#phenomenon any state or process known through the senses rather than by intuition or reasoning
supertype: process__proces__physicalsituation (sumo) intuitively, the class of things that happen and have temporal parts or stages; examples include extended events like a football match or a race, actions like pursuing and reading, and biological processes; sumo#process is not identical to pm#situation because an instance of pm#situation is not necessarily an instance of sumo#physical
subtype: natural_phenomenon__naturalphenomenon all non-artificial phenomena
subtype: chemical_phenomenon a natural phenomenon involving chemistry (as changes to atoms or molecules)
subtype: allotropy__allotropism the phenomenon of an element existing in two or more physical forms
subtype: exchange chemical process in which one atom or ion or group changes places with another
subtype: photochemical_exchange__photochemicalexchange an exchange produced by the chemical action of radiant energy (especially light)
subtype: crystallization__crystallizing the formation of crystals
subtype: efflorescence__bloom a powdery deposit on a surface
subtype: valency the phenomenon of forming chemical bonds
subtype: fermentation__ferment a chemical phenomenon in which an organic molecule splits into simpler substances
subtype: polymorphism.chemical_phenomenon__pleomorphism (chemistry) the existence of different kinds of crystal of the same chemical compound
subtype: dimorphism.polymorphism (chemistry) the property of certain substances that enables them to exist in two distinct crystalline forms
subtype: state_of_matter__state (chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container); "the solid state of water is called ice"
subtype: phase.state_of_matter__form (physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary: "the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system"
subtype: dispersed_phase__dispersedphase__dispersed_particles__dispersedparticle (of colloids) a substance in the colloidal state
subtype: dispersing_phase__dispersion_medium__dispersing_medium (of colloids) a substance in which another is colloidally dispersed
subtype: liquidness__liquid__liquidity the state in which a substance exhibits a characteristic readiness to flow with little or no tendency to disperse and relatively high incompressibility
subtype: solidness__solidnes the state in which a substance has no tendency to flow under moderate stress; resists forces (such as compression) that tend to deform it; and retains an definite size and shape
subtype: gas.state_of_matter__ga the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity; relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature; the ability to diffuse readily; and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container
subtype: plasma (physical chemistry) the gaseous state of hot ionized material consisting of ions and electrons and present in the stars and fusion reactors: sometimes regarded as a fourth state of matter distinct from normal gasses
subtype: geological_phenomenon a natural phenomenon involving the structure or composition of the earth
subtype: earthquake__quake__temblor__seism shaking and vibration at the surface of the earth resulting from underground movement along a fault plane of from volcanic activity
subtype: seismic_disturbance__seismicdisturbance__shock an instance of agitation of the earth's crust
subtype: earth_tremor__earthtremor__tremor__microseism a small earthquake
subtype: aftershock a tremor (or one of a series of tremors) occurring after the main shock of an earthquake
subtype: foreshock a tremor preceding an earthquake
subtype: seaquake__submarine_earthquake__submarineearthquake an earthquake at the sea bed
subtype: alluvial_fan__alluvial_cone a fan-shaped deposit where a fast flowing stream flattens out
subtype: cataclysm__catastrophe a sudden violent change in the earth's surface
subtype: continental_drift__continentaldrift the gradual movement and formation of continents (as described by plate tectonics)
subtype: sedimentation__deposit__alluviation the phenomenon of sediment or gravel accumulating
subtype: lode__load a deposit of valuable ore occurring within definite boundaries separating it from surrounding rocks
subtype: mother_lode__champion_lode the main vein of ore in a deposit
subtype: inundation__flood__deluge__alluvion the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land
subtype: debacle flooding caused by a tumultuous breakup of ice in a river during the spring or summer
subtype: flash_flood__flashflood a sudden local flood of great volume and short duration
subtype: floodhead a wall of water rushing ahead of the flood; "we were lucky to be safe when the floodheads hit"
subtype: frost_heave__frost_heaving upthrust of ground or pavement caused by the freezing of moist soil
subtype: volcanism the phenomena associated with volcanic activity
subtype: organic_phenomenon__organicphenomenon a natural phenomenon involving living plants and animals
subtype: abiogenesis__abiogenesi__autogenesis__autogenesi__autogeny__spontaneous_generation__spontaneousgeneration a hypothetical organic phenomenon by which living organisms are created from nonliving matter
subtype: alternation_of_generations__heterogenesis__heterogenesi__xenogenesis the alternation of two or more different forms in the life cycle of a plant or animal
subtype: metagenesis__digenesis__digenesi alternation of sexual and asexual generations
subtype: annual_ring__growth_ring an annual formation of wood in plants as they grow
subtype: bioelectricity electric phenomena in animals or plants
subtype: brainwave__brain_wave__brainwave__cortical_potential (neurophysiology) rapid fluctuations of voltage between parts of the cerebral cortex that are detectable with an electroencephalograph
subtype: alpha_rhythm__alpharhythm__alpha_wave__alphawave the normal brainwave in the electroencephalogram of a person who is awake but relaxed; occurs with a frequency of 8-12 hertz
subtype: beta_rhythm__beta_wave the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person who is awake and alert; occurs with a frequency between 12 and 30 hertz
subtype: delta_rhythm__deltarhythm__delta_wave__deltawave the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person in deep dreamless sleep; occurs with high voltage and low frequency (1 to 4 hertz)
subtype: theta_rhythm__thetarhythm__theta_wave__thetawave the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person who is awake but relaxed and drowsy; occurs with low frequency and low amplitude
subtype: circulation the movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels
subtype: systemic_circulation circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs
subtype: pulmonary_circulation__pulmonarycirculation circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs
subtype: vitelline_circulation__vitellinecirculation circulation of blood between the embryo and the yolk sac
subtype: cyclosis__streaming the circulation of cytoplasm within a cell
subtype: death the permanent end of all life functions in an organism or part of an organism; "the animal died a painful death"
subtype: necrobiosis__necrobiosi__cell_death (physiology) the normal degeneration and death of living cells (as in various epithelial cells)
subtype: apoptosis__apoptosi__programmed_cell_death__caspase-mediated_cell_death a type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself; a cell suicide mechanism that enables metazoans to control cell number and eliminate cells that threaten the animal's survival
subtype: necrosis__mortification__gangrene__sphacelus the localized death of living cells (as from infection or the interruption of blood supply)
subtype: myonecrosis localized death of muscle cell fibers
subtype: brain_death__cerebral_death death when respiration and other reflexes are absent; consciousness is gone; organs can be removed for transplantation before the heartbeat stops
subtype: decay.organic_phenomenon__decomposition the organic phenomenon of rotting
subtype: dehiscence (biology) release of material by splitting open of an organ or tissue; (botany) natural bursting open at maturity of a fruit or other reproductive body to release seeds or spores; (surgery) bursting open of a surgically closed wound
subtype: desquamation__peeling__shedding loss of bits of outer skin by peeling or shedding or coming off in scales
subtype: exfoliation the peeling off in flakes or scales of bark or dead skin; "exfoliation is increased by sunburn"
subtype: diapedesis passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue
subtype: facilitation.organic_phenomenon (neurophysiology) phenomenon that occurs when two or more neural impulses that alone are not enough to trigger a response in a neuron combine to trigger an action potential
subtype: food_chain (ecology) a community of organisms where each member is eaten in turn by another member
subtype: food_pyramid (ecology) a hierarchy of food chains with the principle predator at the top; each level preys on the level below
subtype: food_web__food_cycle (ecology) a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains
subtype: histocompatibility condition in which the cells of one tissue can survive in the presence of cells of another tissue; "a successful graft or translplant requires a high degree of histocompatibility"
subtype: life.organic_phenomenon the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones; "there is no life on the moon"
subtype: biology characteristic life processes and phenomena of living organisms: "the biology of viruses"
subtype: aerobiosis life sustained in the presence of air or oxygen
subtype: life_cycle a series of stages through which an organism passes between recurrences of a primary stage
subtype: pleomorphism (biology) the appearance of two or more distinctly different forms in the life cycle of some organisms
subtype: polymorphism (biology) the existence of two or more forms of individuals within the same animal species (independent of sex differences)
subtype: dimorphism (biology) the existence of two forms of individual within the same animal species (independent of sex differences)
subtype: rejection.organic_phenomenon (medicine) immunological response that refuses to accept substances or organisms that are recognized as foreign; "rejection of the transplanted liver"
subtype: greening__rejuvenation the phenomenon of vitality and freshness being restored; "the annual rejuvenation of the landscape"
subtype: sex-linkage an association between genes in sex chromosomes that makes some characteristics appear more frequently in one sex than in the other
subtype: physical_phenomenon a natural phenomenon involving the physics of matter and energy
subtype: atmospheric_phenomenon__atmosphericphenomenon a physical phenomenon associated with the atmosphere
subtype: cloud.atmospheric_phenomenon a visible mass of water or ice particles suspended at a considerable altitude
subtype: cirrocumulus_cloud__cirrocumulus a cloud at a high altitude consisting of a series of regularly arranged small clouds resembling ripples
subtype: cirrostratus_cloud__cirrostratus a thin uniform layer of hazy cloud at high altitude
subtype: cirrus_cloud__cirrus a wispy white cloud (usually of fine ice crystals) at a high altitude (4 to 8 miles)
subtype: mare's_tail a long narrow flowing cirrus cloud
subtype: cloud_bank__cloudbank a layer of clouds seen from a distance
subtype: contrail__condensation_trail an artificial cloud created by an aircraft; caused either by condensation due to the reduction in air pressure above the wing surface or by water vapor in the engine exhaust
subtype: cumulonimbus_cloud__cumulonimbus__thundercloud a dark cloud of great vertical extent charged with electricity; associated with thunderstorms
subtype: cumulus_cloud__cumuluscloud__cumulus__cumulu a globular cloud
subtype: altocumulus_cloud__altocumuluscloud__altocumulus__altocumulu a cumulus cloud at an intermediate altitude of 2 or 3 miles
subtype: nimbus_cloud__nimbus__rain_cloud a dark gray cloud bearing rain
subtype: storm_cloud__stormcloud a heavy dark cloud presaging rain or a storm
subtype: stratus_cloud__stratuscloud__stratus__stratu a large dark low cloud
subtype: altostratus_cloud__altostratuscloud__altostratus__altostratu a stratus cloud at an intermediate altitude of 2 or 3 miles
subtype: air_pocket__airpocket a local region of low pressure or descending air that causes a plane to lose height suddenly
subtype: aurora an atmospheric phenomenon consisting of bands of light caused by charged solar particles following the earth's magnetic lines of force
subtype: aurora_australis__southern_lights the aurora of the southern hemisphere
subtype: aurora_borealis__northern_lights the aurora of the northern hemisphere
subtype: condensate__condensation atmospheric moisture that has condensed because of cold
subtype: sweat condensation of moisture on a cold surface; "the cold glasses were streaked with sweat"
subtype: dew water that has condensed on a cool surface overnight from water vapor in the air; "in the morning the grass was wet with dew"
subtype: front.atmospheric_phenomenon (meteorology) the atmospheric phenomenon created at the boundary between two different air masses
subtype: warm_front the front of an advancing mass of warmer air
subtype: cold_front__polar_front__polarfront the front of an advancing mass of colder air
subtype: squall_line a cold front along which squalls or thunderstorms are likely
subtype: occluded_front__occlusion (meteorology) a composite front when colder air surrounds a mass of warm air and forces it aloft
subtype: greenhouse_effect warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere; caused by atmospheric gases that allow sunshine to pass through but absorb heat that is radiated back from the warmed surface of the earth
subtype: inversion the layer of air near the earth is cooler than an overlying layer
subtype: violent_storm__violentstorm__storm a violent weather condition with winds 64-72 knots (11 on the Beaufort scale) and precipitation and thunder and lightening
subtype: firestorm a storm in which violent winds are drawn into the column of hot air rising over a severely bombed area
subtype: storm_center__stormcenter the central area or point of lowest barometric pressure within a storm
subtype: northeaster__noreaster a storm blowing from the northeast
subtype: hailstorm a storm during which hail falls
subtype: ice_storm__icestorm__silver_storm a storm with freezing rain that leaves everything glazed with ice
subtype: rainstorm a storm with rain
subtype: line_storm__equinoctial_storm__equinoctialstorm a violent rainstorm near the time of an equinox
subtype: thundershower a short rainstorm accompanied by thunder and lightning
subtype: blizzard__snowstorm a storm with widespread snowfall accompanied by strong winds
subtype: thunderstorm__electrical_storm__electric_storm a storm resulting from strong rising air currents; heavy rain or hail along with thunder and lightning
subtype: windstorm a storm consisting of violent winds
subtype: cyclone a violent rotating windstorm
subtype: hurricane a severe tropical cyclone usually with heavy rains and winds moving a 73-136 knots (12 on the Beaufort scale)
subtype: tornado__twister a localized and violently destructive windstorm occurring over land characterized by a funnel-shaped cloud extending toward the ground
subtype: waterspout.tornado a tornado passing over water and picking up a column of water and mist
subtype: typhoon a tropical cyclone occurring in the W Pacific or Indian oceans
subtype: dust_storm__sandstorm__sirocco a windstorm that lifts up clouds of dust or sand
subtype: tempest (literary) a violent wind; "a tempest swept over the island"
subtype: whirlwind a more or less vertical column of air whirling around itself as it moves over the surface of the Earth
subtype: dust_devil a miniature whirlwind strong enough to whip dust and leaves and litter into the air
subtype: atmospheric_electricity__atmosphericelectricity electrical discharges in the atmosphere
subtype: elves__elve an acronym for Emissions of Light and Very low frequency perturbations due to Electromagnetic pulse Sources; extremely bright extremely short (less than a msec) electrical flashes forming a huge ring (up to 400 km diameter) in the ionosphere
subtype: blue_jets__jets atmospheric discharges (lasting 10 msec) bursting from the tops of giant storm clouds in blue cones that widen as they flash upward
subtype: lightning abrupt electric discharge from cloud to cloud or from cloud to earth accompanied by the emission of light
subtype: forked_lightning__chain_lightning__chainlightning a form of lightning that moves rapidly in a zigzag path with one end divided (fork-like)
subtype: bolt_of_lightning__thunderbolt__bolt a discharge of lightning accompanied by thunder
subtype: red_sprites__redsprite__sprites__sprite atmospheric electricity (lasting 10 msec) appearing as globular flashes of red (pink to blood-red) light rising to heights of 60 miles (sometimes seen together with elves)
subtype: midnight_sun the sun visible at midnight (inside the arctic or antarctic circles)
subtype: halo a circle of light around the sun or moon
subtype: solar_halo__solarhalo__parhelic_circle__parhelic_ring a luminous halo parallel to the horizon at the altitude of the sun; caused by ice crystals in the atmosphere
subtype: meteor_shower__meteor_stream a transient shower of meteors when a meteor swarm enters the earth's atmosphere
subtype: sunrise.atmospheric_phenomenon atmospheric phenomena accompanying the daily appearance of the sun
subtype: sunset.atmospheric_phenomenon atmospheric phenomena accompanying the daily disappearance of the sun
subtype: afterglow.atmospheric_phenomenon a glow sometimes seen in the sky after sunset
subtype: weather_condition__weathercondition__weather__atmospheric_condition__atmosphericcondition the meteorological conditions: temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation; "they were hoping for good weather"; "every day we have weather conditions and yesterday was no exception"
subtype: cold_weather__cold_snap__cold_wave__cold_spell a period of unusually cold weather
subtype: frost__freeze weather cold enough to cause freezing
subtype: fair_weather__sunshine__temperateness__temperatenes moderate weather; suitable for outdoor activities
subtype: hot_weather__hotweather__heat_wave__hot_spell__hotspell a period of unusually hot weather
subtype: scorcher an extremely hot day
subtype: sultriness oppressively hot and humid weather
subtype: thaw__thawing__warming warm weather following a freeze; snow and ice melt; "they welcomed the spring thaw"
subtype: precipitation__downfall the falling to earth of rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist
subtype: fine_spray precipitation in very small drops
subtype: hail precipitation of ice pellets when there are strong rising air currents
subtype: rainfall__rain water falling in drops from vapor condensed in the atmosphere
subtype: monsoon.wind any wind that changes direction with the seasons
subtype: rainstorm a storm with rain
subtype: downpour__cloudburst__deluge__waterspout__torrent__soaker a heavy rain
subtype: drizzle very light rain; stronger than mist but less than a shower
subtype: rain_shower__shower a brief period of precipitation; "the game was interrupted by a brief shower"
subtype: scattering.rain_shower__sprinkle__sprinkling a light shower that falls in some locations and not others nearby
subtype: sleet partially melted snow (or a mixture of rain and snow)
subtype: snowfall__snow precipitation falling from clouds in the form of ice crystals
subtype: snow_flurry__flurry a light brief snowfall and gust of wind (or something resembling that); "he had to close the window against the flurries"; "there was a flurry of chicken feathers"
subtype: whiteout an arctic atmospheric condition with clouds over snow produce a uniform whiteness and objects are difficult to see; occurs when the light reflected off the snow equals the light coming through the clouds
subtype: virga light wispy precipitation that evaporates before it reaches the ground (especially when the lower air is low in humidity)
subtype: elements violent or severe weather (viewed as caused by the action of the four elements); "they felt the full fury of the elements"
subtype: wind air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure; "trees bent under the fierce winds"; "when there is no wind, row"
subtype: airstream a relatively well-defined prevailing wind
subtype: jet_stream__jetstream a high-speed high-altitude airstream blowing from west to east near the top of the troposphere; has important effects of the formation of weather fronts
subtype: calm_air wind moving at less than 1 knot; 0 on the Beaufort scale
subtype: zephyr__breeze__gentle_wind__air a slight wind (usually refreshing); "the breeze was cooled by the lake"; "as he waited he could feel the air on his neck"
subtype: sea_breeze__seabreeze a cooling breeze from the sea (during the daytime)
subtype: breath.zephyr a slight movement of the air; "there wasn't a breath of air in the room"
subtype: light_air__lightair wind moving 1-3 knots; 1 on the Beaufort scale
subtype: light_breeze__lightbreeze wind moving 4-7 knots; 2 on the Beaufort scale
subtype: gentle_breeze wind moving 8-12 knots; 3 on the Beaufort scale
subtype: moderate_breeze wind moving 13-18 knots; 4 on the Beaufort scale
subtype: fresh_breeze__freshbreeze wind moving 19-24 knots; 5 on the Beaufort scale
subtype: strong_breeze wind moving 25-31 knots; 6 on the Beaufort scale
subtype: chinook_wind__chinookwind__chinook__snoweater a warm dry wind blowing down the E slopes of the Rockies
subtype: harmattan a dusty wind from the Sahara that blows toward the W coast of Africa during the winter
subtype: crosswind wind blowing across the path or a ship or aircraft
subtype: fohn__foehn a warm dry wind that blows down the northern slopes of the Alps
subtype: Santa_Ana.wind__santaana a strong hot dry wind that blows in winter from the deserts of southern California toward the Pacific Coast
subtype: high_wind a very strong wind; "rain and high winds covered the region"
subtype: headwind wind blowing opposite to the path of a ship or aircraft
subtype: tailwind wind blowing in the same direction as the path of a ship or aircraft
subtype: the_doldrums__doldrums a belt of calms and light winds between the northern and southern trade winds of the Atlantic and Pacific
subtype: east_wind__easter__easterly a wind from the east
subtype: levanter an easterly wind in the western Mediterranean area
subtype: northwest_wind__northwestwind__northwester a wind from the northwest
subtype: southwester__sou'wester a strong wind from the southwest
subtype: southeaster__sou'easter a strong wind from the southeast
subtype: gale a strong wind moving 45-90 knots; force 7 to 10 on Beaufort scale
subtype: moderate_gale__near_gale wind moving 32-38 knots; 7 on the Beaufort scale
subtype: fresh_gale__freshgale wind moving 39-46 knots; 8 on the Beaufort scale
subtype: strong_gale wind moving 47-54 knots; 9 on the Beaufort scale
subtype: whole_gale__wholegale wind moving 55-63 knots; 10 on the Beaufort scale
subtype: gust__blast__blow a strong current of air; "the tree was bent almost double by the gust"
subtype: bluster.gust a violent gusty wind
subtype: sandblast a blast of wind laden with sand
subtype: puff_of_air__puff__whiff a short light gust of air
subtype: monsoon a seasonal wind in S Asia; blows from the SW (bringing rain) in summer and from the NE in winter
subtype: monsoon.wind any wind that changes direction with the seasons
subtype: north_wind__northwind__norther__boreas a wind from the north
subtype: bise__bize a dry cold north wind in SE France
subtype: mistral a strong north wind that blows in France during the winter
subtype: tramontane__tramontana a cold dry wind that blows south out of the mountains into Italy and the western Mediterranean
subtype: prevailing_wind the predominant wind direction; "the prevailing wind is from the southwest"
subtype: antitrades wind in the upper atmosphere blowing above but in the opposite direction from the trade winds
subtype: trade_wind__tradewind__trade steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator; "they rode the trade winds going west"
subtype: antitrade_wind__antitradewind__antitrade winds blowing from west to east and lying above the trade winds in the tropics
subtype: simoom__simoon__samiel a violent hot sand-laden wind on the deserts of Arabia and North Africa
subtype: south_wind__southwind__souther__southerly a wind from the south
subtype: squall sudden violent winds; often accompanied by precipitation
subtype: line_squall a squall advancing along a front that forms a definite line
subtype: air_current__aircurrent__draft__draught a current of air (usually coming into a room or vehicle)
subtype: thermal rising current of warm air
subtype: updraft an strong upward air current
subtype: downdraft a strong downward air current
subtype: west_wind__wester wind that blows from west to east
subtype: prevailing_westerly__westerly the west-to-east winds that occur in the temperate zones of the Earth
subtype: atmospheric_state__atmosphericstate__atmosphere the weather or climate at some place; "the atmosphere was thick with fog"
subtype: air_mass a large body of air with uniform characteristics horizontally
subtype: high_pressure__high an air mass of higher than normal pressure; "the east coast benefits from a Bermuda high"
subtype: low_pressure__lowpressure__low__depression an air mass of lower pressure; often brings precipitation; "a low moved in over night bringing sleet and snow"
subtype: anticyclone (meteorology) winds spiraling outward from a high-pressure center; circling clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the southern
subtype: cyclone.atmospheric_state (meteorology) rapid inward circulation of air masses about a low-pressure center; circling counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern
subtype: fogginess__foggines__murk__murkiness an atmosphere in which visibility is reduced because of a cloud of some substance
subtype: fug (British informal) an airless smoky smelly atmosphere
subtype: good_weather weather suitable for outdoor activities
subtype: calmness.good_weather an absence of strong winds or rain
subtype: stillness__stillnes__windlessnes calmness without winds
subtype: lull__quiet a period of calm weather; "there was a lull in the storm"
subtype: mildness__clemency good weather with comfortable temperatures
subtype: bad_weather__inclemency__inclementness__inclementnes weather unsuitable for outdoor activities
subtype: raw_weather__rawweather unpleasantly cold and damp weather
subtype: storminess the state of being stormy; "he dreaded the storminess of the North Atlantic in winter"
subtype: boisterousness.storminess a turbulent and stormy state of the sea
subtype: windiness__windines__breezines a mildly windy state of the air
subtype: tempestuousness__tempestuousnes a state of wild storminess
subtype: choppiness__roughness__roughnes__roughwater used of the sea
subtype: cloud_cover__cloudcover__cloudiness__overcast the state of the sky when it is covered by clouds
subtype: turbulence instability in the atmosphere
subtype: clear-air_turbulence__clearairturbulence strong turbulence in an otherwise cloudless region that subjects aircraft to violent updrafts or downdrafts
subtype: boundary_layer the layer of slower flow of a fluid past a surface
subtype: chaos__chao the formless and disordered state of matter before the creation of the cosmos
subtype: decalescence phenomenon that occurs when a metal is being heated and there is a sudden slowing in the rate of temperature increase; slowing is caused by a change in the internal crystal structure of the metal
subtype: electrical_phenomenon a physical phenomenon involving electricity
subtype: amperage the strength of a electrical current measured in amperes
subtype: capacitance__electrical_capacity__capacity an electrical phenomenon whereby an electric charge is stored
subtype: electrical_elastance__elastance the reciprocal of capacitance
subtype: electric_charge__charge the quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons; "the battery needed a fresh charge"
subtype: electrostatic_charge__electrostaticcharge the electric charge at rest on the surface of an insulated body (which establishes and adjacent electrostatic field)
subtype: positive_charge having a deficiency of electrons; having a higher electric potential
subtype: negative_charge having a surplus of electrons; having a lower electric potential
subtype: pyroelectricity generation of an electric charge on certain crystals (such as tourmaline) as a result of a change in temperature
subtype: electric_current__current a flow of electricity through a conductor; "the current was measured in amperes"
subtype: thermionic_current an electric current produced between two electrodes as a result of electrons emitted by thermionic emission
subtype: dielectric_heating heating of an insulator by a high-frequency electric field
subtype: induction.electrical_phenomenon an electrical phenomenon whereby an electromotive force (EMF) is generated in a closed circuit by a change in the flow of current
subtype: electromagnetic_mutual_induction__mutual_induction generation of electromotive forces in each other by two adjacent circuits
subtype: self-induction generation of an electromotive force (EMF) in a circuit by changing the current in that circuit; usually measured in henries
subtype: electric_potential__potential__potential_difference__potentialdifference__potential_drop__potentialdrop__voltage the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts
subtype: evoked_potential the electrical response of the central nervous system produced by an external stimulus; "he measured evoked potentials with an electroencephalogram"
subtype: resting_potential__restingpotential the potential difference between the two sides of the membrane of a nerve cell when the cell is not conducting an impulse
subtype: conductance a material's capacity to conduct electricity; measured as the reciprocal of electrical resistance
subtype: electric_resistance__electrical_resistance__impedance__resistance__resistivity__ohmic_resistance__ohmicresistance a material's opposition to the flow of electric current; measured in ohms
subtype: ohmage the ohmic resistance of a conductor
subtype: reactance opposition to the flow of electric current resulting from inductance and capacitance (rather than resistance)
subtype: reluctance (physics) opposition to magnetic flux (analogous to electric resistance)
subtype: skin_effect the tendency of high-frequency alternating current to distribute near the surface of a conductor
subtype: electrical_disturbance electrical signals produced by unwanted sources (atmospherics or receiver noise or unwanted transmitters)
subtype: voltage__electromotiveforce__emf the rate at which energy is drawn from a source that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit; expressed in volts
subtype: electricity a physical phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electrons and protons
subtype: galvanism electricity produced by chemical action
subtype: hydroelectricity electricity produced by water power
subtype: piezoelectricity__piezoelectric_effect__piezoelectriceffect__piezo_effect__piezoeffect electricity produced by mechanical pressure on certain crystals (notably quartz or Rochelle salt); alternatively, electrostatic stress produces a change in the linear dimensions of the crystal
subtype: static_electricity electricity produced by friction
subtype: dynamic_electricity__dynamicelectricity__current_electricity__currentelectricity a flow of electric charge
subtype: thermoelectricity electricity produced by heat (as in a thermocouple)
subtype: energy (physics) the capacity of a physical system to do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs; "energy can take a wide variety of forms"
subtype: activation_energy the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur
subtype: alternative_energy__alternativeenergy energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment
subtype: solar_energy__solarenergy__solar_power__solarpower energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy; "the amount of energy falling on the earth is given by the solar constant, but very little use has been made of solar energy"
subtype: wind_generation__wind_power power derived from the wind (as by windmills)
subtype: atomic_energy__nuclear_energy__nuclearenergy the energy released by a nuclear reaction
subtype: atomic_power__nuclear_power__nuclearpower nuclear energy regarded as a source of electricity for the power grid (for civilian use)
subtype: binding_energy__bindingenergy__separation_energy the energy required to separate particles from a molecule or atom or nucleus; equals the mass defect
subtype: chemical_energy__chemicalenergy that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction
subtype: electrical_energy__electricity energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor; "they built a car that runs on electricity"
subtype: alternating_current__alternatingcurrent__AC an electric current that reverses direction sinusoidally; "In the US most household current is AC at 60 cycles per second"
subtype: direct_current__DC an electric current that flows in one direction steadily
subtype: signal.electrical_energy an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes
subtype: energy_level__energy_state a definite stable energy that a physical system can have; used especially of the state of electrons in atoms or molecules; "according to quantum theory only certain energy levels are possible"
subtype: rest_energy the energy equivalent to the mass of a particle at rest in an inertial frame of reference; equal to the rest mass times the square of the speed of light
subtype: work.energy (physics) a manifestation of energy; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force; "work equals force times distance"
subtype: heat_energy__heat a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature
subtype: heat_of_dissociation the heat required for a fluid substance to break up into simpler constituents
subtype: heat_of_formation the heat evolved or absorbed during the formation of one mole of a substance from its component elements
subtype: heat_of_solution the heat evolved or absorbed when one mole of a substance is dissolved in a large volume of a solvent
subtype: latent_heat__heat_of_transformation heat absorbed or radiated during a change of phase at a constant temperature and pressure
subtype: heat_of_condensation heat liberated by a unit mass of gas at its boiling point as it condenses into a liquid; "the heat of condensation is equal to the heat of vaporization"
subtype: heat_of_fusion heat absorbed by a unit mass of a solid at its melting point in order to convert the solid into a liquid at the same temperature; "the heat of fusion is equal to the heat of solidification"
subtype: heat_of_solidification heat liberated by a unit mass of liquid at its freezing point when it solidifies
subtype: heat_of_sublimation heat absorbed by a unit mass of material when it changes from a solid to a gaseous state
subtype: heat_of_vaporization__heat_of_vaporisation heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling point in order to convert the material into a gas at the same temperature
subtype: specific_heat the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade
subtype: mechanical_energy energy in a mechanical form
subtype: kinetic_energy__kineticenergy__K.E. the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its motion
subtype: potential_energy__potentialenergy__P.E. the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position; stored energy
subtype: elastic_energy__elasticenergy__elastic_potential_energy__elasticpotentialenergy potential energy that is stored when a body is deformed (as in a coiled spring)
subtype: radiant_energy__radiantenergy energy that is transmitted in the form of (electromagnetic) radiation; energy that exists in the absence of matter
subtype: luminous_energy the energy associated with visible light
subtype: power (physics) the rate of doing work; measured in watts (= joules/second)
subtype: electrical_power__electric_power__wattage the product of voltage and current
subtype: load.electrical_power the power output of a generator or power plant
subtype: waterpower the power to do work that is latent in a head of water
subtype: ectropy the opposite of entropy: increasing order (as resulting from growth and development)
subtype: entropy (thermodynamics) a measure of the amount of energy in a system that is available for doing work; entropy increases as matter and energy in the universe degrade to an ultimate state of inert uniformity
subtype: conformational_entropy entropy calculated from the probability that a state could be reached by chance alone
subtype: event.physical_phenomenon (relativity theory) a phenomenon located at a single point in space-time; the fundamental observational entity in relativity theory
subtype: field_of_force__field__force_field__forcefield the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it
subtype: electric_field a field of force surrounding a charged particle
subtype: electrostatic_field__electrostaticfield electric field associated with static electric charges
subtype: gravitational_field__gravitationalfield a field of force surrounding a body of finite mass
subtype: magnetic_field__magnetic_flux__flux the lines of force surrounding a permanent magnet or a moving charged particle
subtype: magnetosphere the magnetic field of a planet; the volume around the planet in which charged particles are subject more to the planet's magnetic field than to the solar magnetic field
subtype: solar_magnetic_field the magnetic field of the sun
subtype: radiation_field__radiationfield a field that represents the energy lost from the radiator to space
subtype: force the physical influence that produces a change in a physical quantity; "force equals mass times acceleration"
subtype: aerodynamic_force__aerodynamicforce forces acting on airfoils in motion relative to the air (or other gaseous fluids)
subtype: aerodynamic_lift__aerodynamiclift__lift the component of the aerodynamic forces acting on an airfoil that opposes gravity
subtype: ground_effect apparent increase in aerodynamic lift experienced by an aircraft flying close to the ground
subtype: chemical_attraction__affinity the force attracting atoms to each other and binding them together in a molecule: "basic dyes have an affinity for wool and silk"
subtype: attractive_force__attraction the force by which one object attracts another
subtype: affinity (immunology) the attraction between an antigen and an antibody
subtype: chemical_bond__bond an electrical force linking atoms
subtype: covalent_bond a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
subtype: coordinate_bond__dative_bond a covalent bond in which both electrons are provided by one of the atoms
subtype: cross-link__crosslink__crosslinkage a side bond that links two adjacent chains of atoms in a complex molecule
subtype: hydrogen_bond a chemical bond consisting of a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen) with one side be a covalent bond and the other being an ionic bond
subtype: ionic_bond__ionicbond__electrovalent_bond__electrovalentbond__electrostatic_bond__electrostaticbond a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains to electron to form a negative ion
subtype: metallic_bond a chemical bond in which electrons are shared over many nuclei and electronic conduction occurs
subtype: peptide_bond__peptidebond__peptide_linkage__peptidelinkage the primary linkage of all protein structures; the chemical bond between the carboxyl groups and amino groups that unites a peptide
subtype: gravity__gravitation__gravitational_attraction__gravitationalattraction__gravitational_force__gravitationalforce the force of attraction between all masses in the universe; especially the attraction of the earth's mass for bodies near its surface; "gravitation cannot be held responsible for people falling in love"--Albert Einstein
subtype: solar_gravity__solargravity the gravity of the sun; "solar gravity creates extreme pressures and temperatures"
subtype: magnetism__magnetic_attraction__magnetic_force attraction for iron; associated with electric currents as well as magnets; characterized by fields of force
subtype: electromagnetism magnetism produced by an electric current; "electromagnetism was discovered when it was observed that a copper wire carrying an electric current can magnetize pieces of iron or steel near it"
subtype: antiferromagnetism magnetic field creates parallel but opposing spins; varies with temperature
subtype: ferrimagnetism a phenomenon in ferrites where there can be incomplete cancellation of antiferromagnetic arranged spins giving a net magnetic moment
subtype: diamagnetism phenomenon exhibited by materials like copper or bismuth that become magnetized in a magnetic field with a polarity opposite to the magnetic force; unlike iron they are slightly repelled by a magnet
subtype: ferromagnetism phenomenon exhibited by materials like iron (nickel or cobalt) that become magnetized in a magnetic field and retain their magnetism when the field is removed
subtype: paramagnetism materials like aluminum or platinum become magnetized in a magnetic field but it disappears when the field is removed
subtype: van_der_Waal's_forces relatively weak attraction between neutral atoms and molecules arising from polarization induced in each particle by the presence of other particles
subtype: repulsive_force__repulsiveforce__repulsion the force by which bodies repel one another
subtype: centrifugal_force__centrifugalforce the outward force on a body moving in a curved path around another body
subtype: centripetal_force__centripetalforce the inward force on a body moving in a curved path around another body
subtype: cohesion (physics) the intermolecular force that holds together the molecules in a solid or liquid
subtype: Coriolis_force a force due to the earth's rotation; acts on a body in motion (airplane or projectile) in a rotating reference frame; in a rotating frame of reference Newton's second law of motion can be made to apply if in addition to the real forces acting on a body a Coriolis force and a centrifugal force are introduced
subtype: impetus__impetu__drift__impulsion a force that moves something along
subtype: Lorentz_force the force experienced by a point charge moving along a wire that is in a magnetic field; the force is at right angles to both the current and the magnetic field; "the Lorentz force can be used to suspend a current-carrying object between two magnets"
subtype: moment.force the moment of a couple is the product of its force and the distance between its opposing forces
subtype: dipole_moment the moment of a dipole
subtype: electric_dipole_moment the dipole moment in an electric dipole
subtype: magnetic_dipole_moment (physics) a current loop gives rise to a magnetic field characteristic of a magnetic dipole; "An orbiting electron in an atom will have a magnetic dipole moment"
subtype: propulsion a propelling force
subtype: nuclear_propulsion__nuclearpropulsion the use of a nuclear reactor either to produce electricity to power an engine (as in a nuclear submarine) or to directly heat a propellant (as in nuclear rockets)
subtype: reaction_propulsion propulsion that results from the ejection at high velocity of a mass of gas to which the vehicle reacts with an equal and opposite momentum
subtype: jet_propulsion__jetpropulsion propulsion by means of the discharge of a jet of fluid toward the rear
subtype: rocket_propulsion reaction propulsion using stored oxygen for combustion; used where there is insufficient atmospheric oxygen
subtype: pull.force the force used in pulling; "the pull of the moon"; "the pull of the current"
subtype: push.force__thrust the force used in pushing; "the push of the water on the walls of the tank"; "the thrust of the jet engines"
subtype: reaction.force (mechanics) the equal and opposite force that is produced when any force is applied to a body; "every action has an equal and opposite reaction"
subtype: stress (physics) force that produces strain on a physical body
subtype: tension.stress (physics) a stress that produces an elongation of an elastic physical body; "the direction of maximum tension moves asymptotically toward the direction of the shear"
subtype: breaking_point the degree of tension or stress at which something breaks
subtype: torsion__torque a twisting force
subtype: magnetic_moment__moment_of_a_magnet the torque exerted on a magnet or dipole when it is placed in a magnetic field
subtype: magnetomotive_force the force that produces magnetic flux
subtype: life_force__vital_force__vitalforce__vitality__elan_vital (biology) a hypothetical force (not physical or chemical) once thought by Henri Bergson to cause the evolution and development of organisms
subtype: hysteresis the lagging of an effect behind its cause; especially the phenomenon in which the magnetic induction of a ferromagnetic material lags behind the changing magnetic field
subtype: resonance an excited state of a stable particle causing a sharp maximum in the probability of absorption of electromagnetic radiation
subtype: nuclear_resonance__nuclearresonance the resonance absorption of a gamma ray by a nucleus identical to the nucleus that emitted the gamma ray
subtype: magnetic_resonance resonance of electrons or atoms or molecules or nuclei to radiation frequencies as a result of space quantization in a magnetic field
subtype: nuclear_magnetic_resonance__NMR__proton_magnetic_resonance resonance of protons to radiation in a magnetic field
subtype: mechanical_phenomenon a physical phenomenon associated with the equilibrium or motion of objects
subtype: inertia (physics) the tendency of a body to maintain is state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force
subtype: moment_of_inertia the tendency of a body to resist angular acceleration
subtype: leverage.mechanical_phenomenon__purchase the mechanical advantage gained by being in a position to use a lever
subtype: sound.mechanical_phenomenon mechanical vibrations transmitted by an elastic medium; "falling trees make a sound in the forest even when no one is there to hear them"
subtype: ultrasound very high frequency sound; used in ultrasonography
subtype: sound_unit__soundunit any acoustic unit of measurement
subtype: bel__B a logarithmic unit of sound intensity equal to 10 decibels
subtype: decibel__dB__db__db a logarithmic unit of sound intensity; 10 times the logarithm of the ratio of the sound intensity to some reference intensity
subtype: sone a unit of perceived loudness equal to the loudness of a 1000-hertz tone at 40 dB above threshold
subtype: phon a unit of subjective loudness
subtype: trajectory__flight the path followed by an object moving through space
subtype: ballistic_trajectory__ballistictrajectory__ballistics the trajectory of an object in free flight
subtype: gravity-assist__gravityassist (spaceflight) a trajectory that passes close to a planetary body in order to gain energy from its gravitational field
subtype: resistance.mechanical_phenomenon any mechanical force that tends to retard or oppose motion
subtype: friction__rubbing the resistance encountered when one body is moved in contact with another
subtype: abrasion__grinding__attrition__detrition the wearing down of rock particles by friction due to water or wind or ice
subtype: adhesive_friction__grip__traction the friction between a body and the surface on which it moves (as between an automobile tire and the road)
subtype: acoustic_resistance__acoustic_impedance__acoustic_reactance opposition to the flow of sound through a surface; acoustic resistance is the real component of acoustic impedance and acoustic reactance is the imaginary component
subtype: retarding_force__retardingforce__drag the phenomenon of resistance to motion through a fluid
subtype: sonic_barrier__sonicbarrier__sound_barrier__soundbarrier the increase in aerodynamic drag as an airplane approaches the speed of sound
subtype: windage.retarding_force the retarding force of air friction on a moving object
subtype: opacity the phenomenon of not permitting the passage of electromagnetic radiation
subtype: optical_opacity__opticalopacity opacity to light
subtype: radiopacity__radio-opacity__radioopacity opacity to X-rays or other radiation
subtype: optical_phenomenon__opticalphenomenon a physical phenomenon related to or involving light
subtype: optical_aberration__opticalaberration__aberration__distortion an optical phenomenon resulting from the failure of a lens or mirror to produce a good image
subtype: chromatic_aberration__chromaticaberration an optical aberration in which the image has colored fringes
subtype: spherical_aberration__sphericalaberration a optical aberration resulting in a distorted image
subtype: absorption_band a dark band in the spectrum of white light that has been transmitted through a substance that exhibits absorption at selective wavelengths
subtype: diffraction when light passes sharp edges or goes through narrow slits the rays are deflected and produce fringes of light and dark bands
subtype: X-ray_diffraction the scattering of X rays by the atoms of a crystal; the diffraction pattern shows structure of the crystal
subtype: incidence the striking of a light beam on a surface; "he measured the angle of incidence of the reflected light"
subtype: optical_illusion__opticalillusion an optical phenomenon that results in a false or deceptive visual impression
subtype: apparent_motion__motion__apparent_movement__movement an optical illusion of motion produced by viewing a rapid succession of still pictures of a moving object; "the cinema relies on apparent motion"; "the succession of flashing lights gave an illusion of movement"
subtype: mirage.optical_illusion an optical illusion in which atmospheric refraction by a layer of hot air distorts or inverts reflections of distant objects
subtype: fata_morgana a mirage in the Strait of Messina (attributed to the Arthurian sorcerer Morgan le Fay)
subtype: pleochroism the phenomenon of different colors appearing when certain crystals are viewed from different directions
subtype: dichroism pleochroism of a crystal so that it exhibits two different colors when viewed from two different directions
subtype: trichroism pleochroism of a crystal so that it exhibits three different colors when viewed from three different directions
subtype: polarization__polarisation the phenomenon in which waves of light or other radiation are restricted in direction of vibration
subtype: parallax the apparent displacement of an object as seen from two different points that are not on a line with the object
subtype: heliocentric_parallax__annual_parallax the parallax of a celestial body using two points in the earth's orbit around the sun as the baseline
subtype: stellar_parallax__stellarparallax the heliocentric parallax of a star
subtype: geocentric_parallax__diurnal_parallax__diurnalparallax the parallax of a celestial body using two points on the surface of the earth as the earth rotates
subtype: horizontal_parallax the maximum parallax observed when the celestial body is at the horizon
subtype: solar_parallax__solarparallax the angle subtended by the mean equatorial radius of the Earth at a distance of one astronomical unit
subtype: Tyndall_effect the phenomenon in which light is scattered by very small particles in its path; it makes a beam of light visible; the scattered light is mainly blue
subtype: pressure_level__pressure__force_per_unit_area the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit); "the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure"
subtype: blood_pressure__bloodpressure the pressure of the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels; results from the systole of the left ventricle of the heart; sometimes measured for a quick evaluation of a person's health; "adult blood pressure is considered normal at 120/80 where the first number is the systolic pressure and the second is the diastolic pressure"
subtype: systolic_pressure the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) during the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart
subtype: diastolic_pressure__diastolicpressure the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) after the contraction of the heart while the chambers of the heart refill with blood
subtype: arterial_pressure the pressure of the circulating blood on the arteries; "arterial pressure is the product of cardiac output and vascular resistance"
subtype: venous_pressure the pressure exerted on the walls of the veins by the circulating blood
subtype: gas_pressure__gaspressure the pressure exerted by a gas
subtype: atmospheric_pressure__atmosphericpressure__air_pressure__airpressure the pressure exerted by the atmosphere
subtype: compartment_pressure__compartmentpressure the air pressure maintained in the air-tight compartment of an aircraft
subtype: barometric_pressure atmospheric pressure as indicated by a barometer
subtype: head.pressure_level the pressure exerted by a fluid; "a head of steam"
subtype: hydrostatic_head__hydrostatichead the pressure at a given point in a liquid measured in terms of the vertical height of a column of the liquid needed to produce the same pressure
subtype: intraocular_pressure__intraocularpressure pressure inside the eyeball;regulated by resistance to the outward flow of aqueous humor; "glaucoma results from increased intraocular pressure"
subtype: oil_pressure__oilpressure pressure that keeps oil on the moving parts of an internal-combustion engine
subtype: osmotic_pressure__osmoticpressure (physical chemistry) the pressure exerted by a solution necessary to prevent osmosis into that solution when it is separated from the pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane
subtype: corpuscular-radiation_pressure__corpuscularradiationpressure__radiation_pressure__radiationpressure the minute pressure exerted on a surface normal to the direction of propagation of a wave
subtype: acoustic_radiation_pressure (acoustics) the pressure exerted on a surface normal to the direction of propagation of a sound wave
subtype: instantaneous_sound_pressure__instantaneoussoundpressure__sound_pressure__soundpressure the difference between the instantaneous pressure at a point in a sound field and the average pressure at that point
subtype: suction a force over an area produced by a pressure difference
subtype: vapor_pressure__vaporpressure__vapour_pressure the pressure exerted by a vapor; often understood to mean saturated vapor pressure (the vapor pressure of a vapor in contact with its liquid form)
subtype: radiation the physical phenomenon of radiating energy in the form of waves or particles
subtype: ionizing_radiation high-energy radiation capable of producing ionization in substances through which it passes
subtype: alpha_radiation__alpha_ray__alpharay the radiation of alpha particles during radioactive decay
subtype: beta_radiation__beta_ray__electron_radiation radiation of beta particles during radioactive decay
subtype: cosmic_ray highly penetrating ionizing radiation of extraterrestrial origin; consisting chiefly of protons and alpha particles; collision with atmospheric particles results in rays and particles of many kinds
subtype: neutron_radiation__neutronradiation radiation of neutrons (as by a neutron bomb)
subtype: X_ray__X-radiation__roentgen_ray electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength produced when high-speed electrons strike a solid target
subtype: electromagnetic_radiation__electromagneticradiation__electromagnetic_wave__electromagneticwave__nonparticulate_radiation radiation consisting of waves of energy associated with electric and magnetic fields resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge
subtype: actinic_radiation__actinic_ray__actinicray electromagnetic radiation that can produce photochemical reactions
subtype: infrared_radiation__infrared__infrared_light__infrared_emission electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves
subtype: visible_light__visiblelight__light__visible_radiation__visibleradiation (physics) electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation; "the light was filtered through a soft glass window"
subtype: beam_of_light__beam__light_beam__lightbeam__ray__rayoflight__shaft__shaft_of_light a column of light (as from a beacon)
subtype: heat_ray a ray that produces a thermal effect
subtype: infrared_ray a ray of infrared radiation; produces a thermal effect (as from an infrared lamp)
subtype: high_beam the beam of a car's headlights that provides distant illumination
subtype: moonbeam__moonray a ray of moonlight
subtype: sunbeam__sunray a ray of sunlight
subtype: laser_beam__laserbeam a beam of light generated by a laser
subtype: low_beam__lowbeam the beam of a car's headlights that provides illumination for a short distance
subtype: candlelight__candle_flame the light provided by a burning candle
subtype: corona.visible_light one or more circles of light seen around a luminous object
subtype: counterglow__gegenschein a faint spot of light in the night sky that appears directly opposite the position of the sun; a reflection of sunlight by micrometeoric material in space
subtype: daylight light during the daytime
subtype: firelight the light of a fire (especially in a fireplace)
subtype: fluorescence light emitted during absorption of radiation of some other (invisible) wavelength
subtype: autofluorescence self-induced fluorescence
subtype: phosphorescence a fluorescence that persists after the bombarding radiation has ceased
subtype: friar's_lantern__ignis_fatuus__jack-o'-lantern__will-o'-the-wisp a pale light sometimes seen at night over marshy ground
subtype: gaslight light yielded by the combustion of illuminating gas
subtype: glowing__radiance__glow the amount of electromagnetic radiation leaving or arriving at a point on a surface
subtype: aureole__corona the outermost region of the sun's atmosphere; visible as a white halo during a solar eclipse
subtype: half-light a grayish light (as at dawn or dusk or in dim interiors)
subtype: incandescence.visible_light__glow the phenomenon of light emission by a body as its temperature is raised
subtype: lamplight light from a lamp
subtype: luminescence light not due to incandescence; occurs at low temperatures
subtype: bioluminescence luminescence produced by physiological processes (as in the firefly)
subtype: chemiluminescence luminescence resulting from a chemical reaction as the oxidation of luciferin in fireflies
subtype: meteor__shooting_star a streak of light in the sky at night that results when a meteoroid hits the earth's atmosphere and air friction causes the meteoroid to melt or vaporize or explode
subtype: bolide__fireball an especially luminous meteor (sometimes exploding)
subtype: moonlight__moonshine__moon the light of the moon; "moonlight is the smuggler's enemy"; "the moon was bright enough to read by"
subtype: starlight the light of the stars
subtype: sunlight__sunshine__sun the rays of the sun; "the shingles were weathered by the sun and wind"
subtype: streamer light that streams; "streamers of flames"
subtype: torchlight light from a torch or torches
subtype: twilight the diffused light from the sky when the sun is below the horizon but its rays are refracted by the atmosphere of the earth
subtype: ultraviolet_illumination__ultravioletillumination__ultraviolet__ultraviolet_radiation__ultravioletradiation__ultraviolet_light__ultravioletlight__UV radiation lying in the ultraviolet range; wave lengths shorter than light but longer than X rays
subtype: electron_beam__beam__ray a group of nearly parallel lines of electromagnetic radiation
subtype: cathode_ray__cathoderay a beam of electrons emitted by the cathode of an electrical discharge tube
subtype: particle_beam a collimated flow of particles (atoms or electrons or molecules)
subtype: ion_beam__ionbeam__inoic_beam__inoicbeam a beam of ions moving in the same direction at the same speed
subtype: black-body_radiation__blackbody_radiation__blackbodyradiation the electromagnetic radiation that would be radiated from an ideal black body; the distribution of energy in the radiated spectrum of a black body depends only on temperature and is determined by Planck's radiation law
subtype: Hertzian_wave an electromagnetic wave generated by oscillations in an electric circuit
subtype: gamma_radiation__gammaradiation__gamma_ray__gammaray electromagnetic radiation emitted during radioactive decay and having an extremely short wavelength
subtype: line.electromagnetic_radiation a single frequency (or very narrow band) of radiation in a spectrum
subtype: microwave a short electromagnetic wave (longer than infrared but shorter than radio waves); used for radar and microwave ovens
subtype: radio_wave__radiowave__radio_emission__radioemission__radio_radiation__radioradiation an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength between 0.5 cm to 30,000 m
subtype: sky_wave__skywave a radio wave that is reflected back to earth by the ionosphere or a communications satellite; permits transmission around the curve of the earth's surface
subtype: ionospheric_wave__ionosphericwave a sky wave that is reflected by the ionosphere
subtype: ground_wave a radio wave propagated on or near the earth's surface
subtype: radio_signal__radiosignal a radio wave used to transmit and receive messages
subtype: carrier_wave__carrierwave__carrier a radio wave that can be modulated in order to transmit a signal
subtype: short_wave__shortwave a radio wave with a wavelength less than 100 meters
subtype: long_wave a radio wave with a frequency less than 300 kilohertz
subtype: X_ray__X-radiation__roentgen_ray electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength produced when high-speed electrons strike a solid target
subtype: corpuscular_radiation__corpuscularradiation__particulate_radiation__particulateradiation a stream of atomic or subatomic particles that may be charged positively (e.g. alpha particles) or negatively (e.g. beta particles) or not at all (e.g. neutrons)
subtype: alpha_radiation__alpha_ray__alpharay the radiation of alpha particles during radioactive decay
subtype: beta_radiation__beta_ray__electron_radiation radiation of beta particles during radioactive decay
subtype: neutron_radiation__neutronradiation radiation of neutrons (as by a neutron bomb)
subtype: radioactivity__activity radiation resulting from radioactive decay
subtype: solar_radiation__solarradiation radiation from the sun
subtype: solar_flare__solarflare__flare a sudden eruption of intense high-energy radiation from the sun's surface; associated with sunspots and radio interference
subtype: solar_prominence__solarprominence large eruptions of luminous hydrogen gas that rise thousands of kilometers above the chromosphere
subtype: solar_wind__solarwind a stream of protons moving radially from the sun
subtype: radiation.action the act of radiating
subtype: bombardment the act (or an instance) of subjecting a body or substance to the impact of high-energy particles (as electrons or alpha rays)
subtype: reflection.physical_phenomenon__reflexion the phenomenon of a propagating wave (light or sound) being thrown back from a surface
subtype: virtual_image__virtualimage a reflected optical image (as seen in a plane mirror)
subtype: zodiacal_light a luminous tract in the sky; a reflection of sunlight from cosmic dust in the plane of the ecliptic; visible just before sunrise and just after sunset
subtype: refraction the change in direction of a propagating wave (light or sound) when passing from one medium to another
subtype: double_refraction__birefringence splitting a ray into two parallel rays polarized perpendicularly
subtype: resolving_power__resolvingpower__resolution the ability of a microscope or telescope to measure the angular separation of images that are close together
subtype: resolution.physical_phenomenon (computer science) the number of pixels per square inch on a computer-generated display; the greater the resolution, the better the picture
subtype: conduction__conductivity the transmission of heat or electricity or sound
subtype: electrical_conduction the passage of electricity through a conductor
subtype: photoconductivity__photoconduction change in the electrical conductivity of a substance as a result of absorbing electromagnetic radiation
subtype: superconductivity the disappearance of electrical resistance at very low temperatures
subtype: electric_discharge__discharge__spark__arc__electric_arc electrical conduction through a gas in an applied electric field
subtype: brush_discharge discharge between electrodes creating visible streamers of ionized particles
subtype: corona_discharge__corona__corposant__st.elmo'sfire__Saint_Elmo's_fire__Saint_Elmo's_light__Saint_Ulmo's_fire__Saint_Ulmo's_light__electric_glow an electrical discharge accompanied by ionization of surrounding atmosphere
subtype: propagation the movement of a wave through a medium
subtype: Doppler_effect__Doppler_shift change in the apparent frequency of a wave as observer and source move toward or away from each other
subtype: red_shift__redshift (astronomy) a shift in the spectra of distant galaxies toward longer wavelengths; generally interpreted as the Doppler effect resulting from the velocity at which they recede as the universe expands
subtype: wave_front all the points just reached by a wave as it propagates
subtype: fundamental_interaction__interaction (physics) the transfer of energy between elementary particles or between an elementary particle and a field or between fields; mediated by gauge bosons
subtype: electromagnetic_interaction__electromagneticinteraction an interaction between charged elementary particles that is intermediate in strength between the strong and weak interactions; mediated by photons
subtype: gravitational_interaction__gravitationalinteraction a weak interaction between particles that results from their mass; mediated by gravitons
subtype: strong_interaction__strong_force__color_force__colorforce (physics) the interaction that binds protons and neutrons together in the nuclei of atoms; mediated by gluons
subtype: weak_interaction__weak_force (physics) an interaction between elementary particles involving neutrinos or antineutrinos that is responsible for certain kinds of radioactive decay; mediated by intermediate vector bosons
subtype: surface_tension__surfacetension a phenomenon at the surface of a liquid caused by intermolecular forces
subtype: capillarity__capillary_action__capillaryaction a phenomenon associated with surface tension and resulting in the elevation or depression of liquids in capillaries
subtype: interfacial_tension__interfacialtension__interfacial_surface_tension__interfacialsurfacetension surface tension at the surface separating two non-miscible liquids
subtype: syzygy the straight line configuration of 3 celestial bodies (as the sun and earth and moon) in a gravitational system
subtype: transparence__transparency permitting the free passage of electromagnetic radiation
subtype: turbulency__turbulence unstable flow of a liquid or gas
subtype: tide_rip__rip__riptide__crosscurrent a stretch of turbulent water in the sea
subtype: floatation__flotation the phenomenon of floating (remaining on the surface of a liquid)
subtype: levitation the phenomenon of a person or thing rising into the air by apparently supernatural means
subtype: metempsychosis__rebirth after death the soul begins a new cycle of existence in another human body
subtype: outcome__effect__result__event__issue__upshot a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon; "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise"; "his decision had depressing consequences for business"; "he acted very wise after the event"
subtype: aftereffect any result that follows its cause after an interval
subtype: aftermath__wake__backwash the consequences of an event (especially a catastrophic event); "the aftermath of war"; "in the wake of the accident no one knew how many had been injured"
subtype: brisance the shattering or crushing effect of a sudden release of energy as in an explosion
subtype: butterfly_effect__butterflyeffect the phenomenon whereby a small change at one place in a complex system can have large effects elsewhere, e.g., a butterfly flapping its wings in Rio de Janeiro might change the weather in Chicago
subtype: by-product__byproduct a secondary and sometimes unexpected consequence
subtype: epiphenomenon a secondary phenomenon that is a by-product of another phenomenon
subtype: change.outcome the result of alteration or modification; "there were marked changes in the lining of the lungs"; "there had been no change in the mountains"
subtype: depolarization__depolarisation a loss of polarity or polarization
subtype: coattails_effect__coattailseffect__coattails__coattail (politics) the consequence of one popular candidate in an election drawing votes for other members of the same party; "he was elected senator on the president's coattails"
subtype: Coriolis_effect (physics) an effect whereby a body moving in a rotating frame of reference experiences the Coriolis force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation; on Earth the Coriolis effect deflects moving bodies to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere
subtype: dent an appreciable consequence (especially a lessening); "it made a dent in my bank account"
subtype: harvest the consequence of an effort or activity; "they gathered a harvest of examples"; "a harvest of love"
subtype: impact.outcome a forceful consequence; "the book had an important impact on my thinking"
subtype: influence.outcome the effect of one thing (or person) on another; "the influence of mechanical action"
subtype: purchase.influence a means of exerting influence or gaining advantage; "he could get no purchase on the situation"
subtype: wind.influence a tendency or force that influences events; "the winds of change"
subtype: offshoot__outgrowth__branch__offset a natural consequence of development
subtype: product.outcome a consequence of someone's efforts or of a particular set of circumstances; "skill is the product of hours of practice"; "his reaction was the product of hunger and fatigue"
subtype: placebo_effect__placeboeffect any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo; the change is usually beneficial and is assumed result from the person's faith in the treatment or preconceptions about what the experimental drug was supposed to do; pharmacologists were the first to talk about placebo effects but now the idea has been generalized to many situations having nothing to do with drugs
subtype: repercussion a remote or indirect consequence of some action; "his declaration had unforeseen repercussions"
subtype: response a result; "this situation developed in response to events in Africa"
subtype: reaction a response that reveals a person's feelings or attitude; "he was pleased by the audience's reaction to his performance"; "John feared his mother's reaction when she saw the broken lamp"
subtype: side_effect any unwanted secondary effect
subtype: spillover (economics) any indirect effect of public expenditure
subtype: luck.phenomenon__fortune__chance__hazard an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another; "bad luck caused his downfall"; "we ran into each other by pure chance"
subtype: mischance__bad_luck__badluck an unpredictable outcome that is unfortunate; "if I didn't have bad luck I wouldn't have any luck at all"
subtype: toss-up__even_chance an unpredictable phenomenon; "it's a toss-up whether he will win or lose"
subtype: luck__fortune an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that leads to a favorable outcome; "it was my good luck to be there"; "they say luck is a lady"; "it was as if fortune guided his hand"
subtype: good_luck__fluke__good_fortune a stroke of luck
subtype: serendipity pure luck in discovering things you were not looking for
subtype: process__proces a sustained phenomenon or one marked by gradual changes through a series of states; "events now in process"; "the process of calcification begins later for boys than for girls"
subtype: adiabatic_process__adiabaticproces (thermodynamics) any process that occurs without gain or loss of heat;
subtype: chelation.process (medicine) the process of removing a heavy metal from the bloodstream by means of a chelate as in treating lead or mercury poisoning
subtype: dealignment a process whereby voters are moved toward nonpartisanship thus weakening the structure of political parties
subtype: decrease__decrement a process of becoming smaller
subtype: decay.decrease__decline a gradual decrease; as of stored charge or current
subtype: exponential_decay__exponentialdecay__exponential_return__exponentialreturn a decrease that follows an exponential function
subtype: relaxation_behavior__relaxation the exponential return of a system to equilibrium after a disturbance
subtype: diminution__decline change toward something smaller or lower
subtype: decline_in_quality__deterioration__declension__worsening process of changing to an inferior state
subtype: ebbing__ebb a gradual decline (in size or strength or power or number)
subtype: loss.diminution gradual decline in amount or activity: "weight loss"; "a serious loss of business"
subtype: epilation loss of hair; the result of removing hair
subtype: psilosis falling out of hair
subtype: reducing loss of excess weight (as by dieting); becoming slimmer; "a doctor supervised her reducing"
subtype: sinking_spell__sinkingspell a temporary decline in health or value
subtype: slippage.diminution decline from a standard level of performance or achievement
subtype: drop-off__slump__slack__falloff__falling_off__fallingoff a noticeable decline in performance: "the team went into a slump"; "a sudden slack in output"; "a drop-off in attendance"; "a falloff in automobile sales"
subtype: desensitization__desensitisation the process of reducing sensitivity; "the patient was desensitized to the allergen"
subtype: narrowing.decrease a decrease in width
subtype: slippage.decrease a decrease of transmitted power in a mechanical system caused by slipping
subtype: wastage.decrease the process of wasting
subtype: degeneration the process of declining from a higher to a lower level of effective power or vitality or essential quality
subtype: attack.degeneration the onset of a corrosive or destructive process (as by a chemical agent); "the film was sensitive to attack by acids"; "open to attack by the elements"
subtype: obsolescence the process of becoming obsolete; falling into disuse or becoming out of date; "a policy of planned obsolescence"
subtype: evolution a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage); "the development of his ideas took many years"; "the evolution of Greek civilization"; "the slow development of her skill as a writer"
subtype: assibilation the development of a consonant phoneme into a sibilant
subtype: deepening a process of becoming deeper and more profound
subtype: growth a progression from simpler to more complex forms; "the growth of culture"
subtype: unfolding__flowering a developmental process; "the flowering of ante-bellum culture"
subtype: economic_process any process affecting the production and development and management of material wealth
subtype: deflation.economic_process a contraction of economic activity resulting in a decline of prices
subtype: demand the ability and desire to purchase goods and services; "the automobile reduced the demand for buggywhips"; "the demand exceeded the supply"
subtype: economic_consumption__consumption__use__use_of_goods_and_services (economics) the utilization of economic goods to satisfy needs or in manufacturing; "the consumption of energy has increased steadily"
subtype: conspicuous_consumption__conspicuousconsumption buying expensive services and products in order to flaunt your wealth
subtype: disinflation a reduction of prices intended to improve the balance of payments
subtype: economic_growth steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy (and so a growth of national income)
subtype: globalization__globalisation growth to a global or worldwide scale; "the globalization of the communication industry"
subtype: rising_prices__inflation a general and progressive increase in prices; "in inflation everything gets more valuable except money"
subtype: cost-pull_inflation inflation caused by an increase in the costs of production
subtype: demand-pull_inflation inflation caused by an increase in demand or in the supply of money
subtype: inflationary_spiral an episode of inflation in which prices increase at an increasing rate and currency rapidly loses value
subtype: reflation inflation of currency after a period of deflation; restore the system to a previous state
subtype: stagflation a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)
subtype: market_forces the interaction of supply and demand that shapes a market economy
subtype: supply.economic_process offering goods and services for sale
subtype: instruction_execution__instructionexecution__execution the process of carrying out an instruction by a computer
subtype: batch_processing__batchprocessing the serial execution of computer programs
subtype: multiprogramming__concurrent_execution the execution of two or more computer programs by a single computer
subtype: human_process__humanproces a process in which human beings are involved
subtype: linguistic_process a process involved in human language
subtype: agglutination.linguistic_process the building of words from component morphemes that retain their form and meaning in the process of combining
subtype: isoagglutination agglutination of an agglutinogen of one individual by a serum from another individual of the same species
subtype: assimilation.linguistic_process a linguistic process by which a sound becomes similar to an adjacent sound
subtype: derivation.linguistic_process (descriptive linguistics) the process whereby new words are formed from existing words or bases by affixation: `singer' from `sing'; `undo' from `do'
subtype: dissimilation a linguistic process by which one of two similar sounds in a word becomes less like the other; "the Old French MARBRE became the English MARBLE by dissimilation"
subtype: drift.linguistic_process a process of linguistic change over a period of time
subtype: fusion.linguistic_process the merging of adjacent sounds or syllables or words
subtype: syncretism the fusion of originally different inflected forms (resulting in a reduction in the use of inflections)
subtype: lexicalization__lexicalisation the process of making a word to express a concept
subtype: metathesis a linguistic process of transposition of sounds or syllables within a word or words within a sentence
subtype: omission.linguistic_process__deletion any process whereby sounds are left out of spoken words or phrases
subtype: aphaeresis__apheresis__apheresi (linguistics) omission at the beginning of a word as in `coon' for `raccoon' or `till' for `until'
subtype: aphesis__aphesi the gradual disappearance of an initial (usually unstressed) vowel or syllable as in `squire' for `esquire'
subtype: elision omission of a sound between two words (usually a vowel and the end of one word or the beginning of the next)
subtype: ellipsis__eclipsis omission or suppression of parts of words or sentences
subtype: synaeresis__syneresis__syneresi the contraction of two vowels into a diphthong
subtype: psychoanalytic_process a process that is assumed to occur in psychoanalytic theory
subtype: defense_mechanism__defensemechanism__defense_reaction__defensereaction__defencemechanism__defence_reaction__defencereaction__defense (psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desires
subtype: compensation.defense_mechanism (psychiatry) a defense mechanism that conceals your undesirable shortcomings by exaggerating desirable behaviors
subtype: overcompensation.compensation (psychiatry) an attempt to overcome a real or imagined defect or unwanted trait by overly exaggerating its opposite
subtype: conversion.defense_mechanism (psychiatry) a defense mechanism represses emotional conflicts which are then converted into physical symptoms that have no organic basis
subtype: denial.defense_mechanism (psychiatry) a defense mechanism that denies painful thoughts
subtype: displacement.defense_mechanism (psychiatry) a defense mechanism that transfers affect or reaction from the original object to some more acceptable one
subtype: idealisation__idealization (psychiatry) a defense mechanism that splits something you are ambivalent about into two representations--one good and one bad
subtype: intellectualization__intellectualisation (psychiatry) a defense mechanism that uses reasoning to block out emotional stress and conflict
subtype: projection.defense_mechanism (psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your own traits and emotions are attributed to someone else
subtype: rationalisation__rationalization (psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your true motivation is concealed by explaining your actions and feelings in a way that is not threatening
subtype: reaction_formation (psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously develops attitudes and behavior that are the opposite of unacceptable repressed desires and impulses and serve to conceal them; "his strict morality is just a reaction formation to hide his sexual drive"
subtype: regression (psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which you flee from reality by assuming a more infantile state
subtype: repression.defense_mechanism (psychiatry) the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious
subtype: social_process a process involved in the formation of groups of persons
subtype: assimilation.social_process__absorption the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
subtype: Americanization__Americanisation assimilation into American culture
subtype: Europeanization__Europeanisation assimilation into European culture
subtype: Westernization__Westernisation assimilation of Western culture; the social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization
subtype: denazification__de-Nazification social process of removing Nazis from official positions and giving up any allegiance to Nazism; "denazification was a slow process"
subtype: destalinization__de-Stalinization__destalinisation__de-Stalinisation social process of neutralizing the influence of Joseph Stalin by revising his policies and removing monuments dedicated to him and renaming places named in his honor; "his statue was demolished as part of destalinization"
subtype: Nazification social process of adopting (or being forced to adopt) Nazism; "as the process of Nazification spread they paid less attention to public opinion"
subtype: Stalinization__Stalinisation social process of adopting (or being forced to adopt) the policies and practices of Joseph Stalin; "many Hungarians refused to take part in the Stalinization of their country"
subtype: urbanization__urbanisation the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban
subtype: increment__increase__growth a process of becoming larger or more numerous or more important; "the increase in unemployment"; "the growth of population"
subtype: accretion.increment__accumulation an increase by natural growth or addition
subtype: deposition.accretion the natural process of laying down a deposit of something
subtype: electrodeposition the deposition of a substance on an electrode by the action of electricity (especially by electrolysis)
subtype: redeposition deposition from one deposit to another
subtype: multiplication the process of multiplying; "this multiplication of cells is a natural correlate of growth"
subtype: doubling increase by a factor of two; "doubling with a computer took no time at all"
subtype: quadrupling increase by a factor of four
subtype: quintupling increasing by a factor of five
subtype: tripling increase by a factor of three
subtype: population_growth increase in the number of people who inhabit a territory or state
subtype: pullulation rapid increase
subtype: widening.increment__broadening an increase in width
subtype: irreversible_process any process that is not reversible
subtype: natural_process__naturalproces__natural_action__naturalaction__action__activity a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings); "the action of natural forces"; "volcanic activity"
subtype: radiation.spreading the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
subtype: adaptive_radiation the development of many different forms from an originally homogeneous group of organisms as they fill different ecological niches
subtype: absorption (physics) the process in which incident radiated energy is retained without reflection or transmission on passing through a medium; "the absorption of photons by atoms or molecules"
subtype: acidification the process of becoming acid or being converted into an acid
subtype: aeration.natural_process the process of exposing to air (so as to purify)
subtype: antiredeposition the process of preventing redeposition
subtype: nuclear_particle_capture__capture any process in which an atomic or nuclear system acquires an additional particle
subtype: satellite_capture__satellitecapture__capture a process whereby a star or planet holds an object in its gravitational field
subtype: centrifugation the process of separating substances by the use of a centrifuge
subtype: ultracentrifugation centrifugation at very high speeds
subtype: chemical_process__chemical_change__chemical_action any process determined by the atomic and molecular composition and structure of the substances involved
subtype: Acheson_process process for making graphite by heating a mixture of coke and clay
subtype: acylation the process of introducing an acyl group into a compound
subtype: acetylation the process of introducing an acetyl group into a compound; "the acetylation of cyclooxygenase-2 by aspirin"
subtype: agglutinating_activity__agglutinatingactivity the coalescing of small particles that are suspended in solution; these larger masses are then (usually) precipitated
subtype: amylolysis conversion of starch to sugar
subtype: association.chemical_process any process of combination (in solution) that depend on relatively weak chemical bonding
subtype: hydration the process of combining with water; usually reversible
subtype: solvation a chemical process in which solvent molecules and molecules or ions of the solute combine to form a compound
subtype: bluing__blueing a process that makes something blue (or bluish)
subtype: calcification a process that impregnates something with calcium (or calcium salts)
subtype: catalysis__catalysi acceleration of a chemical reaction induced the presence of material that is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction
subtype: autocatalysis__autocatalysi catalysis in which the catalyst is one of the products of the reaction
subtype: chelation the process of forming a ring by forming one or more hydrogen bonds
subtype: chemical_reaction__reaction (chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others; "there was a chemical reaction of the lime with the ground water"
subtype: addition_reaction a chemical reaction in which one molecule is added to another
subtype: aldol_reaction__aldolreaction a reaction of aldehydes resulting in an aldol
subtype: chain_reaction__chainreaction a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one is a reactant in the next
subtype: chemical_equilibrium__equilibrium a chemical reaction and its reverse proceed at equal rates
subtype: acid-base_equilibrium__acid-base_balance (physiology) the normal equilibrium between acids and alkalis in the body; "with a normal acid-base balance in the body the blood is slightly alkaline"
subtype: decomposition_reaction__decompositionreaction__decomposition (chemistry) chemical separation of a substance into two or more substances that may differ from each other and from the original substance
subtype: displacement_reaction__displacement (chemistry) a chemical reaction in which an elementary substance displaces and sets free a constituent element from a compound
subtype: double_decomposition_reaction__double_decomposition__metathesis a chemical reaction between two compounds in which parts of each are interchanged to form two new compounds (AB+CD=AD+CB)
subtype: double_replacement_reaction__doublereplacementreaction a chemical reaction between two compounds where the positive ion of one compound is exchanged with the positive ion of another compound
subtype: elimination_reaction__eliminationreaction a chemical reaction in which a molecule decomposes to two different molecules
subtype: endothermic_reaction__endothermicreaction a chemical reaction accompanied by the absorption of heat
subtype: exothermic_reaction a chemical reaction accompanied by the evolution of heat
subtype: hydrolysis a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds; involves the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion from the water
subtype: neutralization_reaction__neutralization__neutralisation__neutralisation_reaction a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base interact with the formation of a salt; with strong acids and bases the essential reaction is the combination of hydrogen ions with hydroxyl ions to form water
subtype: oxidation__oxidization__oxidisation the process of oxidizing; the addition of oxygen to a compound with a loss of electrons; always occurs accompanied by reduction
subtype: calcination the conversion of metals into their oxides as a result of heating to a high temperature
subtype: combustion__burning a process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light
subtype: flame__fire__flaming the process of combustion of inflammable materials producing heat and light and (often) smoke; "fire was one of our ancestors' first discoveries"
subtype: blazing__blaze a strong flame that burns brightly; "the blaze spread rapidly"
subtype: flare.flame a sudden burst of flame
subtype: internal_combustion the combustion of fuel inside a cylinder (as in an internal-combustion engine)
subtype: nitrification the oxidation of ammonium compounds into nitrates by soil bacteria
subtype: rusting__rust the formation of reddish-brown ferric oxides on iron by low-temperature oxidation in the presence of water
subtype: oxidation-reduction__oxidationreduction__oxidoreduction__redox a reversible chemical reaction in which one reaction is an oxidation and the reverse is a reduction
subtype: photochemical_reaction__photochemicalreaction a chemical reaction produced by the action of light
subtype: light_reaction__lightreaction the first stage of photosynthesis during which energy from light is used for the production of ATP
subtype: reduction.chemical_reaction__reducing any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen); always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent
subtype: saponification a chemical reaction in which an ester is heated with an alkali (especially the alkaline hydrolysis of a fat or oil to make soap)
subtype: chlorination.chemical_process the addition or substitution of chlorine in organic compounds
subtype: prechlorination chlorination prior to another chemical process
subtype: cleavage.chemical_process the breaking of a chemical bond in a molecule resulting in smaller molecules
subtype: corroding__corrosion__erosion erosion by chemical action
subtype: pitting__roughnes the formation of small pits in a surface as a consequence of corrosion
subtype: rusting__rust the formation of reddish-brown ferric oxides on iron by low-temperature oxidation in the presence of water
subtype: cracking the process whereby heavy molecules of naphtha or petroleum are broken down into hydrocarbons of lower molecular weight (especially in the oil-refining process)
subtype: hydrocracking the process whereby hydrocarbon molecules of petroleum are broken down into kerosene and gasolene by the addition of hydrogen under high pressure in the presence of a catalyst
subtype: cyanide_process__cyanideproces a process for extracting gold and silver by treating ore with a sodium cyanide solution
subtype: decalcification loss of calcium from bones or teeth
subtype: decarboxylation the process of removing a carboxyl group from a chemical compound (usually replacing it with hydrogen)
subtype: de-iodination the removal of iodine atoms from organic compounds
subtype: desalination__desalinization__desalinisation the removal of salt (especially from sea water)
subtype: digestion.chemical_process the process of decomposing organic matter (as in sewage) by bacteria
subtype: dissociation.chemical_process (chemistry) the temporary or reversible chemical process in which a molecule or ion is broken down into smaller molecules or ions
subtype: gasification the process of changing into gas; "coal gas is produced by the gasification of coal"
subtype: gassing.chemical_process the process of interacting with gas
subtype: hydrogenation a chemical process that adds hydrogen atoms to an unsaturated oil; "food producers use hydrogenation to keep fat from becoming rancid"
subtype: swelling__intumescence__intumescency the swelling of certain substances when they are heated (often accompanied by release of water)
subtype: iodination the substitution or addition of iodine atoms in organic compounds
subtype: chemical_mechanism__mechanism the atomic process that occurs during a chemical reaction; "he determined unique mechanisms for the photochemical reactions"
subtype: biochemical_mechanism__biochemicalmechanism a chemical mechanism involved in vital processes occurring in living organisms
subtype: peptization__peptisation the process of converting to a sol; bringing to a colloidal solution
subtype: photosynthesis synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy (especially in plants)
subtype: polymerization__polymerisation a process of combining several molecules to form a polymer or polymeric compound
subtype: precipitation.chemical_process the process of forming a chemical precipitate
subtype: proteolysis__proteolysi the hydrolysis of proteins into peptides and amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds
subtype: Solvay_process a process for producing sodium carbonate from sodium chloride and ammonia and carbon dioxide
subtype: syneresis__syneresi__synaeresis the separation of liquid from a gel that is caused by contraction (as in cheese making)
subtype: synthesis.chemical_process__synthesi the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds)
subtype: biosynthesis__biogenesis production of a chemical compound by a living organism
subtype: chemosynthesis synthesis of carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water; limited to certain bacteria and fungi
subtype: transamination the process of transfering an amino group from one compound to another
subtype: zymolysis__zymolysi__zymosis__fermentation__fermenting__ferment a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances; especially, the anaerobic breakdown of sugar into alcohol
subtype: vinification the process whereby fermentation changes grape juice into wine
subtype: chromatography a process used for separating mixtures by virtue of differences in absorbency
subtype: column_chromatography chromatography that uses selective adsorption by a column of powders
subtype: paper_chromatography__paperchromatography chromatography that uses selective adsorption on a strip of paper
subtype: concretion the formation of stonelike objects within a body organ (e.g., the kidneys)
subtype: condensation.natural_process the process of changing from a gaseous to a liquid or solid state
subtype: convection.natural_process (meteorology) the vertical movement of heat or other properties by massive motion within the atmosphere
subtype: curdling__clotting__coagulation the process of forming semisolid lumps in a liquid
subtype: blood_coagulation__bloodcoagulation__blood_clotting__bloodclotting a process in which liquid blood is changed into a semisolid mass (a blood clot)
subtype: thermocoagulation congealing tissue by heat (as by electric current)
subtype: decay the process of gradually becoming inferior
subtype: caries__cavity__dental_caries__tooth_decay__toothdecay soft decayed area in a tooth; progressive decay can lead to the death of a tooth
subtype: corruption decay of matter (as by rot or oxidation)
subtype: rotting__decomposition__rot__putrefaction (biology) decaying caused by bacterial or fungal action
subtype: dilapidation__ruin the process of becoming dilapidated
subtype: spoilage.decay__spoiling the process of becoming spoiled
subtype: mildew.spoilage__mold the process of becoming mildewed
subtype: souring the process of becoming sour
subtype: demagnetization__demagnitisation the process of removing magnetization
subtype: degaussing the process of making a (steel) ship's hull nonmagnetic by producing an opposing magnetic field
subtype: desorption changing from an adsorbed state on a surface to a gaseous or liquid state
subtype: diffusion (physics) the process of diffusing; the intermingling of molecules in gases and liquids as a result of random thermal agitation
subtype: osmosis__osmosi diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal
subtype: permeation__pervasion__impregnation__saturation__suffusion the process of permeating or infusing
subtype: ammonification impregnation with ammonia or a compound of ammonia
subtype: carbonation saturation with carbon dioxide (as soda water)
subtype: transport an exchange of molecules (and their kinetic energy and momentum) across the boundary between adjacent layers of a fluid or across cell membranes
subtype: active_transport transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; requires an expenditure of energy
subtype: passive_transport__passivetransport transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion; expenditure of energy is not required
subtype: disintegration__dissolution separation into component parts
subtype: fibrinolysis a normal ongoing process that dissolves fibrin and results in the removal of small blood clots; "drugs causing fibrinolysis have been utilized therapeutically"
subtype: lysis__lysi (biochemistry) dissolution or destruction of cells such as blood cells or bacteria
subtype: autolysis__autolysi lysis (self-digestion) of tissues when they are detached from the organism
subtype: bacteriolysis__bacteriolysi dissolution or destruction of bacteria
subtype: cytolysis__cytolysi pathological breakdown of cells by the destruction of their outer membrane
subtype: electrolysis.lysis__electrolysi lysis of a bond produced by the passage of an electric current
subtype: hemolysis__hemolysi__haemolysis__hematolysis__hematolysi__haematolysis lysis of erythrocytes with the release of hemoglobin
subtype: karyolysis disintegration and dissolution of a cell nucleus when a cell dies
subtype: necrolysis disintegration and dissolution of dead tissue
subtype: osteolysis lysis of bone caused by disease or infection or inadequate blood supply
subtype: radiolysis molecular disintegration resulting from radiation
subtype: thrombolysis the process of breaking up and dissolving blood clots
subtype: distillation__distillment the process of boiling a liquid and condensing its vapors
subtype: drift the gradual departure from an intended course due to external influences (as a ship or plane)
subtype: leeway (of a ship or plane) sideways drift
subtype: effervescence the process of bubbling as gas escapes
subtype: electrophoresis__electrophoresi__cataphoresis the motion of charged particles in a colloid under the influence of an electric field; particles with a positive charge go to the cathode and negative to the anode
subtype: immunoelectrophoresis__immunoelectrophoresi electrophoresis to separate antigens and antibodies
subtype: paper_electrophoresis__paperelectrophoresi electrophoresis carried out on filter paper
subtype: ecesis__establishment (ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat
subtype: extinction the reduction of the intensity of radiation as a consequence of absorption and radiation
subtype: extraction.natural_process the process of obtaining something from a mixture or compound by chemical or physical or mechanical means
subtype: drying_up__dehydration__desiccation the process of extracting moisture (as by heat)
subtype: inspissation the process of thickening by dehydration
subtype: elution the process of extracting one material from another by washing with a solvent to remove adsorbed material from an adsorbent (as in washing of loaded ion-exchange resins to remove captured ions); used to obtain uranium ions
subtype: mineral_processing__mineralprocessing__mineral_dressing__mineraldressing__ore_processing__oreprocessing__ore_dressing__oredressing__beneficiation crushing and separating ore into valuable substances or waste by any of a variety of techniques
subtype: feedback.natural_process the process in which part of the output of a system is returned to its input in order to regulate its further output
subtype: negative_feedback feedback in opposite phase with (decreasing) the input
subtype: positive_feedback feedback in phase with (augmenting) the input
subtype: vicious_cycle__viciouscycle__vicious_circle__viciouscircle one trouble leads to another that aggravates the first
subtype: filtration.natural_process the process of filtering
subtype: percolation.filtration the slow passage of a liquid through a filtering medium; "the percolation of rainwater through the soil"
subtype: flocculation the process of flocculating; forming woolly cloudlike aggregations
subtype: flow any uninterrupted stream or discharge
subtype: slipstream__airstream__race__backwash__wash the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller
subtype: turbulent_flow__turbulentflow flow in which the velocity at any point varies erratically
subtype: sea.turbulent_flow turbulent water with swells of considerable size; "heavy seas"
subtype: head_sea a sea in which the waves are running directly against the course of the ship
subtype: streamline_flow flow of a gas or liquid in which the velocity at any point is relatively steady
subtype: laminar_flow__laminarflow nonturbulent streamline flow in parallel layers (laminae)
subtype: filling.flow flow into something (as a container)
subtype: refilling__replenishment__replacement__renewal filling again by supplying what has been used up
subtype: flowage gradual internal motion or deformation
subtype: inflow__influx the process of flowing in
subtype: inpouring__inpour__inrush an inflow; "an inpouring of spiritual comfort"
subtype: effluence__efflux the process of flowing out
subtype: formation.natural_process natural process that causes something to form; "the formation of gas in the intestine"; "the formation of crystals"; "the formation of pseudopods"
subtype: fossilisation__fossilization the process of fossilizing a plant or animal that existed in some earlier age; the process of being turned to stone
subtype: petrification__petrifaction the process of turning some plant material into stone by infiltration with water carrying mineral particles without changing the original shape
subtype: fractional_process__fractionation a process that uses heat to separate a substance into its components
subtype: destructive_distillation__destructivedistillation heating a solid substance in a closed container and collecting the volatile products
subtype: carbonization__carbonisation the destructive distillation of coal (as in coke ovens)
subtype: fractional_distillation fractionation of a liquid by distillation
subtype: geological_process a natural process whereby geological features are modified
subtype: alluvion gradual formation of new land, by recession of the sea or deposit of sediment
subtype: diastrophism the process of deformation that produces continents and ocean basins in the earth's crust
subtype: eroding__erosion__eatingaway__wearing__wearing_away__wearingaway the mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down (as by particles washing over it)
subtype: chatter_mark.eroding__chattermark marks on a glaciated rock caused by the movement of a glacier
subtype: ablation the erosive process that reduces the size of glaciers
subtype: corrasion__abrasion__attrition__detrition erosion by friction
subtype: beach_erosion__beacherosion the erosion of beaches
subtype: planation the process of erosion whereby a level surface is produced
subtype: soil_erosion the washing away of soil
subtype: glaciation the process of covering with glaciers or masses of ice
subtype: metamorphism change in the structure of rock by natural agencies such as pressure or heat of introduction of new chemical substances
subtype: anamorphism occurs deep under the earth's surface; changes simple minerals into complex minerals
subtype: epigenesis a geological change in the mineral content of rock after the rock has formed
subtype: katamorphism occurs at or near the earth's surface; breaks down complex minerals into simpler ones
subtype: stratification.geological_process forming or depositing in layers
subtype: foliation the arrangement of leaflike layers in a rock
subtype: solidifying__solidification__set the process of becoming hard or solid by cooling or drying or crystallization; "the hardening of concrete"; "he tested the set of the glue"
subtype: ignition the process of initiating combustion
subtype: spontaneous_combustion__spontaneouscombustion ignition of a substance (as oily rags) resulting from an internal oxidation process
subtype: induction.natural_process the process whereby changes in the current flow in a circuit produce magnetism or an EMF
subtype: mutual_induction.induction__mutualinduction induction in a second circuit caused by changes in a first circuit
subtype: self-induction.induction__selfinduction induction in a circuit caused by changes in the circuit itself
subtype: ion_exchange__ionexchange a process in which ions are exchanged between a solution and an insoluble (usually resinous) solid; widely used in industrial processing
subtype: ionization__ionisation the process of ionizing; the formation of ions by separating atoms or molecules or radicals or by adding or subtracting electrons from atoms by strong electric fields in a gas
subtype: leach__leaching the process of leaching
subtype: magnetization__magnetisation__magneticinduction the process that makes a substance magnetic (temporarily or permanently)
subtype: nuclear_reaction__nuclearreaction a process that alters the energy or structure or composition of atomic nuclei
subtype: chain_reaction.nuclear_reaction__chainreaction a self-sustaining nuclear reaction; a series of nuclear fissions in which neutrons released by splitting one atom leads to the splitting of others
subtype: radioactive_decay__radioactivedecay__decay__disintegration the spontaneous disintegration of a radioactive substance along with the emission of ionizing radiation
subtype: endoergic_reaction__endoergicreaction a nuclear reaction occurring with absorption of energy
subtype: exoergic_reaction a nuclear reaction accompanied by the evolution of energy
subtype: nuclear_fission__fission a nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy
subtype: nuclear_fusion_reaction__fusion__nuclear_fusion__nuclearfusion a nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy
subtype: cold_fusion nuclear fusion at or near room temperatures; claims to have discovered it are generally considered to have been mistaken
subtype: thermonuclear_reaction__thermonuclearreaction a nuclear fusion reaction taking place at very high temperatures (as in the sun)
subtype: carbon_cycle a thermonuclear reaction in the interior of stars
subtype: opacification the process of becoming cloudy or opaque
subtype: organic_process__organicproces__biological_process a process occurring in living organisms
subtype: adaptation.organic_process__adjustment the process of adapting to something (such as environmental conditions)
subtype: acclimatization__acclimatisation__acclimation adaptation to a new climate (a new temperature or altitude or environment)
subtype: dedifferentiation the loss of specialization in form or function
subtype: domestication.adaptation adaptation to intimate association with human beings
subtype: specialisation__specialization__differentiation the structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function; "cell differentiation in the developing embryo"
subtype: agglutination a clumping of bacteria or red cells when held together by antibodies (agglutinins)
subtype: hemagglutination__haemagglutination agglutination of red blood cells
subtype: senescence__aging__ageing the organic process of growing older and showing the effects of increasing age
subtype: catabiosis normal aging of cells
subtype: anabolism__constructive_metabolism synthesis of more complex substances from simpler ones
subtype: anovulation the absence of ovulation due to immaturity or post-maturity or pregnancy or oral contraceptive pills or dysfunction of the ovary
subtype: assimilation.organic_process__absorption the process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion
subtype: malabsorption abnormal absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract
subtype: bacteriostasis inhibition of the growth of bacteria
subtype: blooming__bloom the organic process of bearing flowers; "you will stop all bloom if you let the flowers go to seed"
subtype: bodily_process__body_process__bodily_function__activity an organic process that takes place in the body; "respiratory activity"
subtype: control.bodily_process (physiology) regulation or maintenance of a function or action or reflex etc; "the timing and control of his movements were unimpaired"; "he had lost control of his sphincters"
subtype: motor_control__motorcontrol control of muscles
subtype: respiration the bodily processes involved in exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment
subtype: internal_respiration__cellular_respiration bodily process whereby oxygen in the blood is absorbed by the cells of the body and carbon dioxide is absorbed by the blood as a waste product to be transported to the lungs
subtype: breathing__external_respiration__ventilation the process of taking in oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide by exhalation
subtype: abdominal_breathing__abdominalbreathing breathing in which most of the respiratory effort is done by the abdominal muscles; "abdominal breathing is practiced by singers"
subtype: eupnea__eupnoea normal relaxed breathing
subtype: hyperpnea energetic (deep and rapid) respiration that occurs normally after exercise or abnormally with fever or various disorders
subtype: hypopnea slow or shallow breathing
subtype: hyperventilation an increased depth and rate of breathing greater than demanded by the body needs; can cause dizziness and tingling of the fingers and toes and chest pain if continued
subtype: panting__heaving breathing heavily (as after exertion)
subtype: periodic_breathing__Cheyne-Stokes_respiration abnormal respiration in which periods of shallow and deep breathing alternate
subtype: smoking__smoke the act of smoking tobacco or other substances; "he went outside for a smoke"; "smoking stinks"
subtype: puffing blowing tobacco smoke out into the air; "they smoked up the room with their ceaseless puffing"
subtype: snoring__snore__stertor the act of snoring or producing a snoring sound
subtype: snuffle__sniffle__snivel the act of breathing heavily through the nose (as when the nose is congested)
subtype: wheeze breathing with a husky or whistling sound
subtype: second_wind the return of relatively easy breathing after initial exhaustion during continuous exertion
subtype: breath the process of taking in and expelling air during breathing; "he took a deep breath and dived into the pool"; "he was fighting to his last breath"
subtype: exhalation__expiration__breathing_out__breathingout the act of expelling air from the lungs
subtype: cough__coughing the act of exhaling air suddenly with a noise
subtype: huffing__puffing__snorting an act of forcible exhalation
subtype: blow.exhalation__puff forceful exhalation through the nose or mouth; "he gave his nose a loud blow"; "he blew out all the candles with a single puff"
subtype: insufflation an act of blowing or breathing on or into something
subtype: wind.exhalation breath; "the collision knocked the wind out of him"
subtype: inhalation__inspiration__breathing_in__breathingin the act of inhaling
subtype: gasp__pant a short labored intake of breath with the mouth open; "she gave a gasp and fainted"
subtype: puff.inhalation__drag__pull a slow inhalation (as of tobacco smoke); "he took a puff on his pipe"; "he took a drag on his cigarette and expelled the smoke slowly"
subtype: toke a puff of a marijuana or hashish cigarette: "the boys took a few tokes on a joint"
subtype: consumption__intake__uptake the process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating)
subtype: eating__feeding the act of consuming food
subtype: chomp__bite the act of gripping or chewing off with the teeth and jaws
subtype: munch a large bite; "he tried to talk between munches on the sandwich"
subtype: nibble gentle biting
subtype: nip__pinch small sharp biting
subtype: browse__browsing the act of feeding by continual nibbling
subtype: coprophagy__coprophagia eating feces; in human a symptom of some kinds of insanity
subtype: dining the act of eating dinner
subtype: Dutch_treat a dinner where each person pays for his own
subtype: engorgement eating ravenously or voraciously to satiation
subtype: feasting__banqueting eating an elaborate meal (often accompanied by entertainment)
subtype: geophagy__geophagia__pica eating earth or clay or chalk; occurs in some primitive tribes or sometimes in cases of nutritional deficiency
subtype: grazing__graze the act of grazing
subtype: lunching the act of eating lunch
subtype: repletion__surfeit eating until excessively full
subtype: supping ingestion of liquid food with a spoon or by drinking
subtype: savoring__tasting__savouring__relishing__degustation taking a small amount into the mouth to test its quality; "cooking was fine but it was the savoring that he enjoyed most"
subtype: necrophagia__necrophagy feeding on corpses or carrion
subtype: omophagia the eating of raw food
subtype: scatophagy the eating of excrement or other filth
subtype: deglutition__swallow__drink the act of swallowing; "one swallow of the liquid was enough"; "he took a drink of his beer and smacked his lips"
subtype: aerophagia swallowing air (usually followed by belching and discomfort and flatulence)
subtype: gulp__draft__draught__swig a large and hurried swallow; "he finished it at a single gulp"
subtype: sip__nip a small drink
subtype: sucking__suck__suction the act of sucking
subtype: imbibing__drinking__imbibition the act of consuming liquids
subtype: swilling__gulping__guzzling the drinking of large mouthfuls rapidly
subtype: potation the act of drinking (especially an alcoholic drink)
subtype: sexual_activity__sexual_practice__sex__sex_activity__sexactivity activities associated with sexual intercourse; "they had sex in the back seat"
subtype: bondage sexual practice that involves physically restraining (by cords or handcuffs) one of the partners
subtype: outercourse mutual sexual gratification without the exchange of bodily fluids
subtype: safe_sex sexual activity (especially sexual intercourse) with the use of measures (such as latex condoms) to avoid the transmission of disease (especially AIDS)
subtype: conception the act of becoming pregnant; fertilization of an ovum by a spermatozoon
subtype: sexual_intercourse__intercourse__sex_act__sexact__copulation__coitus__coition__sexual_congress__congress__sexual_relation__relation__carnal_knowledge the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur
subtype: fuck__fucking__screw__screwing__ass__as__nookie__piece_of_ass__roll_in_the_hay__shag__shtup slang terms for sexual intercourse
subtype: hank_panky illicit sexual intercourse
subtype: penetration.sexual_intercourse the act (by a man) of inserting his penis into the vagina of a woman
subtype: unlawful_carnal_knowledge__criminal_congress forbidden or tabu sexual intercourse between individuals
subtype: extramarital_sex__free_love sexual intercourse between individuals who are not married to one another
subtype: adultery__criminal_conversation__fornication extramarital sex that willfully and maliciously interferes with marriage relations; "adultery is often cited as grounds for divorce"
subtype: fornication voluntary sexual intercourse between persons not married to each other
subtype: incest sexual intercourse between persons too closely related to marry (as between a parent and a child)
subtype: pleasure.sexual_activity sexual gratification; "he took his pleasure of her"
subtype: sexual_love__lovemaking__making_love__love__love_life sexual activities (often including sexual intercourse) between two people; "his lovemaking disgusted her"; "he hadn't had any love in months"; "he has a very complicated love life"
subtype: carnal_abuse any lascivious contact by an adult with the sexual organs of a child (especially not involving sexual intercourse)
subtype: mating__coupling__pairing__conjugation__sexual_union the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes; "the casual couplings of adolescents"; "the mating of some species occurs only in the spring"
subtype: assortative_mating__assortativemating mating of individuals having more traits in common than likely in random mating
subtype: disassortative_mating mating of individuals having traits more dissimilar than likely in random mating
subtype: hybridization__hybridisation__crossbreeding__crossing__cross__cros__hybridizing the act of mixing different breeds of animals
subtype: inbreeding the act of mating closely related individuals
subtype: servicing__service the act of mating by male animals; "the bull was worth good money in servicing fees"
subtype: procreation__reproduction__breeding__facts_of_life the sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspring
subtype: miscegenation__crossbreeding__interbreeding reproduction by parents of different races (especially by white and non-white persons)
subtype: generation.procreation__multiplication__propagation the act of propagating
subtype: biogenesis__biogeny the production of living organisms from other living organisms
subtype: foreplay__arousal__stimulation mutual sexual stimulation prior to sexual intercourse
subtype: caressing__cuddling__fondling__hugging__kissing__necking__petting__smooching__snuggling affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs)
subtype: snogging (British informal) cuddle and kiss
subtype: feel.foreplay manual-genital stimulation for sexual pleasure; "the girls hated it when he tried to sneak a feel"
subtype: sexual_perversion__perversion an aberrant sexual practice that is preferred to normal intercourse
subtype: paraphilia abnormal sexual activity
subtype: exhibitionism.paraphilia__immodesty the perverse act of exposing and attracting attention to your own genitals
subtype: fetishism__fetichism sexual arousal or gratification resulting from handling a fetish (or a specific part of the body other than the sexual organs)
subtype: pedophilia__paedophilia sexual activity of an adult with a child
subtype: pederasty__paederasty sexual relations between a man and a boy (usually anal intercourse with the boy as a passive partner)
subtype: voyeurism perversion in which a person receives sexual gratification from seeing the genitalia of others or witnessing others' sexual behavior
subtype: zoophilia__zoophilism sexual attraction to animals
subtype: sodomy__buggery__anal_sex__anal_intercourse anal intercourse committed by a man with a man or woman
subtype: oral_sex__head oral-genital stimulation; "they say he gives good head"
subtype: cunnilingus__cunnilinctus oral stimulation of the vulva or clitoris
subtype: fellatio__fellation oral stimulation of the penis
subtype: cock_sucking__blowjob slang terms for fellatio
subtype: soixante-neuf__sixty-nine__sixtynine oral sex practiced simultaneously by two people
subtype: autoeroticism__autoerotism using you own body as a sexual object
subtype: masturbation__onanism__self-abuse manual stimulation of the genital organs (of yourself or another) for sexual pleasure
subtype: frottage masturbation by rubbing against another person (as in a crowd)
subtype: jacking_off__jackingoff__jerking_off__jerkingoff__hand_job__wank slang terms for masturbation
subtype: promiscuity__promiscuousness__promiscuousnes__sleepingaround indulging in promiscuous (casual and indiscriminate) sexual relations
subtype: one-night_stand.promiscuity__onenightstand a brief sexual encounter lasting only for a single night; "he ran through a series of loveless one-night stands"
subtype: lechery unrestrained indulgence in sexual activity
subtype: homosexuality__homosexualism__homoeroticism__gayness__gaynes a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the same sex
subtype: lesbianism__sapphism female homosexuality
subtype: pederasty__paederasty sexual relations between a man and a boy (usually anal intercourse with the boy as a passive partner)
subtype: bisexuality sexual activity with both men and women
subtype: heterosexuality__heterosexualism__straightness a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the opposite sex
subtype: bestiality__zooerastia__zooerasty sexual activity between a person and an animal
subtype: insemination the introduction of semen into the genital tract of a female
subtype: artificial_insemination__AI the introduction of semen into the oviduct or uterus by some means other than sexual intercourse
subtype: sleeping the suspension of consciousness and decrease in metabolic rate
subtype: sleepwalking__somnambulism__somnambulation__noctambulism__noctambulation walking by a person who is asleep
subtype: sleep_talking__sleeptalking__somniloquy__somniloquism uttering speech while asleep
subtype: catnap__nap__cat_sleep__catsleep__forty_winks__fortywink__short_sleep__shortsleep__snooze a short sleep (usually not in bed)
subtype: siesta a nap in the early afternoon (especially in hot countries)
subtype: doze__drowse a light fitful sleep
subtype: reaction.bodily_process__response a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some foregoing stimulus or agent; "a bad reaction to the medicine"; "his responses have slowed with age"
subtype: automatism any reaction that occurs automatically without conscious thought or reflection (especially the undirected behavior seen in psychomotor epilepsy)
subtype: rebound.reaction a reaction to a crisis or setback or frustration; "he is still on the rebound from his wife's death"
subtype: overreaction an excessive reaction; a reaction with inappropriate emotional behavior
subtype: galvanic_skin_response__GSR__psychogalvanic_response__electrodermal_response__electrodermalresponse__electrical_skin_response__Fere_phenomenon__Tarchanoff_phenomenon a change in the electrical properties of the skin in response to stress or anxiety; can be measured either by recording the electrical resistance of the skin or by recording weak currents generated by the body
subtype: immune_response__immune_reaction__immunologic_response__immunologicresponse a bodily defense reaction that recognizes an invading substance (an antigen: such as a virus or fungus or bacteria or transplanted organ) and produces antibodies specific against that antigen
subtype: anamnestic_response__anamnestic_reaction renewed rapid production of an antibody on the second (or subsequent) encounter with the same antigen
subtype: humoral_immune_response__humoralimmuneresponse an immune response (chiefly against bacterial invasion) that is mediated by B cells
subtype: cell-mediated_immune_response an immune response (chiefly against viral or fungal invasions or transplanted tissue) that involves T cells
subtype: complement_fixation an immune response in which an antigen-antibody combination inactivates a complement (so it is unavailable to participate in a second antigen-antibody combination)
subtype: tropism an involuntary orienting response; positive or negative reaction to a stimulus source
subtype: ergotropism an affinity for work
subtype: geotropism an orienting response to gravity
subtype: heliotropism an orienting response to the sun
subtype: meteortropism an effect of climate on biological processes (as the effect on joint pains etc.)
subtype: neurotropism an affinity for neural tissues
subtype: phototropism an orienting response to light
subtype: trophotropism an orienting response to food
subtype: taxis.reaction__taxi a locomotor response toward or away from an external stimulus by a motile (and usually simple) organism
subtype: chemotaxis movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus
subtype: negative_chemotaxis movement away from a chemical stimulus
subtype: positive_chemotaxis movement toward a chemical stimulus
subtype: kinesis__kinesi a movement that is a response to a stimulus but is not oriented with respect to the source of stimulation
subtype: double_take a delayed reaction indicating surprise
subtype: unconditioned_reflex__unconditionedreflex__reflex__instinctive_reflex__instinctivereflex__innate_reflex__inborn_reflex__physiological_reaction__physiologicalreaction an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus
subtype: accommodation_reflex__accommodationreflex reflex changes in the eyes that enable an object to be focused on the retina
subtype: Babinski_reflex__Babinski__Babinski_sign extension upward of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked firmly on the outer side from the heel to the front; normal in infants under the age of two years but a sign of brain or spinal cord injury in older persons
subtype: belch__burp__burping a reflex that expels wind noisily from the stomach through the mouth
subtype: eye_blink__eyeblink__blink__blinking__wink__winking__nictitation__nictation a reflex that closes and opens the eyes rapidly
subtype: palpebration repeated blinking or winking (especially if uncontrolled and persistent)
subtype: blush__flush sudden reddening of the face (as from embarrassment or guilt or shame or modesty)
subtype: vomiting__vomit__emesis__regurgitation__disgorgement__puking the reflex act of ejecting the contents of the stomach through the mouth
subtype: rumination regurgitation of small amounts of food; seen in some infants after feeding
subtype: hematemesis__hematemesi__haematemesis vomiting blood
subtype: hyperemesis__hyperemesi severe and excessive vomiting
subtype: hyperemesis_gravidarum__hyperemesisgravidarum hyperemesis during pregnancy; if severe it can result in damage to the brain and liver and kidney
subtype: defecation_reflex__rectal_reflex normal response to the presence of feces in the rectum
subtype: yawn__yawning an involuntary intake of breath through a wide open mouth; usually triggered by fatigue or boredom
subtype: pandiculation yawning and stretching (as when first waking up)
subtype: electrical_shock__electric_shock__shock a reflex response to the passage of electric current through the body
subtype: fart__farting__flatus__wind__breaking_wind a reflex that expels intestinal gas through the anus
subtype: gulping__gulp a spasmodic reflex of the throat made as if in swallowing
subtype: knee_jerk__knee-jerk_reflex__patellar_reflex a reflex extension of the leg resulting from a sharp tap on the patellar tendon
subtype: light_reflex__lightreflex__pupillary_reflex__pupillaryreflex__miosis__myosis reflex contraction of the sphincter muscle of the iris in response to a bright light (or certain drugs) causing the pupil to become smaller
subtype: mydriasis__mydriasi reflex pupillary dilation as a muscle pulls the iris outward; occurs in response to a decrease in light or certain drugs
subtype: micturition_reflex__micturitionreflex relaxation of the urethral sphincter in response to increased pressure in the bladder
subtype: pharyngeal_reflex__gag_reflex__gagreflex normal reflex consisting of retching; may be produced by touching the soft palate in the back of the mouth
subtype: pilomotor_reflex__pilomotorreflex__gooseflesh__goose_bump__goosebump__goose_pimple__goosepimple__goose_skin__gooseskin__horripilation reflex erection of hairs of the skin in response to cold or emotional stress or skin irritation
subtype: plantar_reflex__plantarreflex flexion of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked firmly on the outer side from the heel to the front in persons over the age of 2 years; under 2 years the results should be extension of the toes (Babinski reflex)
subtype: rooting_reflex__rootingreflex reflex consisting of head-turning and sucking movements elicited in a normal infant by gently stroking the side of the mouth of cheek
subtype: startle__jump__start a sudden involuntary movement: "he awoke with a start"
subtype: startle_response__startleresponse__startle_reaction__startlereaction a complicated involuntary reaction to a sudden unexpected stimulus (especially a loud noise); involves flexion of most skeletal muscles and a variety of visceral reactions
subtype: startle_reflex__startlereflex__Moro_reflex a normal reflex of young infants; a sudden loud noise causes the child to stretch out the arms and flex the legs
subtype: flinch__wince a reflex response to sudden pain
subtype: stretch_reflex__stretchreflex__myotacticreflex reflex contraction of a muscle when an attached tendon is pulled; important in maintaining erect posture
subtype: suckling_reflex reflex behavior in newborn mammals; includes finding and grasping the nipple in the mouth and sucking on it and swallowing the milk
subtype: tremble__shiver__shake reflex shaking caused by cold or fear or excitement
subtype: sneeze__sneezing__sternutation a symptom consisting of the involuntary expulsion of air from the nose
subtype: hiccup__hiccough__singultus__singultu (usually plural) the state of having reflex spasms of the diaphragm accompanied by a rapid closure of the glottis producing an audible sound; sometimes a symptom of indigestion; "how do you cure the hiccups?"
subtype: learned_reaction__learnedreaction__learned_response__learnedresponse a reaction that has been acquired by learning
subtype: conditional_reflex__conditionalreflex__conditioned_reflex__conditionedreflex__acquired_reflex__conditional_reaction__conditionalreaction__conditioned_reaction__conditionedreaction__conditional_response__conditionalresponse__conditioned_response__conditionedresponse an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus
subtype: conditioned_avoidance_response__conditionedavoidanceresponse__conditioned_avoidance__conditionedavoidance a conditioned response that anticipates the occurrence of an aversive stimulus
subtype: passage.reaction__passing a bodily process of passing from one place or stage to another; "the passage of air from the lungs"; "the passing of flatus"
subtype: answer.reaction a nonverbal reaction; "his answer to any problem was to get drunk"; "their answer was to sue me"
subtype: transfusion_reaction__transfusionreaction reaction of the body to a transfusion of blood that is not compatible with its own blood; an adverse reaction can range from fever and hives to renal failure and shock and death
subtype: crying__weeping__tears__tear the process of shedding tears (usually accompanied by sobs or other inarticulate sounds); "I hate to hear the crying of a child"; "she was in tears"
subtype: snivel__sniveling whining in a tearful manner
subtype: sob convulsive gasp made while weeping
subtype: wailing__bawling loud cries made while weeping
subtype: ablactation the cessation of lactation
subtype: anastalsis muscular action of the alimentary tract in a direction opposite to peristalsis
subtype: expelling__discharge__emission any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body; "the discharge of pus"
subtype: ejaculation the discharge of semen in males
subtype: nocturnal_emission__nocturnalemission ejaculation during sleep (usually during a dream)
subtype: premature_ejaculation__prematureejaculation ejaculation during the early stages of sexual excitement or soon after the insertion of the penis into the vagina
subtype: excretion__evacuation__excreting__voiding the bodily process of discharging waste matter
subtype: defecation__laxation__shitting the elimination of fecal waste through the anus
subtype: bowel_movement__bowelmovement__movement__bm a euphemism for defecation; "he had a bowel movement"
subtype: hematochezia__haematochezia passa ges of stools containing blood (as from diverticulosis or colon cancer or peptic ulcer)
subtype: shit__dump a coarse term for defecation; "he took a shit"
subtype: urochesia__urochezia passage of urine from the anus
subtype: incontinence__incontinency involuntary urination or defecation
subtype: enuresis__urinary_incontinence__urinaryincontinence inability to control the flow of urine and involuntary urination
subtype: bed-wetting__bedwetting enuresis during sleep; especially common in children (who usually outgrow it)
subtype: overflow_incontinence urinary incontinence that occurs when the bladder is so full that it continually leaks urine; often attributable to a blocked urethra (e.g., due to prostate enlargement) or weak bladder muscles or nerve damage
subtype: stress_incontinence urinary incontinence that occurs when involuntary pressure is put on the bladder by coughing or laughing or sneezing or lifting or straining
subtype: urge_incontinence urinary incontinence that is generally attributable to involuntary contracts of the bladder muscle resulting in an urgent need to urinate accompanied by a sudden loss of urine; most common in people over 60 years of age
subtype: micturition__urination the discharge of urine
subtype: making_water__leak__wetting__passing_water__passingwater a euphemism for urination; "he had to take a leak"
subtype: lithuresis passing small stones with the urine
subtype: nocturia__nycturia excessive urination at night; especially common in older men
subtype: oliguria production of an abnormally small amount of urine
subtype: peeing__pee__pissing__piss informal terms for urination; "he took a pee"
subtype: menstruation__menses__catamenia__period__flow the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; "the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation"; "a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped"--Hippocrates; "the semen begins to appear in males and to be emitted at the same time of life that the catamenia begin to flow in females"--Aristotle
subtype: menorrhagia__hypermenorrhea abnormally heavy or prolonged menstruation; can be a symptom of uterine tumors and can lead to anemia if prolonged
subtype: oligomenorrhea abnormally light or infrequent menstruation
subtype: expectoration the process of coughing up and spitting out
subtype: festering the formation and discharge of pus
subtype: healing the natural process by which the body repairs itself
subtype: convalescence__recuperation__recovery gradual healing (through rest) after sickness or injury
subtype: lysis.convalescence__lysi recuperation in which the symptoms of an acute disease gradually subside
subtype: rally.convalescence a marked recovery of strength or spirits during an illness
subtype: conglutination__union healing process involving the growing together of the edges of a wound or the growing together of broken bones
subtype: hypostasis.bodily_process the accumulation of blood in an organ
subtype: lacrimation__lachrymation__tearing__watering shedding tears
subtype: lactation the production and secretion of milk by the mammary glands
subtype: opsonization__opsonisation process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis
subtype: overactivity excessive activity; "overactivity of the sebaceous glands causes the skin to become oily"
subtype: peristalsis__peristalsi__vermiculation the process of wave-like muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along
subtype: sweating__perspiration__diaphoresis__diaphoresi__sudation__hidrosis the process of the sweat glands of the skin secreting a salty fluid; "perspiration is a homeostatic process"
subtype: hyperhidrosis__hyperhidrosi__hyperidrosis__polyhidrosis excessive and profuse perspiration
subtype: phagocytosis process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris; an important defense against infection
subtype: pinocytosis process by which certain cells can engulf and incorporate droplets of fluid
subtype: placentation.bodily_process the formation of the placenta in the uterus
subtype: psilosis falling out of hair
subtype: tanning.bodily_process process in which skin pigmentation darkens as a result of exposure to ultraviolet light
subtype: carbon_cycle.organic_process__carboncycle the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again
subtype: catabolism__katabolism__dissimilation__destructivemetabolism breakdown of more complex substances into simpler ones with release of energy
subtype: cell_division__cellular_division the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells
subtype: amitosis the direct method of cell division characterized by simple division of the nucleus without formation of chromosomes
subtype: segmentation__cleavage (embryology) the repeated division of a fertilised ovum
subtype: meiosis__miosis__reduction_division__reductiondivision (genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number (leading to gametes in animals and spores in plants)
subtype: nondisjunction meiosis in which there is a failure of paired homologous chromosomes to separate; results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells
subtype: mitosis__mitosi cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
subtype: crossing_over__crossover the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis
subtype: defoliation.organic_process the loss of foliage
subtype: deossification the loss of the mineral content of bone tissue
subtype: digestion the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body
subtype: gastric_digestion__gastricdigestion the process of breaking down proteins by the action of the gastric juice in the stomach
subtype: eburnation a change that occurs in degenerative joint disease in which bone is converted into a dense smooth substance resembling ivory
subtype: ecchymosis the escape of blood from ruptured blood vessels into the surrounding tissue to form a purple or black-and-blue spot on the skin
subtype: effacement shortening of the uterine cervix and thinning of its walls as it is dilated during labor
subtype: erythropoiesis the process of producing red blood cells in the bone marrow
subtype: phylogeny__evolution__phylogenesi the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms
subtype: anamorphosis.phylogeny the evolution of one type of organism from another by a long series of gradual changes
subtype: anthropogenesis__anthropogeny the evolution or genesis of the human race
subtype: emergent_evolution the appearance of entirely new properties at certain critical stages in the course of evolution
subtype: macroevolution evolution on a large scale extending over geologic era and resulting in the formation of new taxonomic groups
subtype: microevolution evolution resulting from small specific genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies
subtype: speciation the evolution of a biological species
subtype: extravasation the process of exuding or passing out of a vessel into surrounding tissues; said or blood or lymph or urine
subtype: blood_extravasation__bloodextravasation the leakage of blood from a vessel into tissues surrounding it; can occur in injuries or burns or allergic reactions
subtype: urocele extravasation of urine into the scrotal sac
subtype: gastrulation the process in which a gastrula develops from a blastula by the inward migration of cells
subtype: glycogenesis the formation in animals of glycogen from glucose
subtype: maturation__growth__growing__development__ontogeny__ontogenesis__ontogenesi the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level; "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children"
subtype: amelogenesis the developmental process of forming tooth enamel
subtype: angiogenesis the formation of new blood vessels
subtype: apposition (biology) growth in the thickness of a cell wall by the deposit of successive layers of material
subtype: auxesis__auxesi growth from increase in cell size without cell division
subtype: blossoming__flowering__florescence__anthesis__efflorescence the time and process of budding and unfolding of blossoms
subtype: cenogenesis__cenogenesi__kenogenesis__kenogenesi__caenogenesis__cainogenesis__kainogenesis introduction during embryonic development of characters or structure not present in the earlier evolutionary history of the strain or species (as addition of the placenta in mammalian evolution)
subtype: cytogenesis the origin and development of cells
subtype: leafing__foliation the process of forming leaves
subtype: fructification the bearing of fruit
subtype: gametogenesis__gametogenesi the development and maturation of sex cells through meiosis
subtype: oogenesis__oogenesi development of ova
subtype: spermatogenesis__spermatogenesi development of spermatozoa
subtype: germination__sprouting the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow
subtype: intussusception (biology) growth in the surface area of a cell by the deposit of new particles between existing particles in the cell wall
subtype: juvenescence the process of growing into a youth
subtype: life_cycle.maturation__lifecycle the course of developmental changes in an organism from fertilized zygote to maturity when another zygote can be produced
subtype: masculinization__masculinisation__virilization__virilisation the abnormal development of male sexual characteristics in a female (usually as the result of hormone therapies or adrenal malfunction)
subtype: morphogenesis__morphogenesi differentiation and growth of the structure of an organism (or a part of an organism)
subtype: myelinization__myelinisation the development of a myelin sheath around a nerve fiber
subtype: neurogenesis the development of nerve tissues
subtype: palingenesis__recapitulation emergence during embryonic development of various characters or structures that appeared during the evolutionary history of the strain or species
subtype: proliferation growth by the rapid multiplication of parts
subtype: psychomotor_development__psychomotordevelopment progressive acquisition of skills involving both mental and motor activities
subtype: psychosexual_development (psychoanalysis) the process during which personality and sexual behavior mature through a series of stages: first oral stage and then anal stage and then phallic stage and then latency stage and finally genital stage
subtype: rooting the process of putting forth roots and beginning to grow
subtype: teething__dentition__odontiasis the eruption through the gums of baby teeth
subtype: precocious_dentition teething at an earlier age than expected
subtype: teratogenesis__teratogenesi the development of defects in an embryo
subtype: hematopoiesis__hematopoiesi__haematopoiesis__hemopoiesis__haemopoiesis__hemogenesis__haemogenesis__hematosis__haematosis__hematogenesis__hematogenesi__haematogenesis__sanguification the formation of blood cells in the living body (especially in the bone marrow)
subtype: heredity the biological process whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next
subtype: epistasis__epistasi__hypostasis the suppression of a gene by the effect of an unrelated gene
subtype: nidation__implantation (embryology) the organic process whereby a fertilized egg becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus of placental mammals
subtype: inhibition.organic_process (physiology) the process whereby nerves can retard or prevent the functioning of an organ or part; "the inhibition of the heart by the vagus nerve"
subtype: invagination__introversion__intussusception the folding in of an outer layer so as to form a pocket in the surface
subtype: involution.organic_process reduction in size of an organ or part (as in the return of the uterus to normal size after childbirth)
subtype: karyokinesis organic process consisting of the division of the nucleus of a cell during mitosis or meiosis
subtype: keratinization__keratinisation organic process by which keratin is deposited in cells and the cells become horny (as in nails and hair)
subtype: Krebs_cycle__Krebs_citric_acid_cycle__citric_acid_cycle__tricarboxylic_acid_cycle in all plants and animals: a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy
subtype: lymphopoiesis__lymphopoiesi the formation of lymphocytes in the bone marrow and lymph nodes and thymus and spleen
subtype: maturement__maturation__ripening coming to full development; becoming mature
subtype: metabolic_process__metabolicproces__metastasis the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life
subtype: basal_metabolism__basalmetabolism the amount of energy required to maintain the body of an individual in a resting state
subtype: fat_metabolism__fatmetabolism a metabolic process that breaks down ingested fats into fatty acids and glycerol and then into simpler compounds that can be used by cells of the body
subtype: glycolysis a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP
subtype: metabolism__metamorphosis__metamorphosi the marked and rapid transformation of a larva into an adult that occurs in some animals
subtype: nitrogen_cycle the circulation of nitrogen; nitrates from the soil are absorbed by plants which are eaten by animals that die and decay returning the nitrogen back to the soil
subtype: nitrogen_fixation the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil bacteria and its release for plant use on the death of the bacteria
subtype: nondevelopment failure of normal development to occur
subtype: agenesis__agenesia imperfect development; nondevelopment of a part
subtype: nutrition.organic_process the organic process of nourishing or being nourished; the processes by which an organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and maintenance
subtype: organification the process of organ formation
subtype: ossification the process of bone formation
subtype: ovulation the expulsion of an ovum from the ovary (usually midway in the menstrual cycle)
subtype: oxidative_phosphorylation__oxidativephosphorylation an enzymatic process in cell metabolism that synthesizes ATP from ADP
subtype: parturition__birth__giving_birth__birthing the process of giving birth
subtype: brooding__incubation sitting on eggs so as to hatch them by the warmth of the body
subtype: calving giving birth to a calf
subtype: childbirth__childbearing__accouchement__vaginal_birth__vaginalbirth the parturition process in human beings; having a baby; the process of giving birth to a child
subtype: active_birth childbirth during which the mother is encouraged to be an active participant
subtype: alternative_birth__alternativebirth__alternative_birthing__alternativebirthing a method of childbirth that avoids intrusive high-tech medicine in favor of more natural and homely settings
subtype: natural_childbirth__naturalchildbirth labor and childbirth without medical intervention; no drugs are given to relieve pain or aid the birth process; "natural childbirth is considered the safest for the baby"
subtype: Bradley_method_of_childbirth__Bradley_method a method that prepares a mother for natural childbirth by providing education and exercises and nutrition and techniques of breathing and relaxation (with the assistance of the father)
subtype: Lamaze_method_of_childbirth__Lamaze_method a method that prepares a mother for natural childbirth; the pregnant woman (in classes and at home) practices (usually with the help of a coach) learns about the physiology of childbirth and techniques of relaxation and concentration and breathing
subtype: Leboyer_method_of_childbirth__Leboyer_method a method of childbirth that tries to minimize the trauma for the newborn; delivery occurs in a quiet dimly lit room and the infant's head is not pulled and immediate mother-child bonding is encouraged
subtype: Read_method_of_childbirth__Read_method a method of natural childbirth that assumes it is a normal process and that the pain is largely psychological; involves education and breathing exercises to foster relaxation and other exercises
subtype: farrow__farrowing the production of a litter of pigs
subtype: hatching__hatch the production of young from an egg
subtype: egg_laying__egglaying__laying the production of eggs (especially in birds)
subtype: parturiency__labor__labour__confinement__lyingin__travail__childbed concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of labor to the birth of a child; "she was in labor for six hours"
subtype: premature_labor__prematurelabor__premature_labour__prematurelabour labor beginning prior to the 37th week of gestation
subtype: pathologic_process__pathological_process an organic process occurring as a consequence of disease
subtype: feminization__feminisation the process of becoming feminized; the development of female characteristics (loss of facial hair or breast enlargement) in a male because of hormonal disorders or castration
subtype: metastasis the spreading of a disease to another part of the body
subtype: neoplasia the pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a tumor
subtype: pathogenesis the origination and development of a disease
subtype: focalization__focalisation the confinement of an infection to a limited area
subtype: zymosis the development and spread of an infectious disease
subtype: perennation the process of living through a number of years (as a perennial plant)
subtype: quellung_reaction__quellung the swelling of the capsule surrounding a microorganism after reaction with an antibody; the basis of certain tests for identifying microorganisms; "pneumococcus quellung"
subtype: quickening the process of showing signs of life; "the quickening of seed that will become ripe grain"
subtype: regeneration.organic_process (biology) growth anew of lost tissue or destroyed parts or organs
subtype: morphallaxis regeneration on a reduced scale of a body part; observed especially in invertebrates such as certain lobsters
subtype: replication.organic_process (genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division
subtype: reproduction the process of generating offspring
subtype: asexual_reproduction__asexualreproduction__agamogenesis reproduction without the fusion of gametes
subtype: apomixis any of several kinds of reproduction without fertilization
subtype: apogamy (botany) development of an embryo without fertilization; (especially in some ferns) development of a sporophyte from the gametophyte without fertilization
subtype: parthenogenesis__parthenogenesi__parthenogeny process in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual; common among insects and some other arthropods
subtype: blastogenesis.asexual_reproduction__blastogenesi asexual reproduction by budding
subtype: budding reproduction of some unicellular organisms by growth and specialization followed by the separation by constriction of a part of the parent
subtype: fission reproduction of some unicellular organisms by division of the cell into two more or less equal parts
subtype: schizogony asexual reproduction by multiple fission; characteristic of many sporozoan protozoans
subtype: monogenesis__monogenesi__sporulation asexual reproduction by the production and release of spores
subtype: heterospory the development of both microspores and megaspores
subtype: homospory the development of a single kind of asexual spores
subtype: virgin_birth__parthenogenesis__parthenogenesi__parthenogeny human conception without fertilization by a man
subtype: androgenesis__androgeny male parthenogenesis in which the embryo contains only paternal chromosomes due to the failure of the egg nucleus to participate in fertilization
subtype: gynogenesis__gynogenesi female parthenogenesis in which the embryo contains only maternal chromosomes due to the failure of the sperm to fuse with the egg nucleus
subtype: sexual_reproduction__amphimixis reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete
subtype: anisogamy (biology) reproduction by the union or fusion of two differing gametes (especially differing in size)
subtype: isogamy (biology) reproduction by the union or fusion of games of the same size and structure
subtype: resorption__reabsorption the organic process in which the substance of some differentiated structure that has been produced by the body undergoes lysis and assimilation
subtype: ripening__aging__ageing acquiring desirable qualities by being left undisturbed for some time
subtype: mellowing the process of becoming mellow
subtype: secernment__secretion the organic process of synthesizing and releasing some substance
subtype: galactosis the secretion of milk
subtype: hypersecretion excessive secretion
subtype: salivation the secretion of saliva
subtype: ptyalism excessive flow of saliva
subtype: segregation.organic_process (genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes
subtype: shedding__sloughing the process whereby something is shed
subtype: abscission shedding of flowers and leaves and fruit following formation of scar tissue in a plant
subtype: molt__molting__moult__moulting__ecdysis__ecdysi periodic shedding of the cuticle in arthropods or the outer skin in reptiles
subtype: symphysis__symphysi a growing together of parts or structures
subtype: synapsis the side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis
subtype: synizesis__synizesi__synezesis__synezesi the contraction of chromatin towards one side of the nucleus during the prophase of meiosis
subtype: transcription.organic_process (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA; the process whereby a base sequence of messenger RNA is synthesized on a template of complementary DNA
subtype: transduction.organic_process (genetics) the process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage
subtype: translation.organic_process (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
subtype: translocation (genetics) an exchange of chromosome parts; "translocations can result in serious congenital disorders"
subtype: translocation.organic_process the transport of dissolved material within a plant
subtype: transpiration.organic_process the emission of water vapor from the leaves of plants
subtype: tumefaction the process of tumefying; the organic process whereby tissue becomes swollen by the accumulation of fluid within it
subtype: vascularization__vascularisation the organic process whereby body tissue becomes vascular and develops capillaries
subtype: vesiculation__vesication__blistering the formation of vesicles
subtype: oscillation the process of oscillating between states
subtype: libration a real or apparent slow oscillation of a moon or satellite; "the libration of the moon"
subtype: oxygenation the process of providing or combining or treating with oxygen; "the oxygenation of the blood"
subtype: pair_production__pair_creation__pair_formation the transformation of a gamma-ray photon into an electron and a positron when the photon passes close to an atomic nucleus
subtype: phase_change__phasechange__phase_transition__phasetransition__state_change__statechange__physical_change a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition
subtype: freezing__freeze the withdrawal of heat to change something from a liquid to a solid
subtype: icing__frost the formation of frost or ice on a surface
subtype: liquefaction the conversion of a solid or a gas into a liquid
subtype: dissolving__dissolution the process of going into solution; "the dissolving of salt in water"
subtype: melt__thaw__thawing__melting the process whereby heat changes something from a solid to a liquid; "the power failure caused a refrigerator melt that was a disaster"; "the thawing of a frozen turkey takes several hours"
subtype: evaporation__vaporization__vaporisation__vapor__vapour the process of becoming a vapor
subtype: boiling the application of heat to change something from a liquid to a gas
subtype: clouding_up__clouding the process whereby water particles become visible in the sky
subtype: smoke__smoking a hot vapor containing fine particles of carbon being produced by combustion; "the fire produced a tower of black smoke that could be seen for miles"
subtype: precession_of_the_equinoxes a slow westward shift of the equinoxes along the plane of the ecliptic caused by precession of the Earth's axis of rotation
subtype: release.natural_process a process that liberates or discharges something; "there was a sudden release of oxygen"; "the release of iodine from the thyroid gland"
subtype: emission the release of electrons from parent atoms
subtype: photoemission emission of photoelectrons (especially from a metallic surface)
subtype: field_emission__fieldemission the emission of electrons that are stripped from parent atoms by a high electric field
subtype: photoelectric_emission__photoelectricemission the release or absorption of quanta above a certain energy level
subtype: secondary_emission__secondaryemission the emission of electrons from a surface that is bombarded by higher energy primary electrons
subtype: thermionic_emission__thermal_emission__thermalemission the emission of electrons from very hot substances
subtype: saltation.natural_process (geology) the leaping movement of sand or soil particles as they are transported in a fluid medium over an uneven surface
subtype: scattering the physical process in which particles are deflected haphazardly as a result of collisions
subtype: sericulture raising silkworms in order to obtain raw silk
subtype: soakage__soak__soaking the process of becoming softened and saturated as a consequence of being immersed in water (or other liquid); "a good soak put life back in the wagon"
subtype: softening the process of becoming softer; "refrigeration delayed the softening of the fruit" or "he observed the softening of iron by heat"
subtype: maceration softening due to soaking or steeping
subtype: sorption the process in which one substance takes up or holds another (by either absorption or adsorption)
subtype: soaking_up__soakingup__absorption (chemistry) a process in which one substance permeates another; a fluid permeates or is dissolved by a liquid or solid
subtype: imbibition (chemistry) the absorption of a liquid by a solid or gel
subtype: adsorption__surface_assimilation__surfaceassimilation the accumulation of molecules of a gas to form a thin film on the surface of a solid
subtype: chemisorption adsorption (especially when irreversible) by means of chemical instead of physical forces; "chemisorption of gaseous nitrogen on iron catalysts"
subtype: rigidifying__rigidification the process of becoming stiff or rigid
subtype: rigor_mortis muscular stiffening that begins 2 to 4 hours after death and last for about 4 days
subtype: stimulation.natural_process (physiology) the effect of a stimulus (on nerves or organs etc.)
subtype: activation.stimulation stimulation of activity in an organism or chemical
subtype: ecological_succession__succession (ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established
subtype: survival_of_the_fittest__survival__natural_selection__naturalselection__selection a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment
subtype: synergy__synergism the working together of two things (muscles or drugs for example) to produce an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects
subtype: potentiation (medicine) the synergistic effect of two drugs given simultaneously
subtype: temperature_change__temperaturechange a process whereby the degree of hotness of a body (or medium) changes
subtype: advection (meteorology) the horizontal transfer of heat or other atmospheric properties
subtype: convection the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion
subtype: cooling__temperature_reduction__temperaturereduction the process of becoming cooler; a falling temperature
subtype: freezing__freeze the withdrawal of heat to change something from a liquid to a solid
subtype: heat_dissipation dissipation of heat
subtype: refrigeration__infrigidation the process of cooling or freezing for preservative purposes
subtype: heating__warming the process of becoming warmer; a rising temperature
subtype: boiling the application of heat to change something from a liquid to a gas
subtype: induction_heating__inductionheating the heating of a conducting material caused by an electric current induced in it
subtype: overheating excessive heating
subtype: radiant_heating__radiantheating heating a building by radiation from panels containing hot water or electrical heaters
subtype: melt__thaw__thawing__melting the process whereby heat changes something from a solid to a liquid; "the power failure caused a refrigerator melt that was a disaster"; "the thawing of a frozen turkey takes several hours"
subtype: transduction the process whereby a transducer accepts energy in one form and gives back related energy in a different form; "the transduction of acoustic waves into voltages by a microphone"
subtype: microphoning the transduction of sound waves into electrical waves (by a microphone)
subtype: transpiration the passage of gases through fine tubes because of differences in pressure or temperature
subtype: vitrification the process of becoming vitreous
subtype: functioning__operation__performance process or manner of functioning or operating; "the power of its engine determine its operation"; "the plane's operation in high winds"; "they compared the cooking performance of each oven"; "the jet's performance conformed to high standards"
subtype: photography the process of producing images of objects on photosensitive surfaces
subtype: anaglyphy the process of producing pictures in contrasting colors that appear three-dimensional when superimposed and viewed through spectacles with one red and one green lens
subtype: autotype__autotypy process for producing permanent prints in a carbon pigment
subtype: powder_photography__powder_method__powder_technique a process for identifying minerals or crystals; a small rod is coated with a powdered form of the substance and subjected to suitably modified X-rays; the pattern of diffracted rings is used for identification
subtype: skiagraphy__radiography the process of making a radiograph; producing an image on a radiosensitive surface by radiation other than visible light
subtype: autoradiography producing a radiograph by means of the radiation emitted from the specimen being photographed
subtype: scanning the process of translating photographs into a digital form that can be recognized by a computer
subtype: video_digitizing__videodigitizing the process of capturing and converting and storing video images for use by a computer
subtype: dithering the process of representing intermediate colors by patterns of tiny colored dots that simulate the desired color
subtype: processing preparing or putting through a prescribed procedure: "the processing of newly arrived immigrants"; "the processing of ore to obtain minerals"
subtype: blowing processing that involves blowing a gas
subtype: insufflation.blowing (medical) blowing air or medicated powder into the lungs (or into some other body cavity)
subtype: data_processing the temporary retention of data in a processor while calculations or logical operations are performed on it
subtype: administrative_data_processing__business_data_processing data processing in accounting or business management
subtype: automatic_data_processing__ADP data processing by a computer
subtype: electronic_data_processing__EDP automatic data processing by electronic means without the use of tabulating cards or punched tapes
subtype: integrated_data_processing__IDP automatic data processing in which data acquisition and other stages or processing are integrated into a coherent system
subtype: distributed_data_processing__remote-access_data_processing__teleprocessing data processing in which some of the functions are performed in different places and connected by transmission facilities
subtype: list_processing processing data that is given in the form of chained lists
subtype: multiprocessing__parallel_processing simultaneous processing by two or more processing units
subtype: operation.data_processing (computer science) data processing in which the result is completely specified by a rule (especially the processing that results from a single instruction); "it can perform millions of operations per second"
subtype: memory_access__access (computer science) the operation of reading or writing stored information
subtype: disk_access memory access to the computer disk on which information is stored
subtype: asynchronous_operation operations that occur without a regular or predictable time relation to other events
subtype: auxiliary_operation__auxiliaryoperation__off-line_operation a operation performed by off-line equipment not under the control of the central processing unit
subtype: boolean_operation__booleanoperation__binary_operation__binary_arithmetic_operation an operation that follows the rules of boolean algebra; each operand and the result take one of two values
subtype: computer_operation__machine_operation__machineoperation an elementary operation that a computer is designed and built to perform
subtype: floating-point_operation__flop an arithmetic operation performed on floating-point numbers; "this computer can perform a million flops per second"
subtype: retrieval.computer_operation (computer science) the operation of accessing information from the computer's memory
subtype: concurrent_operation two or more operations performed at the same time (or within a give interval)
subtype: control_operation__controloperation__control_function__controlfunction an operation that controls the recording or processing or transmission of interpretation of data; "a control operation started the data processing"
subtype: dyadic_operation an operation on exactly two operands
subtype: fixed-cycle_operation__fixedcycleoperation an operation that is completed in a specified number of regularly timed execution cycles
subtype: logic_operation__logicoperation__logical_operation__logicaloperation an operation that follows the rules of symbolic logic
subtype: monadic_operation__monadicoperation__unary_operation__unaryoperation an operation with exactly one operand
subtype: multiplex_operation__multiplexoperation an operation in which two or more activities are interleaved
subtype: parallel_operation__simultaneous_operation the simultaneous execution of two or more operations
subtype: printing_operation an operation that controls the printing or display of information
subtype: carriage_return the operation that prepares for the next character to be printed or displayed as the first character on a line
subtype: line_feed the operation that prepares for the next character to be printed or displayed on the next line
subtype: new_line__newline the operation that prepares for the next character to be printed or displayed as the first character on the next line
subtype: lookup__search an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property; "they wrote a program to do a table lookup"
subtype: serial_operation__sequential_operation__consecutive_operation__consecutiveoperation the sequential execution of operations one after another
subtype: sort.operation__sorting an operation that segregates items into groups according to a specified criterion; "the bottleneck in mail delivery it the process of sorting"
subtype: synchronous_operation__synchronousoperation operations that are initiated predictably by a clock
subtype: threshold_operation an operation performed on operands in order to obtain the value of a threshold function
subtype: majority_operation a threshold operation in which each operand is 0 or 1; output is 1 if and only if more than half the operands have the value 1
subtype: priority_processing data processing in which the operations performed are determined by a system of priorities
subtype: background_processing__backgrounding the execution of low priority programs while higher priority programs are not using the processing system
subtype: foreground_processing__foregrounding the execution of a program that preempts the use of the processing system
subtype: real-time_processing__real-time_operation data processing fast enough to keep up with an outside process
subtype: serial_processing sequential processing by two or more processing units
subtype: word_processing__wordprocessing rapid and efficient processing (storage and printing) of linguistic data for composition and editing
subtype: developing__development processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible; "the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours"
subtype: underdevelopment (of film) inadequately processed and so lacking adequate contrast
subtype: refining__refinement the process of removing impurities from oil or metals or sugar
subtype: vulcanization__vulcanisation process of treating rubber or rubberlike materials with sulphur at great heat to improve elasticity and strength or to harden them
subtype: reversible_process any process in which a system can be made to pass through the same states in the reverse order when the process is reversed
subtype: defining__shaping any process serving to define the shape of something
subtype: uptake a process of taking up or using up or consuming; "they developed paper napkins with greater uptake of liquids"
subtype: reuptake__re-uptake a process of using up or consuming again; "psychopharmacologists discovered that amine reuptake is a process that inactivates monoamine neurotransmitters"
4 statements are about indirect instances of phenomenon: graph1_on_work.energy, graph1_on_electromagnetism, graph1_on_radiation, graph1_on_absorption click here to display them or click here for a search form or here to add a statement
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