: Umbrian an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
subtype: Oscan an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
subtype: Sabellian an extinct Osco-Umbrian language of ancient Italy that survives only in a few inscriptions
subtype: Latin any dialect of the language of ancient Rome
subtype: Old_Latin the oldest recorded Latin (dating back at early as the 6th century B.C.)
subtype: classical_Latin the language of educated people in ancient Rome; "Latin is a language as dead as dead can be. It killed the ancient Romans--and now it's killing me"
subtype: Low_Latin any dialect of Latin other than the classical
subtype: Vulgar_Latin nonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire; source of Romance languages
subtype: Medieval_Latin Latin used for liturgical purposes during the Middle Ages
subtype: Late_Latin__Biblical_Latin the form of Latin written between the 3rd and 8th centuries
subtype: Neo-Latin__New_Latin Latin since the Renaissance; used for scientific nomenclature
subtype: Romance_language__Romance__romance__Latinian_language the group of languages derived from Latin
subtype: bodice_ripper a romantic novel containing scenes in which the heroine is sexually violated
subtype: Italian.Romance_language__italian the Romance language spoken in Italy
subtype: Old_Italian the Italian language up to the middle of the 16th century
subtype: Tuscan a dialect of Italian spoken in Tuscany (especially Florence)
subtype: French the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France
subtype: Langue_d'oil_French__Langue_d'oil medieval provincial dialects of French spoken in central and northern France
subtype: Langue_d'oc_French__Langue_d'oc medieval provincial dialects of French formerly spoken in the south of France
subtype: Provencal__Occitan__occitan the medieval dialects of Langue d'oc
subtype: Old_French the earliest form of the French language; 9th to 15th century
subtype: Norman-French__Old_North_French the medieval Norman dialect of Old French
subtype: Anglo-French__Anglo-Norman the French (Norman) language used in medieval England
subtype: Canadian_French__canadianfrench the French language as spoken in Quebec, Canada
subtype: Walloon dialect of French spoken in Belgium and adjacent parts of France
subtype: Portuguese the Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil
subtype: Galician the dialect of Portuguese (sometimes regarded as a dialect of Spanish) spoken in Galicia northwestern Spain
subtype: Spanish the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain
subtype: Mexican_Spanish the dialect of Spanish spoken in Mexico
subtype: Catalan the Romance language spoken in Catalonia in eastern Spain (related to Spanish and Occitan)
subtype: Rumanian an eastern Romance language spoken in Rumania
subtype: Tocharian a branch of the Indo-European language family that originated in central Asia during the first millennium A.D.
subtype: Turfan_dialect__Turfan__East_Tocharian a dialect of Tocharian
subtype: Kuchean_dialect__Kuchean__West_Tocharian a dialect of Tocharian
subtype: Indo-Iranian_language__Indo-Iranian the branch of the Indo-European family of languages including the Indic and Iranian language groups
subtype: Indic__Indo-Aryan a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages
subtype: Sanskrit__Sanskritic_language an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism); an official language of India although it is now used only for religious purposes
subtype: Sindhi the Indic language of the Sindhi people
subtype: Romany__Gypsy the Indic language of the Gypsies
subtype: Urdu the official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi; widely used in India (mostly by Moslems); written in Arabic script
subtype: Hindi the most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars; spoken mostly in the north of India; along with English it is the official language of India; usually written in Devanagari script
subtype: Hindoostani__Hindustani__Hindostani a form of Hindi spoken around Delhi
subtype: Bihari the Indic language spoken in Bihar (and by some people in Pakistan and Bangladesh)
subtype: Magadhan a subfamily of Indic languages
subtype: Asamiya__Assamese the Magadhan language spoken by the Assamese people; closely related to Bengali
subtype: Bengali a Magadhan language spoken by the Bengali people; the official language of Bangladesh and West Bengal
subtype: Oriya a Magadhan language that is spoken by the Oriya people and is the official language of the Indian state of Orissa
subtype: Marathi__Mahratti an Indic language; the state language of Maharashtra in west central India; written in the Devanagari script
subtype: Gujarati__Gujerati the Indic language spoken by the people of India who live in Gujarat in western India
subtype: Punjabi__Panjabi the Indic language spoken by most people in Punjab in northwestern India
subtype: Sinhala__Sinhalese__Singhalese the Indic language spoken by the people of Sri Lanka
subtype: Dard__Dardic__Dardic_language any of a group of Indic languages spoken in Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan
subtype: Shina a Dardic language spoken in northern Kashmir
subtype: Khowar a Dardic language spoken in northwestern Pakistan
subtype: Kafiri a Dardic language spoken by the Kafir people in northeastern Afghanistan
subtype: Kashmiri the official state language of Kashmir
subtype: Nepali the official state language of Nepal
subtype: Iranian_language__Iranian the modern Persian language spoken in Iran
subtype: Zend__Avestan an ancient Iranian language
subtype: Gathic an ancient Iranian language
subtype: Persian__Farsi the language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms
subtype: Dari_Persian__Dari an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan
subtype: Tajiki an Iranian language spoken in Iran and Russia
subtype: Kurdish an Iranian language spoken in Turkey and Iran and Iraq and Syria and Russia
subtype: Balochi__Baluchi an Iranian language spoken in Pakistan and Iran and Afghanistan and Russia and the Persian gulf
subtype: Paxto__Pashto__Afghani__Afghan an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan
subtype: Ossete a northeastern Iranian language spoken in Russia
subtype: Scythian the Iranian language spoken by the ancient Scythians
subtype: Anatolian_language__Anatolian an extinct branch of the Indo-European family of languages known from inscriptions and important in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo European
subtype: Hittite the principal language of the Anatolian group
subtype: Lycian an Anatolian language
subtype: Luwian__Luvian an Anatolian language
subtype: Lydian an Anatolian language
subtype: Palaic an Anatolian language
subtype: Hellenic__Greek__Hellenic_language the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages
subtype: Modern_Greek the Greek language as spoken and written today
subtype: Romaic__Demotic the modern Greek vernacular
subtype: Katharevusa literary style of Modern Greek containing features borrowed from Koine
subtype: Late_Greek the Greek language in the 3rd to 8th centuries
subtype: Medieval_Greek__Middle_Greek__Byzantine_Greek the Greek language from about 600 to 1200 AD
subtype: Koine a Greek dialect that flourished under the Roman Empire
subtype: Ancient_Greek the Greek language prior to the Roman Empire
subtype: Attic__Classical_Greek the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken and written in Attica and Athens
subtype: Aeolic__Eolic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Thessaly and Boeotia and Aeolis
subtype: Arcadic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken by Arcadians
subtype: Doric the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in the Peloponnesus
subtype: Ionic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Ionia
subtype: Ural-Altaic a (postulated) group of languages including many of the indigenous languages of Russia (but not Russian)
subtype: Altaic_language__Altaic a group of related languages spoken in Asia and southeastern Europe
subtype: Turkic__Turki__Turko-Tatar__Turkic_language a subfamily of Altaic languages
subtype: Turkish a Turkic language spoken by the Turks
subtype: Turkmen__Turkoman__Turcoman the Turkic language spoken by the Turkoman people
subtype: Azerbaijani the Turkic language spoken by the Azerbaijani people
subtype: Kazak__Kazakh the Turkic language spoken by the Kazak people
subtype: Tatar the Turkic language spoken by the Tatar people living from the Volga to the Ural Mountains
subtype: Uzbek__Uzbeg__Uzbak__Usbek__Usbeg the Turkic language spoken by the Uzbek people
subtype: Uigur__Uighur the Turkic language spoken by the Uigur people
subtype: Yakut the Turkic language spoken by the Yakut people
subtype: Kirghiz__Kirgiz__Khirghiz the Turkic language spoken by the Kirghiz people
subtype: Karakalpak the Turkic language spoken by the Karakalpak people
subtype: Chuvash the Turkic language spoken by the Chuvash people
subtype: Chagatai__Jagatai__Jaghatai__Eastern_Turki a literary language of Chinese Turkestan (named for one of the sons of Genghis Khan)
subtype: Tungusic_language__Tungusic a family of Altaic languages spoken in Mongolia and neighboring areas
subtype: Tunguz__Tungus__Evenki__Ewenki the Tungusic language of the Evenki people in eastern Siberia
subtype: Manchu the Tungusic language spoken by the Manchu people
subtype: Mongolian__Mongolic__Mongolic_language a family of Altaic language spoken in Mongolia
subtype: Khalkha__Khalka__Kalka the language of the Khalkha people that is the official language of the Mongolian People's Republic
subtype: Korean.Altaic_language__korean the Altaic language spoken by the Korean people
subtype: Japanese the language (usually considered to be Altaic) spoken by the Japanese people
subtype: Ryukyuan the language (related to Japanese) that is spoken by the people of the Ryukyu Islands
subtype: Uralic_language__Uralic a family of Ural-Altaic languages
subtype: Finno-Ugric__Finno-Ugrian a family of Uralic languages indigenous to Scandinavia and Hungary and Russia and western Siberia (prior to the Slavic expansion into those regions)
subtype: Fennic__Finnic__Non-Ugric one of two branches of the Finno-Ugric languages; a family of languages including Finnish and Estonian (but not Hungarian)
subtype: Permic a group of Finnic languages spoken in the northwest Urals
subtype: Udmurt__Votyak the Finnic language spoken by the Votyak people
subtype: Zyrian__Komi the Finnic language spoken by the Komi people
subtype: Volgaic a group of Finnic languages spoken around the Volga river
subtype: Cheremis__Cheremiss__Mari the Finnic language spoken by the Cheremis people
subtype: Mordva__Mordvin__Mordvinian the Finnic language spoken by the Mordvin people
subtype: Baltic-Finnic a group of Finnic languages including Finnish and Estonian
subtype: Livonian the Finnic language spoken by the people of Livonia in Estonia and Latvia
subtype: Estonian__Esthonian the official language of Estonia; belongs to the Baltic-Finnic family of languages
subtype: Karelian__Carelian a Finnic language spoken by the people of Karelia
subtype: Ludian a Baltic-Finnic language
subtype: Finnish__Suomi the official language of Finland; belongs to the Baltic Finnic family of languages
subtype: Veps__Vepse__Vepsian a Finnic language spoken by the Veps people
subtype: Ingrian a Finnic language spoken by the Ingrian people
subtype: Ugric__Ugrian one of the two branches of the Finno-Ugric family of languages; spoken in Hungary and northwestern Siberia
subtype: Hungarian__Magyar the official language of Hungary (also spoken in Rumania); belongs to the Ugric family of languages
subtype: Khanty__Ostyak a Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Ostyak people
subtype: Mansi__Vogul the Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Vogul people
subtype: Lappic__Lappish any of the languages spoken by the Lapp people and generally assumed to be Uralic languages
subtype: Sami__Lapp the language of the nomadic Lapp people in northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula
subtype: Samoyedic__Samoyed the Uralic languages spoken by the Samoyed people in northwestern Siberia
subtype: Nenets__Nentsi__Nentsy__Yurak-Samoyed a Uralic language spoken by a Samoyed people of northern Siberia
subtype: Enets__Entsi__Entsy__Yenisei__Yenisei-Samoyed__Yeniseian the Uralic language spoken by the Yeniseian people
subtype: Nganasan the Uralic language spoken by the Nganasan people
subtype: Selkup__Ostyak-Samoyed the Uralic language spoken by the Ostyak-Samoyed people
subtype: Basque the language of the Basque people; of no known relation to any other language
subtype: Elamitic__Elamite__Susian an extinct ancient language of unknown affinities; spoken by the Elamites
subtype: Kassite__Cassite an ancient language spoken by the Kassite people
subtype: Caucasian_language__Caucasian a number of language spoken in the Caucasus that have no known affiliations to languages spoken elsewhere
subtype: Georgian.Caucasian_language__georgian a southern Caucasian language with 3 million speakers and a long literary tradition
subtype: Circassian a northern Caucasian language spoken by the Circassian people
subtype: Abkhazian__Abkhasian a Circassian language spoken by the Abkhaz people
subtype: Ubykh a virtually extinct Caucasian language spoken exclusively in Turkey
subtype: Dravidian_language__Dravidian__Dravidic a large family of languages spoken in south and central India and Sri Lanka
subtype: South_Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in southern India
subtype: Irula a Dravidian language closely related to Tamil that is spoken in a hilly section of southwestern India
subtype: Kodagu a Dravidian language spoken by the Kodagu people
subtype: Kota__Kotar a Dravidian language spoken by the Kota people
subtype: Toda the Dravidian language spoken by the Toda people in southern India
subtype: Kannada__Kanarese a Dravidian language spoken in southern India
subtype: Badaga the dialect of Kannada that is spoken by the Badaga people
subtype: Tulu a Dravidian language spoken by the Tulu people
subtype: Malayalam a Dravidian language (closely related to Tamil) that is spoken in southwestern India
subtype: Tamil the Dravidian language spoken since prehistoric times by the Tamil people in southern India and Sri Lanka
subtype: South-Central_Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in south central India
subtype: Telugu a Dravidian language spoken by the Telugu people in southeastern India
subtype: Savara a Dravidian language spoke by the Savara people in southeastern India (north of Madras)
subtype: Gondi a Dravidian language spoken by the Gond people in south central India
subtype: Pengo a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: Manda a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: Kui the Dravidian language spoken by the Kui people in southeastern India
subtype: Kuvi a Dravidian language spoken in southeast India
subtype: Central_Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in central India
subtype: Kolami the Dravidian language spoken by the Kolam people in central India
subtype: Naiki a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: Parji a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: Ollari a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: Gadaba the Dravidian language spoken by the Gadaba people
subtype: North_Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in eastern India
subtype: Kurux a Dravidian language spoken in eastern India
subtype: Malto the Dravidian language spoken by the Malto people
subtype: Brahui an isolated Dravidian language spoken by the Brahui people in Pakistan
subtype: Afroasiatic_language__Afroasiatic__Afrasian__Afrasian_language__Hamito-Semitic a large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa
subtype: Chad__Chadic__Chadic_language a family of Afroasiatic tonal languages (mostly two tones) spoken in the regions west and south of Lake Chad in north central Africa
subtype: West_Chadic a group of Chadic languages spoken in northern Nigeria; Hausa in the most important member
subtype: Hausa__Haussa the chief member of the Chadic family of Afroasiatic languages; widely used as a trading language
subtype: Bole__Bolanci a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa
subtype: Angas a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa
subtype: Ron__Bokkos__Daffo a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
subtype: Bade a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
subtype: Warji a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
subtype: Zaar__Sayanci a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
subtype: Biu-Mandara a group of Chadic languages spoken in the border area between Cameroon and Nigeria south of Lake Chad
subtype: Tera__Pidlimdi__Yamaltu a three-tone Chadic language
subtype: Bura__Pabir a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Higi__Kapsiki a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Mandara__Wandala a Chadic language spoken in the Mandara mountains in Cameroon; has only two vowels
subtype: Matakam__Mafa a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Sukur a Chadic language spoke south of Lake Chad
subtype: Daba__Kola__Musgoi a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Bata a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Kotoko a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Musgu__Munjuk__Mulwi a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Gidar a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: East_Chadic a group of Chadic languages spoken in Chad
subtype: Somrai__Sibine a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: Nancere a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: Kera a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: Dangla__Dangaleat a Chadic language spoken in Chad; uses seven vowels plus differences in vowel length
subtype: Mokulu a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: Sokoro a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: Masa an independent group of closely related Chadic languages spoken in the area between the Biu-Mandara and East Chadic languages
subtype: Semitic a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family
subtype: Akkadian an ancient branch of the Semitic languages
subtype: Assyrian an extinct language of the Assyrians regarded as a dialect of Akkadian
subtype: Amharic__Ethiopian_language the dominant and official language of Ethiopia; a semitic language much influenced by the Cushitic language with which Amhara people have been in close contact
subtype: Arabic_language__Arabic the Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects
subtype: Aramaic an ancient group of related Semitic dialects some of which are still spoken in Syria
subtype: Biblical_Aramaic the form of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine in the time of the New Testament
subtype: Canaanitic_language__Canaanitic a group of Semitic languages
subtype: Hebrew the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel
subtype: Modern_Hebrew Hebrew used in Israel today; revived from ancient Hebrew
subtype: Canaanite the extinct language of the Semitic people who occupied Canaan before the Israelite conquest
subtype: Phoenician the extinct language of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the ancient world
subtype: Punic the Phoenician dialect of ancient Carthage
subtype: Ugaritic an extinct Semitic language of northern Syria
subtype: Hamitic_language__Hamitic a group of North African languages related to Semitic
subtype: Egyptian the ancient and now extinct language of Pharaonic Egypt; written records date back to 3000 BC
subtype: Coptic the liturgical language of the Coptic Church of Egypt and Ethiopia; written in the Greek alphabet
subtype: Berber a cluster of related dialects that were once the major language of North Africa west of Egypt; now spoken mostly in Morocco
subtype: Tuareg the dialect of Berber spoken by the Tuareg people
subtype: Cushitic a group of languages spoken in Ethiopia and Somalia and northwestern Kenya and adjacent regions
subtype: Somali the Cushitic language spoken by the Somali people
subtype: Omotic a group of related languages spoken in a valley of southern Ethiopia; closely related to Cushitic languages
subtype: Niger-Kordofanian_language__Niger-Kordofanian the family of languages that includes most of the languages spoken in sub-Saharan Africa; the majority of them are tonal languages but there are important exceptions (e.g., Swahili or Fula)
subtype: Kordofanian a group of languages spoken in the relatively small Kordofan area of the south Sudan
subtype: Niger-Congo a family of African language spoken in west Africa
subtype: Sango a trade language widely used in Chad
subtype: Bantoid_language__Bantu a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent
subtype: Chichewa the Bantu language of the Chewa people of east central Africa
subtype: ChiMwini a Bantu language spoken in southern Somalia
subtype: Chishona a Bantu language that is one of the two major languages of Zimbabwe
subtype: Fang a Bantu language spoken in Cameroon
subtype: Gikuyu a Bantu language spoken in western Kenya
subtype: Giriama a Bantu language spoken in the coastal regions of eastern Kenya
subtype: Kamba a Bantu language spoken by the Kamba people in Kenya
subtype: Kichaga__Chaga__Chagga a Bantu language spoken by the Chaga people in northern Tanzania
subtype: Kinyarwanda a Bantu language
subtype: Kiswahili a Bantu language
subtype: Kongo the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo people living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola
subtype: Luba a Bantu language spoken in southern Zaire
subtype: LuGanda the Bantu language of the Buganda people; spoken in Uganda
subtype: Luyia a Bantu language
subtype: Mashi a Bantu language
subtype: Mwera a Bantu language spoken in southern coastal Tanzania
subtype: Nguni a group of southern Bantu languages
subtype: Ndebele__Matabele a Bantu language sometimes considered a dialect of Zulu
subtype: Swazi a Bantu language closely related to Zulu
subtype: Xhosa a Bantu language closely related to Zulu
subtype: Zulu a Bantu language of considerable literary importance in southeastern Africa
subtype: Nyamwezi a Bantu language spoken in central Tanzania
subtype: Pokomo a Bantu language spoken in the Kenyan coastal areas of East Africa
subtype: Sotho any of the mutually intelligible southern Bantu languages of the Sotho people in Botswana and South Africa and Lesotho
subtype: Sesotho__Basuto the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Basotho; an official language of Lesotho
subtype: Setswana__Tswana__Sechuana the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Tswana people in Botswana
subtype: Umbundu a Bantu language spoken in Angola
subtype: Swahili the most widely spoken Bantu languages; the official language of Kenya and Tanzania and widely used as a lingua franca in east and central Africa
subtype: Tonga the language of the Tonga people of south central Africa (Zambia and Rhodesia)
subtype: Gur__Voltaic a group of Niger-Congo languages spoken primarily in southeastern Mali and northern Ghana
subtype: West_African a group of languages spoken in the extreme western part of West Africa
subtype: Fula__Fulah__Fulani a family of languages of the Fula people of west Africa in the sub-Sahara regions from Senegal to Chad; the best known of the West African Niger-Congo languages
subtype: Serer a West African language closely related to Fula; spoken primarily in Senegal and Gambia
subtype: Wolof the West AFrican language of the Wolof people in Senegal
subtype: Mande a group of African languages in the Niger-Congo group spoken from Senegal east as far as the Ivory Coast
subtype: Kwa a group of African language in the Niger-Congo group spoken from the Ivory Coast east to Nigeria
subtype: Aku__Yoruba a Kwa language spoken by the Yoruba people in southwestern Nigeria
subtype: Akan a Kwa language spoken in Ghana and the Ivory Coast
subtype: Ewe a Kwa language spoken by the Ewe people in Ghana and Togo and Benin
subtype: Nilo-Saharan_language__Nilo-Saharan a family of East African languages spoken by Nilotic peoples from the Sahara south to Kenya and Tanzania
subtype: Chari-Nile a group of Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of the Sudan and Zaire and Uganda and Tanzania
subtype: Nilotic_language__Nilotic a group of languages of East Africa belonging to the Chari-Nile group
subtype: Dinka a Nilotic language
subtype: Luo a Nilotic language
subtype: Masai a Nilotic language
subtype: Saharan a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of Chad
subtype: Songhai a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Songhai people in Mali and Niger
subtype: linguistic_string__string__string_of_words__word_string a linear sequence of words as spoken or written
subtype: sentence a string of words satisfying the grammatical rules of a language; "he always spoke in grammatical sentences"
subtype: complex_sentence__complexsentence a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause
subtype: loose_sentence__loosesentence a complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows
subtype: periodic_sentence a complex sentence in which the main clause comes last and is preceded by the subordinate clause
subtype: compound_sentence a sentence composed of at least two coordinate independent clauses
subtype: declarative_sentence__declarativesentence__declaratory_sentence__declaratorysentence a sentence (in the indicative mood) that makes a declaration
subtype: run-on_sentence an ungrammatical sentence in which two or more independent clauses are conjoined without a conjunction
subtype: topic_sentence__topicsentence a sentence that states the topic of its paragraph
subtype: interrogative__question__interrogation__interrogative_sentence__interrogativesentence a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply; "he asked a direct question"; "he had trouble phrasing his interrogations"
subtype: cross-question__crossquestion a question asked in cross-examination
subtype: leading_question__leadingquestion a question phrased in such a way as to suggest the desired answer; a lawyer may ask leading questions on cross-examination
subtype: yes-no_question a question that can be answered by yes or no
subtype: syntagma__syntagm a syntactic string that forms a part of some larger syntactic unit
subtype: grammatical_constituent__grammaticalconstituent__constituent a word or phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction
subtype: subject.grammatical_constituent (linguistics) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the grammatical constituent about which something is predicated
subtype: object a grammatical constituent that is acted upon; "the object of the verb"
subtype: prepositional_object__prepositionalobject__object_of_a_preposition the object governed by a preposition
subtype: direct_object__object_of_the_verb the object that receives the direct action of the verb
subtype: indirect_object the object that is the recipient or beneficiary of the action of the verb
subtype: retained_object an object in a passive construction
subtype: ablative_absolute a constituent in Latin grammar; a noun and its modifier can function as a sentence modifier
subtype: immediate_constituent__immediateconstituent a constituent of a sentence at the first step in an analysis: e.g., subject and predicate
subtype: grammatical_construction__grammaticalconstruction__construction__expression a group of words that form a constituent of a sentence and are considered as a single unit; "I concluded from his awkward constructions that he was a foreigner"
subtype: clause (grammar) an expression including a subject and predicate but not constituting a complete sentence
subtype: main_clause__independent_clause__independentclause a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence
subtype: subordinate_clause__subordinateclause__dependent_clause__dependentclause a clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb
subtype: restrictive_clause__restrictiveclause a subordinate clause that limits or restricts the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies
subtype: nonrestrictive_clause__descriptive_clause__descriptiveclause a subordinate clause that does not limit or restrict the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies
subtype: relative_clause a clause introduced by a relative pronoun; "`who visits frequently' is a relative clause in the sentence `John, who visits frequently, is ill'"
subtype: complement a word or phrase used to complete a grammatical construction
subtype: involution a long and intricate and complicated grammatical construction
subtype: phrase an expression forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence but not containing a finite verb
subtype: noun_phrase (linguistics) a phrase that can function as the subject or object of a verb
subtype: verb_phrase__predicate (linguistics) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the predicate contains the verb and its complements
subtype: prepositional_phrase__prepositionalphrase a phrase beginning with a preposition
subtype: response.phrase a phrase recited or sung by the congregation following a versicle by the priest or minister
subtype: advice_and_consent a legal phrase in the US Constitution that allows the Senate to constrain the President's powers of appointment and treaty-making
subtype: catchphrase__catch_phrase__catchphrase a phrase that has become a catchword
subtype: predicator an expression that predicates
subtype: misconstruction an ungrammatical constituent
subtype: term.grammatical_constituent one of the substantive phrases in a logical proposition; "the major term of a syllogism must occur twice"
subtype: subject.term (logic) the first term of a proposition
subtype: predicate (logic) what is predicated of the subject of a proposition; the second term in a proposition is predicated of the first term by means of the copula; "`Socrates is a man' predicates manhood of Socrates"
subtype: grammatical_referent__grammaticalreferent__referent the first term in a proposition; the term to which other terms relate
subtype: relatum a term in a proposition that is related to the referent of the proposition
subtype: major_term__majorterm the term in a syllogism that is the predicate of the conclusion
subtype: minor_term__minorterm the term in a syllogism that is the subject of the conclusion
subtype: middle_term the term in a syllogism that is common to both premises and excluded from the conclusion
subtype: barrage__outpouring__onslaught the rapid and continuous delivery of linguistic communication (spoken or written)
subtype: written_communication__writtencommunication__written_language__writtenlanguage communication by means of written symbols
subtype: written_text__writtentext__transcription something written, especially copied from one medium to another, as a typewritten version of dictation
subtype: transliteration transcribing from one alphabet to another
subtype: phonetic_transcription a transcription intended to represent each distinct speech sound with a separate symbol
subtype: writing.symbols letters or symbols written or imprinted on a surface to represent the sounds or words of a language; "he turned the paper over so the writing wouldn't show"; "the doctor's writing was illegible"
subtype: orthography__writing_system__writingsystem a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols
subtype: script a particular orthography or writing system
subtype: Arabic_script__Arabic an alphabetic script used to write the Arabic dialects (and borrowed to write Urdu)
subtype: Avestan the script in which the ancient Persian language of the Avesta is written
subtype: uncial a style of orthography characterized by somewhat rounded capital letters; found especially in Greek and Latin manuscripts of the 4th to 8th centuries
subtype: Armenian_alphabet__Armenian a writing system having an alphabet of 38 letters in which the Armenian language is written
subtype: spelling forming words with letters according to the principles underlying accepted usage
subtype: misspelling a spelling that is incorrect
subtype: picture_writing__picturewriting a writing system using pictographs
subtype: alphabetic_writing__alphabetic_script a writing system based on alphabetic characters
subtype: boustrophedon an ancient writing system: having alternate lines written in opposite directions; literally "as the ox ploughs"
subtype: cuneiform an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia
subtype: Babylonian.cuneiform__babylonian the ideographic and syllabic writing system in which the ancient Babylonian language was written
subtype: syllabary__syllabic_script a writing system whose characters represent syllables
subtype: Devanagari_script__Devanagari__Nagari__Nagari_script a syllabic script used in writing Sanskrit and Hindi
instance: Linear_B
subtype: ideography the use of ideograms in writing
subtype: hieroglyph__hieroglyphic a writing system using picture symbols; used in ancient Egypt
subtype: hieratic_script__hieratic a cursive form of Egyptian hieroglyphics; used especially by the priests
subtype: point_system.orthography__pointsystem a system of writing or printing using patterns of raised dots that can be read by touch
subtype: Braille a point system of writing in which patterns of raised dots represent letters and numerals
instance: Linear_A
subtype: coding_system a system of signals used to represent letters or numbers in transmitting messages
subtype: code a coding system used for transmitting messages requiring brevity or secrecy
subtype: area_code a number usually of 3 digits assigned to a telephone area as in the US and Canada
subtype: bar_code__barcode__universalproductcode code consisting of a series of vertical bars of variable width that are scanned by a laser; printed on consumer product packages to identify the item for a computer that provides the price and registers inventory information
subtype: color_code__colorcode system using colors to designate classifications
subtype: secret_code__cipher__cypher__cryptograph a secret method of writing
subtype: international_Morse_code__Morse__Morse_code a telegraph code in which letters and numbers are represented by strings of dots and dashes (short and long signals)
subtype: zip_code__zipcode__postal_code a code of letters and digits added to a postal address to aid in the sorting of mail
subtype: computer_code__code (computer science) the symbolic arrangement of data or instructions in a computer program or the set of such instructions
subtype: computer_address__address__addres (computer science) the code that identifies where a piece of information is stored
subtype: URL__uniform_resource_locator__universal_resource_locator the address of a web page on the world wide web
subtype: binary_code code using a string of 8 binary digits to represent characters
subtype: error_correction_code__ECC (computer science) a coding system that incorporates extra parity bits in order to detect errors
subtype: cyclic_redundancy_check an error correction code that is recorded in each sector of a magnetic disk and used to catch errors in the data
subtype: firmware (computer science) coded instructions that are stored permanently in read-only memory
subtype: machine_code__machinecode__machine_language__machinelanguage a set of instructions coded so that the computer can use it directly without further translation
subtype: object_code the machine-language output of a compiler that is ready for execution on a particular computer
subtype: operation_code__operationcode__order_code__ordercode the portion of a set of operation descriptions that specifies the operation to be performed; the set of operations in a computer
subtype: software__software_system__software_package__package (computer science) written programs or procedures or rules and associated documentation pertaining to the operation of a computer system and that are stored in read/write memory; "the market for software is expected to expand"
subtype: alpha_software__alphasoftware a first release of a software product that is usually tested only by the developers
subtype: authoring_language__authoringlanguage software that can be used to develop interactive computer programs without the technically demanding task of computer programming
subtype: beta_software pre-release software that has received an alpha test but still has more bugs than a regular release; "beta software is usually available only to particular users who will test it"
subtype: compatible_software software that can run on different computers without modification
subtype: compatible_software.software__compatiblesoftware application software programs that share common conventions so they can be utilized together
subtype: computer-aided_design__CAD software used in art and architecture and engineering and manufacturing to assist in precision drawing
subtype: freeware software that is provided without charge
subtype: groupware software that can be used by a group of people who are working on the same information but may be distributed in space
subtype: operating_system__operatingsystem__OS (computer science) software that controls the execution of computer programs and may provide various services
subtype: DOS__disk_operating_system an operating system that is on a disk
subtype: MS-DOS__Microsoft_disk_operating_system an operating system developed by Bill Gates for personal computers
subtype: UNIX__UNIX_operating_system__UNIX_system a powerful operating system developed at the Bell Telephone Laboratories
subtype: computer_program__program__programme__computer_programme (computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute; "the program required several hundred lines of code"
subtype: application_program__applicationprogram__application__applications_programme a program that gives a computer instructions that provide the user with tools to accomplish a task; "he has tried several different word processing applications"
subtype: active_application an application that is currently running and in the foreground
subtype: applet a Java application; an application program that uses the client's web browser to provide a user interface
subtype: web_browser__webbrowser__browser a program used to view HTML documents
subtype: Mosaic a freeware browser
subtype: Netscape a commercial browser
subtype: natural_language_processor__natural_language_processing_application an application program that deals with natural language text
subtype: disambiguator (computer science) a natural language processing application that tries to determine the intended meaning of a word or phrase by examining the linguistic context in which it is used
subtype: job.application_program (computer science) a program application that may consist of several steps but is a single logical unit
subtype: word_processor__word_processing_system an application that provides the user with tools needed to write and edit and format text and to send it to a printer
subtype: editor_program__editor (computer science) a program designed to perform such editorial functions as rearrangement or modification or deletion of data
subtype: linkage_editor__linkageeditor an editor program that creates one module from several by resolving cross-references among the modules
subtype: text_editor (computer science) an application that can be used to create and view and edit text files
subtype: Emacs_text_editor
subtype: graph_editor__grapheditor__graph_graphical-editor__graphgraphicaleditor
subtype: hierarchy_editor__hierarchyeditor a graph editor tailored to ease the display and edition of hierarchies
subtype: taxonomy_graphical_editor
subtype: hyperbolic_graph_editor
subtype: knowledge_graphical_editor__knowledgegraphicaleditor
subtype: taxonomy_graphical_editor
subtype: CG_graphical_editor
subtype: Charger
subtype: FCA_structure_graphical_editor graphic editor of FCA objects
subtype: loop.computer_program a computer program that performs a series of instructions repeatedly until some specified condition is satisfied
subtype: patch.computer_program a short set of commands to correct a bug in a computer program
subtype: assembler__assembly_program a program to convert assembly language into machine language
subtype: checking_program a program that examines other computer programs for syntax errors
subtype: compiler__compiling_program__compilingprogram (computer science) a program that decodes instructions written in a higher order language and produces an assembly language program
subtype: C_compiler a compiler for programs written in C
subtype: Fortran_compiler a compiler for programs written in Fortran
subtype: LISP_compiler a compiler for programs written in LISP
subtype: Pascal_compiler a compiler for programs written in Pascal
subtype: debugger a program that helps in locating and correcting programming errors
subtype: user_interface__interface (computer science) a program that controls a display for the user (usually on a computer monitor) and that allows the user to interact with the system
subtype: command_line_interface__CLI a user interface in which you type commands instead of choosing them from a menu or selecting an icon
subtype: graphical_user_interface__GUI a user interface based on graphics (icons and pictures and menus) instead of text; uses a mouse as well as a keyboard as an input device
subtype: 2D_user_interface
subtype: 3D_user_interface
subtype: HTML_based_interface
subtype: graph_visualization_interface__graphvisualizationinterface
subtype: display-only_graph_viewer
subtype: graph_editor__grapheditor__graph_graphical-editor__graphgraphicaleditor
subtype: user_interface
subtype: non-graphical_user_interface
subtype: procedure_call_interface
subtype: network-accessible_procedure_call_interface
subtype: RPC_interface__Remote_Procedure_Call_interface__remoteprocedurecallinterface
subtype: API__application_programming_interface__applicationprogramminginterface
subtype: command_based_interface__commandbasedinterface
subtype: network-accessible_command_based_interface
subtype: OKBC_interface
subtype: CGI-accessible_command_based_interface
subtype: direct_command_based_interface__shell
subtype: sh
subtype: ksh
subtype: csh
subtype: graphical_user_interface
subtype: network-accessible_interface
subtype: Web_based_interface
subtype: HTML_based_interface
subtype: CGI_based_interface
subtype: network-accessible_procedure_call_interface
subtype: network-accessible_command_based_interface
subtype: interpretive_program__interpreter (computer science) a program that translates and executes source language statements one line at a time
subtype: job_control__jobcontrol a program that is called to prepare each job to be run
subtype: library_program__libraryprogram a program in a program library
subtype: monitor_program__monitoring_program a program that observes and regulates and controls or verifies the operations of a data-processing system
subtype: object_program__target_program a fully compiled or assembled program ready to be loaded into the computer
subtype: source_program a program written in a language from which statements are translated into machine language
subtype: relocatable_program__relocatableprogram a program that can be located in different parts of memory at different times
subtype: reusable_program a program that can be loaded once and executed repeatedly
subtype: search_engine a computer program that retrieves documents or files or data from a database or from a computer network (especially from the internet)
subtype: self-adapting_program a program that can change its performance in response to its environment
subtype: spreadsheet a screen-oriented interactive program enabling a user to lay out financial data on the screen
subtype: supervisory_program__supervisoryprogram__supervisor__executive_program__executiveprogram a program that controls the execution of other programs
subtype: syntax_checker a program to check natural language syntax
subtype: system_program__systems_program__systemsprogram__systems_software__systemssoftware a program (as an operating system or compiler or utility program) that controls some aspect of the operation of a computer
subtype: translating_program__translatingprogram__translator a program that translates one programming language into another
subtype: utility_program__utilityprogram__utility__service_program__serviceprogram (computer science) a program designed for general support of the processes of a computer; "a computer system provides utility programs to perform the tasks needed by most users"
subtype: device_driver__driver (computer science) a program that determines how a computer will communicate with a peripheral device
subtype: diagnostic_program a program that recognizes and explains faults in the equipment or mistakes in a computer program
subtype: input_program__inputprogram a utility program that organizes the input to a computer
subtype: output_program a utility program that organizes the output of a computer
subtype: sort_program__sorting_program__sortingprogram a utility program that sorts data items
subtype: trace_program__traceprogram a utility program that exhibits the sequence and results of executing the instructions in another program
subtype: snapshot_program a trace program that produces output for selected conditions
subtype: script program witten with an interpreted language
subtype: class_script__classscript script associated to a class
subtype: object_script script associated to a class instance (that is not a class itself
subtype: global_script script that is not associated to an object or a class
subtype: program_written_in_a_certain_language
subtype: LISP_program a program written in LISP
subtype: FORTRAN_program a program written in FORTRAN
subtype: C_program a program written in C
subtype: subroutine__routine__subprogram__procedure__function a set sequence of steps, part of larger computer program
subtype: cataloged_procedure__catalogedprocedure a set of control statements that have been placed in a library and can be retrieved by name
subtype: contingency_procedure__contingencyprocedure an alternative to the normal procedure; triggered if an unusual but anticipated situation arises
subtype: library_routine__libraryroutine a debugged routine that is maintained in a program library
subtype: random_number_generator a routine designed to yield a random number
subtype: recursive_routine__recursiveroutine a routine that can call itself
subtype: reusable_routine a routine that can be loaded once and executed repeatedly
subtype: supervisory_routine__supervisoryroutine__executive_routine__executiveroutine a routine that coordinates the operation of subroutines
subtype: tracing_routine a routine that provides a chronological record of the execution of a computer program
subtype: utility_routine__utilityroutine__service_routine__serviceroutine a routine that can be used as needed
subtype: dump_routine a routine that writes from an internal store to some external medium
subtype: input_routine__inputroutine a routine that writes from an external source to an internal store
subtype: output_routine a routine that controls an output device
subtype: shareware software that has been copyrighted but is sold to users with permission to copy it and give it to others
subtype: shrink-wrapped_software software on cd-roms that are boxed and shrink-wrapped and sold in stores (implying a widely supported standard platform)
subtype: supervisory_software__supervisorysoftware specialized programs that reside permanently in the computer's main memory and control the processing of user's programs
subtype: software_documentation__documentation program listings or technical manuals describing the operation and use of programs
subtype: DBMS__database_management_system a software system that facilitates the creation and maintenance and use of an electronic database
subtype: RDBMS__relational_database_management_system a database management system designed to manage a relational database
subtype: ODBMS__OODBMS__object-oriented_database_management_system $("ODBMS" added as key, "OODBMS" added)$a database management system designed to manage an object-oriented database
subtype: ORDBMS__object-relational_DBMS__extended_RDBM DBMS mixing features from RDBMSs and ODBMSs but not being a genuine RDBMS nor ODBMS
subtype: in_memory_ORDBMS
subtype: Gigabase
subtype: DDBMS
subtype: in_memory_DBMS__IMDBMS DBMS loading/mapping the whole database in main memory before answering a query
subtype: in_memory_ODBMS
subtype: FastDB
subtype: federated_DBMS__multi_DBMS
subtype: IR_system
subtype: distributed_IR_system
subtype: distributed_hypertext_IR_system__distributedhypertextirsystem e.g. the WWW
subtype: WWW
subtype: Semantic_Web
subtype: hypertext_system__hypertextsystem a database management system that allows chunks of text (objects) to be processed as a complex network of nodes that are linked together in an arbitrary way
subtype: KM_tool__knowledge_management_tool
subtype: knowledge_base_system__KBS
subtype: KBMS
subtype: graph_based_KBMS
subtype: SNEPSwD
subtype: CG_based_KBMS
subtype: CGWorld
subtype: PROLOG\+CG
subtype: CoGITaNT
subtype: Notio
subtype: WebKB
subtype: WebKB-1__WebKB_private_annotation_tool
subtype: WebKB-2__WebKB_shared_annotation_tool
subtype: inference_engine__inferenceengine
subtype: KA_tool
subtype: KADS_tool
subtype: terminological_analysis_tool
subtype: ACABIT
subtype: LEXTER
subtype: TERMS
subtype: XTract
subtype: knowledge_based_IR_system
subtype: WebKB
subtype: CGKAT
subtype: knowledge_interface_generator__knowledgeinterfacegenerator
subtype: knowledge_graphical_editor__knowledgegraphicaleditor
subtype: language/structure_specific_tool
subtype: CG_related_tool__cgrelatedtool
subtype: CG_based_KBMS
subtype: CG_graphical_editor
subtype: NL_parser_with_CG_output
subtype: ontology_management_tool
subtype: FCA_tool
subtype: FCA_structure_graphical_editor graphic editor of FCA objects
subtype: instruction.computer_code__command__statement__program_line__programline (computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program
subtype: call.computer_code an instruction that interrupts the program being executed; "Pascal performs calls by simply giving the name of the routine to be executed"
subtype: function_call a call that passes control to a subroutine; after the subroutine is executed control returns to the next instruction in main program
subtype: system_call__supervisor_call_instruction an instruction that interrupts the program being executed and passes control to the supervisor
subtype: command_line__commandline commands that a user types in in order to run an application
subtype: link.computer_code (computing) an instruction that connects one part of a program or an element on a list to another program or list
subtype: hyperlink a link from a hypertext file to another location or file; typically activated by clicking on a highlighted word or icon at a particular location on the screen
subtype: macro_instruction__macroinstruction__macro a single computer instruction that results in a series of instructions in machine language
subtype: system_error an instruction that is either not recognized by an operating system or is in violation of the procedural rules
subtype: toggle.computer_code any instruction that works first one way and then the other; it turns something on the first time it is used and then turns it off the next time
instance: ASCII
subtype: capitalization.writing__capitalisation writing in capital letters
subtype: typing__typewriting writing done with a typewriter
subtype: double-spacing typing that leaves alternate lines blank
subtype: single-spacing typing that does not leave lines blank
subtype: triple-spacing typing that leaves two lines blank between lines of typing
subtype: touch_typing__touchtyping__touch_system__touchsystem typewriting in which the fingers are trained to hit particular keys; typist can read and type at the same time
subtype: printing.writing text written in the style of printed matter
subtype: handwriting.writing__hand__script something written by hand; "she recognized his handwriting"; "his hand was illegible"
subtype: shorthand__stenography a method of writing rapidly
subtype: longhand__running_hand__runninghand__cursive rapid handwriting in which letters are set down in full and cursively connected within words without lifting the writing implement from the paper
subtype: copperplate.longhand a fine style of handwriting based on the writing used on copperplate engravings
subtype: italic a style of handwriting with the letters slanting to the right
subtype: round_hand__roundhand a clearly written style of longhand with large round curves
subtype: calligraphy__penmanship beautiful handwriting
subtype: scribble__scratch__cacography poor handwriting
subtype: squiggle an illegible scrawl
subtype: hieroglyphic__hieroglyph writing that resembles hieroglyphics (usually by being illegible)
subtype: skywriting writing formed in the sky by smoke released from an airplane
subtype: printing_process__printing reproduction by applying ink to paper as for publication
subtype: typography.printing_process__composition art and technique of printing with movable type
subtype: relief_printing__letterpress__letterpres printing from a plate with raised characters
subtype: intaglio_printing printing from a plate with depressed characters
subtype: photogravure printing from an intaglio plate prepared by photographic methods
subtype: rotogravure.photogravure printing by transferring an image from a photogravure plate to a cylinder in a rotary press
subtype: process_printing__processprinting a method of printing colored reproductions from halftone plates
subtype: planographic_printing__planography the process of printing from a surface on which the printing areas are not raised but are ink-receptive (as opposed to ink repellent)
subtype: collotype_printing__collotypeprinting__collotype__photogelation_process__photogelationproces a kind of color printing, used for the finest facsimile reproductions of works of art
subtype: lithography.planographic_printing a method of planographic printing from a metal or stone surface
subtype: photolithography a planographic printing process using plates made from a photographic image
subtype: chromolithography single- or multi-color lithography
subtype: offset_lithography offset printing by lithography
subtype: offset_printing__offset a plate makes an inked impression on a rubber-blanketed cylinder, which in turn transfers it to the paper
subtype: photo-offset_printing__photo-offset__photooffset a method of offset printing using photomechanical plates
subtype: letterset_printing__lettersetprinting image is transferred from a relief type plate to a roller
subtype: carbon_process a process of printing on paper coated with bichromated gelatin containing pigment
subtype: notation__notational_system a technical system of symbols used to represent special things
subtype: mathematical_notation a notation used by mathematicians
subtype: numeration_system__number_system__number_representation_system__system_of_numeration any notation for the representation of numbers
subtype: positional_notation__positional_representation_system a numeration system in which a real number is represented by an ordered set of characters where the value of a character depends on its position
subtype: pure_binary_numeration_system__binary_numeration_system__binary_number_system__binary_system a positional system of numeration that uses binary digits and a radix of 2
subtype: octal_numeration_system__octal_number_system a positional system of numeration that uses octal digits and a radix of 8
subtype: decimal_numeration_system__decimal_number_system__decimal_system__decimalsystem a positional system of numeration that uses decimal digits and a base of 10
subtype: algorism.decimal_numeration_system the Arabic (or decimal) system of numeration
subtype: hexadecimal_number_system__sexadecimal_number_system__hexadecimal_system__hexadecimalsystem a positional system of numeration that uses hexadecimal digits and a radix of 16
subtype: binary_notation any notation that uses 2 characters (usually 0 and 1)
subtype: decimal_notation__decimalnotation any notation that uses 10 different characters (usually the digits 0 to 9)
subtype: octal_notation__octalnotation any mathematical notation that uses 8 different characters (usually the digits 0 to 7)
subtype: hexadecimal_notation__hexadecimalnotation__sexadecimal_notation__sexadecimalnotation any notation that uses 16 different characters
subtype: sign.mathematical_notation a character indicating a relation between quantities; "don't forget the minus sign"
subtype: equals_sign a sign indicating that the quantities on either side are equal
subtype: plus_sign a sign indicating the operation of addition
subtype: minus_sign__minussign a sign indicating the operation of subtraction
subtype: decimal_point__decimalpoint__percentage_point the dot at the left of a decimal fraction
subtype: exponent.mathematical_notation__power__index a mathematical notation indicating the number of times a quantity is multiplied by itself
subtype: degree.exponent the highest power of a term or variable
subtype: degree_of_a_term the sum of the exponents of the variables in the term
subtype: degree_of_a_polynomial the degree of the term in the polynomial that has the highest degree
subtype: logarithm__log the exponent required to produce a given number
subtype: common_logarithm a logarithm to the base 10
subtype: natural_logarithm__naturallogarithm__Napierian_logarithm a logarithm to the base e
subtype: radical_sign__radicalsign__radical a sign placed in front of an expression to denote that a root is to be extracted
subtype: fixed-point_notation__fixedpointnotation__fixed-point_representation_system a radix numeration system in which the location of the decimal point is fixed by convention
subtype: floating-point_notation__floating-point_representation_system a radix numeration system in which the location of the decimal point is indicated by an exponent of the radix; the floating-point representation of 0.0012 is 0.12-2 where -2 is the exponent
subtype: infix_notation__infixnotation a notation for forming mathematical expressions using parentheses and governed by rules of operator precedence; operators are dispersed among the operands
subtype: parenthesis-free_notation a notation for forming mathematical expressions that does not use parentheses to delimit components
subtype: prefix_notation__Lukasiewicz_notation__Polish_notation a parenthesis-free notation for forming mathematical expressions in which each operator precedes its operands
subtype: postfix_notation__postfixnotation__suffix_notation__reverse_Polish_notation a parenthesis-free notation for forming mathematical expressions in which each operator follows its operands
subtype: musical_notation__musicalnotation a notation used by musicians
subtype: bar_line__barline a vertical line marking the boundary between musical bars
subtype: double_bar notation marking the end of principal parts of a musical composition; two adjacent bar lines
subtype: tablature a musical notation indicating the fingering to be used
subtype: musical_scale__scale a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave)
subtype: gamut.musical_scale the entire scale of musical notes
subtype: diatonic_scale a scale with eight notes in an octave; all but two are separated by whole tones
subtype: musical_mode__musicalmode__mode any of various fixed orders of the various diatonic notes within an octave
subtype: ecclesiastical_mode__Gregorian_mode__church_mode__medieval_mode any of a system of modes used in Gregorian chants up until 1600; derived historically from the Greek mode
subtype: Greek_mode any of the descending diatonic scales in the music of classical Greece
subtype: major_scale__majorscale__major_diatonic_scale a diatonic scale with notes separated by whole tones except for the 3rd and 4th and 7th and 8th
subtype: minor_scale__minorscale__minor_diatonic_scale a diatonic scale with notes separated by whole tones except for the 2nd and 3rd and 5th and 6th
subtype: chromatic_scale__chromaticscale a 12-note scale including all the semitones of the octave
subtype: gapped_scale a musical scale with fewer than seven notes
subtype: pentatonic_scale a gapped scale with five notes
subtype: musical_interval__musicalinterval__interval the difference in pitch between two notes
subtype: whole_tone__wholetone__tone__step__whole_step__wholestep a musical interval of two semitones
subtype: semitone__half_step the musical interval between adjacent keys on a keyboard instrument
subtype: quartertone half of a semitone
subtype: musical_octave__musicaloctave__octave a musical interval of eight tones
subtype: third.musical_interval the musical interval between one note and another three notes away from it; "a simple harmony written in major thirds"
subtype: fourth.musical_interval the musical interval between one note and another four notes away from it
subtype: fifth.musical_interval the musical interval between one note and another five notes away from it
subtype: sixth the musical interval between one note and another six notes away from it
subtype: seventh the musical interval between one note and another seven notes away from it
subtype: stave__staff (music) the system of five horizontal lines on which the musical notes are written
subtype: clef a musical notation written on a staff indicating the pitch of the notes following it
subtype: treble_clef__G_clef a clef that puts the G above middle C on the second line of a staff
subtype: bass_clef__F_clef a clef that puts the F below middle C on the fourth line of a staff
subtype: alto_clef__viola_clef__violaclef a clef that puts middle C on the third line of a staff
subtype: C_clef a movable clef that puts middle C on one of the lines of a staff
subtype: soprano_clef__sopranoclef a clef that puts middle C on the bottom line of the staff
subtype: tenor_clef__tenorclef a clef that puts middle C on the fourth line of the staff; used for writing music for bassoons or cellos or tenor horns
subtype: key_signature__keysignature__signature the sharps or flats that follow the clef and indicate the key
subtype: tonality__key any of 24 major or minor diatonic scales that provide the tonal framework for a piece of music
subtype: atonality__atonalism the absence of a key; alternative to the diatonic system
subtype: musical_time_signature__time_signature a musical notation indicating the number of beats to a measure and kind of note that takes a beat
subtype: alla_breve a musical time signature indicating two or four half notes to a measure
subtype: measure.musical_notation__bar notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats; written followed by a vertical bar
subtype: rest.musical_notation a musical notation indicating a silence of a specified duration
subtype: whole_rest__wholerest a rest equal in duration to a whole note
subtype: musical_note__musicalnote__note__tone a notation representing the pitch and duration of a musical sound; "the singer held the note too long"
subtype: tonic__keynote (music) the first note of a diatonic scale
subtype: supertonic (music) the second note of a diatonic scale
subtype: mediant (music) the third note of a diatonic scale; midway between the tonic and the dominant
subtype: subdominant (music) the fourth note of the diatonic scale
subtype: dominant (music) the fifth note of the diatonic scale
subtype: submediant (music) the sixth note of a major or minor scale (or the third below the tonic)
subtype: subtonic__leading_tone__leadingtone (music) the seventh note of the diatonic scale
subtype: pedal_point__pedalpoint__pedal a sustained bass note
subtype: trill__shake a note that alternates rapidly with another note a semitone above it
subtype: middle_C the note designated by the first ledger line below the treble staff; 261.63 Hertz
subtype: chord a combination of three or more notes that blend harmoniously when sounded together
subtype: arpeggio a chord whose notes are played in rapid succession rather than simultaneously
subtype: sforzando an accented chord
subtype: common_chord__triad a 3-note major or minor chord; a note and its third and fifth tones
subtype: seventh_chord__seventhchord a triad with a seventh added
subtype: passing_note__passingnote__passing_tone__passingtone a nonharmonic note inserted for transition between harmonic notes
subtype: whole_note__wholenote__semibreve a musical note having the longest time value
subtype: half_note__minim a musical note having the time value of half a whole note
subtype: quarter_note__quarternote__crotchet a musical note having the time value of a quarter of a whole note
subtype: eighth_note__quaver a musical note having the time value of an eighth of a whole note
subtype: sixteenth_note__sixteenthnote__semiquaver a musical note having the time value of a sixteenth of a whole note
subtype: thirty-second_note__demisemiquaver a musical note having the time value of a thirty-second of a whole note
subtype: sixty-fourth_note__hemidemisemiquaver a musical note having the time value of a sixty-fourth of a whole note
subtype: grace_note__gracenote__appoggiatura__acciaccatura an embellishing note usually written in smaller size
subtype: blue_note a flattened third or seventh
subtype: slur (music) a curved line spanning notes that are to be played legato
subtype: tie.slur (music) a slur over two notes of the same pitch; indicates that the note is to be sustained for their combined time value
subtype: sharp.musical_notation a notation indicating one half step higher than the note named
subtype: flat.musical_notation a notation indicating one half step lower than the note named
subtype: cancel__natural a notation cancelling a previous sharp or flat
subtype: accidental a notation that makes a note sharp or flat or natural although that is not part of the key signature
subtype: solmisation__solmization a system of naming the notes of a musical scale by syllables instead of letters
subtype: tonic_solfa__tonicsolfa__solfa a system of solmization using the solfa syllables: do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti
subtype: segno (music) a notation written at the beginning or end of a passage that is to be repeated
subtype: sforzando.musical_notation (music) a notation written above a note and indicating that it is to be played with a strong initial attack
subtype: choreography a notation used by choreographers
subtype: Labanotation a system of notation for dance movements that uses symbols to represent points on a dancer's body and the direction of the dancer's movement and the tempo and the dynamics
subtype: chemical_notation a notation used by chemists to express technical facts in chemistry
subtype: writing.oeuvre (usually plural) the collected work of an author; "the idea occurs with increasing frequency in Hemingway's writings"
subtype: drug_prescription__prescription written instructions from a physician or dentist to a druggist concerning the form and dosage of a drug to be issued to a given patient
subtype: optician_prescription__prescription written instructions for an optician on the lenses for a given person
subtype: reading_material__readingmaterial__reading written material intended to be read; "the teacher assigned new readings"; "he bought some reading material at the airport"
subtype: correspondence communication by the exchange of letters
subtype: card.correspondence a rectangular piece of stiff paper used to send messages (may have printed greetings or pictures); "they sent us a card from Miami"
subtype: get-well_card a card expressing get-well wishes
subtype: greeting_card a card sent to express personal greetings
subtype: birthday_card a card expressing a birthday greeting
subtype: Christmas_card a card expressing a Christmas greeting
subtype: Easter_card a card expressing an Easter greeting
subtype: Valentine a card sent or given (as to a sweetheart) on Saint Valentine's Day
subtype: sympathy_card a card expressing sympathy
subtype: postcard__postal_card__mailing-card__mailingcard a card for sending messages by post without an envelope
subtype: lettercard a postcard that folds so the message is inside
subtype: picture_postcard__picturepostcard a postcard with a picture on one side
subtype: spiritual_bouquet__spiritualbouquet a card indicating that the sender will perform certain devotional acts on behalf of another (Roman Catholic Church)
subtype: print.written_communication__black_and_white__blackandwhite the result of the printing process
subtype: fingerprint a print made by an impression of the ridges in the skin of a finger; often used as evidence in criminal investigations
subtype: loop.fingerprint the basic pattern of the human fingerprint
subtype: thumbprint fingerprint made by the thumb (especially by the pad of the thumb)
subtype: small_print__smallprint__fine_print material printed in small type
subtype: section__subdivision a self-contained part of a larger composition; "he always turns first to the business section"; "the history of this work is discussed in the next section"
subtype: lead-in.section__leadin__lead the introductory section of a story; "it was an amusing lead-in to a very serious matter"
subtype: canto a major division of a long poem
subtype: sports_section the section of a newspaper that reports on sports
subtype: article.section__clause a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will)
subtype: arbitration_clause__arbitrationclause a clause in a contract providing for arbitration of disputes arising under the contract
subtype: deductible a clause in an insurance policy that relieves the insurer of responsibility to pay the initial loss up to a stated amount
subtype: escalator_clause__escalatorclause__escalator a clause in a contract that provides for an increase or a decrease in wages or prices or benefits etc. depending on certain conditions (as a change in the cost of living index)
subtype: rider.article a clause that is appended to a legislative bill
subtype: book.section a major division of a long written composition; "the book of Isaiah"
subtype: Genesis the first book of the Old Testament: tells of creation; Adam and Eve; the Fall of Man; Cain and Abel; Noah and the flood; God's covenant with Abraham; Abraham and Isaac; Jacob and Esau; Joseph and his brothers
subtype: Exodus the second book of the Old Testament: tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt led by Moses; God gave them the Ten Commandments and the rest of Mosaic law on Mount Sinai during the Exodus
subtype: Leviticus the third book of the Old Testament; contains Levitical law and ritual precedents
subtype: Numbers the fourth book of the Old Testament; contains a record of the number of Israelites who followed Moses out of Egypt
subtype: Deuteronomy the fifth book of the Old Testament; contains a second statement of Mosaic Law
subtype: Josue__Joshua a book in the Old Testament describing how Joshua led the Israelites into Canaan (the Promised Land) after the death of Moses
subtype: Judges a book of the Old Testament that tells the history of Israel under the leaders known as judges
subtype: I_Samuel the first of two books in the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David
subtype: II_Samuel the second of two books of the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David
subtype: Ruth a book of the Old Testament that tells the story of Ruth who was not an Israelite but who married and Israelite and who stayed with her mother-in-law Naomi after her husband died
subtype: Jeremiah a book in the Old Testament containing the oracles of the prophet Jeremiah
subtype: Jonah a book in the Old Testament that tells the story of Jonah and the whale
subtype: Job a book in the Old Testament containing Job's pleas to God about his afflictions and God's reply
subtype: Esther a book of the Old Testament that tells how Esther saved her people from massacre
subtype: Gospel_According_to_Matthew__Matthew one of the Gospels in the New Testament; includes the Sermon on the Mount
subtype: Gospel_According_to_Mark__Mark the shortest of the four Gospels in the New Testament
subtype: Gospel_According_to_Luke__Luke one of the four Gospels in the New Testament; contains details of Jesus's birth and early life
subtype: Gospel_According_to_John__John the last of the four Gospels in the New Testament
subtype: Acts_of_the_Apostles__Acts a book of the New Testament
subtype: Revelation__Apocalypse revelations of Saint John the Divine in the New Testament
subtype: chapter a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled; "he read a chapter every night before falling asleep"
subtype: episode.section a brief section of a literary or dramatic work that forms part of a connected series
subtype: performance_section__performancesection__spot a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance; "they changed his spot on the program"
subtype: media_spot__mediaspot__spot a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
subtype: insert a folded section placed between the leaves of another publication
subtype: introduction the first section of a communication
subtype: opening.introduction the initial part of the introduction; "the opening established the basic theme"
subtype: salutation word of greeting used to begin a letter
subtype: foreword__preface__prolusion a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book
subtype: preamble a preliminary introduction to a statute or constitution (usually explaining its purpose)
subtype: prologue an introduction to a play
subtype: close__conclusion__end__closing the last section of a communication; "in conclusion I want to say..."
subtype: anticlimax.close__bathos a change from a serious subject to a disappointing one
subtype: epilog__epilogue a short passage added at the end of a literary work; "the epilogue told what eventually happened to the main characters"
subtype: epilogue__epilog a short speech (often in verse) addressed directly to the audience by an actor at the end of a play
subtype: peroration (rhetoric) the concluding section of an oration; "he summarized his main points in his peroration"
subtype: coda__finale the closing section of a musical composition
subtype: passage.section particularly a section of medium length
subtype: excerpt__extract__selection a passage selected from a larger work; "he presented excerpts from William James' philosophical writings"
subtype: analects__analecta a collection of excerpts from a literary work
subtype: newspaper_clipping__newspaperclipping__clipping__press_clipping__pressclipping__cutting__press_cutting__presscutting an excerpt cut from a newspaper or magazine; "he searched through piles of letters and clippings"
subtype: cut.excerpt__track a distinct selection of music from a recording or a compact disc; "he played the first cut on the cd"; "the title track of the album"
subtype: quote a passage or expression that is quoted
subtype: epigraph.quote a quotation at the beginning of some piece of writing
subtype: mimesis.quote the representation of another person's words in a speech
subtype: misquotation an incorrect quotation
subtype: locus_classicus__locusclassicu an authoritative and often-quoted passage
subtype: place.passage the passage that is being read; "he lost his place on the page"
subtype: purple_passage a passage full of ornate and flowery language
subtype: transition.passage a passage that connects a topic to one that follows
subtype: flashback a transition (in literary or theatrical works or films) to an earlier event or scene
subtype: dissolve (film) a gradual transition from one scene to the next; the next scene is gradually superimposed as the former scene fades out
subtype: cut.transition (film) an immediate transition from one shot to the next; "the cut from the accident scene to the hospital seemed too abrupt"
subtype: jump_cut an immediate transition from one scene to another
subtype: jump.transition (film) an abrupt transition from one scene to another
subtype: text.passage a passage from the Bible that is used as the subject of a sermon; "the preacher chose a text from Psalms to introduce his sermon"
subtype: obbligato__obligato a part of the score that must be performed without change or omission
subtype: signal__sign__signaling any communication that encodes a message; "signals from the boat suddenly stopped"
subtype: recording.signal signal encoding something (e.g., picture or sound) that has been recorded
subtype: bologram__bolograph record or recording made by a bolometer
subtype: chromatogram the recording (column or paper strip) on which the constituents of a mixture are adsorbed in chromatography
subtype: oscillogram the recording produced by an oscillograph
subtype: spirogram a recording of breathing made with a spirograph
subtype: phone_number__phonenumber__telephone_number__telephonenumber__number the number is used in calling a particular telephone; "he has an unlisted number"
subtype: starting_signal__start a signal to begin (as in a race); "the starting signal was a green light"; "the runners awaited the start"
subtype: storm_signal__stormsignal a signal announcing the approach of a storm especially one of marked violence
subtype: storm_cone__stormcone (British) a canvas cone hoisted to warn of high winds
subtype: radio_beam__radiobeam__beam a signal transmitted along a narrow path; guides pilots in darkness or bad weather
subtype: ticktack (British) system of signalling by hand signs used by bookmakers at racetracks
subtype: time_signal a signal (especially electronic or by radio) indicating the precisely correct time
subtype: dog-ear__dogear a corner of a page turned down to mark your place
subtype: animal_communication communication between animals (of the same species)
subtype: birdsong__birdcall__call__song the characteristic sound produced by a bird; "a bird will not learn its song unless it hears it at an early age"
subtype: indicant__indication a signal that serves to indicate or suggest something; "an indication of foul play"; "indications of strain"; "symptoms are the prime indicants of disease"
subtype: gesture.indicant something done as an indication of intention; "a political gesture" or "a gesture of defiance"
subtype: beau_geste a gracious (but usually meaningless) gesture
subtype: evidence an indication that makes something evident; "his trembling was evidence of his fear"
subtype: clue__clew__cue evidence that helps to solve a problem
subtype: footprint__footmark__step a mark of a foot or shoe on a surface; a clue that someone was present; "the police made casts of the footprints in the soft earth outside the window"
subtype: sign__mark a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened); "he showed signs of strain"; "they welcomed the signs of spring"
subtype: vestige__shadow a clue that something has been present; "there wasn't a trace of evidence for the claim"
subtype: record anything (such as a document or a phonograph record or a photograph) providing permanent evidence of or information about past events; "the film provided a valuable record of stage techniques"
subtype: written_record__writtenrecord__written_account__writtenaccount a written document preserving knowledge of facts or events
subtype: worksheet.written_record a piece of paper recording work planned or done on a project
subtype: interlingual_rendition__translation__rendering__version a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language
subtype: subtitle__caption translation of foreign dialogue of a movie or TV program; usually displayed at the bottom of the screen
subtype: supertitle__surtitle translation of the words of a foreign opera (or choral work) projected on a screen above the stage
subtype: mistranslation an incorrect translation
subtype: crib__pony__trot a literal translation used in studying a foreign language (often used illicitly)
subtype: casebook a book in which detailed written records of a case are kept and which are a source of information for subsequent work
subtype: voyage_log__log a written record of events on a voyage (of a ship or plane)
subtype: radio_log__radiolog__log a written record of the transmissions by a radio station
subtype: timecard.written_record a card recording an employee's starting and quitting times each work day
subtype: time_sheet a record of the hours worked by employees
subtype: entry an item inserted in a written record
subtype: lexical_entry__lexicalentry__dictionary_entry the entry in a dictionary of information about a word
subtype: nolle_prosequi__nolleprosequi__nol_pros an entry in the court record to the effect that the plaintiff or prosecutor will not proceed
subtype: notebook_entry an entry in a notebook
subtype: transcript__copy a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)
subtype: police_blotter__blotter__daybook__chargesheet the daily written record of events (as arrests) in a police station
subtype: note a brief written record; "he made a note of the appointment"
subtype: jotting__jot a brief (and hurriedly handwritten) note
subtype: memo__memorandum__memoranda a written proposal or reminder
subtype: aide-memoire a memorandum summarizing the items of an agreement
subtype: minute.note a short note; "the secretary keeps the minutes of the meeting"
subtype: registry__register an official written record of names or events or transactions
subtype: cadaster__cadastre a public register showing the details of ownership and value of land; made for the purpose of taxation
subtype: studbook official record of the pedigree of purebred animals especially horses
subtype: rent-roll a register of rents; includes the names of tenants and the amount of rent they pay
subtype: minutes__minute__proceedings__proceeding__transactions a written account of what transpired at a meeting
subtype: Congressional_Record a published account of the speeches and debates and votes of the U.S. Congress
subtype: Hansard the official published verbatim report of the proceedings of a parliamentary body; originally of the British Parliament; "the Canadian Hansard is published in both English and French"
subtype: minute_book a book in which minutes have been written
subtype: dossier a collection of papers containing detailed information about a particular person or subject (usually a person's record)
subtype: chronology.written_record a record of events in the order of their occurrence
subtype: statute_book__statutebook a record of the whole body of legislation in a given jurisdiction
instance: Domesday_Book
subtype: memorabilia a record of things worth remembering
subtype: check_stub__checkstub__stub__counterfoil the part of a check that is retained as a record
subtype: chronicle__history__account a record or narrative description of past events: "a history of France"; "he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president"; "the story of exposure to lead"
subtype: ancient_history.chronicle__ancienthistory a history of the ancient world
subtype: etymology.chronicle a history of a word
subtype: case_history detailed record of the background of a person or group under study or treatment
subtype: family_history part of a patient's medical history in which questions are asked in an attempt to find out whether the patient has hereditary tendencies toward particular diseases
subtype: medical_history__medicalhistory__medical_record__medicalrecord__anamnesis__anamnesi the case history of a medical patient
subtype: historical_document__historical_paper__historical_record writing having historical value (as opposed to fiction or myth etc.)
subtype: chronological_record__chronologicalrecord__annals a chronological account of events in successive years
subtype: biography__life__life_story__life_history an account of the series of events making up a person's life
subtype: autobiography a biography of yourself
subtype: memoir an account of the author's personal experiences
subtype: hagiography a biography that idealizes or idolizes the person
subtype: profile.biography biographical sketch
subtype: recital.chronicle a detailed account or description of something; "he was forced to listen to a recital of his many shortcomings"
subtype: testimonial something that serves as evidence; "his effort was testimony to his devotion"
subtype: good_authority testimony by someone who should know; "I have it on good authority"
subtype: testament.testimonial strong evidence for something; "his easy victory was a testament to his skill"
subtype: argument__statement a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true; "it was a strong argument that his hypothesis was true"
subtype: proof (logic or mathematics) a formal series of statements showing that if one thing is true something else necessarily follows from it
subtype: mathematical_proof proof of a mathematical theorem
subtype: logical_proof__logicalproof proof of a logical theorem
subtype: demonstration.proof__monstrance proof by a process of argument or a series of proposition proving an asserted conclusion
subtype: pro an argument in favor of a proposal
subtype: con an argument opposed to a proposal
subtype: case.argument a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument; "he stated his case clearly"
subtype: clincher__determiner__determining_factor__determiningfactor an argument that is conclusive
subtype: adducing citing as evidence or proof
subtype: last_word.argument__lastword the final statement in a verbal argument; "she always gets the last word"
subtype: specious_argument an argument that appears good at first view but is really fallacious
subtype: vicious_circle__viciouscircle an argument that assumes that which is to be proved
subtype: straw_man__strawman a weak argument set up to be easily refuted
subtype: special_pleading.specious_argument__specialpleading an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence
subtype: attestation the evidence by which something is attested
subtype: identification evidence of identity; something that identifies a person or thing
subtype: identification_number__number a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification; "she refused to give them her Social Security number"
subtype: bank_identification_number__BIN__ABA_transit_number an identification number consisting of a two-part code assigned to banks and savings associations; the first part shows the location and the second identifies the bank itself
subtype: license_number__licensenumber__registration_number the number on the license plate that identifies the car that bears it
subtype: Social_Security_number the number of a particular individual's social security account
subtype: fingerprint.identification any identifying characteristic
subtype: green_card__greencard a card that identifies the bearer as an alien with permanent resident status in the United States; "he was surprised to discover that green cards are no longer green"
subtype: ID__I.D. a card or badge used to identify the bearer
subtype: PIN_number__personal_identification_number__PIN a number you choose and use to gain access to various accounts
subtype: symptom.indicant anything that accompanies X and is regarded as an indication of X's existence
subtype: signalization__signalisation a conspicuous indication
subtype: pointing_out indication by demonstration
subtype: manifestation.indicant a manifest indication
subtype: mark a visible indication made on a surface; "some previous reader had covered the pages with dozens of marks"
subtype: footprint__footmark__step a mark of a foot or shoe on a surface; a clue that someone was present; "the police made casts of the footprints in the soft earth outside the window"
subtype: stroke.mark a mark made by a writing implement (as in cursive writing)
subtype: downstroke a stroke normally made in a downward direction
subtype: upstroke a stroke normally made in an upward direction
subtype: underscore__underline a line drawn underneath (especially under written matter)
subtype: hoofprint__hoofmark a visible impression on a surface made by the hoof of an animal
subtype: line_like_mark__line a mark that is long relative to its width; "He drew a line on the chart"; "The substance produced characteristic lines on the spectroscope"
subtype: cross_hair__crosshair__cross_wire__crosswire either of two fine mutually perpendicular lines that cross in the focus plane of an optical instrument and are use for sighting or calibration; "he had the target in his cross hairs"
subtype: dotted_line a line made up of dots or dashes; often used to indicate where you are supposed to sign a contract; "just sign on the dotted line"
subtype: ascender (printing) the part of tall lowercase letters that extends above the other lowercase letters
subtype: bar_line__barline a vertical line marking the boundary between musical bars
subtype: descender (printing) the part of lowercase letters that extends below the other lowercase letters
subtype: curlicue__squiggle a short twisting line
subtype: spectrum_line an isolated component of a spectrum formed by radiation at a uniform frequency
subtype: trend_line__trendline a line on a graph indicating a statistical trend
subtype: contour_line__contourline__contour a line drawn on a map connecting points of equal height
subtype: thalweg a line following the lowest points of a valley
subtype: guideline.line a light line that is used in lettering to help align the letters
subtype: hairline.line a very thin line
subtype: shaft a line that forms the length of an arrow pointer
subtype: serif__seriph (printing) a short line at the end of the main strokes of a character
subtype: staff_line__staffline any of the 5 horizontal marks comprising a staff
subtype: ledger_line__leger_line__legerline a short line; a notation for extending the range above or below the staff
subtype: glimpse.indicant a vague indication; "he caught only a glimpse of the professor's meaning"
subtype: harbinger__forerunner__herald__precursor an indication of the approach of something or someone
subtype: hint__clue a slight indication
subtype: smoke.indicant an indication of some hidden activity; "with all that smoke there must be a fire somewhere"
subtype: warning_signal__warningsignal__alarm__alert__alarum an automatic signal (usually a sound) warning of danger
subtype: tocsin__alarm_bell__alarmbell the sound of an alarm (usually a bell)
subtype: siren.warning_signal a warning signal that is a loud wailing sound
subtype: burglar_alarm.warning_signal__burglaralarm a loud warning signal produced by a burglar alarm; "they could hear the burglar alarm a mile away"
subtype: fire_alarm a shout or bell to warn that fire has broken out
subtype: fogsignal__foghorn a loud low warning signal that can be heard by fog-bound ships
subtype: horn.warning_signal a noise made by the driver of an automobile to give warning;
subtype: distress_signal__distress_call an internationally recognized signal sent out by a ship or plane indicating that help is needed
subtype: SOS an internationally recognized distress signal in radio code
subtype: Mayday an internationally recognized distress signal via radiotelephone (from the French m'aider)
subtype: all_clear.signal__allclear a signal (usually a siren) that danger is over
subtype: bugle_call__buglecall a signal broadcast by the sound of a bugle
subtype: taps__lights-out (military) signal to turn the lights out
subtype: wake-up_signal__reveille (military) signal to wake up
subtype: retreat.bugle_call (military) a bugle call signaling the lowering of the flag at sunset
subtype: tattoo.drumbeat a drumbeat of bugle call that signals the military to return to their quarters
subtype: curfew.signal a signal (usually a bell) announcing the start of curfew restrictions
subtype: retreat.signal (military) a signal to begin a withdrawal from a dangerous position
subtype: drumbeat (military) the beating of a drum as a signal for lowering the flag at sundown
subtype: tattoo.drumbeat a drumbeat of bugle call that signals the military to return to their quarters
subtype: telegraphic_signal__telegraphicsignal__radiotelegraphic_signal a signal transmitted by telegraphy
subtype: dit__dot the shorter of the two telegraphic signals used in Morse code
subtype: dah__dash the longer of the two telegraphic signals used in Morse code
subtype: whistle.signal__whistling the act of signalling (e.g., summoning) by whistling or blowing a whistle; "the whistle signalled the end of the game"
subtype: high_sign a silent signal of warning or recognition; "she started to speak but he gave her the high sign"
subtype: symbol an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance
subtype: stock_symbol__stocksymbol the letters used to identify listed companies on the securities exchanges where they are traded
subtype: accolade__award__honor__honour__laurels__laurel a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction; "an award for bravery"
subtype: academic_degree__degree an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study; "he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude"
subtype: associate_degree__associatedegree__associate a degree granted by a two-year college on successful completion of the undergraduates course of studies
subtype: Associate_in_Arts__AA an associate degree in arts
subtype: Associate_in_Applied_Science__AAS an associate degree in applied science
subtype: Associate_in_Nursing__AN an associate degree in nursing
subtype: bachelor's_degree__baccalaureate an academic degree conferred on someone who has successfully completed undergraduate studies
subtype: Bachelor_of_Arts__BA__Artium_Baccalaurens__AB a bachelor's degree in arts and sciences
subtype: Bachelor_of_Arts_in_Library_Science__ABLS a bachelor's degree in library science
subtype: Bachelor_of_Arts_in_Nursing__BAN a bachelor's degree in nursing
subtype: Bachelor_of_Divinity__BD a bachelor's degree in religion
subtype: Bachelor_of_Literature__BLitt a bachelor's degree in literature
subtype: Bachelor_of_Medicine__MB (a British degree) a bachelor's degree in medicine
subtype: Bachelor_of_Music__BMus a bachelor's degree in music
subtype: Bachelor_of_Naval_Science__BNS a bachelor's degree in naval science
subtype: Bachelor_of_Science__BS__SB a bachelor's degree in science
subtype: Bachelor_of_Science_in_Architecture__BSArch a bachelor's degree in architecture
subtype: Bachelor_of_Science_in_Engineering a bachelor's degree in engineering
subtype: Bachelor_of_Theology__ThB a bachelor's degree in theology
subtype: honours_degree__honoursdegree__honours (Great Britain) a university degree with honors
subtype: first-class_honours_degree__firstclasshonoursdegree__first (Great Britain) an honours degree of the highest class
subtype: double_first (Great Britain) a first-class honours degree in two subjects
subtype: master's_degree__master'sdegree an academic degree higher than a bachelor's but lower than a doctor's
subtype: Master_of_Architecture__MArch a degree granted for the successful completion of advanced study of architecture
subtype: Master_of_Arts__MA__Artium_Magister__AM a master's degree in arts and sciences
subtype: Master_of_Arts_in_Library_Science__MALS a master's degree in library science
subtype: Master_of_Arts_in_Teaching__MAT a master's degree in teaching
subtype: Master_in_Business__MBA a master's degree in business
subtype: Master_of_Divinity__MDiv a master's degree in religion
subtype: Master_of_Education__MEd a master's degree in education
subtype: Master_of_Fine_Arts__MFA a master's degree in fine arts
subtype: Master_of_Literature__MLitt a master's degree in literature
subtype: Master_of_Library_Science__MLS a master's degree in library science
subtype: Master_in_Public_Affairs a master's degree in questions of public concern
subtype: Master_of_Science__MS__SM a master's degree in science
subtype: Master_of_Science_in_Engineering a master's degree in engineering
subtype: Master_of_Theology__ThM a master's degree in theology
subtype: doctor's_degree__doctorate one of the highest academic degrees conferred by a university
subtype: Doctor_of_Dental_Medicine__DMD a doctor's degree in dental medicine
subtype: Doctor_of_Dental_Surgery__DDS a doctor's degree in dental surgery
subtype: Doctor_of_Divinity__DD a doctor's degree in religion
subtype: Doctor_of_Education__EdD__DEd a doctor's degree in education
subtype: Doctor_of_Medicine__MD a doctor's degree in medicine
subtype: Doctor_of_Music__DMus__MusD a doctor's degree in music
subtype: Doctor_of_Musical_Arts__AMusD a doctor's degree in musical arts
subtype: Doctor_of_Optometry__OD a doctor's degree in optometry
subtype: Doctor_of_Osteopathy__DO doctor's degree in osteopathy
subtype: Doctor_of_Philosophy__PhD a doctorate awarded for original contributions to knowledge
subtype: American_PhD__PhD an American doctorate usually based on at least 3 years graduate study and a dissertation; the highest degree awarded by a graduate school
subtype: DPhil a British doctorate
subtype: Doctor_of_Public_Health__DPH a doctor's degree in preventive medicine
subtype: Doctor_of_Theology__ThD a doctor's degree in theology
subtype: law_degree__lawdegree degree conferred on someone who successfully completes law school
subtype: Bachelor_of_Laws__LLB a three-year law degree
subtype: Master_of_Laws__LLM an advanced law degree
subtype: honorary_degree a degree conferred to honor the recipient
subtype: Doctor_of_Arts__ArtsD an honorary arts degree
subtype: Doctor_of_Fine_Arts an honorary degree in fine arts
subtype: Doctor_of_Humane_Letters an honorary degree in letters
subtype: Doctor_of_Humanities an honorary degree in the humanities
subtype: Doctor_of_Laws__LLD an honorary law degree
subtype: Doctor_of_Science__DS__ScD an honorary degree in science
subtype: pennant.accolade the award given to the champion
subtype: seal_of_approval__cachet__seal an indication of approved or superior status
subtype: commendation__citation an official award (as for bravery or service) usually given as formal public statement
subtype: honorable_mention__honorablemention__mention an official recognition of merit; "although he didn't win the prize he did get special mention"
subtype: varsity_letter__varsityletter__letter an award earned by participation in a school sport; "he won letters in three sports"
subtype: laurel_wreath__decoration__medal__medallion__palm__ribbon an award for winning a championship or commemorating some other event
subtype: Congressional_Medal_of_Honor__Medal_of_Honor the highest U.S. military decoration awarded for bravery and valor in action `above and beyond the call of duty'
subtype: Distinguished_Service_Medal a US military decoration for meritorious service in wartime duty of great responsibility
subtype: Distinguished_Service_Cross a US Army decoration for extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy
subtype: Navy_Cross a US Navy decoration for extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy
subtype: Distinguished_Flying_Cross a US Airforce decoration for heroism while participating in an aerial flight
subtype: Air_Medal a US Airforce decoration for meritorious achievement while participating in an aerial flight
subtype: Silver_Star_Medal__Silver_Star a US military decoration for gallantry in action
subtype: Bronze_Star_Medal__Bronze_Star a US military decoration awarded for meritorious service (except in aerial flight)
subtype: Order_of_the_Purple_Heart__Purple_Heart a US military decoration awarded to any member of the armed forces who is wounded in action
subtype: Victoria_Cross a British military decoration for gallantry
subtype: Distinguished_Conduct_Medal a British military decoration for distinguished conduct in the field
subtype: Distinguished_Service_Order a British military decoration for special service in action
subtype: Croix_de_Guerre a French military decoration for gallantry
subtype: Medaille_Militaire a French military decoration
subtype: trophy an award for success in war or hunting
subtype: Emmy an annual award for outstanding achievements in television
subtype: Nobel_prize an annual award for outstanding contributions to chemistry or physics or physiology and medicine or literature or economics or peace
subtype: Oscar an annual award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for achievements in motion picture production and performance
subtype: Prix_de_Rome an annual prize awarded by the French government in a competition of painters and artists and sculptors and musicians and architects; the winner in each category receives support for a period of study in Rome
subtype: Prix_Goncourt an award given annually for contributions to French literature
subtype: mark.symbol__stigma__brand__stain a symbol of disgrace or infamy; "And the Lord set a mark upon Cain"--Genesis
subtype: demerit a mark against a person for misconduct or failure; usually given in school or armed forces; "ten demerits and he loses his privileges"
subtype: bar_sinister__barsinister__bend_sinister a mark of bastardy; lines from top right to bottom left
subtype: cloven_hoof__cloven_foot the mark of Satan
subtype: token.symbol__item an individual instance of a type of symbol; "the word`error' contains three tokens of `r'"
subtype: postage_stamp__postagestamp__postage__stamp a token that postal fees have been paid
subtype: trading_stamp__tradingstamp a stamp given by a retailer to a buyer; redeemable for articles on a premium list
subtype: type.symbol all of the tokens of the same symbol; "the word `element' contains five different types of character"
subtype: numeral__number a symbol used to represent a number; "he learned to write the numerals before he went to school"
subtype: Arabic_numeral one of the symbols 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0
subtype: Roman_numeral a symbol in the old Roman notation; I,V,X,L,C,D,M
subtype: antilogarithm__antilog the number of which a given number is the logarithm
subtype: symbolism.symbol a system of symbols and symbolic representations
subtype: lingam the Hindu phallic symbol of Siva
subtype: written_symbol__writtensymbol__printed_symbol__printedsymbol a written or printed symbol
subtype: mark.written_symbol a written or printed symbol (as for punctuation); "his answer was just a punctuation mark"
subtype: arrow.mark__pointer a mark to indicate a direction or relation
subtype: broad_arrow.mark a mark shaped like an arrowhead; used to mark convicts' clothing
subtype: call_mark__call_number__pressmark a mark consisting of characters written on a book; used to indicate shelf location
subtype: caret a mark used by an author or editor to indicate where something is to be inserted into a text
subtype: check_mark__checkmark__check a mark indicating that something has been noted or completed etc.; "as he called the role he put a check mark by each student's name"
subtype: diacritical_mark__diacriticalmark__diacritic a mark added to a letter to indicate a special pronunciation
subtype: accent_mark__accent a diacritical mark used to indicate stress or (in some languages) placed above a vowel to indicate a special pronunciation
subtype: stress_mark a mark indicating the stress on a syllable
subtype: acute_accent__acuteaccent__acute__ague a mark (') placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation
subtype: grave_accent__graveaccent__grave a mark (`) placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation
subtype: breve a diacritical mark (u-curved) placed over a vowel to indicate a short sound
subtype: cedilla a diacritical mark (,) placed below the letter c to indicate that it is pronounced as an s
subtype: circumflex a diacritical mark '^' placed above a vowel in some languages to indicate a special phonetic quality
subtype: hacek__wedge a diacritical mark (an inverted circumflex) placed above certain letters (such as c) to indicate pronunciation
subtype: macron a diacritical mark (-) placed above a vowel to indicate a long sound
subtype: tilde a diacritical mark (~) placed over the letter n in Spanish to indicate a palatal nasal sound or over a vowel in Portuguese to indicate nasalization
subtype: umlaut__dieresis__diaeresis__diaeresi a diacritical mark (two dots) placed over a vowel in German to indicate a change in sound
subtype: ditto_mark__dittomark__ditto a mark used to indicate the word above it should be repeated
subtype: dollar_mark__dollar_sign a mark ($) written before a number to indicate that it stands for the number of dollars
subtype: point.mark__head a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer; "the point of the arrow was due north"
subtype: punctuation_mark__punctuationmark__punctuation the marks used to clarify meaning by indicating separation of words into sentences and clauses and phrases
subtype: ampersand a punctuation mark (&) used to represent conjunction (and)
subtype: angle_bracket__anglebracket__bracket either of two punctuation marks (< or >) used to enclose textual material
subtype: apostrophe the mark (') used to indicate the omission of one or more letters from a printed word
subtype: brace.punctuation_mark either of two punctuation marks ({ or }) used to enclose textual material
subtype: square_bracket__bracket either of two punctuation marks ([ or ]) used to enclose textual material
subtype: colon.punctuation_mark a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)
subtype: comma a punctuation mark (,) used to indicate the separation of elements within the grammatical structure of a sentence
subtype: exclamation_mark__exclamationmark__exclamation_point__exclamationpoint a punctuation mark (!) used after an exclamation
subtype: hyphen__dash a punctuation mark (-) used between parts of a compound word or between the syllables of a word when the word is divided at the end of a line of text
subtype: parenthesis__parenthesi either of two punctuation marks ( or ) used to enclose textual material
subtype: full_stop__period__point__stop__full_point a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations; "in England they call a period a stop"
subtype: suspension_point (usually plural) one of a series of points indicating that something has been omitted or that the sentence is incomplete
subtype: question_mark__interrogation_point__interrogationpoint a punctuation mark (?) placed at the end of a sentence to indicate a question
subtype: quotation_mark__quotationmark__quote__invertedcomma a punctuation mark used to attribute the enclosed text to someone else
subtype: single_quote a single quotation mark
subtype: double_quotes a pair of quotation marks
subtype: scare_quote__scarequote the use of quotation marks to indicate that it is not the authors preferred terminology
subtype: semicolon a punctuation mark (;) used to connect independent clauses; indicates a closer relation than does a period
subtype: solidus__slash__virgule__diagonal__stroke__separatrix a punctuation mark (/) used to separate related items of information
subtype: swung_dash__swungdash a punctuation mark used in text to indicate the omission of a word
subtype: grapheme__character__graphic_symbol__graphicsymbol a written symbol that is used to represent speech; "the Greek alphabet has 24 characters"
subtype: allograph.grapheme a variant form of a grapheme as `m' or `M'
subtype: superscript__superior a character or symbol set or printed or written above and immediately to one side of another character
subtype: subscript__inferior a character or symbol set or printed or written beneath or slightly below and to the side of another character
subtype: ASCII_character any member of the standard code for representing characters by binary numbers
subtype: ASCII_control_character__control_character__controlcharacter ASCII characters to indicate carriage return or tab or backspace; typed by depressing a key and the control key at the same time
subtype: backspace_character__backspacecharacter a control character that indicates moving a space to the left
subtype: monogram a graphic symbol consisting of 2 or more letters combined (usually your initials); printed on stationery or embroidered on clothing
subtype: upper_case__uppercase__capital__uppercaseletter one of the large alphabetic characters used as the first letter in proper names and sometimes for emphasis; (printers once kept type for capitals and small letters in separate cases; capitals were kept in the upper half of the type case and so became known as upper-case letters)
subtype: small_capital__smallcapital__small_cap__smallcap a character having the form of an upper-case letter but the same height as lower-case letters
subtype: small_letter__smallletter__lower_case__lowercase__lower-case_letter the characters that were once kept in bottom half of a compositor's type case
subtype: type.grapheme printed characters; "small type is hard to read"
subtype: type_family a complete set of type suitable for printing text
subtype: font__fount__face a specific size and style of type within a type family
subtype: typewriter_font__constant-width_font__fixed-width_font__fixedwidthfont__monospaced_font a typeface is which each character is given the same width (as by a typewriter)
subtype: proportional_font any font whose different characters have different widths
subtype: modern_font__modern__Bodoni__Bodoni_font a typeface (based on an 18th century design by Gianbattista Bodoni) distinguished by regular shape and hairline serifs and heavy downstrokes
subtype: old_style_font__oldstylefont__old_style__oldstyle a typeface (based on an 18th century design) distinguished by irregularity and slanted ascender serifs and little contrast between light and heavy strokes
subtype: roman_letters__romanletter__roman__roman_type__romantype__roman_print__romanprint a typeface used in ancient Roman inscriptions
subtype: font_cartridge__cartridge_font__cartridgefont (computer science) any font that is contained in a cartridge that can be plugged into a computer printer
subtype: black_letter__blackletter__gothic a heavy typeface in use from 15th to 18th centuries
subtype: boldface__bold_face__bold a typeface with thick heavy lines
subtype: italic.font a typeface with letters slanting upward to the right
subtype: screen_font__raster_font (computer science) the font that is displayed on a computer screen; "when the screen font resembles a printed font a document may look approximately the same on the screen as it will when printed"
subtype: sans_serif__Helvetica a typeface in which characters have no serifs
subtype: percent_sign__percentsign__percentage_sign %
subtype: asterisk__star a star-shaped character * used in printing
subtype: dagger__obelisk a character used in printing to indicate a cross reference or footnote
subtype: double_dagger__double_obelisk__dieses a character used in printing to indicate a cross reference or footnote
subtype: letter_of_the_alphabet__letter__alphabetic_character the conventional characters of the alphabet used to represent speech; "his grandmother taught him his letters"
subtype: ascender.letter_of_the_alphabet a lowercase letter that has a part extending above other lowercase letters
subtype: descender.letter_of_the_alphabet a lowercase letter that has a part extending below other lowercase letters
subtype: digraph two successive letters (especially two letters used to represent a single sound: `sh' in `shoe')
subtype: initial the first letter of a word (especially a person's name); "he refused to put the initials FRS after his name"
subtype: A the 1st letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: B the 2nd letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: c__C the 3rd letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: D the 4th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: E the 5th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: F the 6th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: G the 7th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: H the 8th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: i__I the 9th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: J the 10th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: K the 11th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: L the 12th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: M the 13th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: n the 14th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: O the 15th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: P the 16th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: Q the 17th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: R the 18th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: S__s__ the 19th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: T the 20th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: U the 21st letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: V the 22nd letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: W the 23rd letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: X the 24th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: Y the 25th letter of the Roman alphabet
subtype: z__Z__zee__zed the 26th letter of the Roman alphabet; "the British call Z zed but Americans call it zee"
subtype: alpha the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: beta the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: gamma the 3rd letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: delta.letter_of_the_alphabet the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: epsilon the 5th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: zeta the 6th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: eta the 7th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: theta the 8th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: iota the 9th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: kappa the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: lambda.letter_of_the_alphabet the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: mu the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: nu the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: xi the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: omicron the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: pi the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: rho the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: sigma the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: tau the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: upsilon the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: phi the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: chi the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: psi the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: omega the last (24th) letter of the Greek alphabet
subtype: aleph the 1st letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: beth the 2nd letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: gimel the 3rd letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: daleth the 4th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: he the 5th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: waw the 6th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: zayin the 7th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: heth the 8th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: teth the 9th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: yodh the 10th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: kaph the 11th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: lamedh the 12th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: mem the 13th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: nun.letter_of_the_alphabet the 14th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: samekh the 15th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: ayin the 16th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: pe the 17th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: sadhe the 18th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: qoph the 19th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: resh the 20th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: sin the 21st letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: shin.letter_of_the_alphabet the 22nd letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: taw the 23rd letter of the Hebrew alphabet
subtype: polyphone__polyphonicletter a letter that has two or more pronunciations; "`c' is a polyphone because it is pronounced like `k' in `car' but like `s' in `cell'"
subtype: block_letter__blockletter__block_capital__blockcapital a plain hand-drawn letter
subtype: vowel a letter of the alphabet standing for a spoken vowel
subtype: vowel_point__vowelpoint a mark placed below or near a consonant (as in Hebrew or Arabic) to indicate the spoken vowel
subtype: consonant.letter_of_the_alphabet a letter of the alphabet standing for a spoken consonant
subtype: space.grapheme__blank a blank character used to separate successive words in writing or printing; "he said the space is the most important character in the alphabet"
subtype: phonetic_symbol a written character used in phonetic transcription of represent a particular speech sound
subtype: mathematical_symbol a character that is used to indicates a mathematical relation or operation
subtype: rune__runic_letter__runicletter any character from an ancient Germanic alphabet used in Scandinavia from the 3rd century to the Middle Ages; "each rune had its own magical significance"
subtype: thorn a Germanic character of runic origin
subtype: pictograph a graphic character used in picture writing
subtype: ideogram__ideograph a graphic character used in ideography
subtype: logogram__logograph a single symbol that represents an entire word or phrase
subtype: radical.grapheme a character conveying the lexical meaning of a logogram
subtype: phonogram any written symbol standing for a sound or syllable or morpheme or word
subtype: dollar_sign__dollar__dollar_mark a symbol of commercialism or greed; "he worships the almighty dollar" or "the dollar sign means little to him"
subtype: stamp.symbol__impression a symbol that is the result of printing; "he put his stamp on the envelope"
subtype: embossment__imprint an impression produced by pressure or printing
subtype: revenue_stamp__revenuestamp a stamp that is put on an object to show that a government tax has been paid
subtype: seal.stamp a stamp affixed to a document (as to attest to its authenticity or to seal it); "the warrant bore the sheriff's seal"
subtype: mantle the cloak as a symbol of authority; "place the mantle of authority on younger shoulders"
subtype: crown.symbol the crown as a symbol of a monarchy; "the colonies revolted against the crown"
subtype: staff.symbol a rod carried as a symbol
subtype: crosier__crozier a staff surmounted by a crook or cross carried by bishops as a symbol of pastoral office
subtype: mace a ceremonial staff carried as a symbol of office or authority
subtype: sceptre__scepter__verge__wand a ceremonial or emblematic staff
subtype: bauble a mock scepter carried by a court jester
subtype: tipstaff staff with a metal tip carried as a sign of office by e.g. a bailiff or constable
subtype: icon (computer science) a graphic symbol (usually a simple picture) that denotes a program or a command or a data file or a concept in a graphical user interface
subtype: marker__marking a distinguishing symbol; "the owner's mark was on all the sheep"
subtype: earmark identification mark on the ear of a domestic animal
subtype: brand identification mark on skin, made by burning
subtype: trademark a formally registered symbol identifying the manufacturer or distributor of a product
subtype: logo__logotype a company emblem or device
subtype: assay-mark__assaymark__authentication__hallmark a mark on an article of trade to indicate its origin and authenticity
subtype: postmark a cancellation mark stamped on mail by postal officials; indicates the post office and date of mailing
subtype: watermark a distinguishing mark impressed on paper during manufacture; visible when paper is held up to the light
subtype: broad_arrow.marker an arrowhead mark identifying British government property
subtype: milepost__milestone stone post at side of a road to show distances
subtype: peg.marker small markers inserted into a surface to mark scores or define locations etc.
subtype: spot.marker__pip a mark on a playing card (shape depending on the suit)
subtype: label.marker an identifying or descriptive marker that is attached to an object
subtype: gummed_label__sticker an adhesive label
subtype: bookplate__ex_libris a label identifying the owner of a book in which it is pasted
subtype: tag a label made of cardboard or plastic or metal
subtype: dog_tag__dogtag metal plate on a dog collar bearing its registration number
subtype: dog_tag.tag__dogtag military identification tag worn on a chain around the neck
subtype: name_tag a tag showing the name of the person who wears it
subtype: price_tag__pricetag a tag showing the price of the article it is attached to
subtype: cairn a mound of stones piled up as a memorial or to mark a boundary or path
subtype: identifier a symbol that establishes the identity of the one bearing it
subtype: variable.symbol a symbol (like x or y) that is used in mathematical or logical expressions to represent a variable quantity
subtype: placeholder a symbol in a logical or mathematical expression that can be replaced by the name of any member of specified set
subtype: unknown__unknown_quantity__unknownquantity a variable whose values are solutions of an equation
subtype: visual_signal a signal that involves visual communication
subtype: watch_fire__watchfire a fire lighted at night as a signal
subtype: light.visual_signal a visual warning signal; "they saw the light of the beacon"; "there was a light at every corner"
subtype: traffic_light__trafficlight__traffic_signal__trafficsignal__stoplight a visual signal to control the flow of traffic at intersections
subtype: green_light__greenlight__go-ahead the signal to proceed
subtype: red_light the signal to stop
subtype: yellow_light the signal to proceed with caution
subtype: warning_light__warninglight__red_light a cautionary sign of danger
subtype: idiot_light__idiotlight a colored warning light on an instrument panel (as for low oil pressure)
subtype: flare a burst of light used to communicate or illuminate
subtype: star_shell an artillery shell containing an illuminant
subtype: Bengal_light a steady bright blue light; formerly used as a signal but now a firework
subtype: Very_light a colored flare fired from a Very pistol
subtype: signal_flag__flag a rectangular piece of fabric used as a signalling device
subtype: pennant a flag longer than it is wide (and often tapering)
subtype: code_flag__nautical_signal_flag one of an international code of flag signals used between ships
subtype: blue_peter a blue flag with a white square in the center indicates that the vessel is ready to sail
subtype: windsock__sock__wind_sleeve__drogue a truncated cloth cone mounted on a mast; used (e.g., at airports) to show the direction of the wind
subtype: post.visual_signal__stake a pole or stake set up to mark something (as the start or end of a race track)
subtype: starting_post a post marking the starting point of a race (especially a horse race)
subtype: winning_post__winningpost the post at the end of a racecourse
subtype: turn_signal__blinker__turn_indicator__trafficator a blinking light on a motor vehicle that indicates the direction in which the vehicle is about to turn
subtype: armband.visual_signal worn around arm as identification or to indicate mourning
subtype: rocket.visual_signal__skyrocket propels bright light high in the sky, or used to propel a lifesaving line or harpoon
subtype: beacon_fire__beacon a fire (usually on a hill or tower) that can be seen from a distance
subtype: signal_fire__signal_light a fire set as a signal
subtype: stoplight__brake_light__brakelight a red light on the rear of a motor vehicle that signals when the brakes are applied to slow or stop
subtype: barber's_pole striped pole outside a barbershop
subtype: indicator.signal a signal for attracting attention
subtype: reference_point__referencepoint__point_of_reference__reference an indicator that orients you generally; "it is used as a reference for comparing the heating and the electrical energy involved"
subtype: bench_mark__benchmark__benchmark a surveyor's mark on a permanent object of predetermined position and elevation used as a reference point
subtype: landmark.reference_point a mark showing the boundary of a piece of land
subtype: merestone__meerestone__mearstone an old term for a landmark that consisted of a pile of stones surmounted by an upright slab
subtype: lubber's_line__lubber_line__lubber's_mark__lubber's_point a fixed line on a ship's compass indicating its heading
subtype: touchstone__standard__criterion__measure a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated; "they set the measure for all subsequent work"
subtype: benchmark a standard by which something can be measured or judged; "his painting sets the benchmark of quality"
subtype: yardstick a measure or standard used for comparison: "on what kind of yardstick is he basing his judgment?"
subtype: medium_of_exchange__monetary_system anything that is generally accepted as a standard of value and a measure of wealth in a particular country or region
subtype: legal_tender__legaltender__tender something used as an official medium of payment
subtype: food_stamp government-issued stamps used in exchange for food
subtype: money.medium_of_exchange the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender; "we tried to collect the money he owed us"
subtype: appropriation.money money set aside (as by a legislature) for a specific purpose
subtype: pork_barrel__pork a legislative appropriation designed to ingratiate legislators with their constituents
subtype: monetary_fund__fund a reserve of money set aside for some purpose
subtype: revolving_fund__revolvingfund a fund which, if borrowed or used, is intended to be replenished so it may be loaned or spent repeatedly
subtype: sinking_fund__sinkingfund a fund accumulated regularly in a separate account and used to redeem debt securities
subtype: savings__nest_egg a fund of money put by as a reserve
subtype: pension_fund.monetary_fund__pensionfund a fund reserved to pay workers' pensions
subtype: war_chest__warchest a fund accumulated to finance a war (or a political campaign)
subtype: slush_fund__slushfund a fund for buying votes or bribing public officials
subtype: trust_fund__trustfund a fund held in trust
subtype: bank_deposit__deposit money deposited in a bank
subtype: demand_deposit a bank deposit from which withdrawals can be made without notice
subtype: budget a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose; "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year"
subtype: operating_budget__operatingbudget a budget for current expenses as distinct from financial transactions or permanent improvements
subtype: petty_cash__pettycash a small fund of cash that a firm keeps for the payment of incidental expenses
subtype: shekels__gelt__dough__bread__dinero__lucre__loot__pelf__moolah__cabbage__kale informal terms for money
subtype: shinplaster.money paper money of little value issued on insufficient security
subtype: token_money__tokenmoney coins of regular issue whose face value is greater than their intrinsic value
subtype: currency the metal or paper medium of exchange that is presently used
subtype: money.currency the official currency issued by a government or national bank; "he changed his money into francs"
subtype: hard_cash__cash__hard_currency money in the form of bills or coins
subtype: cash_change__change money received in return for its equivalent in a larger denomination or a different currency; "he got change for a twenty and used it to pay the taxi driver"
subtype: cash_balance__change the balance of money received when the amount you tender is greater than the amount due; "I paid with a twenty and pocketed the change"
subtype: small_change__smallchange__chickenfeed a trifling sum of money
subtype: pocket_money__pin_money__pinmoney__spending_money cash for day-to-day spending on incidental expenses
subtype: ready_cash__readycash__ready_money__readymoney money in the form of cash that is quickly available; "his wife was always a good source of ready cash"
subtype: paper_money__papermoney__folding_money__foldingmoney__paper_currency__papercurrency currency issued by a government or central bank and consisting of printed paper that can circulate as a substitute for specie
subtype: fractional_currency paper currency in denominations less than the basic monetary unit
subtype: fiat_money money that the government declares to be legal tender although it cannot be converted into standard specie
subtype: banker's_bill__bill__note__government_note__bank_bill__bank_note__banknote__Federal_Reserve_note__greenback a piece of paper money (especially one issued by a central bank); "he peeled off five one-thousand-zloty notes"
subtype: silver_certificate formerly a bank note issued by the US Treasury and redeemable in silver
subtype: hundred_dollar_bill__c-note__cnote a US bill worth 100 dollars
subtype: fiver__five-spot__five-dollar_bill a US bill worth 5 dollars
subtype: two_dollar_bill a US bill worth 2 dollars
subtype: twenty_dollar_bill a US bill worth 20 dollars
subtype: one_dollar_bill__dollar__dollar_bill__buck__clam (United States) a piece of paper money worth one dollar
subtype: specie__coinage__mintage__metal_money__metalmoney coins collectively
subtype: coin a metal piece (usually a disc) used as money
subtype: change.coin coins of small denomination regarded collectively; "he had a pocketful of change"
subtype: bawbee an old Scottish coin of little value
subtype: bezant__bezzant__solidus a gold coin of the Byzantine Empire; widely circulated in Europe in the Middle Ages
subtype: ducat formerly a gold coin of various European countries
subtype: real an old small silver Spanish coin
subtype: piece_of_eight an old silver Spanish coin; worth 8 reales
subtype: shilling an English coin worth one twentieth of a pound
subtype: crown.coin an English coin worth 5 shillings
subtype: half_crown an English coin worth half a crown
subtype: dime a US coin worth one tenth of a dollar
subtype: nickel a US coin worth one twentieth of a dollar
subtype: quarter.coin a US coin worth one fourth of a dollar; "he fed four quarters into the slot machine"
subtype: half_dollar__fifty-cent_piece a US coin worth half of a dollar
subtype: halfpenny__ha'penny an English coin worth half a penny
subtype: penny.coin__cent__centime a coin worth one-hundredth of the value of the basic unit
subtype: copper.penny a copper penny
subtype: new_penny__newpenny a coin used in Great Britain since 1971 worth one hundredth of a pound
subtype: tenpence (Brit) UK decimal coin worth ten pennies
subtype: twopence__tuppence a former UK silver coin; UK bronze decimal coin worth two pennies
subtype: threepence (Brit) former cupronickel coin of UK equal to three pennies
subtype: fourpence__groat a former English silver coin worth four pennies
subtype: fivepence a five-cent piece
subtype: sixpence__tanner a small British coin worth six pennies; not minted since 1970
subtype: eightpence a coin worth eight pennies
subtype: ninepence a coin worth nine pennies
subtype: dollar.coin a US coin worth one dollar; "the dollar coin has never been popular in the United States"
subtype: Susan_B_Anthony_dollar a US coin worth one dollar
subtype: silver_dollar__cartwheel a dollar made of silver
subtype: eagle.coin a former gold coin in US worth 10 dollars
subtype: half_eagle a former gold coin in US worth 5 dollars
subtype: guinea a former British gold coin worth 21 chillings
subtype: farthing a former British bronze coin worth a quarter of a penny
subtype: doubloon a former Spanish gold coin
subtype: louis_d'or__louisd'or a former French gold coin
subtype: medallion.coin any of various large ancient Greek coins
subtype: stater.coin any of the various silver or gold coins of ancient Greece
subtype: sou a former French coin of low denomination; often used of any small amount of money; "he hasn't a sou to his name"
subtype: peag__wampum small beads made from polished shells and formerly used as money by native Americans
subtype: wampumpeag used as currency in Massachusetts
subtype: scale_of_measurement__scale__graduated_table__graduatedtable__ordered_series an ordered reference standard: "judging on a scale of 1 to 10"
subtype: Beaufort_scale__wind_scale an international scale of wind force from 0 (calm air) to 12 (hurricane)
subtype: index a numerical scale used to compare variables with one another or with some reference number
subtype: margin_of_safety__safety_margin__margin_of_error an index indicating the amount beyond the minimum necessary; "in engineering the margin of safety is the strength of the material minus the anticipated stress"
subtype: logarithmic_scale__logarithmicscale scale on which actual distances from the origin are proportional to the logarithms of the corresponding scale numbers
subtype: Mercalli_scale a scale of earthquake intensity; an earthquake detected only by seismographs is a I and an earthquake that destroys all buildings is a XII
subtype: Mohs_scale a scale of hardness of solids; talc is 0 and diamond is 10; ordering is determined by which substance can scratch another substance
subtype: Richter_scale a logarithmic scale of 1 to 10 used to express the energy released by an earthquake
subtype: temperature_scale__temperaturescale a system of measuring temperature
subtype: Celsius_scale__international_scale__internationalscale__centigrade_scale a temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 0 degrees and the boiling point of water as 100 degrees
subtype: Fahrenheit_scale a temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 32 degrees and the boiling point of water a 212 degrees
subtype: Kelvin_scale__absolute_scale a temperature scale that defines absolute zero as 0 degrees; water freezes at 273.16 degrees and boils at 373.16 degrees
subtype: Rankine_scale a scale of absolute temperature in Fahrenheit degrees; the freezing point of water is 491.69 degrees and the boiling point of water is 671.69 degrees
subtype: Reaumur_scale a temperature scale on which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 80 degrees
subtype: wage_scale__wage_schedule a schedule of wages paid for different jobs
subtype: sliding_scale__slidingscale a wage scale that fluctuates in response to the cost-of-living index
subtype: standard_of_measurement accepted or approved instance or example of a quantity or quality against which others are judged or measured or compared
subtype: baseline an imaginary line or standard by which things are measured or compared; "the established a baseline for the budget"
subtype: norm a standard or model or pattern regarded as typical: "the current middle-class norm of two children per family"
subtype: target__mark a reference point to shoot at; "his arrow hit the mark"
subtype: clout a target used in archery
subtype: drogue a funnel-shaped device towed as a target by an airplane
subtype: white_line__whiteline a white stripe in the middle of a road to mark traffic lanes
subtype: buoy bright-colored; a float attached by rope to the seabed to mark channels in a harbor or underwater hazards
subtype: acoustic_buoy a buoy that can be heard (at night)
subtype: bell_buoy__gong_buoy a buoy with a bell on it
subtype: whistle_buoy__whistlebuoy__whistlingbuoy a buoy that makes a whistling noise
subtype: can_buoy__canbuoy__can a buoy with a round bottom and conical top
subtype: conical_buoy__conicalbuoy__nun__nunbuoy a buoy resembling a cone
subtype: spar_buoy a buoy resembling a vertical log
subtype: electronic_signal a signal generated by electronic means
subtype: radar_echo__radarecho an electronic signal that has been reflected back to the radar antenna; contains information about the location and distance of the reflecting object
subtype: radar_target__radartarget__blip__pip a radar echo displayed so as to show the position of a reflecting surface
subtype: radar_beacon__radarbeacon__racon a device that, on receiving radar signals, transmits coded signals in response to help navigators determine their position
subtype: radio_beacon__radiobeacon a characteristic signal emitted by a transmitter used for navigation
subtype: input_signal__inputsignal__input signal going into an electronic system
subtype: output_signal__output signal that comes out of an electronic system
subtype: printout the output of a computer in printed form
subtype: sign.communication a public display of a (usually written) message; "he posted signs in all the shop windows"
subtype: poster__posting__placard__bill__card a sign posted in a public place as an advertisement; "a poster advertised the coming attractions"
subtype: show_bill__show_card__theatrical_poster a poster advertising a show or play
subtype: flash_card__flashcard a card with words or numbers of pictures that are flashed to a class by the teacher
subtype: street_sign a sign visible from the street
subtype: address.street_sign__addres a sign in front of a house or business carrying the conventional form by which its location is described
subtype: signpost__guidepost a post bearing a sign that gives directions or shows the way
subtype: fingerpost__fingerboard a guidepost resembling a hand with a pointing index finger
subtype: visual_communication communication that relies on vision
subtype: video.visual_communication__picture the visible part of a television transmission; "they could still receive the sound but the picture was gone"
subtype: gesticulation__gesture__motion the use of movements (especially of the hands) to communicate familiar or prearranged signals
subtype: sign.gesticulation a gesture that is part of a sign language
subtype: beck a beckoning gesture
subtype: facial_gesture__facial_expression a gesture executed with the facial muscles
subtype: gape.facial_gesture an expression of open-mouthed astonishment
subtype: rictus a gaping grimace
subtype: grimace__face a contorted facial expression; "she made a grimace at the prospect"
subtype: pout__moue__wry_face__wryface a disdainful pouting grimace
subtype: frown__scowl a facial expression of dislike or displeasure
subtype: smile__smiling__grin__grinning a facial expression characterized by turning up the corners of the mouth; usually shows pleasure or amusement
subtype: smirk a smile expressing smugness or scorn instead of pleasure
subtype: laugh a facial expression characteristic of a person laughing; "his face wrinkled in a silent laugh of derision"
subtype: snarl an angry vicious expression
subtype: straight_face a serious facial expression giving no evidence of interest or amusement
subtype: wink closing one eye quickly as a signal
subtype: wince the facial expression of sudden pain
subtype: flourish a showy gesture; "she entered with a great flourish"
subtype: high-five a gesture of greeting or elation; one person's upraised palm slaps the upraised palm of another person
subtype: previous_question a motion calling for an immediate vote on the main question under discussion by a deliberative assembly
subtype: shrug a gesture involving the shoulders
subtype: waving__wave__wafture the act of signaling by a movement of the hand
subtype: brandish__flourish the act of waving
subtype: V_sign a sign (for victory); making a V with the index and middle fingers
subtype: nod.gesticulation a sign of assent or salutation or command
subtype: obeisance__bow__bowing bending the head or body or knee as a sign of reverence or submission or shame
subtype: curtsy__curtsey bending at the knees; a gesture of respect made by women
subtype: genuflection__genuflexion the act of bending the knees in worship or reverence
subtype: kowtow__kotow a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission
subtype: scrape__scraping a deep bow with the foot drawn backwards (indicating excessive humility); "all that bowing and scraping did not impress him"
subtype: salaam a deep bow; a Muslim form of salutation
subtype: sign_of_the_cross a gesture with the right hand moving to form a cross; used by Catholics as a profession of faith
subtype: body_language communication via the movements or attitudes of the body
subtype: demo__demonstration a visual presentation showing how something works; "the lecture was accompanied by dramatic demonstrations"
subtype: display.demo__show something intended to communicate a particular impression; "made a display of strength"; "a show of impatience"; "a good show of looking interested"
subtype: gaudery cheap or pretentious display
subtype: reflexion__expression__manifestation__reflection expression without words; "tears are an expression of grief"; "the pulse is a reflection of the heart's condition"
subtype: act.reflexion a manifestation of insincerity; "he put on quite an act for her benefit"
subtype: outburst__effusion__gush an unrestrained expression of emotion
subtype: cry.outburst a fit of weeping; "had a good cry"
subtype: acting_out.outburst__actingout a (usually irritating) impulsive and uncontrollable outburst by a problem child or a neurotic adult
subtype: exemplification__illustration showing by example
subtype: projection.visual_communication the projection of an image from a film onto a screen
subtype: display.visual_communication exhibiting openly in public view; "a display of courage"
subtype: acting_out (psychiatry) the display of previously inhibited emotions (often in actions rather than words); considered to be healthy and therapeutic
subtype: array.display an impressive display; "it was a bewildering array of books"; "his tools were in an orderly array on the basement wall"
subtype: viewing__screening__showing the display of motion picture
subtype: preview a screening for a select audience in advance of release for the general public
subtype: sneak_preview__sneakpreview a preview to test audience reactions
subtype: sight.display anything that is seen; "he was a familiar sight on the television" or "they went to Paris to see the sights"
subtype: spectacle.sight something or someone seen (especially a notable or unusual sight); "the tragic spectacle of cripples trying to escape"
subtype: ostentation.display__fanfare a showy outward display
subtype: bravado a swaggering show of courage
subtype: exhibitionism extravagant and conspicuous behavior intended to attract attention to yourself
subtype: ritz ostentatious display of elegance; "they put on the ritz"
subtype: splurge an ostentatious display (of effort or extravagance etc.)
subtype: pedantry a ostentatious and inappropriate display of learning
subtype: flaunt the act of displaying something ostentatiously; "his behavior was an outrageous flaunt"
subtype: presentation.display the act of making something publicly available; presenting news or other information by broadcasting or printing it; "he prepared his presentation carefully in advance"
subtype: unveiling putting on display for the first time; "he attended the unveiling of the statue"
subtype: production.presentation a presentation for the stage or screen or radio or television; "have you seen the new production of Hamlet?"
subtype: theatrical_production__staging the production of a drama on the stage
subtype: coup_de_theatre a highly successful theatrical production
subtype: artwork__art__graphics__nontextual_matter photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication; "the publisher was responsible for all the artwork in the book"
subtype: illustration artwork that helps make something clear or attractive
subtype: picture__pictorial_matter__pictorialmatter illustrations used to decorate or explain a text; "the dictionary had many pictures"
subtype: figure__fig a diagram or picture illustrating textual material; "the area covered can be seen from Figure 2"
subtype: chart a visual display of information
subtype: plot.chart a chart or map showing the movements or progress of an object
subtype: organization_chart a chart showing the lines of responsibility between departments of a large organization
subtype: color_chart__colorchart a chart displaying colors
subtype: color_circle__colorcircle__color_wheel__colorwheel a chart in which complementary colors (or their names) are arranged on opposite sides of a circle
subtype: bar_chart__barchart__bar_graph__bargraph a chart with bars whose lengths are proportional to quantities
subtype: histogram a bar chart representing a frequency distribution; heights of the bars represent observed frequencies
subtype: eye_chart__eyechart a chart that is read from a fixed distance; used as a test of vision
subtype: flip_chart a chart with several sheets hinged at the top; sheets can be flipped over to present information sequentially
subtype: pie_chart__piechart a circular chart divided into triangular areas proportional to the percentages of the whole
subtype: star_chart a chart showing the relative positions of the stars in a particular part of the sky
subtype: profile a graph representing the extent to which something exhibits various characteristics
subtype: population_profile a chart showing the number of people as a function of their ages
subtype: graph__graphical_record__graphicalrecord a drawing illustrating the relations between certain quantities plotted with reference to a set of axes
subtype: characteristic_curve__characterisic_function__characterisicfunction (electronics) graph showing how a particular characteristic of a device varies with other parameters
subtype: frequency-response_curve__frequency-response_characteristic__frequency_response__frequencyresponse (electronics) a graph of frequency response with signal amplitude or gain plotted against frequency
subtype: ballistocardiogram a graphical recording made by a ballistocardiograph
subtype: electrocardiogram__cardiogram__EKG__ECG a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph
subtype: electroencephalogram__encephalogram__EEG a graphical record of electrical activity of the brain; produced by an electroencephalograph
subtype: electroretinogram a graphical recording of the electrical activity of the retina that results when light is flashed into the eye
subtype: Laffer_curve a graph purporting to show the relation between tax rates and government income; income increases as tax rates increase up to an optimum beyond which income declines
subtype: myogram a graphical recording of muscle activity
subtype: electromyogram__EMG a graphical record of electric currents associated with muscle contractions
subtype: radiation_pattern__radiationpattern__radiation_diagram__radiationdiagram__pattern graphical representation (in polar or cartesian coordinates) of the spatial distribution of radiation from an antenna as a function of angle
subtype: tachogram a graphical record of speed and distance produced by a tachograph
subtype: exponential_curve__exponentialcurve a graph of an exponential function
subtype: drawing.artwork an illustration that is drawn by hand and published in a book or magazine; "it is shown by the drawing in Fig. 7"
subtype: expressive_style__style a way of expressing something (in language or art or music etc.) that is characteristic of a particular person or group of people or period; "all the reporters were expected to adopt the style of the newspaper"
subtype: allegory an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor
subtype: analysis.expressive_style the use of closed-class words instead of inflections: e.g., "the father of the bride" instead of "the bride's father"
subtype: bathos triteness or triviality of style
subtype: black_humor__blackhumor__black_humour__blackhumour the juxtaposition of morbid and farcical elements (in writing or drama) to give a disturbing effect
subtype: device.expressive_style something in an artistic work designed to achieve a particular effect
subtype: rhetorical_device a use of language that creates a literary effect (but often without regard for literal significance)
subtype: anacoluthia__anacoluthon an abrupt change within a sentence from one syntactic structure to another
subtype: repetition the repeated use of the same word or word pattern as a rhetorical device
subtype: anadiplosis__anadiplosi repetition of the final words of a sentence or line at the beginning of the next
subtype: epanalepsis repetition after intervening words
subtype: epanodos repetition or recapitulation in reverse order
subtype: epiphora__epistrophe repetition of the ends of two or more successive sentences, verses, etc.
subtype: gemination doubling of a word or words
subtype: ploce repetition to gain special emphasis or extend meaning
subtype: polyptoton repetition of a word in a different case or inflection in the same sentence; "My own heart's heart"
subtype: epanaphora__anaphora repetition of a word or phrase as the beginning of successive clauses
subtype: anaphora using a pronoun or other pro-word instead of repeating a word
subtype: symploce repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning and another at the end of successive clauses, i.e., simultaneous use of anaphora and epistrophe
subtype: anastrophe__inversion the reversal of the normal order of words
subtype: antiphrasis the use of a word in a sense opposite to its normal sense (especially in irony)
subtype: antithesis.rhetorical_device the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a feeling of balance
subtype: antinomasia substitution of a title for a name
subtype: apophasis__apophasi mentioning something by saying it will not be mentioned
subtype: aposiopesis breaking off in the middle of a sentence (as by writers of realistic conversations)
subtype: apostrophe.rhetorical_device address to an absent or imaginary person
subtype: catachresis strained or paradoxical use of words either in error (as `blatant' to mean `flagrant') or deliberately (as in a mixed metaphor: `blind mouths')
subtype: chiasmus inversion in the second of two parallel phrases
subtype: climax arrangement of clauses in ascending order of forcefulness
subtype: conversion.rhetorical_device interchange of subject and predicate of a proposition
subtype: ecphonesis__exclamation an exclamatory rhetorical device; "O tempore! O mores"
subtype: emphasis special and significant stress by means of position or repetition e.g.
subtype: enallage a substitution of part of speech or gender or number or tense etc. (e.g., editorial `we' for `I')
subtype: epanorthosis immediate rephrasing for intensification or justification; "Seems, madam! Nay, it is"
subtype: epiplexis__epiplexi a rhetorical device in which the speaker reproaches the audience in order to incite or convince them
subtype: hendiadys__hendiady use of two conjoined nouns instead of a noun and modifier
subtype: hypallage reversal of the syntactic relation of two words (as in `her beauty's face')
subtype: hyperbaton reversal of normal word order (as in `cheese I love')
subtype: hypozeugma use of a series of subjects with a single predicate
subtype: hypozeuxis use of a series of parallel clauses (as in `I came, I saw, I conquered')
subtype: hysteron_proteron.rhetorical_device__hysteronproteron reversal of normal order of two words or sentences etc. (as in `bred and born')
subtype: litotes__litote__meiosis understatement for rhetorical effect (especially when expressing an affirmative by negating its contrary); "saying `I was not a little upset' when you mean `I was very upset' is an example of litotes"
subtype: onomatopoeia using words that imitate the sound they denote
subtype: paralepsis__paraleipsis__paraleipsi__paralipsis__preterition suggesting by deliberately concise treatment that much of significance is omitted
subtype: paregmenon juxtaposing words having a common derivation (as in `sense and sensibility')
subtype: polysyndeton using several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted (as in `he ran and jumped and laughed for joy')
subtype: prolepsis__prolepsi anticipating and answering objections in advance
subtype: wellerism a comparison comprising a well-known quotation followed by a facetious sequel
subtype: trope__figureofspeech__figure__image language used in a figurative or nonliteral sense
subtype: irony.trope a trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs
subtype: dramatic_irony (theater) irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play
subtype: hyperbole__exaggeration extravagant exaggeration
subtype: kenning conventional metaphoric name for something, used especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry
subtype: metaphor a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity
subtype: dead_metaphor__frozen_metaphor a metaphor that has occurred so often that it has become a new meaning of the expression (e.g., `he is a snake' may once have been a metaphor but after years of use it has died and become a new sense of the word `snake')
subtype: mixed_metahor__mixedmetahor a combination of two or more metaphors that together produce a ridiculous effect
subtype: synesthetic_metaphor__synestheticmetaphor a metaphor that exploits a similarity between experiences in different sense modalities
subtype: metonymy substituting the name of an attribute or feature for the name of the thing itself (as in `they counted heads')
subtype: metalepsis substituting metonymy of one figurative sense for another
subtype: oxymoron conjoining contradictory terms (as in `deafening silence')
subtype: prosopopoeia__personification representing an abstract quality or idea as a person or creature
subtype: simile a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with `like' or `as')
subtype: synecdoche substituting a more inclusive term for a less inclusive one or vice versa
subtype: zeugma use of a word to govern two or more words though appropriate to only one; "`Mr. Pickwick took his hat and his leave' is an example of zeugma"
subtype: syllepsis__syllepsi use of a word to govern two or more words though agreeing in number or case etc. with only one
subtype: eloquence__fluency powerful and effective language
subtype: euphuism.expressive_style any artificially elegant style of language
subtype: formulation__expression the style of expressing yourself; "he suggested a better formulation"; "his manner of expression showed how much he cared"
subtype: honorific an expression of respect; "the Japanese use many honorifics"
subtype: archaism__archaicism the use of an archaic expression
subtype: boilerplate.formulation standard formulations uniformly found in certain types of legal documents or news stories
subtype: colloquialism a colloquial expression; characteristic of spoken or written communication that seeks to imitate informal speech
subtype: parlance__idiom a manner of speaking that is natural to native speakers of a language
subtype: Americanism.formulation__americanism an expression that is characteristic of English as spoken by Americans
subtype: Briticism__Anglicism__Britishism an expression that is limited to English as spoken by Englishmen (especially as contrasted with American English)
subtype: wording__phrasing__phraseology__choiceofword__verbiage the manner in which something is expressed in words: "use concise military verbiage"- G.S.Patton
subtype: mot_juste__motjuste the appropriate word or expression
subtype: verbalization__verbalisation expressing something in words
subtype: grandiosity__magniloquence__grandiloquence__rhetoric high flown style; excessive use of verbal ornamentation
subtype: flourish.grandiosity a display of ornamental speech or language
subtype: bombast__rant__claptrap__blah pompous or pretentious talk or writing
subtype: headlinese using the abbreviated style of headline writers
subtype: jargon specialized technical terminology characteristic of a particular subject
subtype: ecobabble using the technical language of ecology to make the user seem ecologically aware
subtype: Eurobabble the jargon of European community documents and regulations
subtype: gobbledygook incomprehensible or pompous jargon of specialists
subtype: psychobabble using language loaded with psychological terminology
subtype: technobabble technical jargon from computing and other high-tech subjects
subtype: journalese the style in which newspapers are written
subtype: luridness__luridnes the journalistic use of subject matter that appeals to vulgar tastes; "the tabloids relied on sensationalism to maintain their circulation"
subtype: legalese a style that uses the abstruse technical vocabulary of the law
subtype: manner_of_speaking__speech__delivery your characteristic style or manner of expressing yourself orally; "his manner of speaking was quite abrupt"; "her speech was barren of southernisms"; "I detected a slight accent in his speech"
subtype: address.manner_of_speaking__addres the manner of speaking to another individual; "he failed in his manner of address to the captain"
subtype: catch.manner_of_speaking a break or check in the voice (usually a sign of strong emotion)
subtype: tongue a manner of speaking; "he spoke with a thick tongue"; "she has a glib tongue"
subtype: sharp_tongue__sharptongue a bitter or critical manner of speaking
subtype: shibboleth a manner of speaking that is distinctive of a particular group of people
subtype: tone_of_voice__tone the quality of a person's voice; "he began in a conversational tone"; "he spoke in a nervous tone of voice"
subtype: note.tone_of_voice a tone of voice that shows what the speaker is feeling; "there was a note of uncertainty in his voice"
subtype: undertone a quiet or hushed tone of voice: "spoke in undertones"
subtype: elocution an expert manner of speaking involving control of voice and gesture
subtype: inflection__prosody the patterns of stress and intonation in a language
subtype: intonation__pitch_contour rise and fall of the voice pitch
subtype: intonation_pattern intonations characteristic of questions and requests and statements
subtype: monotone__drone__droning an unchanging intonation
subtype: singsong.intonation a regular and monotonous rising and falling intonation
subtype: caesura a break or pause (usually for sense) in the middle of a verse line
subtype: enjambment__enjambement the continuation of a syntactic unit from one line of verse into the next line without a pause
subtype: accentuation__stress__emphasis__accent the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch); "he put the stress on the wrong syllable"
subtype: tonic_accent__tonicaccent__pitch_accent__pitchaccent emphasis that results from pitch rather than loudness
subtype: word_stress__word_accent the distribution of stresses within a polysyllabic word
subtype: sentence_stress__sentencestres the distribution of stresses within a sentence
subtype: speech_rhythm__rhythm the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements; "the rhythm of Frost's poetry"
subtype: music_genre__musicgenre__musical_genre__musicalgenre__genre__musical_style__musicalstyle an expressive style of music
subtype: black_music__blackmusic__African-American_music music created by African-American musicians; early forms were songs that had a melodic line and a strong rhythmic beat with repeated choruses
subtype: blues__blue a type of folk song that originated among Black Americans at the beginning of the 20th century; has a melancholy sound from repeated use of blue notes
subtype: boogie-woogie__boogie an instrumental version of the blues (especially for piano)
subtype: soul.gospel_singing a secular form of gospel that was a major Black musical genre in the 1960s and 1970s; "soul was politically significant during the Civil Rights movement"
subtype: rap_music__rapmusic__rap genre of African-American music of the 1980s and 1990s in which rhyming lyrics are chanted to a musical accompaniment; several forms of rap have emerged
subtype: rhythm_and_blues__R_and_B a combination of blues and jazz that was developed in the United States by Black musicians; an important precursor of rock 'n' roll
subtype: classical_music__classicalmusic__serious_music__seriousmusic traditional genre of music conforming to an established form and appealing to critical interest and developed musical taste
subtype: chamber_music__chambermusic serious music performed by a small group of musicians
subtype: opera a drama set to music; consists of singing with orchestral accompaniment and an orchestral overture and interludes
subtype: comic_opera__opera_bouffe__operabouffe__opera_comique__operacomique opera with a happy ending and in which some of the text is spoken
subtype: operetta__light_opera__lightopera a short amusing opera
subtype: grand_opera__grandopera opera in which all the text is sung
subtype: musical_drama__musicaldrama opera in which the musical and dramatic elements are equally important; the music is appropriate to the action
subtype: cantata__oratorio a musical composition for voices and orchestra based on a religious text
subtype: concerto a composition for orchestra and a soloist
subtype: concerto_grosso a baroque composition for orchestra and a group of solo instruments
subtype: fugue a musical form consisting of a theme repeated a fifth above or a fourth below its first statement
subtype: rondo__rondeau a musical form that is often the last movement of a sonata
subtype: sonata a musical composition of 3 or 4 movements of contrasting forms
subtype: piano_sonata__pianosonata a sonata for piano
subtype: symphony__symphonic_music__symphonicmusic a long and complex sonata for symphony orchestra
subtype: religious_music__religiousmusic__church_music genre of music composed for performance as part of religious ceremonies
subtype: antiphon__antiphony a verse or song to be chanted or sung in response
subtype: gradual (Roman Catholic) an antiphon (usually from the Book of Psalms) immediately after the epistle at Mass
subtype: Mass.religious_music__mas a musical setting for a Mass
subtype: Requiem.Mass__requiem a musical setting for a Mass celebrating the dead
subtype: processional__prosodion religious music used in a procession
subtype: antiphonary__antiphonal bound collection of antiphons
subtype: religious_song__religioussong religious music for singing
subtype: chant a repetitive song in which as many syllables as necessary are assigned to a single tone
subtype: Hallel (Judaism) a chant of praise (Psalms 113 through 118) used at Passover and Shabuoth and Sukkoth and Hanukkah and Rosh Hodesh
subtype: Hare_Krishna a chant to the Hindu god Krishna
subtype: plainsong__plainchant__Gregorian_chant a liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic Church
subtype: cantus_firmus a melody used as the basis for a polyphonic composition
subtype: Negro_spiritual__spiritual a kind of religious song originated by Blacks in the southern United States
subtype: Christmas_carol__christmascarol__carol joyful religious song celebrating the birth of Christ
subtype: hymn__anthem a song of praise (to God or to a saint or to a nation)
subtype: dithyramb.hymn (ancient Greece) a passionate hymn (usually in honor of Dionysus)
subtype: doxology a hymn or verse in Christian liturgy glorifying God
subtype: chorale__choral a stately Protestant (especially Lutheran) hymn tune
subtype: canticle a hymn derived from the Bible
subtype: Magnificat the canticle of the Virgin Mary (from Luke 1:46 beginning "Magnificat anima mea Dominum")
subtype: Dies_Irae the first words of a medieval Latin hymn describing the Last Judgment (literally "day of wrath")
subtype: Internationale a revolutionary socialist anthem
subtype: paean a hymn of praise (especially one sung in ancient Greece to invoke or thank a deity)
subtype: recessional a hymn that is sung at the end of a service as the clergy and choir withdraw
subtype: Te_Deum__tedeum an ancient liturgical hymn
subtype: national_anthem a song formally adopted as the anthem for a nation
subtype: Marseillaise the French national anthem
subtype: Star-Spangled_Banner a poem written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812 was set to music and adopted by Congress in 1931 as the national anthem of the United States
subtype: marching_music__march genre of music written for marching; "Sousa wrote the best marches"
subtype: military_march__military_music__martial_music__martialmusic brisk marching music suitable for troops marching in a military parade
subtype: quickstep.military_march military march accompanying quick time
subtype: pibroch martial music with variations;to be played by the Scottish Highlands bagpipe
subtype: processional_march__recessional_march__recessionalmarch a march to be played for processions
subtype: funeral_march__funeralmarch__dead_march a slow march to be played for funeral processions
subtype: wedding_march__weddingmarch a march to be played for a wedding procession
subtype: popular_music_genre__popularmusicgenre__popular_music__popularmusic any genre of music having wide appeal (but usually only for a short time)
subtype: macumba.popular_music_genre popular dance music of Brazil; derived from the practices of the macumba religious cult
subtype: pop_music__popmusic__pop music of general appeal to teenagers; a bland watered-down version of rock'n'roll with more rhythm and harmony and an emphasis on romantic love
subtype: folk_music__ethnic_music__folk the traditional and typically anonymous music that is an expression of the life of people in a community
subtype: folk_song__folk_ballad a song that is traditionally sung by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture
subtype: blues__blue a type of folk song that originated among Black Americans at the beginning of the 20th century; has a melancholy sound from repeated use of blue notes
subtype: schottische.folk_music music performed for dancing the schottische
subtype: country_music__country_and_western__countryandwestern__C_and_W a simple style of folk music heard mostly in the southern United States; usually played on stringed instruments
subtype: bluegrass__bluegras a type of country music played at a rapid tempo on banjos and guitars
subtype: hillbilly_music__hillbillymusic country music originating in mountainous regions of southern United States
subtype: zydeco music of southern Louisiana that combines French dance melodies with Caribbean music and blues
subtype: gospel_singing__gospel a genre of a capella music originating with Black slaves in the United States and featuring call and response; influential on the development of other genres of popular music (especially soul)
subtype: doo-wop__doowop a genre (usually a capella) of Black vocal-harmony music of the 1950s that evolved in New York City from gospel singing; characterized by close four-part harmonies; the name derived from some of the nonsense syllables sung by the back-up vocalists
subtype: soul.gospel_singing a secular form of gospel that was a major Black musical genre in the 1960s and 1970s; "soul was politically significant during the Civil Rights movement"
subtype: square-dance_music music performed for square dancing
subtype: dance_music__dancemusic__danceroom_music__danceroommusic__ballroom_music a genre of popular music composed for ballroom dancing
subtype: beguine.dance_music music written in the bolero rhythm of the beguine dance
subtype: bolero.dance_music music written in the rhythm of the bolero dance
subtype: carioca.dance_music music composed for dancing the carioca
subtype: conga.dance_music music composed for dancing the conga
subtype: gavotte.dance_music music composed in quadruple time for dancing the gavotte
subtype: hornpipe.dance_music music for dancing the hornpipe
subtype: jig.dance_music music in three-four time for dancing a jig
subtype: landler.dance_music music in triple time for dancing the landler
subtype: mazurka.dance_music music composed for dancing the mazurka
subtype: minuet.dance_music a stately piece of music composed for dancing the minuet; often incorporated into a sonata or suite
subtype: paso_doble.dance_music__pasodoble music in march time composed for dancing the paso doble; often played a bull fights
subtype: pavan__pavane music composed for dancing the pavane
subtype: polka.dance_music music performed for dancing the polka
subtype: quadrille.dance_music music for dancing the quadrille
subtype: reel.dance_music music composed for dancing a reel
subtype: rhumba__rumba syncopated music in duple time for dancing the rumba
subtype: samba.dance_music music composed for dancing the samba
subtype: saraband.dance_music music composed for dancing the saraband
subtype: tango.dance_music music written in duple time for dancing the tango
subtype: tarantella music composed in six-eight time for dancing the tarantella
subtype: waltz music composed in triple time for waltzing
subtype: ragtime music with a syncopated melody (usually for the piano)
subtype: jazz.dance_music a style of dance music popular in the 1920s; similar to New Orleans jazz but played by large bands
subtype: kwela a kind of danceable music popular among black South Africans; includes a whistle among its instruments
subtype: jazz a genre of popular music that originated in New Orleans around 1900 and developed through increasingly complex styles
subtype: bop__bebop an early form of modern jazz (originating around 1940)
subtype: boogie-woogie__boogie an instrumental version of the blues (especially for piano)
subtype: cool_jazz jazz that is restrained and fluid and marked by intricate harmonic structures often lagging slightly behind the beat
subtype: hot_jazz__hotjazz jazz that is emotionally charged and intense and marked by strong rhythms and improvisation
subtype: modern_jazz__new_jazz__newjazz__neo_jazz__neojazz any of various styles of jazz that appeared after 1940
subtype: trad (British) traditional jazz as revived in the 1950s
subtype: swing_music__swingmusic__swing__jive a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s; flowing rhythms but less complex than later styles of jazz
subtype: rap_music__rapmusic__rap genre of African-American music of the 1980s and 1990s in which rhyming lyrics are chanted to a musical accompaniment; several forms of rap have emerged
subtype: rhythm_and_blues__R_and_B a combination of blues and jazz that was developed in the United States by Black musicians; an important precursor of rock 'n' roll
subtype: rockabilly a fusion of black music and country music that was popular in the 1950s; sometimes described as blues with a country beat
subtype: rock_'n'_roll__rock'n'roll__rockandroll__rockandroll__rock_music a genre of popular music originating in the 1950s; a blend of Black rhythm-and-blues with White country-and-western; "rock is a generic term for the range of styles that evolved out of rock'n'roll."
subtype: progressive_rock__progressiverock__artrock a style of rock music that emerged in the 1970s; associated with attempts to combine rock with jazz and other forms; intended for listening and not dancing
subtype: psychedlic_rock__acid_rock a musical style that emerged in the mid-1960s; rock music inspired by or related to drug-induced experience
subtype: punk_rock__punk rock music with deliberately offensive lyrics expressing anger and social alienation; in part a reaction against progressive rock
subtype: reggae popular music originating in the West Indies; repetitive bass riffs and regular chords played on the off beat by a guitar
subtype: skiffle (British) a style of popular music in the 1950s; based on American folk music and played on guitars and improvised percussion instruments
subtype: officialese the style of writing characteristic of some government officials: formal and obscure
subtype: pathos a style that has the power to evoke feelings
subtype: prose.expressive_style matter of fact, commonplace, or dull expression
subtype: rhetoric.expressive_style using language effectively to please or persuade
subtype: self-expression the expression of one's individuality (usually through creative activities)
subtype: sesquipedality using long words
subtype: terseness__tersenes a neatly short and concise expressive style
subtype: conciseness__concisenes__pithiness__pithines__succinctnes terseness and economy in writing and speaking achieved by expressing a great deal in just a few words
subtype: crispness.terseness__crispnes a style of expression that is direct and to the point; "the crispness of his reply"
subtype: brevity the use of brief expressions
subtype: laconism__laconicism terseness of expression
subtype: vein.style a distinctive style or manner; "he continued in this vein for several minutes"
subtype: verboseness__verbosenes an expressive style that uses excessive words
subtype: verbiage overabundance of words
subtype: prolixity__prolixness__long-windedness__wordiness__wordines boring verboseness
subtype: turgidity__turgidness__flatulence pompously embellished language
subtype: circumlocution__periphrasis__periphrasi a style that involves indirect ways of expressing things
subtype: repetitiveness__repetitiousness__repetitiousnes verboseness resulting from excessive repetitions
subtype: redundancy.repetitiveness repetition of messages to reduce the probability of errors in transmission
subtype: tautology useless repetition; "to say that something is `adequate enough' is a tautology"
subtype: pleonasm using more words than necessary; "a tiny little child"
subtype: writing_style__writingstyle__literary_genre__genre a style of expressing yourself in writing
subtype: drama the literary genre of works intended for the theater
subtype: closet_drama drama more suitable for reading that for performing
subtype: comedy light and humorous drama with a happy ending
subtype: black_comedy__blackcomedy comedy that uses black humor
subtype: commedia_dell'arte Italian comedy of the 16th to 18th centuries improvised from standardized situations and stock characters
subtype: farce_comedy__farcecomedy__farce__travesty a comedy characterized by broad satire and improbable situations
subtype: high_comedy a sophisticated comedy; often satirizing genteel society
subtype: low_comedy__lowcomedy a comedy characterized by slapstick and burlesque
subtype: melodrama an extravagant comedy in which action is more salient than characterization
subtype: seriocomedy__tragicomedy a comedy with serious elements or overtones
subtype: situation_comedy.comedy__situationcomedy a humorous drama based on situations that might arise in day-to-day life
subtype: slapstick a boisterous comedy with chases and collisions and practical jokes
subtype: tragedy drama in which the protagonist is overcome by some superior force or circumstance; excites terror or pity
subtype: tragicomedy a dramatic composition involving elements of both tragedy and comedy usually with the tragic predominating
subtype: prose ordinary writing as distinguished from verse
subtype: euphuism an elegant style of prose of the Elizabethan period; characterized by balance and antithesis and alliteration and extended similes with and allusions to nature and mythology
subtype: nonfiction__nonfictional_prose prose writing that is not fictional
subtype: article nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication
subtype: newspaper_column__newspapercolumn__column__editorial an article giving opinions or perspectives
subtype: agony_column__agonycolumn a newspaper column devoted to personal problems
subtype: feature_article__featurearticle__feature a special or prominent article in a newspaper or magazine; "they ran a feature on retirement planning"
subtype: magazine_article an article published in a magazine
subtype: news_article__news_story__newspaper_article__newspaperarticle an article reporting news
subtype: lead_story__lead a news story of major importance
subtype: personal a short newspaper article about a particular person or group
subtype: sidebar a short news story presenting sidelights on a major story
subtype: offprint__reprint__separate a separately printed article that originally appeared in a larger publication
subtype: paper.article a scholarly article describing the results of observations or stating hypotheses; "he has written many scientific papers"
subtype: interior_monologue a literary genre that presents a fictional character's sequence of thoughts in the form of a monologue
subtype: stream_of_consciousness a literary genre that reveals a character's thoughts and feeling as they develop by means of a long soliloquy
subtype: prose_poem__prosepoem prose that resembles poetry
subtype: polyphonic_prose a rhythmical prose employing the poetic devices of alliteration and assonance
subtype: form.writing_style an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse; "the essay was in the form of a dialogue"; "he first sketches the plot in outline form"
subtype: poesy__poetry__verse literature in metrical form
subtype: epos a body of poetry that conveys the traditions of a society by treating some epic theme
subtype: poetry any communication resembling poetry in beauty or the evocation of feeling
subtype: paralanguage__paralinguistic_communication the use of manner of speaking to communicate particular meanings
subtype: auditory_communication communication that relies on hearing
subtype: vocalization__voice__vocalisation__phonation__vox the sound made by the vibration of vocal folds modified by the resonance of the vocal tract; "a singer takes good care of his voice"; "the giraffe cannot make any vocalizations"
subtype: psychic_communication__psychiccommunication__psychical_communication__psychicalcommunication__anomalous_communication__anomalouscommunication communication by paranormal means
subtype: voice.communication something suggestive of speech in being a medium of expression; "the wee small voice of conscience"; "the voice of experience"; "he said his voices told him to do it"
subtype: document.communication a written account of ownership or obligation
subtype: system_of_measurement a system of related measures
subtype: subject_matter__subjectmatter__message__content__substance what a communication that is about something is about
subtype: relations__relation__dealings mutual dealings or connections or communications among persons or groups
subtype: professional_relation the relation that exists when one person requests and is granted professional help from a qualified source
subtype: political_relation__politicalrelation__politics social relations involving authority or power
subtype: interpersonal_chemistry__interpersonalchemistry__chemistry__alchemy the way two individuals relate to each other; "their chemistry was wrong from the beginning -- they hated each other"; "a mysterious alchemy brought them together"
subtype: spatial_relation__spatialrelation__position__spatial_property__spatialproperty the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated; "the position of the hands on the clock"; "he specified the spatial relations of every piece of furniture on the stage"
subtype: ownership the relation of an owner to the thing possessed; possession with the right to transfer possession to others
subtype: causality the relation between causes and effects
subtype: human_relationship__humanrelationship__relationship a relation between people; (`relationship' is often used where `relation' would serve (as in "the relationship between inflation and unemployment")) preferred usage of `relationship' is for human relations or states of relatedness; "the relationship between mothers and children"
subtype: function.relation a relation such that one thing is dependent on another; "height is a function of age"; "price is a function of supply and demand"
subtype: association.relation a relation resulting from interaction or dependence; "the host is not always injured by association with a parasite"
subtype: logical_relation__logicalrelation a relation between logical propositions
subtype: mathematical_relation a relation between mathematical expressions (such as equality or inequality)
subtype: foundation the basis on which something is grounded; "there is little foundation for his objections"
subtype: connection.relation__connexion__connectedness__connectednes a relation between things or events (as in the case of one causing the other or sharing features with it); "there was a connection between eating that pickle and having that nightmare"
subtype: unconnectedness the lack of a connection between things
subtype: linguistic_relation a relation between linguistic forms or constituents
subtype: component_part__componentpart__part__portion something determined in relation to something that includes it; "he wanted to feel a part of something bigger than himself"; "I read a portion of the manuscript"; "the smaller component is hard to reach"
subtype: kinship__affinity a close connection marked by community of interests or similarity in nature or character: "found a natural affinity with the immigrants"; "felt a deep kinship with the other students"; "anthropology's kinship with the humanities"
subtype: family_relationship__kinship__relationship state of relatedness or connection by blood or marriage or adoption
subtype: magnitude_relation__magnituderelation__quantitative_relation a relation between magnitudes
subtype: control.relation a relation of constraint of one entity (thing or person or group) by another; "measures for the control of disease"; "they instituted controls over drinking on campus"
subtype: business_relation a relation between different business enterprises
subtype: reciprocality__reciprocity a relation of mutual dependence or action or influence
subtype: interrelation__interrelationship__interrelatedness mutual or reciprocal relation or relatedness: "interrelationships of animal structure and function"
subtype: temporal_relation a relation involving time
subtype: comparison relation based on similarities and differences
subtype: oppositeness__opposition the relation between opposed entities
subtype: change.relation a relational difference between states; especially between states before and after some event: "he attributed the change to their marriage"
60 statements are about indirect instances of relation: graph1_on_publication, graph1_on_report, graph35_on_article, graph1_on_WebKB-2, graph1_on_article, graph2_on_article, graph3_on_article, graph4_on_article, graph5_on_article, graph6_on_article, graph7_on_article, graph8_on_article, graph9_on_article, graph10_on_article, graph11_on_article, graph12_on_article, graph13_on_article, graph14_on_article, graph15_on_article, graph16_on_article, graph17_on_article, graph18_on_article, graph1_on_PhD_thesis, graph1_on_book, graph19_on_article, graph20_on_article, graph21_on_article, graph22_on_article, graph23_on_article, graph24_on_article, graph2_on_PhD_thesis, graph25_on_article, graph26_on_article, graph27_on_article, graph28_on_article, graph29_on_article, graph30_on_article, graph3_on_PhD_thesis, graph31_on_article, graph32_on_article, graph33_on_article, graph34_on_article, graph1_on_insurance, graph1_on_insurance, graph1_on_description, graph1_on_file, graph1_on_written_material, graph1_on_address, graph1_on_animal, graph1_on_research_staff, graph1_on_ontology, graph1_on_spamOnly@phmartin.info, graph7_on_spamOnly@phmartin.info, graph1_on_f.modave@gu.edu.au, graph1_on_daniel.goodburn@dsto.defence.gov.au, graph1_on_Corolla_AE93_CSI_manual_hatchback, graph2_on_Corolla_AE93_CSI_manual_hatchback, graph1_on_http://www.wotif.com/Accommodation/viewdeal.asp?PropID=2667, graph1_on_http://www.wotif.com/Accommodation/viewdeal.asp?PropID=4384, graph1_on_http://www.wotif.com/Accommodation/viewdeal.asp?PropID=5241 click here to display them or click here for a search form or here to add a statement
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