#organic_compound__organiccompound any compound of carbon and another element or a radical
supertype: #chemical_compound__compound (chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight
subtype: #aldehyde any of a class of highly reactive chemical compounds; used in making resins and dyes and organic acids
subtype: #paraldehyde__ethanal_trimer__ethanaltrimer a colorless liquid (a cyclic trimer of acetaldehyde) that is used as a sedative and a solvent
subtype: #acetaldehyde__ethanal a colorless volatile water-soluble liquid aldehyde used chiefly in manufacture of acetic acid and perfumes and drugs
subtype: #formaldehyde__methanal a colorless poisonous gas; made by the oxidation of methanol
subtype: #furfural__furfuraldehyde a liquid aldehyde with a penetrating odor; made from plant hulls and corn cobs; used in making furan and as a solvent
subtype: #glyceraldehyde__glyceric_aldehyde a sweet crystalline aldehyde formed by the breakdown of sugars
subtype: #propanal__propionaldehyde a colorless liquid aldehyde
subtype: #propenal__acrolein a pungent colorless unsaturated liquid aldehyde made from propene
subtype: #aliphatic_compound__aliphaticcompound organic compound that is an alkane or alkene or alkyne or their derivative
subtype: #acetylene__ethyne__alkyne a colorless flammable gas used chiefly in welding and in organic synthesis
subtype: #alicyclic_compound__alicycliccompound an aliphatic compound that contains a ring of atoms
subtype: #alkene__olefine__olefin any unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon
subtype: #ethylene__ethene a flammable colorless gaseous alkene; obtained from petroleum and natural gas and used in manufacturing many other chemicals; sometimes used as an anesthetic
subtype: #methane_series__alkane_series__alkane__paraffin a non-aromatic saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH(2n+2)
subtype: #amine__aminoalkane a compound derived from ammonia by replacing hydrogen atoms by univalent hydrocarbon radicals
subtype: #histamine amine formed from histidine that stimulates gastric secretions and dilates blood vessels; released by the humane immune system during allergic reactions
subtype: #aniline_oil__anilineoil__aniline__aminobenzine__phenylamine oily poisonous liquid amine obtained from nitrobenzene and used to make dyes and plastics and medicines
subtype: #enamine an amine containing the double bond linkage -C=C-N-
subtype: #monoamine a molecule containing one amine group (especially one that is a neurotransmitter)
subtype: #monoamine_neurotransmitter__monoamineneurotransmitter a monoamine that is functionally important in neural transmission
subtype: #noradrenaline a catecholamine precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and also released at synapses
subtype: #serotonin__5-hydroxytryptamine__5hydroxytryptamine a neurotransmitter involved in e.g. sleep and depression and memory
subtype: #dopamine__Dopastat__Intropin a monoamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and essential for the normal functioning of the central nervous system; as a drug (trade names Dopastat and Intropin) it is used to treat shock and hypotension
subtype: #ptomaine__ptomain any of various amines (such as putrescine or cadaverine) formed by the action of putrefactive bacteria
subtype: #putrescine a colorless crystalline ptomaine with a foul odor that is produced in decaying animal matter
subtype: #cadaverine a colorless toxic ptomaine with an unpleasant odor formed during the putrefaction of animal tissue
subtype: #heptane a colorless volatile highly flammable liquid obtained from petroleum and used as an anesthetic or a solvent or in determining octane ratings
subtype: #hexane a colorless flammable liquid alkane derived from petroleum and used as a solvent
subtype: #methane a colorless odorless gas used as a fuel
subtype: #marsh_gas__marshga methane gas produced when vegetation decomposes in water
subtype: #alkylbenzene organic compound that has an alkyl group bound to a benzene ring
subtype: #toluene a colorless flammable liquid obtained from petroleum or coal tar; used as a solvent for gums and lacquers and in high-octane fuels
subtype: #alkyl_halide__alkylhalide__haloalkane organic compound in which halogen atoms have been substituted for hydrogen atoms in an alkane
subtype: #haloform compounds with the formula CHX3, where X is a halogen atom
subtype: #chloroform__trichloromethane a volatile liquid haloform (CHCl3); formerly used as an anesthetic; "chloroform was the first inhalation anesthetic"
subtype: #bromoform__tribromomethane colorless liquid haloform CHBr3
subtype: #fluoroform__trifluoromethane colorless gas haloform CHF3 (similar to chloroform)
subtype: #iodoform__tri-iodomethane__triiodomethane sweet smelling yellow solid haloform CHI3
subtype: #amino_acid__aminoacid__aminoalkanoic_acid__aminoalkanoicacid organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group; "proteins are composed of various proportions of about 20 common amino acids"
subtype: #alanine a crystalline amino acid that occurs in many proteins
subtype: #asparagine a crystalline amino acid found in proteins and in many plants (e.g., asparagus)
subtype: #aspartic_acid a crystalline amino acid found in proteins and occurring naturally in sugar beets and sugar cane
subtype: #canavanine an amino acid found in the jack bean
subtype: #citrulline an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is an intermediate in the conversion of ornithine to arginine
subtype: #cysteine an amino acid containing sulfur that is found in most proteins; oxidizes on exposure to air to form cystine
subtype: #cystine a crystalline amino acid found in proteins (especially keratin); discovered in bladder stones
subtype: #dopa__dihydroxyphenylalanine amino acid that is formed in the liver and converted into dopamine in the brain
subtype: #L-dopa__levodopa__Bendopa__Brocadopa__Larodopa the levorotatory form of dopa (trade names Bendopa and Brocadopa and Larodopa); as a drug it is used to treat Parkinson's disease
subtype: #essential_amino_acid__essentialaminoacid an amino acid that is required by animals but that they cannot synthesize; must be supplied in the diet
subtype: #arginine a bitter tasting amino acid found in proteins and necessary for nutrition; its absence from the diet leads to a reduced production of spermatozoa
subtype: #histidine an essential amino acid found in proteins that is important for the growth and repair of tissue
subtype: #isoleucine an essential amino acid found in proteins; isomeric with leucine
subtype: #leucine a white crystalline amino acid occurring in proteins that is essential for nutrition; obtained by the hydrolysis of most dietary proteins
subtype: #lysine an essential amino acid found in proteins; occurs especially in gelatin and casein
subtype: #methionine a crystalline amino acid containing sulfur; found in most proteins and essential for nutrition
subtype: #phenylalanine an essential amino acid found in proteins and needed for growth of children and for protein metabolism in children and adults; abundant in milk and eggs; it is normally converted to tyrosine in the human body
subtype: #threonine a colorless crystalline amino acid found in protein; occurs in the hydrolysates of certain proteins; an essential component of human nutrition
subtype: #tryptophan__tryptophane an amino acid that occurs in proteins; is essential for growth and normal metabolism; a precursor of niacin
subtype: #valine an essential amino acid found in proteins; important for growth in children and nitrogen balance in adults
subtype: #gamma_aminobutyric_acid__GABA an amino acid that is found in the central nervous system; acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter
subtype: #glutamic_acid__glutaminic_acid an amino acid occurring in proteins; important in the nitrogen metabolism of plants; used in monosodium glutamate to enhance the flavor of meats
subtype: #glutamine a crystalline amino acid occurring in proteins; important in protein metabolism
subtype: #glycine the simplest amino acid found in proteins and the principal amino acid in sugar cane
subtype: #hydroxyproline a crystalline amino acid obtained from gelatin or collagen
subtype: #iodoamino_acid__iodoaminoacid an amino acid with iodine added
subtype: #iodotyrosine tyrosine with iodine added
subtype: #mono-iodotyrosine tyrosine with one iodine atom added
subtype: #di-iodotyrosine tyrosine with two iodine atoms added
subtype: #iodothyronine thyronine with iodine added
subtype: #tri-iodothyronine__triiodothyronine thyronine with three iodine atoms added
subtype: #ornithine an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is important in the formation of urea
subtype: #proline an amino acid that is found in many proteins (especially collagen)
subtype: #creatine__creatin an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates both in the free form and as phosphocreatine; supplies energy for muscle contraction
subtype: #sarcosine a sweetish crystalline amino acid
subtype: #serine a sweetish crystalline amino acid involved in the synthesis by the body of cysteine
subtype: #thyronine a phenolic amino acid of which thyroxine is a derivative
subtype: #tyramine amino acid derived from tyrosine; has a sympathomimetic action; found in chocolate and cola drinks and ripe cheese and beer; "patients taking MAOIs should avoid foods containing tyramine"
subtype: #tyrosine an amino acid found in most proteins; a precursor of several hormones
subtype: #diamine any organic compound containing two amino groups
subtype: #enol an organic compound that contains a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbon atom which in turn is doubly bonded to another carbon atom
subtype: #halon a compound in which the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon have been replaced by bromine and other halogen atoms; very stable; used in fire extinguishers although it is thought to release bromine that depletes the ozone layer
subtype: #peptone any of various water-soluble compounds that form by hydrolysis in the digestion of proteins to amino acids
subtype: #quaternary_ammonium_compound a compound derived from ammonium with hydrogen atoms replaced by organic groups; used as surface-active agents, disinfectants, and in drugs
subtype: #proenzyme__zymogen any of a group of compounds that are inactive precursors of enzymes and require some change (such as the hydrolysis of a fragment that masks an active enzyme) to become active
subtype: #propylthiouracil a crystalline compound used as an antithyroid drug in the treatment of goiter
subtype: #acetal any organic compound formed by adding alcohol molecules to aldehyde molecules
subtype: #aldol__aldehyde-alcohol an oily colorless liquid obtained by the condensation of two molecules of acetaldehyde; contains an alcohol group (-OH) and an aldehyde group (-CHO)
subtype: #acetaldol unsaturated aldol
subtype: #alkaloid natural nitrogen-containing bases found in plants
subtype: #atropine a poisonous crystalline alkaloid extracted from the nightshade family; used as an antispasmodic and to dilate the eye pupil
subtype: #belladonna an alkaloidal extract or tincture of the poisonous belladonna herb that is used medicinally
subtype: #hyoscyamine a poisonous crystalline alkaloid (isometric with atropine but more potent); used to treat excess motility of the gastrointestinal tract
subtype: #pilocarpine cholinergic alkaloid used in eyedrops to treat glaucoma
subtype: #scopolamine__hyoscine an alkaloid with anticholinergic effects that is used as a sedative and to treat nausea and to dilate the pupils in ophthalmic procedures; "transdermal scopolamine is used to treat motion sickness"; "someone sedated with scopolamine has difficulty lying"
subtype: #physostigmine used in treatment of Alzheimer's disease and glaucoma
subtype: #ephedrine white odorless powdered or crystalline alkaloid from plants of the genus Ephedra (especially Ephedra sinica) or made synthetically; used as a bronchodilator to treat bronchitis and asthma
subtype: #ergonovine__Ergotrate_Maleate an alkaloid derived from ergot (trade name Ergotrate Maleate) that is less toxic than ergot; induces muscular contraction of the uterus and is administered after childbirth or abortion
subtype: #ergotamine an alkaloid derived from ergot that is less toxic than ergot; causes constriction of blood vessels and is used to treat migraine
subtype: #pseudoephedrine poisonous crystalline alkaloid occurring with ephedrine and isomorphic with it
subtype: #nicotine an alkaloid poison that occurs in tobacco; used in medicine and as an insecticide
subtype: #strychnine an alkaloid plant toxin extracted chiefly from nux vomica; formerly used as a stimulant
subtype: #brucine a bitter alkaloid poison resembling strychnine and extracted from nux vomica
subtype: #caffeine__caffein a bitter alkaloid found in coffee and tea that is responsible for their stimulating effects
subtype: #rauwolfia any of several alkaloids extracted from the shrub Rauwolfia serpentina
subtype: #tubocurarine__curare a toxic alkaloid found in certain tropical South American trees that is a powerful relaxant for striated muscles; used by South American indians as an arrow poison; "curare acts by blocking cholinergic transmission at the myoneural junction"
subtype: #amide any organic compound containing the group -CONH2
subtype: #acetamide__ethanamide a colorless solid amide of acetic acid used as a solvent and in the synthesis of organic compounds
subtype: #peptide amide combining the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another; usually obtained by partial hydrolysis of protein
subtype: #fibrinopeptide peptide released from the amino end of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin to form fibrin during clotting of the blood
subtype: #polypeptide a peptide containing 10 to more than 100 amino acids
subtype: #endorphin a neurochemical occurring naturally in the brain and having analgesic properties
subtype: #enkephalin an endorphin having opiate qualities
subtype: #proprionamide__propanamide the amide of propionic acid (C2H5CONH2)
subtype: #protein any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of long chains of polypeptides
subtype: #capsid the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus
subtype: #gluten a protein substance that remains when starch is removed from cereal grains; gives cohesiveness to dough
subtype: #corn_gluten gluten prepared from corn
subtype: #wheat_gluten__wheatgluten gluten prepared from wheat
subtype: #actomyosin a protein complex in muscle fibers; composed of myosin and actin; shortens when stimulated and causes muscle contractions
subtype: #aleurone granular protein in outermost layer of endosperm of many seeds or cereal grains
subtype: #amyloid (pathology) a waxy translucent complex protein resembling starch that results from degeneration of tissue
subtype: #apoenzyme a protein that combines with a coenzyme to form an active enzyme
subtype: #conjugated_protein__compound_protein a protein complex combining amino acids with other substances
subtype: #glycoprotein a conjugated protein having a carbohydrate component
subtype: #mucin a nitrogenous substance found in mucous secretions; a lubricant that protects body surfaces
subtype: #lectin any of several plant glycoproteins that act like specific antibodies but are not antibodies in that they are not evoked by an antigenic stimulus
subtype: #mucoid any of several glycoproteins similar to mucin
subtype: #transferrin__betaglobulin__siderophilin glycoprotein that carries iron in the blood
subtype: #hemoprotein__haemoprotein a conjugated protein linked to an iron-porphyrin compound
subtype: #hemoglobin__haemoglobin__Hb a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color; function primarily to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues; "fish have simpler hemoglobin than mammals"
subtype: #oxyhemoglobin__oxyhaemoglobin the bright red hemoglobin that is a combination of hemoglobin and oxygen from the lungs; "oxyhemoglobin transports oxygen to the cells of the body"
subtype: #myoglobin a hemoprotein that receives oxygen from hemoglobin and stores it in the tissues until needed
subtype: #cytochrome a class of hemoprotein whose principle biological function is as carriers of electrons
subtype: #cytochrome_c the most abundant and stable cytochrome; involved in energy transfer
subtype: #lipoprotein a conjugated protein having a lipid component; the principal means for transporting lipids in the blood
subtype: #high-density_lipoprotein__HDL__alpha-lipoportein a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of a high proportion of protein and relatively little cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with decreased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis
subtype: #low-density_lipoprotein__lowdensitylipoprotein__LDL__ldl__beta-lipoprotein a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis
subtype: #very_low_density_lipoprotein__VLDL large lipoproteins rich in triglycerides; VLDLs circulate through the blood giving up their triglycerides to fat and muscle tissue until the VLDL remnants are modified and converted into LDL
subtype: #enzyme any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions
subtype: #amylase any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants; help convert starch to sugar
subtype: #ptyalin an amylase secreted in saliva
subtype: #cholinesterase an enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine (into choline and acetic acid)
subtype: #coagulase an enzyme that induces coagulation
subtype: #thrombin an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot
subtype: #rennin__chymosin an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate
subtype: #complement.enzyme one of a series of enzymes in the blood serum that are part of the immune response
subtype: #catalase enzyme found in most plant and animal cells that functions as an oxidative catalyst; decomposes hydrogen peroxide into hydrogen and water
subtype: #cyclooxygenase__Cox either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin
subtype: #cyclooxygenase-1__Cox-1 an enzyme that regulates prostaglandins that are important for the health of the stomach lining and kidneys; "an unfortunate side effect of Nsaids is that they block Cox-1"
subtype: #cyclooxygenase-2__Cox-2 an enzyme that makes prostaglandins that cause inflammation and pain and fever; "the beneficial effects of Nsaids result from their ability to block Cox-2"
subtype: #decarboxylase any of the enzymes that that hydrolize the carboxyl group
subtype: #de-iodinase an enzyme that removes the iodine radical
subtype: #enterokinase enzyme in the intestinal juice that converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin
subtype: #histaminase enzyme that acts as a catalyst in converting histidine to histamine
subtype: #hyaluronidase__spreading_factor__spreadingfactor__hyazyme an enzyme (trade name Hyazyme) that splits hyaluronic acid and so lowers its viscosity and increases the permeability of connective tissue and the absorption of fluids
subtype: #isomerase an enzyme that catalyzes its substrate to an isomeric form
subtype: #kinase an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a proenzyme to an active enzyme
subtype: #lactase__lactaid any of a group of enzymes (trade name Lactaid) that hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose
subtype: #lipase an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
subtype: #lysozyme__muramidase an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria
subtype: #monoamine_oxidase__monoamineoxidase__MAO an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin)
subtype: #nitrogenase an enzyme of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that catalyzes the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia
subtype: #oxidase any of the enzymes that catalyze biological oxidation
subtype: #peroxidase any of a group of enzymes (occurring especially in plant cells) that catalyze the oxidation of a compound by a peroxide
subtype: #glutathione_peroxidase__glutathioneperoxidase an enzyme in the body that is a powerful scavenger of free radicals
subtype: #oxidoreductase an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction
subtype: #oxygenase an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the incorporation of molecular oxygen
subtype: #papain a proteolytic enzyme obtained from the unripe papaya; used as a meat tenderizer
subtype: #penicillinase__betalactamase enzyme produced by certain bacteria that inactivates penicillin and results in resistance to that antibiotic
subtype: #pepsin an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones
subtype: #pepsinogen precursor of pepsin; stored in the stomach walls and converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid in the stomach
subtype: #phosphatase any of a group of enzymes that act as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of organic phosphates
subtype: #plasmin__fibrinolysin an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots
subtype: #plasminogen an inactive form of plasmin that occurs in plasma and is converted to plasmin by organic solvents
subtype: #polymerase an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA
subtype: #transcriptase a polymerase associated with the process of transcription
subtype: #reverse_transcriptase__reversetranscriptase a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template; found especially in retroviruses
subtype: #protease__peptidase__proteinase__proteolytic_enzyme__proteolyticenzyme any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis
subtype: #caspase any of a group of proteases that mediate apoptosis
subtype: #angiotensin_converting_enzyme proteolytic enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
subtype: #plasminogen_activator__plasminogenactivator__urokinase protease produced in the kidney that converts plasminogen to plasmin and so initiates fibrinolysis
subtype: #renin a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys; catalyzes the formation of angiotensin and thus affects blood pressure
subtype: #reductase an enzyme that catalyses the biochemical reduction of some specified substance
subtype: #HMG-CoA_reductase__5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme_A_reductase a liver enzyme that is responsible for producing cholesterol
subtype: #rennin__chymosin an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate
subtype: #secretase a set of enzymes believed to snip pieces off a longer protein producing fragments of amyloid protein that bunch up and create amyloid protein plaques in brain tissue (the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's)
subtype: #streptodornase an enzyme produced by some hemolytic strains of streptococcus that dissolves fibrinous secretions from infections; used medicinally (often in combination with streptokinase)
subtype: #streptokinase an enzyme produced by some strains of streptococcus that can liquefy blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin; used medicinally in some cases of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism
subtype: #superoxide_dismutase__SOD an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen; "oxygen free radicals are normally removed in our bodies by the superoxide dismutase enzymes"
subtype: #transaminase a class of enzymes that cause transamination
subtype: #glutamic_oxalacetic_transaminase__glutamic_oxaloacetic_transaminase an enzyme involved in transamination
subtype: #trypsin an enzyme of pancreatic origin; catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to smaller polypeptide units
subtype: #trypsinogen inactive precursor of trypsin; a substance secreted by the pancreas and converted to active trypsin by enterokinase in the small intestine
subtype: #zymase a complex of enzymes that cause glycolysis; originally found in yeast but also present in higher organisms
subtype: #fibrin a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots; it forms a network that traps red cells and platelets
subtype: #hatoglobin a protein in plasma that binds free hemoglobin and removes it (as from wounds)
subtype: #iodoprotein__iodinated_protein__iodinatedprotein a protein that contains iodine
subtype: #thyroprotein a preparation made from iodinated protein and having an action similar to thyroxine
subtype: #thyroglobulin an iodine containing protein that is obtained from the thyroid gland and exhibits the general properties of the globulins
subtype: #nucleoprotein any of several substances found in the nuclei of all living cells; consists of a protein bound to a nucleic acid
subtype: #opsin retinal protein formed by the action of light on rhodopsin
subtype: #phosphoprotein containing chemically bound phosphoric acid
subtype: #casein a milk protein used in making e.g. plastics and adhesives
subtype: #plasma_protein any of the proteins in blood plasma
subtype: #human_gamma_globulin__humangammaglobulin__gamma_globulin__gammaglobulin a plasma protein containing the immunoglobulins that are responsible for immune responses
subtype: #immunoglobulin__Ig__immune_serum_globulin__immune_gamma_globulin__immune_globulin a class of proteins produced in lymph tissue in vertebrates and that function as antibodies in the immune response
subtype: #antibody any of a large variety of immunoglobulins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune response
subtype: #autoantibody an antibody acting against tissues of the organism that produces it
subtype: #rheumatoid_factor autoantibody that is usually present in the serum of people with rheumatoid arthritis
subtype: #precipitin an antibody that causes precipitation when it unites with its antigen
subtype: #ABO_antibodies blood type antibodies
subtype: #Rh_antibody rhesus factor antibody
subtype: #antitoxin an antibody that can neutralize a specific toxin
subtype: #antivenin__antivenene an antitoxin that counteracts the effects of venom from the bite of a snake or insect or other animal
subtype: #tetanus_antitoxin__tetanusantitoxin antitoxin given for short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus
subtype: #agglutinin an antibody that causes agglutination of a specific antigen
subtype: #isoagglutinin an antibody produced by one individual that causes agglutination of red blood cells in other individuals of the same species
subtype: #heterophil_antibody__heterophile_antibody__heterophileantibody__forssmanantibody an antibody found in the blood of someone suffering from infectious mononucleosis
subtype: #isoantibody__alloantibody an antibody that occurs naturally against foreign tissues from a person of the same species
subtype: #monoclonal_antibody any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a hybridoma; very specific for a particular location in the body
subtype: #opsonin an antibody in blood serum that attaches to invading microorganisms and other antigens to make them more susceptible to the action of phagocytes
subtype: #immunoglobulin_A__IgA one of the most common of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the chief antibody in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
subtype: #immunoglobulin_D__IgD one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present in blood serum in small amounts
subtype: #immunoglobulin_E__IgE one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present primarily in the skin and mucous membranes
subtype: #reagin an immunoglobulin E that is formed as an antibody against allergens (such as pollen); attaches to cell membranes causing the release of histamine and other substances responsible for the local inflammation characteristic of an allergy
subtype: #immunoglobulin_G__IgG one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the main antibody defense against bacteria
subtype: #immunoglobulin_M__IgM one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; involved in fighting blood infections and in triggering production of immunoglobulin G
subtype: #tetanus_immunoglobulin__tetanusimmunoglobulin__tetanusimmuneglobulin sterile solution of globulins derived from the blood plasma of a person who has been immunized for tetanus; provides short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillis
subtype: #coagulation_factor__coagulationfactor__clottingfactor any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation
subtype: #fibrinogen__factor_I a protein present in blood plasma; converts to fibrin when blood clots
subtype: #prothrombin__factorii a protein in blood plasma that is the inactive precursor of thrombin
subtype: #thromboplastin__thrombokinase__factor_III an enzyme liberated from blood platelets that converts prothrombin into thrombin as blood starts to clot
subtype: #calcium_ion__calciumion__factor_IV ion of calcium; a factor in the clotting of blood
subtype: #proaccelerin__prothrombin_accelerator__prothrombinaccelerator__accelerator_factor__acceleratorfactor__factor_V a coagulation factor
subtype: #proconvertin__cothromboplastin__stable_factor__factor_VII a coagulation factor formed in the kidney under the influence of vitamin K
subtype: #antihemophilic_factor__antihaemophilic_factor__antihaemophilicfactor__antihemophilic_globulin__antihaemophilic_globulin__antihaemophilicglobulin__factor_VIII__Hemofil a coagulation factor (trade name Hemofil) whose absence is associated with hemophilia A
subtype: #Christmas_factor__factor_IX coagulation factor whose absence is associated with hemophilia B
subtype: #prothrombinase__factor_X coagulation factor that is converted to an enzyme that converts prothrombin to thrombin in a reaction that depends on calcium ions and other coagulation factors
subtype: #plasma_thromboplastin_antecedent__factor_XI coagulation factor whose deficiency results in a hemorrhagic tendency
subtype: #Hageman_factor__factor_XII coagulation factor whose deficiency results in prolongation of clotting time of venous blood
subtype: #fibrinase__factorxiii in the clotting of blood thrombin catalyzes factor XIII into its active form (fibrinase) which causes fibrin to form a stable clot
subtype: #prostate_specific_antigen__PSA a protein manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland; PSA is produced for the ejaculate where it liquifies the semen and allows sperm cells to swim freely; elevated levels of PSA in blood serum are associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer
subtype: #simple_protein a protein that yields only amino acids when hydrolyzed
subtype: #actin one of the proteins into which actomyosin can be split; can exist in either a globular or a fibrous form
subtype: #albumin__albumen a simple water-soluble protein found in many animal tissues and liquids
subtype: #ricin a toxic protein extracted from castor beans; used as a chemical reagent
subtype: #lactalbumin albumin occurring in milk
subtype: #serum_albumin__serumalbumin albumin occurring in blood serum; serves to maintain the somatic pressure of the blood
subtype: #globulin a family of proteins found in blood and milk and muscle and in plant seed
subtype: #serum_globulin__serumglobulin globulins occurring blood serum and containing most of the antibodies of the blood
subtype: #C-reactive_protein__CRP a byproduct of inflammation; a globulin that is found in the blood in some cases of acute inflammation
subtype: #human_gamma_globulin__humangammaglobulin__gamma_globulin__gammaglobulin a plasma protein containing the immunoglobulins that are responsible for immune responses
subtype: #myosin the commonest protein in muscle; a globulin that combines with actin to form actomyosin
subtype: #globin__hematohiston__haematohiston a colorless protein obtained by removing heme from hemoglobin; the oxygen carrying compound in red blood cells
subtype: #glutelin a simple protein found in the seeds of cereals
subtype: #histone a simple protein containing mainly basic amino acids; present in cell nuclei in association with nucleic acids
subtype: #prolamine a simple protein found in plants
subtype: #protamine a simple protein found in fish sperm; rich in arginine; simpler in composition than globulin or albumin; counteracts the anticoagulant effect of heparin
subtype: #scleroprotein__albuminoid a simple protein found in horny and cartilaginous tissues and in the lens of the eye
subtype: #collagen a fibrous scleroprotein in bone and cartilage and tendon and other connective tissue; yields gelatin on boiling
subtype: #elastin a fibrous scleroprotein found in elastic tissues such as the walls of arteries
subtype: #gelatine__gelatin a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin
subtype: #keratin__ceratin a fibrous scleroprotein that occurs in the outer layer of the skin and in horny tissues such as hair feathers nails and hooves
subtype: #cytokine any of various proteins secreted by cells of the immune system that serve to regulate the immune system
subtype: #tumor_necrosis_factor__tumour_necrosis_factor__TNF a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by white blood cells (monocytes and macrophages); has an antineoplastic effect but causes inflammation (as in rheumatoid arthritis)
subtype: #lymphokine a cytokine secreted by helper T cells in response to stimulation by antigens and that play a role in cell-mediated immunity
subtype: #interleukin any of several lymphokines that promote macrophages and killer T cells and B cells and other components of the immune system
subtype: #ferritin a protein containing 20% iron that is found in the intestines and liver and spleen; it is one of the chief forms in which iron is stored in the body
subtype: #rennet a substance that curdles milk in making cheese and junket
subtype: #azadirachtin insecticide
subtype: #thiazine a compound made up of a ring of four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom and one nitrogen atom
subtype: #methylene_blue__methyleneblue__methylthioninechloride a dark green dye used as a stain, an antiseptic, a chemical indicator, and an antidote in cyanide poisoning
subtype: #phenothiazine__thiodiphenylamine a compound used primarily in veterinary medicine to rid farm animals of internal parasites
subtype: #chlorpromazine__Thorazine a drug (trade name Thorazine) derived from phenothiazine that has anti-psychotic effects and is used as a sedative and tranquilizer
subtype: #bicarbonate_of_soda__sodium_hydrogencarbonate__sodium_bicarbonate__baking_soda__saleratus a white soluble compound used in effervescent drinks and in baking powders and as an antacid
subtype: #cacodyl a poisonous oily liquid with a garlicky odor composed of 2 cacodyl groups; undergoes spontaneous combustion in dry air
subtype: #carbohydrate__saccharide__sugar an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain
subtype: #ribose a pentose sugar important as a component of ribonucleic acid
subtype: #beet_sugar.carbohydrate__beetsugar sugar made from sugar beets
subtype: #cane_sugar.carbohydrate__canesugar sucrose obtained from sugar cane
subtype: #demerara a light brown raw cane sugar from Guyana
subtype: #deoxyribose a sugar that is a constituent of nucleic acids
subtype: #invert_sugar a mixture of glucose and fructose found in fruits; sweeter than glucose
subtype: #maple_sugar__maplesugar sugar made from the sap of the sugar maple tree
subtype: #monosaccharide__monosaccharose__simple_sugar a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars; the simplest group of carbohydrates
subtype: #triose any monosaccharide sugar containing three atoms of carbon per molecule
subtype: #tetrose any monosaccharide sugar containing four atoms of carbon per molecule
subtype: #pentose any monosaccharide sugar containing five atoms of carbon per molecule
subtype: #hexose a monosaccharide that contains six carbon atoms per molecule
subtype: #aldohexose a monosaccharide sugar having six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group
subtype: #glucose a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms; an important source of physiological energy
subtype: #corn_sugar.glucose__cornsugar dextrose made by hydrolysis of cornstarch
subtype: #dextrose__dextroglucose__grapesugar an isomer of glucose that is found in honey and sweet fruits
subtype: #blood_sugar__blood_glucose__bloodglucose glucose in the bloodstream
subtype: #ketohexose a monosaccharide having six carbon atoms and a ketone group
subtype: #fructose__fruit_sugar__fruitsugar__levulose__laevulose a simple sugar found in honey and in many ripe fruits
subtype: #aldose a monosaccharide sugar that contains the aldehyde group or is hemiacetal
subtype: #aldohexose a monosaccharide sugar having six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group
subtype: #ketose any monosaccharide sugar that contains a ketone group or its hemiacetal
subtype: #ketohexose a monosaccharide having six carbon atoms and a ketone group
subtype: #oligosaccharide any of the carbohydrates that yield only a few monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
subtype: #disaccharide any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
subtype: #lactose__milksugar a sugar comprising one glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule; occurs only in milk; "cow's milk contains about 4.7% lactose"
subtype: #maltose__maltsugar a white crystalline sugar formed during the digestion of starches
subtype: #sucrose a complex carbohydrate found in many plants and used as a sweetening agent
subtype: #galactose__brain_sugar__brainsugar a simple sugar found in lactose
subtype: #tetrasaccharide any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield four monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
subtype: #stachyose a tetrasaccharide found in the tubers of the Chinese artichoke
subtype: #trisaccharide any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield three monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
subtype: #raffinose a trisaccharide that occurs in sugar beets and cotton seeds and certain cereals
subtype: #polysaccharide__polyose any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules
subtype: #heparin__lipohepin__Liquaemin a polysaccharide produced in basophils (especially in the lung and liver) and that inhibit the activity of thrombin in coagulation of the blood; heparin sodium (trade names Lipo-Hepin and Liquaemin) is used as an anticoagulant in the treatment of thrombosis
subtype: #chitin a tough semitransparent horny substance; the principal component of the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of certain fungi
subtype: #cellulose a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers
subtype: #carboxymethyl_cellulose__carboxymethylcellulose an acid derivative of cellulose
subtype: #diethylaminoethyl_cellulose__diethylaminoethylcellulose__DEAE_cellulose used for chromatography
subtype: #pulp.cellulose a mixture of cellulose fibers
subtype: #bagasse the dry dusty pulp that remains after juice is extracted from sugar cane or similar plants
subtype: #wood_pulp wood that has been ground to a pulp; used in making cellulose products (as rayon or paper)
subtype: #pectin any of various water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruit and vegetables; used in making fruit jellies and jams
subtype: #glycogen__animal_starch the form in which carbohydrate are stored; stored primarily in the liver and broken down into glucose when needed by the body
subtype: #inulin used to manufacture fructose and in assessing kidney function
subtype: #mucopolysaccharide complex polysaccharides containing an amino group; occur chiefly as components of connective tissue
subtype: #hyaluronic_acid a viscous mucopolysaccharide found in the connective tissue space and the synovial fluid of movable joints and the humors of the eye; a cementing and protective substance
subtype: #starch__amylum a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice; an important foodstuff and used otherwise especially in adhesives and as fillers and stiffeners for paper and textiles
subtype: #arum starch resembling sago that is obtained from cuckoopint root
subtype: #cassava_starch__cassavastarch__cassava__manioca a starch made by leaching and drying the root of the cassava plant; the source of tapioca; a staple food in the tropics
subtype: #arrowroot a nutritive starch obtained from the root of the arrowroot plant
subtype: #cornstarch__cornflour starch prepared from the grains of corn; used in cooking as a thickener
subtype: #sago powdery starch from certain sago palms; used in Asia as a food thickener and textile stiffener
subtype: #pearl_sago__pearlsago sago ground into small pearl-like grains
subtype: #amyloid.starch a nonnitrogenous food substance consisting chiefly of starch; any substance resembling starch
subtype: #Otaheite_arrowroot a starch obtained from the root of the pia
subtype: #jaggery__jagghery__jaggary unrefined brown sugar made from palm sap
subtype: #wood_sugar__xylose a sugar extracted from wood or straw; used in foods for diabetics
subtype: #neurochemical any organic substance that occurs in neural activity
subtype: #neurotransmitter transmits nerve impulses across a synapse
subtype: #epinephrine__epinephrin__adrenaline__Adrenalin a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress (trade name Adrenalin); stimulates autonomic nerve action
subtype: #gamma_aminobutyric_acid__GABA an amino acid that is found in the central nervous system; acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter
subtype: #acetylcholine a neurotransmitter that is a derivative of choline; released at the ends of nerve fibers in the somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems
subtype: #endorphin a neurochemical occurring naturally in the brain and having analgesic properties
subtype: #acyl_anhydrides__acid_anhydrides organic compounds that react with water to form an acid
subtype: #acyl_halide__acid_halide organic compounds containing the group -COX where X is a halogen atom
subtype: #acetyl_chloride__ethanoyl_chloride colorless liquid acyl chloride (CH3COCl) that has a pungent odor
subtype: #coal-tar_creosote__creosote a dark oily liquid obtained by distillation of coal tar; used as a preservative for wood
subtype: #creosote a colorless or yellowish oily liquid obtained by distillation of wood tar; used as an antiseptic
subtype: #nitrile__cyanide any of a class of organic compounds containing the cyano radical -CN
subtype: #propenonitrile__acrylonitrile__vinyl_cyanide__vinylcyanide a colorless liquid unsaturated nitrile made from propene
subtype: #cyanohydrin any organic compound in which the cyano radical -CN and the hydroxyl radical -OH are attached to the same carbon atom
subtype: #ester formed by reaction between an acid and an alcohol with elimination of water
subtype: #banana_oil a liquid ester derived from amyl alcohol; has the odor of bananas
subtype: #cellulose_ester__celluloseester any ester of cellulose with an acid
subtype: #cellulose_nitrate__cellulosenitrate__nitrocellulose__guncotton__nitrocotton nitric acid esters; used in lacquers and explosives
subtype: #pyrocellulose nitrocellulose containing less nitrogen than guncotton; used in making smokeless powder
subtype: #pyroxylin__pyroxyline highly flammable nitrocellulose used in making collodion and plastics and lacquers
subtype: #cellulose_acetate__celluloseacetate an ester of acetic acid; used in fibers and fabrics; photographic films and varnishes
subtype: #cellulose_triacetate__cellulosetriacetate__triacetate slow-burning; used instead of celluloid for motion-picture film
subtype: #cellulose_xanthate__cellulosexanthate__viscose a cellulose ester obtained by treating cellulose with caustic soda
subtype: #cyclohexanol_phthalate the cyclohexanol ester of phthalic acid
subtype: #ethyl_acetate__ethylacetate a fragrant colorless flammable volatile liquid ester made from ethanol and acetic acid; used in flavorings and perfumes and as a solvent for plastics
subtype: #glyceryl_ester an ester of glycerol
subtype: #butyrin any of three glycerides of butyric acid
subtype: #tributyrin a bitter oily triglyceride of butyric acid; a form of butyrin
subtype: #glyceride__acylglycerol an ester of glycerol and fatty acids that occurs naturally as fats and fatty oils; "fresh fats contain glycerides of fatty acids and very little free acid"
subtype: #triglyceride glyceride occurring naturally in animal and vegetable tissues; it consists of three individual fatty acids bound together in a single large molecule; an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body
subtype: #glycerin_jelly a mixture of glycerin and gelatin that is used in histology for mounting specimens
subtype: #glycerite__glycerole a medicine made by mixing a substance in glycerin
subtype: #glycerogelatin__glycerogel a medicated skin preparation made from glycerin and glycerinated gelatin
subtype: #palmitin an ester of glycerol and palmitic acid
subtype: #stearin an ester of glycerol and stearic acid
subtype: #margarin__glycerol_trimargarate a glyceryl ester of margaric acid
subtype: #triolein__olein a naturally occuring glyceride of oleic acid that is found in fats and oils
subtype: #tripalmitin__glycerol_tripalmitate a triglyceride of palmitic acid
subtype: #tristearin__glycerol_tristearate a triglyceride of stearic acid
subtype: #maleate a salt or ester of maleic acid; used as a nontricyclic antidepressant drug for psychomotor activation
subtype: #nucleotide a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside; the basic structural unit of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)
subtype: #adenosine_monophosphate__adenosinemonophosphate__AMP__adenylic_acid a nucleotide found in muscle cells and important in metabolism; reversibly convertible to ADP and ATP
subtype: #adenosine_diphosphate__adenosinediphosphate__ADP an ester of adenosine that is converted to ATP for energy storage
subtype: #adenosine_triphosphate__adenosinetriphosphate__ATP a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions
subtype: #muton the smallest unit of DNA where a mutation can occur
subtype: #polyester.ester a complex ester used for making fibers or resins or plastics or as a plasticizer
subtype: #urethane an ester of carbamic acid
subtype: #furan__furane__furfuran a colorless toxic flammable liquid used in the synthesis of nylon
subtype: #nitrofuran derivative of furan used to inhibit bacterial growth
subtype: #glycoside a group of compounds derived from monosaccharides
subtype: #glucoside a glycoside derived from glucose
subtype: #amygdalin a bitter cyanogenic glucoside extracted from the seeds of apricots and plums and bitter almonds
subtype: #laetrile a substance derived from amygdalin; publicized as an antineoplastic drug although there is no supporting evidence
subtype: #saponin any of various plant glucosides that form soapy lathers when mixed and agitated with water; used in detergents and foaming agents and emulsifiers
subtype: #nucleoside a glycoside formed by partial hydrolysis of a nucleic acid
subtype: #adenosine (biochemistry) a nucleoside that is present in all living cells in a combined form; a constituent of DNA and RNA and ATP and AMP
subtype: #thymidine__deoxythymidine__thymine_deoxyribonucleoside__thyminedeoxyribonucleoside a nucleoside component of DNA; composed of thymine and deoxyribose
subtype: #deoxyadenosine a nucleoside component of DNA; composed of adenosine and deoxyribose
subtype: #deoxycytidine a nucleoside component of DNA; composed of cytosine and deoxyribose
subtype: #deoxyguanosine a nucleoside component of DNA; composed of guanine and deoxyribose
subtype: #strophanthin a bitter and very toxic glycoside derived from plants of the genus Strophanthus; in moderate doses it is a cardiac stimulant but in larger doses it is a powerful poison; used in Africa as an arrow poison
subtype: #resin__rosin any of a class of solid or semisolid viscous substances obtained either as exudations from certain plants or prepared by polymerization of simple molecules
subtype: #East_India_kino__Malabar_kino__kino_gum reddish or black juice or resin from certain trees of the genus Pterocarpus and used in medicine and tanning etc
subtype: #natural_resin__naturalresin a plant exudate
subtype: #sandarach__sandarac a brittle and faintly aromatic translucent resin used in varnishes
subtype: #guaiacum medicinal resin from the lignum vitae tree
subtype: #storax a vanilla-scented resin from various trees of the genus Styrax
subtype: #scammony resin from the root of Convolvulus scammonia
subtype: #acaroid_resin__acaroidresin__accaroid_resin__accroides__accroide__accroides_resin__accroidesresin__accroides_gum__accroidesgum__gum_accroides__gumaccroide an alcohol-soluble resin from Australian trees; used in varnishes and in manufacturing paper
subtype: #gum_anime__gumanime__anime any of various resins or oleoresins
subtype: #asafetida the gum resin of various plants; has strong taste and odor; formerly used as an antispasmodic
subtype: #camphor a resin obtained from the camphor tree; used in making celluloid and liniment
subtype: #cannabin__cannabis_resin a poisonous resin obtained from the hemp plant; thought to be the active narcotic agent
subtype: #amber a hard yellowish to brownish translucent fossil resin; used for jewelry
subtype: #copal a brittle aromatic resin used in varnishes
subtype: #courbaril_copal resin from the courbaril tree
subtype: #copalite__copaline__fossil_copal partly mineralized copal dug from the ground
subtype: #congo_copal__congocopal__congo_gum__congogum copal found usually as a fossil
subtype: #kauri_copal__kauricopal__kauri__kauri_resin__kauriresin__kauri_gum resin of the kauri trees of N Zealand; found usually as a fossil; also collected for making varnishes and linoleum
subtype: #Zanzibar_copal__anime a hard copal derived from an African tree
subtype: #dammar_resin__dammar__gum_dammar__gumdammar any of various hard resins from trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae and of the genus Agathis; especially the amboyna pine
subtype: #colophony translucent brittle substance produced from pine oleoresin; used especially in varnishes and inks and on the bows of stringed instruments
subtype: #mastic.natural_resin an aromatic exudate from the mastic tree; used chiefly in varnishes
subtype: #oleoresin a naturally occurring mixture of a resin and an essential oil; obtained from certain plants
subtype: #labdanum__ladanum a soft blackish-brown resinous exudate from various rockroses used in perfumes especially as a fixative
subtype: #balsam.oleoresin any of various fragrant oleoresins used in medicines and perfumes
subtype: #balsam_of_tolu__tolu__tolu_balsam aromatic yellowish brown balsam from the tolu balsam tree used especially in cough syrups
subtype: #balsam_of_Peru dark brown syrupy balsam from the Peruvian balsam tree used especially in dressing wounds and treating certain skin diseases
subtype: #balm any of various aromatic resinous substances used for healing and soothing
subtype: #balm_of_Gilead a fragrant oleoresin
subtype: #tolu an aromatic balsam
subtype: #Canada_balsam yellow transparent exudate of the balsam fir; used as a transparent cement in optical devices (especially in microscopy) and as a mounting medium
subtype: #turpentine__gum_terpentine__gumterpentine obtained from conifers (especially pines)
subtype: #Chian_turpentine a turpentine exuded by the terebinth
subtype: #copaiba_balsam__copaibabalsam__copaiba__balsam_capivi an oleoresin used in varnishes and ointments
subtype: #gum_labdanum__gumlabdanum a dark brown to greenish oleoresin that has a fragrant odor and is used as a fixative in perfumes; obtained as a juice from certain rockroses
subtype: #gum_resin__gumresin a mixture of resin and gum
subtype: #gum_elemi__gumelemi__elemi fragrant resin obtain from trees of the family Burseraceae and used as incense
subtype: #gum_myrrh__gummyrrh__myrrh aromatic resin burned as incense and used in perfume
subtype: #Sonora_gum acidulous gum resin of the creosote bush
subtype: #gum_benzoin__gumbenzoin__benzoin__benjamin__gum_benjamin__gumbenjamin__asadulci gum resin used especially in treating skin irritation
subtype: #bdellium aromatic gum resin; similar to myrrh
subtype: #gamboge a gum resin used as a yellow pigment and a purgative
subtype: #myrrh__gum_myrrh__gummyrrh__sweet_cicely__sweetcicely aromatic resin used in perfume and incense
subtype: #wood_tar any tar obtained by the destructive distillation of wood
subtype: #pine_tar a dark viscous substance obtained from the destructive distillation of pine wood
subtype: #synthetic_resin a resin having a polymeric structure; especially a resin in the raw state; used chiefly in plastics
subtype: #acrylic_resin__acrylicresin__acrylic__acrylate_resin a glassy thermoplastic; can be cast and molded or used in coatings and adhesives
subtype: #polypropenonitrile__Acrilan acrylic resin used to make a strong soft crease-resistant fabric (trade name Acrilan)
subtype: #polymethyl_methacrylate a transparent plastic used as a substitute for glass
subtype: #Lucite__Perspex (trademark) a transparent thermoplastic acrylic resin
subtype: #Plexiglas__plexiglass (trademark) a light transparent weather resistant thermoplastic
subtype: #polyethylene__polythene a lightweight thermoplastic; used especially in packaging and insulation
subtype: #allyl_resin__allylresin a resin derived from allyl alcohol that hardens when cured; used as an adhesive
subtype: #urea-formaldehyde_resin a clear thermosetting resin made from urea and formaldehyde and used in electrical fittings, adhesives, and finishes
subtype: #alkyd_resin__alkyd a resin used in adhesives and paints
subtype: #phenolic_resin__phenolic__phenoplast a thermosetting resin
subtype: #epoxy_resin__epoxyresin__epoxy__epoxy_glue__epoxyglue a thermosetting resin; used chiefly in strong adhesives and coatings and laminates
subtype: #Crazy_Glue (trademark) a commercial brand of epoxy glue
subtype: #melamine_resin a thermosetting resin formed from melamine and an aldehyde; used in molded products, adhesives, and coatings
subtype: #polyester.synthetic_resin any of numerous synthetic resins; they are light and strong and weather resistant
subtype: #polyester_fiber a quick-drying resilient synthetic fiber consisting primarily of polyester
subtype: #vinyl_polymer__vinylpolymer__vinyl_resin__vinylresin__polyvinyl_resin__polyvinylresin a thermoplastic derived by polymerization from compounds containing the vinyl group
subtype: #polyvinyl_acetate__polyvinylacetate__PVA a vinyl polymer used especially in paints or adhesives
subtype: #PVC__polyvinyl_chloride__polyvinylchloride a polymer of vinyl chloride used instead of rubber in electric cables
subtype: #styrene__cinnamene__phenylethylene__vinylbenzene a colorless oily liquid; the monomer for polystyrene
subtype: #polystyrene a polymer of styrene; a rigid transparent thermoplastic; "expanded polystyrene looks like a rigid white foam and is used as packing or insulation"
subtype: #Styrofoam (trademark) a light resilient foam of polystyrene
subtype: #halocarbon one of various compounds of carbon and any of the halogens
subtype: #fluorocarbon a halocarbon in which some hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine; used in refrigerators and aerosols
subtype: #chlorofluorocarbon__CFC a fluorocarbon with chlorine; formerly used as a refrigerant and as a propellant in aerosol cans; "CFCs cause depletion of atmospheric ozone"
subtype: #tetrafluoroethylene a flammable gaseous fluorocarbon used in making plastics (polytetrafluoroethylene resins)
subtype: #hemiacetal an organic compound usually formed as an intermediate product in the preparation of acetals from aldehydes or ketones
subtype: #hemolysin__haemolysin__erythrolysin__erythrocytolysin any substance that can cause lysis (destruction) of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and the release of their hemoglobin
subtype: #streptolysin any of several hemolysins derived from strains of streptococcus
subtype: #hydrocarbon an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
subtype: #gasohol a gasoline substitute consisting of 90% gasoline and 10% grain alcohol from corn
subtype: #gasoline__gasolene__gas__petrol a volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.) derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines
subtype: #leaded_gasoline gasoline treated with a lead compound to reduce motor knocks; "combustion of leaded gasoline released lead into the air where it could cause lead poisoning"
subtype: #napalm gasoline jelled with aluminum soaps; highly incendiary liquid used in fire bombs and flame throwers
subtype: #unleaded_gasoline gasoline that has not been treated with a lead compound
subtype: #kerosine__kerosene a flammable hydrocarbon oil used as fuel in lamps and heaters
subtype: #paraffin_oil__paraffin British usage
subtype: #benzene__benzine__benzol a colorless liquid hydrocarbon; highly inflammable; carcinogenic
subtype: #benzene_formula__benzeneformula__benzene_ring__benzenering__benzenenucleu__kekuleformula a closed chain of 6 carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached
subtype: #indene a colorless liquid hydrocarbon extracted from petroleum or coal tar and used in making synthetic resins
subtype: #dioxin any of several toxic or carcinogenic hydrocarbons that occur as impurities in herbicides
subtype: #ethane a colorless odorless gas used as fuel
subtype: #liquefied_petroleum_gas__bottled_gas hydrocarbon gases, usually propane or butane, kept under pressure
subtype: #bitumen any of various naturally occurring impure mixtures of hydrocarbons
subtype: #tar any of various dark heavy viscid substances obtained as a residue
subtype: #coal_tar a tar formed from distillation of bituminous coal; coal tar can be further distilled to give various aromatic compounds
subtype: #butadiene a gaseous hydrocarbon C4H6; used in making synthetic rubbers
subtype: #chloroprene derivative of butadiene used in making neoprene by polymerization
subtype: #naphtha any of various volatile flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixtures; used chiefly as solvents
subtype: #naphthalene a white crystalline strong-smelling hydrocarbon made from coal tar or petroleum and used in organic synthesis and as a fumigant in mothballs
subtype: #octane any isomeric saturated hydrocarbon found in petroleum and used as a fuel and solvent
subtype: #gas_oil__gasoil an oil formed through distillation of petroleum of intermediate boiling range and viscosity
subtype: #terpene an unsaturated hydrocarbon obtained from plants
subtype: #limonene a liquid terpene with a lemon odor; found in lemons and oranges and other essential oils
subtype: #provitamin vitamin precursor; a substance that is converted into a vitamin in animal tissues
subtype: #provitamin_A__carotene__carotin an orange isomer of an unsaturated hydrocarbon found in many plants; is converted into vitamin A in the liver
subtype: #beta-carotene an isomer of carotene that is found in dark green and dark yellow fruits and vegetables
subtype: #ketone any of a class of organic compounds having a carbonyl group linked to a carbon atom in each of two hydrocarbon radicals
subtype: #acetone__propanone__dimethyl_ketone the simplest ketone; a highly inflammable liquid widely used as an organic solvent and as material for making plastics
subtype: #butanone__methyl_ethyl_ketone colorless soluble flammable liquid ketone used as a solvent for resins and as a paint remover and in lacquers and cements and adhesives and cleaning fluids and celluloid
subtype: #flavin a ketone that forms the nucleus of certain natural yellow pigments like riboflavin
subtype: #ketone_body__acetone_body__acetonebody a ketone that is an intermediate product of the breakdown of fats in the body; any of three compounds (acetoacetic acid, acetone, and/or beta-hydroxybutyric acid) found in excess in blood and urine of persons with metabolic disorders
subtype: #acetoacetic_acid__acetoaceticacid unstable acid found in abnormal amounts in the blood and urine n some cases of impaired metabolism (as diabetes mellitus or starvation)
subtype: #beta-hydroxybutyric_acid beta derivative of hydroxybutyric acid that is found in the blood and urine in some cases of impaired metabolism
subtype: #lipid__lipide__lipoid any oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents; essential structural component of living cells (along with proteins and carbohydrates)
subtype: #fat a soft greasy substance occurring in organic tissue and consisting of a mixture of lipids (mostly triglycerides); "pizza has too much fat"
subtype: #edible_fat oily or greasy matter making up the bulk of fatty tissue in animals and in seeds and other plant tissue
subtype: #cracklings the crisp residue left after lard has been rendered
subtype: #lard soft white semisolid fat obtained by rendering the fatty tissue of the hog
subtype: #marbling the intermixture of fat and lean in a cut of meat
subtype: #shortening.edible_fat fat such as butter or lard used in baked goods
subtype: #suet hard fat around the kidneys and loins in beef and mutton
subtype: #cooking_oil__cookingoil any of numerous oils used in cooking
subtype: #drippings__dripping fat that exudes from meat and drips off while it is being roasted or fried
subtype: #vegetable_oil__vegetableoil any of a group of oils that are obtained from plants
subtype: #sweet_oil__sweetoil mild vegetable oil when used as food; especially olive or edible rape oil
subtype: #canola_oil vegetable oil made from rapeseed
subtype: #coconut_oil__coconutoil__copra_oil__copraoil oil from coconuts
subtype: #corn_oil oil from the germs of corn grains
subtype: #cottonseed_oil edible oil pressed from cottonseeds
subtype: #olive_oil__oliveoil oil from olives
subtype: #palm_oil oil from nuts of oil palms especially the African oil palm
subtype: #peanut_oil__groundnut_oil__groundnutoil a oil from peanuts; used in cooking and making soap; "groundnut oil" is British usage
subtype: #salad_oil__saladoil any of several edible vegetable oils that can be used in salad dressings
subtype: #safflower_oil__saffloweroil oil from seeds of the safflower plant
subtype: #sesame_oil oil obtained from sesame seeds
subtype: #soybean_oil__soybeanoil__soyabean_oil oil from soya beans
subtype: #sunflower_oil__sunfloweroil__sunflower-seed_oil oil from sunflower seeds
subtype: #walnut_oil oil from walnuts
subtype: #madia_oil__madiaoil used as a substitute for olive oil
subtype: #drying_oil an oil that hardens in air due to oxidation and is often used as a paint or varnish base
subtype: #animal_fat any fat obtained from animals; "animal fat is high in saturated fatty acids"
subtype: #bone_fat fatty matter in bones extracted with solvents or by boiling or steaming; used chiefly in candles and cheap soaps an in lubricating greases
subtype: #butterfat the fatty substance of milk from which butter is made
subtype: #cocoa_butter__cocoabutter a yellow-white fat from cocoa beans
subtype: #leaf_fat__leaf_lard fat lining the abdomen and kidneys in hogs which is used to make lard
subtype: #myelin__myeline a white fatty substance that forms a medullary sheath around the axis cylinder of some nerve fibers
subtype: #polyunsaturated_fat__polyunsaturatedfat a class of fats having long carbon chains with many double bonds unsaturated with hydrogen atoms; used in some margarines; supposedly associated with low blood cholesterol
subtype: #triglyceride glyceride occurring naturally in animal and vegetable tissues; it consists of three individual fatty acids bound together in a single large molecule; an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body
subtype: #oil a slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water
subtype: #sassafras_oil__sassafrasoil oil from root bark of sassafras trees; used in perfumery and as a disinfectant
subtype: #calamus_oil carcinogenic oil from calamus root used as a perfume
subtype: #rape_oil__rapeseed_oil__colza_oil edible light yellow to brown oil from rapeseed used also as a lubricant or illuminant
subtype: #safflower_oil.oil__saffloweroil oil from safflower seeds used as food as well as in medicines and paints
subtype: #hydnocarpus_oil oil from seeds of trees of the genus Hydnocarpus especially Hydnocarpus wightiana (Hydnocarpus laurifolia)
subtype: #babassu_oil__babassuoil__babacu_oil fatty oil from kernels of babassu nuts similar to coconut oil
subtype: #cohune-nut_oil__cohune_oil__cohune_fat semisolid fat from nuts of the cohune palm; used in cooking and soap making
subtype: #expressed_almond_oil__almond_oil__sweet_almond_oil pale yellow fatty oil expressed from sweet or bitter almonds
subtype: #hedeoma_oil__hedeomaoil__pennyroyal_oil aromatic oil from American pennyroyal
subtype: #hyssop_oil used chiefly in liqueurs
subtype: #spike_lavender_oil__spike_oil__spikeoil pale yellow essential oil obtained from spike lavender used in scenting soaps and cosmetics
subtype: #pennyroyal_oil oil from European pennyroyal having a odor like mint; used chiefly in soaps
subtype: #croton_oil viscid acrid brownish-yellow oil from the seeds of Croton tiglium having a violent cathartic action
subtype: #fuel_oil__heating_oil a petroleum product used for fuel
subtype: #gas_oil__gasoil an oil formed through distillation of petroleum of intermediate boiling range and viscosity
subtype: #animal_oil any oil obtained from animal substances
subtype: #drying_oil an oil that hardens in air due to oxidation and is often used as a paint or varnish base
subtype: #blubber an insulating layer of fat under the skin of whales and other large marine mammals; used as a source of oil
subtype: #Dippel's_oil__bone_oil dark-colored ill-smelling oil obtained by carbonizing bone; used especially in sheep dips and in denaturing alcohol
subtype: #bone_oil the liquid portion of bone fat; used as a lubricant and in leather manufacture
subtype: #cod-liver_oil__codliveroil__cod_liver_oil__codliveroil an oil obtained from the livers of cod and similar fishes; taken orally as a source of vitamins A and D
subtype: #cod_oil__codoil an inferior cod-liver oil that is used in leather manufacturing
subtype: #wool_fat__lanolin__wool_grease a yellow viscous animal oil extracted from wool; a mixture of fatty acids and esters; used in some ointments and cosmetics
subtype: #fish_oil oil obtained from fish
subtype: #tuna_oil an oil obtained from tuna
subtype: #glyceride__acylglycerol an ester of glycerol and fatty acids that occurs naturally as fats and fatty oils; "fresh fats contain glycerides of fatty acids and very little free acid"
subtype: #goose_grease__goosegrease grease derived from geese
subtype: #halibut-liver_oil__halibutliveroil a fatty oil from halibut livers that is used as a source of vitamin A
subtype: #lard_oil oil consisting chiefly of olein that is expressed from lard and used especially as a lubricant, cutting oil or illuminant
subtype: #menhaden_oil a fatty oil obtained from the menhaden fish and used in paint and ink and in treating leather
subtype: #neat's-foot_oil a pale yellow oil made from the feet and legs of cattle; used as a dressing for leather
subtype: #oleo_oil obtained from beef fat; used in making margarine and soap and in lubrication
subtype: #porpoise_oil a yellow fatty oil obtained from porpoises and used as a fine lubricant
subtype: #dolphin_oil__dolphinoil an unsaturated fatty oil obtained from dolphins and used as a fine lubricant
subtype: #salmon_oil a fatty oil obtained from the wastes in canning salmon; used in making soap and dressing leather
subtype: #sardine_oil__sardineoil oil obtained from sardines and used chiefly as a lubricant and in soap
subtype: #seal_oil a pale yellow to red-brown fatty oil obtained from seal blubber; used in making soap and dressing leather and as a lubricant
subtype: #shark_oil__shark-liver_oil a fatty yellow to brown oil obtained from the livers of sharks; used for dressing leather and as a source of vitamin A
subtype: #sperm_oil an animal oil found in the blubber of the sperm whale
subtype: #tallow obtained from suet and used in making soap, candles and lubricants
subtype: #beef_tallow tallow obtained from a bovine animal
subtype: #dubbin tallow mixed with oil; used to make leather soft and waterproof
subtype: #mutton_tallow tallow from the body of a mature sheep
subtype: #tallow_oil an animal oil obtained by pressing tallow; used as a lubricant
subtype: #whale_oil__train_oil a white to brown oil obtained from whale blubber; formerly used as an illuminant
subtype: #wool_oil any oil used to oil wool before spinning
subtype: #camphor_oil oil distilled from camphor resin
subtype: #grease__lubricating_oil a thick fatty oil (especially one used to lubricate machinery)
subtype: #axle_grease a thick heavy grease used to lubricate axles
subtype: #essential_oil__essentialoil__volatile_oil a volatile oil having the odor or flavor of the plant from which it comes; used in perfume and flavorings
subtype: #ilang-ilang oil distilled from flowers of the ilang-ilang tree; used in perfumery
subtype: #bitter_almond_oil pale yellow essential oil obtained from bitter almonds by distillation from almond cake or meal
subtype: #attar__athar essential oil or perfume obtained from flowers
subtype: #attar_of_roses__rose_oil a volatile fragrant oil obtained from fresh roses by steam distillation
subtype: #clove_oil__oil_of_cloves essential oil obtained from cloves and used to flavor medicines
subtype: #costus_oil a yellow volatile essential oil obtained from costusroot; used in perfumes
subtype: #eucalyptus_oil an essential oil obtained from the leaves of eucalypts
subtype: #spirit_of_turpentine__turpentine__oil_of_turpentine__turps__turp volatile liquid distilled from turpentine oleoresin; used as paint thinner and solvent and medicinally
subtype: #wormwood_oil__absinthe_oil a dark bitter oil obtained obtained from wormwood leaves; flavors absinthe liqueurs
subtype: #linalool a colorless fragrant liquid found in many essential oils
subtype: #mineral_oil a distillate of petroleum (especially one used medicinally as a laxative or stool softener)
subtype: #motor_oil oil used to lubricate the moving parts of a motor
subtype: #fixed_oil__fatty_oil__fattyoil nonvolatile animal or plant oil
subtype: #fusel_oil a mixture of amyl alcohols and propanol and butanol formed from distillation of fermented liquors
subtype: #stand_oil__standoil a thick oil comprised of linseed, tung, or soya oils which have been heated to over 300 C
subtype: #neroli_oil an odoriferous yellow oil found in orange flowers and used in perfumery and as a flavoring
subtype: #tall_oil an oil derived from wood pulp and used in making soaps or lubricants
subtype: #petroleum__crude_oil__crudeoil__crude__coal_oil__rock_oil__fossil_oil a dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons
subtype: #shale_oil__shaleoil oil extracted from oil shale by heating
subtype: #linseed_oil__linseedoil__flaxseed_oil a drying oil extracted from flax seed and used in making such things as oil paints
subtype: #tung_oil__Chinese_wood_oil a yellow oil obtained from the seeds of the tung tree
subtype: #chaulmoogra_oil__chaulmoograoil an oil from chaulmoogra trees; used in treatment of skin diseases and leprosy
subtype: #phospholipid any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base; an important constituent of membranes
subtype: #lecithin a yellow phospholipid essential for the metabolism of fats; found in egg yolk and in many plant and animal cells; used commercially as an emulsifier
subtype: #wax any of various substances of either mineral origin or plant or animal origin; they are solid at normal temperatures and insoluble in water
subtype: #bayberry_wax__bayberry_tallow a fragrant green wax obtained from the wax myrtle and used in making candles
subtype: #carnauba_wax__carnauba hard yellowish to brownish wax from leaves of the carnauba palm used especially in floor waxes and polishes
subtype: #candelilla_wax a hard brown wax that occurs as a coating on candelilla shrubs
subtype: #ceresin a white wax extracted from ozokerite
subtype: #floor_wax__floorwax a preparation containing wax and used to polish and preserve the finish of floors
subtype: #gondang_wax__fig_wax a hard cream-colored wax obtained from a Javanese fig tree
subtype: #Japan_wax__Japan_tallow a yellow wax obtained from sumac berries; used in polishes
subtype: #montan_wax a hard wax obtained from lignite
subtype: #pisang_wax a wax obtained from the leaves of a plantain
subtype: #scale_wax__scalewax__paraffin_scale partly refined paraffin wax
subtype: #ski_wax wax used on the bottom of skis
subtype: #beeswax a yellow to brown wax secreted by honeybees to build honeycombs
subtype: #Ghedda_wax wax from Indian and African bees
subtype: #cerumen__earwax a soft yellow wax secreted by glands in the ear canal
subtype: #paraffin_wax__paraffin from crude petroleum; used for candles and for preservative or waterproof coatings
subtype: #spermaceti a white waxy substance from oil of the sperm whale
subtype: #vegetable_wax__vegetablewax wax from plants; especially from the trunks of certain palms
subtype: #shellac_wax__shellacwax__lac_wax__lacwax a hard wax separated from shellac by its insolubility in alcohol
subtype: #nitrobenzene a poisonous oily water-soluble liquid used as a solvent and in the manufacture of aniline
subtype: #oxime any compound containing the group -C=NOH
subtype: #petrochemical any compound obtained from petroleum or natural gas
subtype: #phosphocreatine__creatine_phosphate__creatine_phosphoric_acid an organic compound of creatine and phosphoric acid; found in the muscles of vertebrates where its hydrolysis releases energy for muscular contraction
subtype: #phenol any of a class of weakly acidic organic compounds; molecule contains one or more hydroxyl groups
subtype: #pyrogallol__pyrogallic_acid a toxic white lustrous crystalline phenol used to treat certain skin diseases and as a photographic developer
subtype: #cresol__methyl_phenol any of three poisonous colorless isomeric phenols; derived from coal or wood tar; used as a disinfectant
subtype: #Lysol a clear oily brown solution of cresols in soap; used as an antiseptic and disinfectant
subtype: #naphthol either of two phenols derived from naphthalene
subtype: #alpha-naphthol__alphanaphthol an isomer of naphthol used in dyes
subtype: #beta-naphthol an isomer of naphthol used in rubber as an antioxidant
subtype: #resorcinol a crystalline phenol obtained from various resins; used in ointments for acne and in dandruff shampoos
subtype: #tannin__tannic_acid any of various complex phenolic substances of plant origin; used in tanning and in medicine
subtype: #cutch__kutch tannin extract derived from any of several mangrove barks of Pacific areas
subtype: #thymol__thyme_camphor__thymecamphor__thymic_acid a colorless crystalline solid used in perfume or preserving biological specimens or in embalming or medically as a fungicide or antiseptic
subtype: #pyrimidine.organic_compound a heterocyclic organic compound with a penetrating odor
subtype: #quassia a bitter compound used as an insecticide and tonic and vermifuge; extracted from the wood and bark of trees of the genera Quassia and Picrasma
subtype: #Jamaica_quassia similar to the extract from Quassia amara
subtype: #steroid any of several fat-soluble organic compounds having as a basis 17 carbon atoms in four rings; many have important physiological effects
subtype: #ketosteroid a steroid containing a ketone group
subtype: #androsterone an androgenic hormone that is less active than testosterone
subtype: #estrone__oestrone__theelin__Estronol a naturally occurring weak estrogenic hormone secreted by the mammalian ovary; synthesized (trade name Estronol) and used to treat estrogen deficiency
subtype: #cortisone__Cortone_Acetate a corticosteroid hormone (trade name Cortone Acetate) normally produced by the adrenal cortex; is converted to hydrocortisone
subtype: #sterol__steroid_alcohol any of a group of natural steroid alcohols derived from plants or animals; they are waxy insoluble substances
subtype: #cholesterol__cholesterin an animal sterol that is normally synthesized by the liver; the most abundant steroid in animal tissues
subtype: #HDL_cholesterol the cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins; the `good' cholesterol; a high level in the blood is thought to lower the risk of coronary artery disease
subtype: #LDL_cholesterol__ldlcholesterol the cholesterol in low-density lipoproteins; the `bad' cholesterol; a high level in the blood is thought to be related to various pathogenic conditions
subtype: #oxidized_LDL_cholesterol LDL cholesterol that has been bombarded by free radicals; it is thought to cause atherosclerosis
subtype: #ergosterol a plant sterol that is converted into vitamin D by ultraviolet radiation
subtype: #bile_acid any of the liver-generated steroid acids and stored with bile
subtype: #cholic_acid an insoluble crystalline acid present in bile
subtype: #cardiac_glycoside__cardiacglycoside__cardiac_glucoside__cardiacglucoside obtained from a number of plants and used to stimulate the heart in cases of heart failure
subtype: #digitalis_glycoside__digitalisglycoside__digitalis__digitali__digitalin a powerful cardiac stimulant obtained from foxglove
subtype: #digitoxin digitalis preparation used to treat congestive heart failure or cardiac arrhythmia
subtype: #digoxin__Lanoxin digitalis preparation (trade name Lanoxin) used to treat congestive heart failure or cardiac arrhythmia; helps the heart beat more forcefully
subtype: #nonsteroid__nonsteroidal an organic compound that does no contain a steroid
subtype: #diethylstilbesterol__DES__stilbesterol synthetic nonsteroid with the properties of estrogen; formerly used to treat menstrual problems but was found to be associated with vaginal cancers in the daughters of women so treated during pregnancy
subtype: #thiouracil depresses the function of the thyroid gland
subtype: #urea__carbamide the chief solid component of mammalian urine; synthesized from ammonia and carbon dioxide and used as fertilizer and in animal feed and in plastics
subtype: #imide any of a class of organic compounds that contain the divalent radical -CONHCO-
subtype: #xanthine crystalline oxidation product of the metabolism of nucleoproteins; precursor of uric acid; found in many organs and in urine
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