#natural_science  the sciences involved in the study of the physical world and its phenomena
  supertype:  scientific_discipline__science  a particular branch of scientific knowledge; "the science of genetics"  instance:  chemistry__chemical_science  the science of matter; the branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions
     >part:  immunochemistry__chemoimmunology  the field of chemistry concerned with chemical processes in immunology (such as chemical studies of antigens and antibodies)
     >part:  organic_chemistry__organicchemistry  the chemistry of compounds containing carbon (originally defined as the chemistry of substances produced by living organisms but now extended to substances synthesized artificially)
        >part:  biochemistry  the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occuring in organisms
           >part:  enzymology  the branch of biochemistry dealing with the chemical nature and biological activity of enzymes
           >part:  zymurgy  the branch of chemistry concerned with fermentation (as in making wine or brewing or distilling)
     >part:  inorganic_chemistry__inorganicchemistry  the chemistry of compounds that do not contain hydrocarbon radicals
     >part:  physical_chemistry  the branch of chemistry dealing with the physical properties of chemical substances
     >part:  electrochemistry  branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions
     >part:  geochemistry  the chemistry of the earth's crust
     >part:  photochemistry  branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of light
     >part:  radiochemistry__nuclear_chemistry__nuclearchemistry  the chemistry of radioactive substances
  instance:  physics__physic__physical_science__natural_philosophy__naturalphilosophy  the science of matter and energy and their interactions
     >part:  acoustics__acoustic  the study of the physical properties of sound
        >part:  harmonics__harmonic  the study of musical sound
        >part:  phonetics__phonetic  the branch of acoustics concerned with speech processes including its production and perception and acoustic analysis
     >part:  astronomy__uranology  the branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and the universe as a whole
        >part:  astrodynamics__astrodynamic  the branch of astronomy that studies the motion of natural and artificial bodies in space
        >part:  astrometry  the branch of astronomy that deals with the measurement of the position and motion of celestial bodies
        >part:  radio_astronomy__radioastronomy  the branch of astronomy that detects and studies the radio waves emitted by celestial bodies
        >part:  celestial_mechanics__celestialmechanic  the branch of astronomy concerned with the application of Newton's laws of motion to the motions of heavenly bodies
        >part:  astrophysics  the branch of astronomy concerned with the physical and chemical properties of celestial bodies
           >part:  cosmogony__cosmology  the branch of astrophysics that studies the origins and structure of the universe
        >part:  solar_physics__solarphysic  the branch of astronomy that deals with the sun
     >part:  aeronautics__aeronautic__astronautics  the theory and practice of navigation through air or space
        >part:  avionics  science and technology of electronic systems and devices for aeronautics and astronautics: "avionics has become even more important with the development of the space program"
     >part:  biophysics  physics as applied to biological problems
     >part:  cryogenics__cryogeny  the branch of physics that studies the phenomena that occur at very low temperatures
     >part:  crystallography  the branch of science that studies the formation and structure of crystals
     >part:  electromagnetics__electromagnetism  the branch of physics concerned with electromagnetic phenomena
     >part:  electronics__electronic  the branch of physics that deals with the emission and effects of electrons and with the use of electronic devices
        >part:  electron_optics  the branch of electronics that deals with beams of electrons and their focusing and deflection by magnetic fields
        >part:  microelectronics  the branch of electronics that deals with miniature components
        >part:  thermionics__thermionic  the branch of electronics dealing with thermionic phenomena (especially thermionic vacuum tubes)
     >part:  electrostatics  the branch of physics that deals with static electricity
     >part:  mechanics__mechanic  the branch of physics concerned with the motion of bodies in a frame of reference
        >part:  classical_mechanics__classicalmechanic__Newtonian_mechanics  the branch of mechanics based on Newton's laws of motion
        >part:  fluid_mechanics__fluidmechanic__hydraulics  study of the mechanics of fluids
           >part:  hydrostatics  study of the mechanical properties of fluids that are not in motion
           >part:  hydrodynamics__hydrodynamic__hydrokinetics__hydrokinetic  study of fluids in motion
              >part:  magnetohydrodynamics  the study of the interaction of magnetic fields and electrically conducting fluids (as plasma or molten metal)
        >part:  pneumatics  the branch of mechanics that deals with the mechanical properties of gases
        >part:  statics__static  the branch of mechanics concerned with forces in equilibrium
        >part:  dynamics__kinetics  the branch of mechanics concerned with the forces that cause motions of bodies
           >part:  ballistics  the science of flight dynamics
        >part:  kinematics  the branch of mechanics concerned with motion without reference to force or mass
        >part:  aeromechanics__aeromechanic__aerodynamics  the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of gases (especially air) and their effects on bodies in the flow
     >part:  nuclear_physics__nuclearphysic__atomic_physics__nucleonics  the branch of physics that studies the internal structure of atomic nuclei
     >part:  optics  the branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light
        >part:  catoptrics  branch of optics dealing with formation of images by mirrors
        >part:  holography  the branch of optics that deals with the use of coherent light from a laser in order to make a hologram that can then be used to create a three-dimensional image
     >part:  particle_physics__high-energy_physics  the branch of physics that studies subatomic particles and their interactions
     >part:  plasma_physics  the branch of physics concerned with matter in its plasma phase
     >part:  quantum_physics  the branch of physics based on quantum theory
        >part:  quantum_mechanics__quantummechanic  the branch of quantum physics that accounts for matter at the atomic level; an extension of statistical mechanics based on quantum theory (especially the Pauli exclusion principle)
           >part:  wave_mechanics  the modern form of quantum theory; an extension of of quantum mechanics based on Schrodinger's equation; atomic events are explained as interactions between particle waves
        >part:  quantum_field_theory__quantumfieldtheory  the branch of quantum physics that is concerned with the theory of fields; it was motivated by the question of how an atom radiates light as its electrons jump from excited states
           >part:  quantum_electrodynamics__quantumelectrodynamic__QED  a relativistic quantum theory of the electromagnetic interactions of photons and electrons and muons
           >part:  quantum_chromodynamics__QCD  a theory of strong interactions between elementary particles (including the interaction that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus); it assumes that strongly interacting particles (hadrons) are made of quarks and that gluons bind the quarks together
     >part:  rheology  the branch of physics that studies the deformation and flow of matter
     >part:  solid-state_physics__solidstatephysic  the branch of physics that studies the properties of materials in the solid state: electrical conduction in crystals of semiconductors and metals; superconductivity; photoconductivity
     >part:  statistical_mechanics__statisticalmechanic  the branch of physics that makes theoretical predictions about the behavior of macroscopic systems on the basis of statistical laws governing its component particles
     >part:  thermodynamics  the branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of energy
        >part:  thermostatics__thermostatic__thermodynamics_of_equilibrium  the aspect of thermodynamics concerned with thermal equilibrium
  instance:  earth_science__earthscience  any of the sciences that deal with the earth or its parts
     >part:  geology  a science that deals with the history of the earth as recorded in rocks
        >part:  hypsography  the scientific study of the earth's configuration above sea level (emphasizing the measurement of land altitudes relative to sea level)
        >part:  paleogeology__palaeogeology  the study of geologic features once at the surface of the earth but now buried beneath rocks
        >part:  geophysics__geophysical_science  geology that uses physical principles to study properties of the earth
           >part:  geomorphology__morphology  the branch of geology that studies the characteristics and configuration and evolution of rocks and land forms
              >part:  plate_tectonics__platetectonic__tectonic  the branch of geology studying the folding and faulting of the earth's crust
              >part:  petrology  the branch of geology that studies rocks: their origin and formation and composition
           >part:  meteorology  science dealing with phenomena of the atmosphere; especially weather processes and weather forecasting
              >part:  climatology  meteorology of climates and their phenomena
                 >part:  bioclimatology  the study of effects of climate on living organisms
              >part:  aerology  meteorology of the total extent of the atmosphere; especially the upper layers
           >part:  hydrology  the branch of geology that studies water on the earth and in the atmosphere: its distribution and uses and conservation
           >part:  seismology  the branch of geology that studies earthquakes
           >part:  volcanology__vulcanology  the branch of geology that studies volcanoes
           >part:  magnetics__magnetic__magnetism  the branch of science that studies magnetism
           >part:  geodesy  the branch of geology that studies the shape of the earth and the determination of the exact position of geographical points
        >part:  orology__orography  the science of mountains
        >part:  mineralogy  the branch of geology that studies minerals: their structure and properties and the ways of distinguishing them
        >part:  spelaeology__speleology  the scientific study of caves
        >part:  economic_geology  the branch of geology that deals with economically valuable geological materials
           >part:  petroleum_geology__petroleumgeology  the branch of economic geology that deals with the occurrence and exploitation of oil and gas fields
           >part:  mining_geology  the branch of economic geology that deals with the applications of geology to mining
     >part:  oceanography  the branch of science dealing with physical and biological aspects of the oceans
        >part:  hydrography  the science of the measurement and description and mapping of the surface waters of the earth with special reference to navigation
     >part:  limnology  the scientific study of bodies of fresh water for their biological and physical and geological properties
     >part:  geography__geographics__geographic  study of the earth's surface; includes people's responses to topography and climate and soil and vegetation
        >part:  physical_geography__physiography  the study of physical features of the earth's surface
        >part:  topography.geography  precise detailed study of the surface features of a region
        >part:  economic_geography  the branch of geography concerned with the production and distribution of commodities

  instance:  cosmography.natural_science
  subtype:  life_science  any of the branches of natural science dealing with the structure and behavior of living organisms
     instance:  biological_science__biology  the science that studies living organisms
        >part:  biogeography  dealing with the geographical distribution of animals and plants
        >part:  botany__phytology  the branch of biology that studies plants
           >part:  mycology  the branch of botany that studies fungi and fungus-caused diseases
           >part:  pomology  the branch of botany that studies and cultivates fruits
           >part:  paleobotany__palaeobotany  the study of fossil plants
              >part:  paleodendrology__palaeodendrology  the branch of paleobotany that studies fossil trees
        >part:  cytology  the branch of biology that studies the structure and function of cells
        >part:  bionomics__bionomic__ecology__environmental_science__environmentalscience  the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment
           >part:  paleoecology__palaeoecology  the branch of ecology that studies ancient ecology
        >part:  embryology  the branch of biology that studies the formation and early development of living organisms
           >part:  teratology  the branch of biology concerned with the development of malformations or serious deviations from the normal type of organism
        >part:  exobiology__space_biology__spacebiology__astrobiology  the branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and the search for extraterrestrial life
        >part:  forestry  the science of planting and caring for forests and the management of growing timber
           >part:  silviculture  the branch of forestry dealing with the development and care of forests
        >part:  genetics__genetic_science__geneticscience  the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms
           >part:  genomics  the branch of genetics that studies organisms in terms of their genomes (their full DNA sequences)
           >part:  molecular_genetics  the branch of genetics concerned with the structure and activity of genetic material at the molecular level
        >part:  microbiology  the branch of biology that studies microorganisms and their effects on humans
        >part:  molecular_biology__molecularbiology  the branch of biology that studies the structure and activity of macromolecules essential to life (and especially with their genetic role)
           >part:  biotechnology  the branch of molecular biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processes; "biotechnology produced genetically altered bacteria that solved the problem"
              >part:  bioremediation  the branch of biotechnology that uses biological process to overcome environmental problems
              >part:  genetic_engineering__geneticengineering__gene-splicing__recombinant_DNA_technology  the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism
        >part:  morphology  the branch of biology that deals with the structure of animals and plants
           >part:  anatomy.morphology  the branch of morphology that deals with the structure of animals
              >part:  comparative_anatomy__comparativeanatomy  the study of anatomical features of animals of different species
              >part:  gross_anatomy__grossanatomy  the study of the structure of the body and its parts without the use of a microscope
              >part:  microscopic_anatomy__microscopicanatomy  the study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs
                 >part:  cytology  the branch of biology that studies the structure and function of cells
                 >part:  histology  the branch of biology that studies the microscopic structure of animal or plant tissues
              >part:  neuroanatomy  the anatomy of the nervous system
        >part:  neurobiology  the branch of biology that deals with the anatomy and physiology and pathology of the nervous system
           >part:  neuroscience  the scientific study of the nervous system
              >part:  neurophysiology  the branch of neuroscience that studies the physiology of the nervous system
              >part:  brain_science__brainscience  the branch of neuroscience concerned with the brain
        >part:  paleobiology__palaeobiology  a branch of paleontology that deals with the origin and growth and structure of fossil animals and plants as living organisms
           >part:  paleobotany__palaeobotany  the study of fossil plants
           >part:  paleozoology__palaeozoology  the study of fossil animals
              >part:  paleomammalogy  the paleobiology of ancient mammals
              >part:  paleornithology__palaeornithology  the paleobiology of birds
        >part:  physiology  the branch of the biological sciences dealing with the functioning of organisms
           >part:  kinesiology  the branch of physiology that studies the mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement
           >part:  myology  the branch of physiology that studies muscles
        >part:  radiobiology  the branch of biology that studies the effects of radiation on living organisms
        >part:  sociobiology  the branch of biology that conducts comparative studies of the social organization of animals (including human beings) with regard to its evolutionary history
        >part:  zoology__zoological_science  the branch of biology that studies animals
           >part:  entomology  the branch of zoology that studies insects
           >part:  ethology  the branch of zoology that studies the behavior of animals in their natural habitats
           >part:  herpetology  the branch of zoology concerned with reptiles and amphibians
           >part:  ichthyology  the branch of zoology that studies fishes
           >part:  mammalogy  the branch of zoology that studies mammals
              >part:  primatology  the branch of zoology that studies primates
           >part:  ornithology  the branch of zoology that studies birds
           >part:  protozoology  the branch of zoology that studies protozoans
           >part:  paleozoology__palaeozoology  the study of fossil animals
     instance:  biomedical_science  dermatoglyphics__dermatoglyphic
     instance:  dietetics__dietetic  the scientific study of food preparation and intake
        >part:  macrobiotics  the theory of promoting health and longevity by means of diet (especially whole beans and grains)
     instance:  eugenics  dysgenics__dysgenic__cacogenics
     instance:  medical_science  the science of dealing with the maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of disease
        >part:  medical_specialty__medicalspecialty__medicine  the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques
           >part:  allergology  the branch of medical science that studies the causes and treatment of allergies
           >part:  anesthesiology  the branch of medical science that studies and applies anesthetics
           >part:  angiology  the branch of medical science that studies the blood and lymph vessels and their disorders
           >part:  bacteriology  the branch of medical science that studies bacteria in relation to disease
           >part:  biomedicine.medical_specialty  the branch of medical science that studies the ability of organisms to withstand environmental stress (as in space travel)
              >part:  aeromedicine__aerospace_medicine__aerospacemedicine__aviation_medicine  the study and treatment of disorders associated with flight (especially with space flight)
           >part:  biomedicine  the branch of medical science that applies biological and physiological principles to clinical practice
           >part:  cardiology  the branch of medicine dealing with the heart and its diseases
           >part:  dentistry__dental_medicine__odontology  the branch of medicine dealing with the anatomy and development and diseases of the teeth
              >part:  cosmetic_dentistry  the branch of dentistry dealing with the appearance of the teeth
              >part:  dental_surgery  the branch of dentistry involving surgical procedures
                 >part:  exodontics__exodontia  the branch of dentistry dealing with extraction of teeth
              >part:  endodontics__endodontic__endodontia  the branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the dental pulp
              >part:  orthodontics__orthodontia__orthodonture__dental_orthopedics__dental_orthopaedics  the branch of dentistry dealing with the prevention or correction of irregularities of the teeth
              >part:  periodontics__periodontia  the branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the gums and other structures around the teeth
              >part:  prosthodontics__prosthodontia  the branch of dentistry dealing with the replacement of teeth and related mouth or jaw structures by artificial devices
           >part:  prosthetics__prosthetic  the branch of medicine dealing with the production and use of artificial body parts
           >part:  dermatology  the branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its diseases
           >part:  emergency_medicine__emergencymedicine  the branch of medicine concerned with the prompt diagnosis and treatment of injuries or trauma or sudden illness
           >part:  endocrinology  the branch of medicine dealing with the endocrine glands and their secretions
           >part:  epidemiology  the branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and control of disease
           >part:  forensic_medicine__forensic_pathology  the branch of medical science that uses medical knowledge for legal purposes; "forensic pathology provided the evidence that convicted the murderer"
           >part:  gastroenterology  the branch of medicine that studies the gastrointestinal tract and its diseases
           >part:  geriatrics__gerontology  the branch of medical science that deals with diseases and problems specific to old people
           >part:  gynecology__gynaecology  the branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and hygiene of women
           >part:  hematology__haematology  the branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs
           >part:  hygienics__hygienic__hygiene  the science concerned with the prevention of illness and maintenance of health
           >part:  immunology  the branch of medical science that studies the body's immune system
              >part:  immunochemistry__chemoimmunology  the field of chemistry concerned with chemical processes in immunology (such as chemical studies of antigens and antibodies)
              >part:  immunopathology  the branch of immunology that deals with pathologies of the immune system
           >part:  internal_medicine__general_medicine__generalmedicine  the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and (nonsurgical) treatment of diseases of the internal organs (especially in adults)
           >part:  nephrology  the branch of medicine concerned with the kidney - its development and anatomy and physiology and disorders
           >part:  nuclear_medicine__nuclearmedicine  the branch of medicine that uses radioactive materials either to image a patient's body or to destroy diseased cells
           >part:  clinical_neurology__neurology  the branch of medicine that deals with the nervous system and its disorders
           >part:  neuropsychiatry  the branch of medicine dealing with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system
           >part:  nosology__diagnostics__diagnostic  the branch of medical science dealing with the classification of disease
           >part:  obstetrics__OB__tocology__midwifery  the branch of medicine dealing with childbirth and care of the mother
              >part:  fetology__foetology  the branch of medicine concerned with the fetus in the uterus
              >part:  perinatology  the branch of obstetrics concerned with the anatomy and physiology and diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the mother and the fetus or newborn baby during late pregnancy and childbirth and the puerperium
           >part:  oncology  the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of tumors
           >part:  ophthalmology  the branch of medicine concerned with the eye and its diseases
           >part:  otology__otolaryngology  the branch of medicine concerned with the ear
              >part:  audiology__audiometry  the measurement of hearing
           >part:  pharmacology__pharmacological_medicine__pharmacologicalmedicine__materia_medica__materiamedica  the science or study of drugs: their preparation and properties and uses and effects
              >part:  pharmacokinetics  the study of the action of drugs in the body: method and rate of excretion; duration of effect; etc.
              >part:  posology  the pharmacological determination of appropriate doses of drugs and medicines
              >part:  psychopharmacology  the study of drugs that affect the mind
              >part:  toxicology  the branch of pharmacology that deals with the nature and effects and treatments of poisons
           >part:  pharmacy__pharmaceutics__pharmaceutic  the art and science of preparing and dispensing drugs and medicines,
           >part:  psychiatry__psychopathology__psychological_medicine__psychologicalmedicine  the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders
              >part:  psychotherapeutics__psychotherapy__mental_hygiene  the branch of psychiatry concerned with psychological methods
                 >part:  clinical_psychology  the branch of psychology that studies abnormal mentation and behavior
           >part:  pediatrics__paediatrics__paediatric__pediatric_medicine__pediatricmedicine  the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of infants and children
              >part:  neonatology  that branch of pediatric medicine concerned with the newborn; the diagnosis and treatment of neonates
           >part:  podiatry__chiropody  the branch of medicine concerned with the feet
           >part:  proctology  the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the colon or rectum or anus
           >part:  rheumatology  the branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of pathologies of the muscles or tendons or joints
           >part:  space_medicine__spacemedicine  the branch of medicine concerned with the effects of space flight on human beings
           >part:  therapeutics  branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease
           >part:  thoracic_medicine  the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the chest
           >part:  traumatology__accident_surgery  the branch of medicine that deals with the surgical repair of injuries and wounds arising from accidents
           >part:  tropical_medicine  the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases that are found most often in tropical regions
           >part:  urology__urogenitalmedicine  the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the urinary tract or urogenital system
           >part:  veterinary_medicine  the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries of animals (especially domestic animals)
           >part:  virology  the branch of medical science that studies viruses and viral diseases
        >part:  pathology.medical_science  the branch of medical science that studies the causes and nature and effects of diseases
           >part:  paleopathology__palaeopathology  the study of disease of former times (as inferred from fossil evidence)
        >part:  radiology  the branch of medical science dealing with the medical use of X-rays or other penetrating radiation
        >part:  serology  the branch of medical science that deals with serums; especially with blood serums and disease
        >part:  surgery.medical_science  the branch of medical science that treats disease or injury by operative procedures; "he is professor of surgery at the Harvard Medical School"
           >part:  orthopedics__orthopaedics  the branch of surgery concerned with disorders or deformities of the spine and joints
        >part:  neurology  the branch of medical science that deals with the nervous system and its disorders
     instance:  phrenology

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