#natural_science the sciences involved in the study of the physical world and its phenomena
supertype: scientific_discipline__science a particular branch of scientific knowledge; "the science of genetics" instance: chemistry__chemical_science the science of matter; the branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions
>part: immunochemistry__chemoimmunology the field of chemistry concerned with chemical processes in immunology (such as chemical studies of antigens and antibodies)
>part: organic_chemistry__organicchemistry the chemistry of compounds containing carbon (originally defined as the chemistry of substances produced by living organisms but now extended to substances synthesized artificially)
>part: biochemistry the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occuring in organisms
>part: enzymology the branch of biochemistry dealing with the chemical nature and biological activity of enzymes
>part: zymurgy the branch of chemistry concerned with fermentation (as in making wine or brewing or distilling)
>part: inorganic_chemistry__inorganicchemistry the chemistry of compounds that do not contain hydrocarbon radicals
>part: physical_chemistry the branch of chemistry dealing with the physical properties of chemical substances
>part: electrochemistry branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions
>part: geochemistry the chemistry of the earth's crust
>part: photochemistry branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of light
>part: radiochemistry__nuclear_chemistry__nuclearchemistry the chemistry of radioactive substances
instance: physics__physic__physical_science__natural_philosophy__naturalphilosophy the science of matter and energy and their interactions
>part: acoustics__acoustic the study of the physical properties of sound
>part: harmonics__harmonic the study of musical sound
>part: phonetics__phonetic the branch of acoustics concerned with speech processes including its production and perception and acoustic analysis
>part: astronomy__uranology the branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and the universe as a whole
>part: astrodynamics__astrodynamic the branch of astronomy that studies the motion of natural and artificial bodies in space
>part: astrometry the branch of astronomy that deals with the measurement of the position and motion of celestial bodies
>part: radio_astronomy__radioastronomy the branch of astronomy that detects and studies the radio waves emitted by celestial bodies
>part: celestial_mechanics__celestialmechanic the branch of astronomy concerned with the application of Newton's laws of motion to the motions of heavenly bodies
>part: astrophysics the branch of astronomy concerned with the physical and chemical properties of celestial bodies
>part: cosmogony__cosmology the branch of astrophysics that studies the origins and structure of the universe
>part: solar_physics__solarphysic the branch of astronomy that deals with the sun
>part: aeronautics__aeronautic__astronautics the theory and practice of navigation through air or space
>part: avionics science and technology of electronic systems and devices for aeronautics and astronautics: "avionics has become even more important with the development of the space program"
>part: biophysics physics as applied to biological problems
>part: cryogenics__cryogeny the branch of physics that studies the phenomena that occur at very low temperatures
>part: crystallography the branch of science that studies the formation and structure of crystals
>part: electromagnetics__electromagnetism the branch of physics concerned with electromagnetic phenomena
>part: electronics__electronic the branch of physics that deals with the emission and effects of electrons and with the use of electronic devices
>part: electron_optics the branch of electronics that deals with beams of electrons and their focusing and deflection by magnetic fields
>part: microelectronics the branch of electronics that deals with miniature components
>part: thermionics__thermionic the branch of electronics dealing with thermionic phenomena (especially thermionic vacuum tubes)
>part: electrostatics the branch of physics that deals with static electricity
>part: mechanics__mechanic the branch of physics concerned with the motion of bodies in a frame of reference
>part: classical_mechanics__classicalmechanic__Newtonian_mechanics the branch of mechanics based on Newton's laws of motion
>part: fluid_mechanics__fluidmechanic__hydraulics study of the mechanics of fluids
>part: hydrostatics study of the mechanical properties of fluids that are not in motion
>part: hydrodynamics__hydrodynamic__hydrokinetics__hydrokinetic study of fluids in motion
>part: magnetohydrodynamics the study of the interaction of magnetic fields and electrically conducting fluids (as plasma or molten metal)
>part: pneumatics the branch of mechanics that deals with the mechanical properties of gases
>part: statics__static the branch of mechanics concerned with forces in equilibrium
>part: dynamics__kinetics the branch of mechanics concerned with the forces that cause motions of bodies
>part: ballistics the science of flight dynamics
>part: kinematics the branch of mechanics concerned with motion without reference to force or mass
>part: aeromechanics__aeromechanic__aerodynamics the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of gases (especially air) and their effects on bodies in the flow
>part: nuclear_physics__nuclearphysic__atomic_physics__nucleonics the branch of physics that studies the internal structure of atomic nuclei
>part: optics the branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light
>part: catoptrics branch of optics dealing with formation of images by mirrors
>part: holography the branch of optics that deals with the use of coherent light from a laser in order to make a hologram that can then be used to create a three-dimensional image
>part: particle_physics__high-energy_physics the branch of physics that studies subatomic particles and their interactions
>part: plasma_physics the branch of physics concerned with matter in its plasma phase
>part: quantum_physics the branch of physics based on quantum theory
>part: quantum_mechanics__quantummechanic the branch of quantum physics that accounts for matter at the atomic level; an extension of statistical mechanics based on quantum theory (especially the Pauli exclusion principle)
>part: wave_mechanics the modern form of quantum theory; an extension of of quantum mechanics based on Schrodinger's equation; atomic events are explained as interactions between particle waves
>part: quantum_field_theory__quantumfieldtheory the branch of quantum physics that is concerned with the theory of fields; it was motivated by the question of how an atom radiates light as its electrons jump from excited states
>part: quantum_electrodynamics__quantumelectrodynamic__QED a relativistic quantum theory of the electromagnetic interactions of photons and electrons and muons
>part: quantum_chromodynamics__QCD a theory of strong interactions between elementary particles (including the interaction that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus); it assumes that strongly interacting particles (hadrons) are made of quarks and that gluons bind the quarks together
>part: rheology the branch of physics that studies the deformation and flow of matter
>part: solid-state_physics__solidstatephysic the branch of physics that studies the properties of materials in the solid state: electrical conduction in crystals of semiconductors and metals; superconductivity; photoconductivity
>part: statistical_mechanics__statisticalmechanic the branch of physics that makes theoretical predictions about the behavior of macroscopic systems on the basis of statistical laws governing its component particles
>part: thermodynamics the branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of energy
>part: thermostatics__thermostatic__thermodynamics_of_equilibrium the aspect of thermodynamics concerned with thermal equilibrium
instance: earth_science__earthscience any of the sciences that deal with the earth or its parts
>part: geology a science that deals with the history of the earth as recorded in rocks
>part: hypsography the scientific study of the earth's configuration above sea level (emphasizing the measurement of land altitudes relative to sea level)
>part: paleogeology__palaeogeology the study of geologic features once at the surface of the earth but now buried beneath rocks
>part: geophysics__geophysical_science geology that uses physical principles to study properties of the earth
>part: geomorphology__morphology the branch of geology that studies the characteristics and configuration and evolution of rocks and land forms
>part: plate_tectonics__platetectonic__tectonic the branch of geology studying the folding and faulting of the earth's crust
>part: petrology the branch of geology that studies rocks: their origin and formation and composition
>part: meteorology science dealing with phenomena of the atmosphere; especially weather processes and weather forecasting
>part: climatology meteorology of climates and their phenomena
>part: bioclimatology the study of effects of climate on living organisms
>part: aerology meteorology of the total extent of the atmosphere; especially the upper layers
>part: hydrology the branch of geology that studies water on the earth and in the atmosphere: its distribution and uses and conservation
>part: seismology the branch of geology that studies earthquakes
>part: volcanology__vulcanology the branch of geology that studies volcanoes
>part: magnetics__magnetic__magnetism the branch of science that studies magnetism
>part: geodesy the branch of geology that studies the shape of the earth and the determination of the exact position of geographical points
>part: orology__orography the science of mountains
>part: mineralogy the branch of geology that studies minerals: their structure and properties and the ways of distinguishing them
>part: spelaeology__speleology the scientific study of caves
>part: economic_geology the branch of geology that deals with economically valuable geological materials
>part: petroleum_geology__petroleumgeology the branch of economic geology that deals with the occurrence and exploitation of oil and gas fields
>part: mining_geology the branch of economic geology that deals with the applications of geology to mining
>part: oceanography the branch of science dealing with physical and biological aspects of the oceans
>part: hydrography the science of the measurement and description and mapping of the surface waters of the earth with special reference to navigation
>part: limnology the scientific study of bodies of fresh water for their biological and physical and geological properties
>part: geography__geographics__geographic study of the earth's surface; includes people's responses to topography and climate and soil and vegetation
>part: physical_geography__physiography the study of physical features of the earth's surface
>part: topography.geography precise detailed study of the surface features of a region
>part: economic_geography the branch of geography concerned with the production and distribution of commodities
instance: cosmography.natural_science
subtype: life_science any of the branches of natural science dealing with the structure and behavior of living organisms
instance: biological_science__biology the science that studies living organisms
>part: biogeography dealing with the geographical distribution of animals and plants
>part: botany__phytology the branch of biology that studies plants
>part: mycology the branch of botany that studies fungi and fungus-caused diseases
>part: pomology the branch of botany that studies and cultivates fruits
>part: paleobotany__palaeobotany the study of fossil plants
>part: paleodendrology__palaeodendrology the branch of paleobotany that studies fossil trees
>part: cytology the branch of biology that studies the structure and function of cells
>part: bionomics__bionomic__ecology__environmental_science__environmentalscience the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment
>part: paleoecology__palaeoecology the branch of ecology that studies ancient ecology
>part: embryology the branch of biology that studies the formation and early development of living organisms
>part: teratology the branch of biology concerned with the development of malformations or serious deviations from the normal type of organism
>part: exobiology__space_biology__spacebiology__astrobiology the branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and the search for extraterrestrial life
>part: forestry the science of planting and caring for forests and the management of growing timber
>part: silviculture the branch of forestry dealing with the development and care of forests
>part: genetics__genetic_science__geneticscience the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms
>part: genomics the branch of genetics that studies organisms in terms of their genomes (their full DNA sequences)
>part: molecular_genetics the branch of genetics concerned with the structure and activity of genetic material at the molecular level
>part: microbiology the branch of biology that studies microorganisms and their effects on humans
>part: molecular_biology__molecularbiology the branch of biology that studies the structure and activity of macromolecules essential to life (and especially with their genetic role)
>part: biotechnology the branch of molecular biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processes; "biotechnology produced genetically altered bacteria that solved the problem"
>part: bioremediation the branch of biotechnology that uses biological process to overcome environmental problems
>part: genetic_engineering__geneticengineering__gene-splicing__recombinant_DNA_technology the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism
>part: morphology the branch of biology that deals with the structure of animals and plants
>part: anatomy.morphology the branch of morphology that deals with the structure of animals
>part: comparative_anatomy__comparativeanatomy the study of anatomical features of animals of different species
>part: gross_anatomy__grossanatomy the study of the structure of the body and its parts without the use of a microscope
>part: microscopic_anatomy__microscopicanatomy the study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs
>part: cytology the branch of biology that studies the structure and function of cells
>part: histology the branch of biology that studies the microscopic structure of animal or plant tissues
>part: neuroanatomy the anatomy of the nervous system
>part: neurobiology the branch of biology that deals with the anatomy and physiology and pathology of the nervous system
>part: neuroscience the scientific study of the nervous system
>part: neurophysiology the branch of neuroscience that studies the physiology of the nervous system
>part: brain_science__brainscience the branch of neuroscience concerned with the brain
>part: paleobiology__palaeobiology a branch of paleontology that deals with the origin and growth and structure of fossil animals and plants as living organisms
>part: paleobotany__palaeobotany the study of fossil plants
>part: paleozoology__palaeozoology the study of fossil animals
>part: paleomammalogy the paleobiology of ancient mammals
>part: paleornithology__palaeornithology the paleobiology of birds
>part: physiology the branch of the biological sciences dealing with the functioning of organisms
>part: kinesiology the branch of physiology that studies the mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement
>part: myology the branch of physiology that studies muscles
>part: radiobiology the branch of biology that studies the effects of radiation on living organisms
>part: sociobiology the branch of biology that conducts comparative studies of the social organization of animals (including human beings) with regard to its evolutionary history
>part: zoology__zoological_science the branch of biology that studies animals
>part: entomology the branch of zoology that studies insects
>part: ethology the branch of zoology that studies the behavior of animals in their natural habitats
>part: herpetology the branch of zoology concerned with reptiles and amphibians
>part: ichthyology the branch of zoology that studies fishes
>part: mammalogy the branch of zoology that studies mammals
>part: primatology the branch of zoology that studies primates
>part: ornithology the branch of zoology that studies birds
>part: protozoology the branch of zoology that studies protozoans
>part: paleozoology__palaeozoology the study of fossil animals
instance: biomedical_science dermatoglyphics__dermatoglyphic
instance: dietetics__dietetic the scientific study of food preparation and intake
>part: macrobiotics the theory of promoting health and longevity by means of diet (especially whole beans and grains)
instance: eugenics dysgenics__dysgenic__cacogenics
instance: medical_science the science of dealing with the maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of disease
>part: medical_specialty__medicalspecialty__medicine the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques
>part: allergology the branch of medical science that studies the causes and treatment of allergies
>part: anesthesiology the branch of medical science that studies and applies anesthetics
>part: angiology the branch of medical science that studies the blood and lymph vessels and their disorders
>part: bacteriology the branch of medical science that studies bacteria in relation to disease
>part: biomedicine.medical_specialty the branch of medical science that studies the ability of organisms to withstand environmental stress (as in space travel)
>part: aeromedicine__aerospace_medicine__aerospacemedicine__aviation_medicine the study and treatment of disorders associated with flight (especially with space flight)
>part: biomedicine the branch of medical science that applies biological and physiological principles to clinical practice
>part: cardiology the branch of medicine dealing with the heart and its diseases
>part: dentistry__dental_medicine__odontology the branch of medicine dealing with the anatomy and development and diseases of the teeth
>part: cosmetic_dentistry the branch of dentistry dealing with the appearance of the teeth
>part: dental_surgery the branch of dentistry involving surgical procedures
>part: exodontics__exodontia the branch of dentistry dealing with extraction of teeth
>part: endodontics__endodontic__endodontia the branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the dental pulp
>part: orthodontics__orthodontia__orthodonture__dental_orthopedics__dental_orthopaedics the branch of dentistry dealing with the prevention or correction of irregularities of the teeth
>part: periodontics__periodontia the branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the gums and other structures around the teeth
>part: prosthodontics__prosthodontia the branch of dentistry dealing with the replacement of teeth and related mouth or jaw structures by artificial devices
>part: prosthetics__prosthetic the branch of medicine dealing with the production and use of artificial body parts
>part: dermatology the branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its diseases
>part: emergency_medicine__emergencymedicine the branch of medicine concerned with the prompt diagnosis and treatment of injuries or trauma or sudden illness
>part: endocrinology the branch of medicine dealing with the endocrine glands and their secretions
>part: epidemiology the branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and control of disease
>part: forensic_medicine__forensic_pathology the branch of medical science that uses medical knowledge for legal purposes; "forensic pathology provided the evidence that convicted the murderer"
>part: gastroenterology the branch of medicine that studies the gastrointestinal tract and its diseases
>part: geriatrics__gerontology the branch of medical science that deals with diseases and problems specific to old people
>part: gynecology__gynaecology the branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and hygiene of women
>part: hematology__haematology the branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs
>part: hygienics__hygienic__hygiene the science concerned with the prevention of illness and maintenance of health
>part: immunology the branch of medical science that studies the body's immune system
>part: immunochemistry__chemoimmunology the field of chemistry concerned with chemical processes in immunology (such as chemical studies of antigens and antibodies)
>part: immunopathology the branch of immunology that deals with pathologies of the immune system
>part: internal_medicine__general_medicine__generalmedicine the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and (nonsurgical) treatment of diseases of the internal organs (especially in adults)
>part: nephrology the branch of medicine concerned with the kidney - its development and anatomy and physiology and disorders
>part: nuclear_medicine__nuclearmedicine the branch of medicine that uses radioactive materials either to image a patient's body or to destroy diseased cells
>part: clinical_neurology__neurology the branch of medicine that deals with the nervous system and its disorders
>part: neuropsychiatry the branch of medicine dealing with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system
>part: nosology__diagnostics__diagnostic the branch of medical science dealing with the classification of disease
>part: obstetrics__OB__tocology__midwifery the branch of medicine dealing with childbirth and care of the mother
>part: fetology__foetology the branch of medicine concerned with the fetus in the uterus
>part: perinatology the branch of obstetrics concerned with the anatomy and physiology and diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the mother and the fetus or newborn baby during late pregnancy and childbirth and the puerperium
>part: oncology the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of tumors
>part: ophthalmology the branch of medicine concerned with the eye and its diseases
>part: otology__otolaryngology the branch of medicine concerned with the ear
>part: audiology__audiometry the measurement of hearing
>part: pharmacology__pharmacological_medicine__pharmacologicalmedicine__materia_medica__materiamedica the science or study of drugs: their preparation and properties and uses and effects
>part: pharmacokinetics the study of the action of drugs in the body: method and rate of excretion; duration of effect; etc.
>part: posology the pharmacological determination of appropriate doses of drugs and medicines
>part: psychopharmacology the study of drugs that affect the mind
>part: toxicology the branch of pharmacology that deals with the nature and effects and treatments of poisons
>part: pharmacy__pharmaceutics__pharmaceutic the art and science of preparing and dispensing drugs and medicines,
>part: psychiatry__psychopathology__psychological_medicine__psychologicalmedicine the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders
>part: psychotherapeutics__psychotherapy__mental_hygiene the branch of psychiatry concerned with psychological methods
>part: clinical_psychology the branch of psychology that studies abnormal mentation and behavior
>part: pediatrics__paediatrics__paediatric__pediatric_medicine__pediatricmedicine the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of infants and children
>part: neonatology that branch of pediatric medicine concerned with the newborn; the diagnosis and treatment of neonates
>part: podiatry__chiropody the branch of medicine concerned with the feet
>part: proctology the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the colon or rectum or anus
>part: rheumatology the branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of pathologies of the muscles or tendons or joints
>part: space_medicine__spacemedicine the branch of medicine concerned with the effects of space flight on human beings
>part: therapeutics branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease
>part: thoracic_medicine the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the chest
>part: traumatology__accident_surgery the branch of medicine that deals with the surgical repair of injuries and wounds arising from accidents
>part: tropical_medicine the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases that are found most often in tropical regions
>part: urology__urogenitalmedicine the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the urinary tract or urogenital system
>part: veterinary_medicine the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries of animals (especially domestic animals)
>part: virology the branch of medical science that studies viruses and viral diseases
>part: pathology.medical_science the branch of medical science that studies the causes and nature and effects of diseases
>part: paleopathology__palaeopathology the study of disease of former times (as inferred from fossil evidence)
>part: radiology the branch of medical science dealing with the medical use of X-rays or other penetrating radiation
>part: serology the branch of medical science that deals with serums; especially with blood serums and disease
>part: surgery.medical_science the branch of medical science that treats disease or injury by operative procedures; "he is professor of surgery at the Harvard Medical School"
>part: orthopedics__orthopaedics the branch of surgery concerned with disorders or deformities of the spine and joints
>part: neurology the branch of medical science that deals with the nervous system and its disorders
instance: phrenology
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