#natural_language__naturallanguage__tongue  a human written or spoken language used by a community; opposed to e.g. a computer language
  exclusion:  #artificial_language
  supertype:  #linguistic_communication__language  a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols; "he taught foreign languages"; "the language introduced is standard throughout the text"; "the speed with which a program can be executed depends on the language in which it is written"
  subtype:  #interlanguage__interlingua  a language used for international communication
     subtype:  #lingua_franca__koine  a common language used by speakers of different languages
  subtype:  #mother_tongue__maternal_language__first_language__firstlanguage  one's native language; the language learned by children and passed from one generation to the next
  subtype:  #tone_language__tonal_language__tonallanguage  a language in which different tones distinguish different meanings
     subtype:  #contour_language__contourlanguage  a tone language that uses pitch changes
     subtype:  #register_language  a tone language that uses different voice registers
  subtype:  #creole  a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages
  subtype:  #Amerind__Amerindian_language__American-Indian_language__American_Indian__Indian  any of the languages spoken by Amerindians
     subtype:  #Algonquian_language__Algonquian__Algonquin  family of North American Indian languages spoken from Labrador to South Carolina and west to the Great Plains
        subtype:  #Abnaki  the Algonquian language spoken by the Abnaki and Penobscot peoples
        subtype:  #Algonkian__Algonkin  the Algonquian language spoken by the Algonkian people
        subtype:  #Arapaho__Arapahoe  the Algonquian language spoken by the Arapaho people
        subtype:  #Blackfoot  any of the Algonquian languages spoken by the Blackfoot people
        subtype:  #Cheyenne  the Algonquian language spoken by the Cheyenne people
        subtype:  #Cree  the Algonquian language spoken by the Cree people
        subtype:  #Delaware.Algonquian_language__delaware  the Algonquian language spoken by the Delaware people
        subtype:  #Fox  the Algonquian language of the Fox people
        subtype:  #Illinois.Algonquian_language__illinoi  the Algonquian language of the Illinois and Miami peoples
        subtype:  #Kickapoo  the Algonquian language of the Kickapoo people
        subtype:  #Maleseet__Malecite  the Algonquian language of the Malecite and Passamaquody peoples
        subtype:  #Massachuset__Massachusetts  the Algonquian language of the Massachuset people
        subtype:  #Menomini  the Algonquian language spoken by the Menomini people
        subtype:  #Micmac  the Algonquian language of the Micmac people
        subtype:  #Mohican__Mahican  the Algonquian language spoken by the Mohican people
        subtype:  #Nanticoke  the Algonquian language spoken by the Nanticoke and Conoy people
        subtype:  #Ojibwa__Ojibway__Chippewa  the Algonquian language spoken by the Ojibwa people
        subtype:  #Pamlico  the Algonquian language of the Pamlico people
        subtype:  #Potawatomi  the Algonquian language spoken by the Potawatomi people
        subtype:  #Powhatan  the Algonquian language of the Powhatan people
        subtype:  #Shawnee  the Algonquian language spoken by the Shawnee people
     subtype:  #Atakapan__Atakapa__Attacapa__Attacapan  a language spoken by the Atakapa people of the Gulf coast of Louisiana and Texas
     subtype:  #Athapaskan_language__Athapaskan__Athapascan__Athabaskan__Athabascan  a group of Amerindian languages (the name coined by an American anthropologist, Edward Sapir)
        subtype:  #Apache.Athapaskan_language__apache  the language of the Apache people
           subtype:  #Chiricahua_Apache  an Apache language
           subtype:  #San_Carlos_Apache  an Apache language
        subtype:  #Navaho__Navajo  the Athapaskan language spoken by the Navaho people
        subtype:  #Hupa  the Athapaskan language spoken by the Hupa people
        subtype:  #Mattole  the Athapaskan language spoken by the Mattole people
        subtype:  #Chippewyan__Chipewyan__Chippewaian  the language spoken by the Chipewyan people
     subtype:  #Muskhogean_language__Muskhogean__Muskogean__Muskogean_language  a family of North American Indian languages spoken in the southeastern United States
        subtype:  #Alabama.Muskhogean_language__alabama  the Muskhogean language of the Alabama people
        subtype:  #Chickasaw  the Muskhogean language of the Chickasaw people
        subtype:  #Chahta__Choctaw  the Muskhogean language of the Choctaw people
        subtype:  #Hitchiti  the Muskhogean language spoken by the Hitchiti people
        subtype:  #Koasati  the Muskhogean language spoken by the Koasati people
        subtype:  #Muskogee  the Muskhogean language spoken by the Muskogee people
        subtype:  #Seminole  the Muskhogean language of the Seminole people
     subtype:  #Na-Dene  a family of North American Indian languages
        subtype:  #Haida  the Na-Dene language of the Haida people
        subtype:  #Tlingit  the Na-Dene language spoken by the Tlingit people
     subtype:  #Mosan  a family of Amerindian languages spoken in Washington and British Columbia
        subtype:  #Chemakuan  a group of Mosan languages spoken in Washington
           subtype:  #Chemakum  a Chemakuan language spoken by the Chemakum people
        subtype:  #Salishan__Salish  a family of Mosan language spoken in northwestern United States and western Canada
           subtype:  #Skagit  a Salishan dialect spoken by the Skagit people
        subtype:  #Wakashan_language__Wakashan  a family of North American Indian languages of British Columbia and Washington
           subtype:  #Kwakiutl  a Wakashan language spoken by the Kwakiutl people
           subtype:  #Nootka  a Wakashan language spoken by the Nootka people
     subtype:  #Caddoan__Caddo__Caddoan_language  a family of North American Indian languages spoken widely in the midwest by Caddo peoples
        subtype:  #Arikara__Aricara  the Caddoan language spoken by the Arikara people
        subtype:  #Pawnee  the Caddoan language spoken by the Pawnee people
        subtype:  #Wichita  the Caddoan language spoken by the Wichita people
     subtype:  #Iroquoian_language__Iroquoian__Iroquois  a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Iroquois peoples
        subtype:  #Cherokee  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people
        subtype:  #Cayuga  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cayuga people
        subtype:  #Mohawk  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Mohawk people
        subtype:  #Seneca  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Seneca people
        subtype:  #Oneida  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Oneida people
        subtype:  #Onondaga  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Onondaga people
        subtype:  #Tuscarora  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Tuscarora people
     subtype:  #Quechuan__Quechua__Quechuan_language__Kechua__Kechuan  the language of the Quechua which was spoken by the Incas
     subtype:  #Maracan_language__Maraco  the language spoken by the Maraco people
     subtype:  #Tupi-Guarani_language__Tupi-Guarani  a family of South American Indian languages
        subtype:  #Guarani  the language spoken by the Guarani people of Paraguay and Bolivia
        subtype:  #Tupi  the language spoken by the Tupi people of Brazil and Paraguay
     subtype:  #Arawak__Arawakan  a family of South American Indian languages spoken in northeastern South America
     subtype:  #Carib__Caribbean_language  the family of languages spoken by the Carib people
     subtype:  #Uto-Aztecan_language__Uto-Aztecan  a family of American Indian languages
        subtype:  #Shoshonean_language__Shoshonean__Shoshonian__Shoshonian_language  a subfamily of Uto-Aztecan languages spoken mainly in the southwestern United States
           subtype:  #Shoshone  the language spoken by the Shoshone people (belonging to the Uto-Aztecan family)
           subtype:  #Comanche  the Shoshonean language spoken by the Comanche people
           subtype:  #Hopi  the Shoshonean language spoken by the Hopi people
           subtype:  #Paiute  the Shoshonean language spoken by the Paiute people
           subtype:  #Ute  the Shoshonean language spoken by the Ute people
        subtype:  #Pima  the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Pima people
        subtype:  #Aztecan  the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Aztec people
        subtype:  #Nahuatl  the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Nahuatl people
        subtype:  #Cahita  the Uto-Aztecan language of the Cahita people
        subtype:  #Tatahumara  the Uto-Aztecan language of the Tatahumara people
     subtype:  #Mayan_language__Maya__Mayan  a family of American Indian languages spoken by Mayan peoples
        subtype:  #Kekchi  a Mayan language spoken by the Kekchi people
        subtype:  #Mam  a Mayan language spoken by the Mam people
        subtype:  #Yucatec__Yucateco  a Mayan language spoken by the Yucatec people
        subtype:  #Quiche  the Mayan language spoken by the Quiche people
        subtype:  #Cakchiquel  the Mayan language spoken by the Cakchiquel people
     subtype:  #Siouan_language__Siouan  a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Sioux
        subtype:  #Biloxi  the Siouan language spoken by the Biloxi people
        subtype:  #Catawba  the Siouan language spoken by the Catawba people
        subtype:  #Chiwere  the Siouan language spoken by the Iowa and Oto and Missouri people
           subtype:  #Iowa.Chiwere__iowa__Ioway  a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Iowa people
           subtype:  #Missouri.Chiwere__missouri  a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Missouri people
           subtype:  #Oto__oto__Otoe  a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Oto people
        subtype:  #Crow  a Siouan language spoken by the Crow people
        subtype:  #Dakota  the Siouan language spoken by the Dakota people
        subtype:  #Dhegiha  a branch of the Siouan languages
           subtype:  #Kansa__Kansas  the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Kansa people
           subtype:  #Omaha  the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Omaha people
           subtype:  #Osage  the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Osage people
           subtype:  #Ponca__Ponka  the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Ponca people
           subtype:  #Quapaw  the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Quapaw people
        subtype:  #Hidatsa__Gros_Ventre  a Siouan language spoken by the Hidatsa people
        subtype:  #Hunkpapa  a Siouan language spoken by the Hunkpapa people
        subtype:  #Ofo  a Siouan language spoken by the Ofo people
        subtype:  #Oglala__Ogalala  a Siouan language spoken by the Oglala people
        subtype:  #Santee  the Siouan language spoken by the Santee people
        subtype:  #Tutelo  the Siouan language spoken by the Tutelo people
        subtype:  #Winnebago  the Siouan language spoken by the Winnebago people
     subtype:  #Tanoan_language__Tanoan  a family of North American Indian language spoken in southwestern United States
        subtype:  #Kiowa  the Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa people
     subtype:  #Hoka__Hokan  a family of Amerindian languages spoken in California
        subtype:  #Chimariko  the Hokan language spoken by the Chimariko people
        subtype:  #Esselen  the Hokan language spoken by the Esselen people
        subtype:  #Kulanapan  a group of languages of the Hokan family
           subtype:  #Pomo  the Kulanapan language spoken by the Pomo
        subtype:  #Quoratean  a group of languages of the Hokan family
           subtype:  #Karok  the Quoratean language of the Karok people
        subtype:  #Shastan  a group of languages of the Hokan family in California
           subtype:  #Achomawi  the Shastan language spoken by the Achomawi people
           subtype:  #Atsugewi  the Shastan language spoken by the Atsugewi people
           subtype:  #Shasta  the Shastan language spoken by the Shasta people
        subtype:  #Yuman  a group of language of the Hokan family in Arizona and California and Mexico
           subtype:  #Akwa'ala  the Yuman language spoken by the Akwa'ala people
           subtype:  #Cochimi  the Yuman language spoken by the Cochimi people
           subtype:  #Cocopa__Cocopah  the Yuman language spoken by the Cocopa people
           subtype:  #Diegueno  the Yuman language spoken by the Diegueno people
           subtype:  #Havasupai  the Yuman language spoken by the Havasupai people
           subtype:  #Kamia  the Yuman language spoken by the Kamia people
           subtype:  #Kiliwa__Kiliwi  the Yuman language spoken by the Kiliwa people
           subtype:  #Maricopa  the Yuman language spoken by the Maricopa and the Halchidhoma peoples
           subtype:  #Mohave__Mojave  the Yuman language spoken by the Mohave people
           subtype:  #Walapai__Hualapai__Hualpai  the Yuman language spoken by the Walapai people
           subtype:  #Yavapai  the Yuman language spoken by the Yavapai people
           subtype:  #Yuma  the Yuman language spoken by the Yuma people
        subtype:  #Yanan  a language group of the Hokan family
           subtype:  #Yahi  the Yanan language spoken by the Yahi people
           subtype:  #Yana  the Yanan language spoken by the Yana people
     subtype:  #Penutian  a family of Amerindian language spoken in the great interior valley of California
        subtype:  #Copehan  a group of Penutian languages spoken to the west of the Sacramento river
           subtype:  #Patwin  a Copehan language spoken by the Patwin people
           subtype:  #Wintun  a Copehan language spoken by the Wintun people
        subtype:  #Costanoan  a Penutian language spoken by the Costanoan people
        subtype:  #Mariposan__Yokuts  a Penutian language spoken by the Yokuts people in the San Joaquin valley
        subtype:  #Moquelumnan__Miwok  a Penutian language spoken by the Miwok people
        subtype:  #Pujunan__Maidu  a Penutian language spoken by the Maidu people
        subtype:  #Chinookan__Chinook  a Penutian language spoken by the Chinook people
        subtype:  #Kalapooian__Kalapuyan  a Penutian language spoken by the Kalapuya people
        subtype:  #Kusan  a Penutian language spoken by the Kusan people
        subtype:  #Shahaptian__Sahaptin  a Penutian language spoken by the Shahaptian people
           subtype:  #Nez_Perce  the Shahaptian language spoken by the Nez Perce people
        subtype:  #Takilman__Takelma  a Penutian language spoken by the Takelma people
        subtype:  #Tsimshian  a Penutian language spoken by the Tsimshian people
  subtype:  #Eskimo-Aleut_language__Eskimo-Aleut  the family of languages that includes Eskimo and Aleut
     subtype:  #Eskimo__Esquimau  the language spoken by the Eskimo people
     subtype:  #Aleut  the language spoken by the Aleut people
  subtype:  #Sino-Tibetan_language__Sino-Tibetan  the family of tonal languages spoken in eastern Asia (in China and Tibet and Burma and Thai)
     subtype:  #Sinitic_language__Sinitic  a group of Sino-Tibetan languages
        subtype:  #Chinese  any of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in China (regarded as dialects of a single language (even though they are mutually unintelligible) because they share an ideographic writing system)
           subtype:  #Mandarin_Chinese__Mandarin__Mandarin_dialect__Beijing_dialect  the dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of China
           subtype:  #Wu_dialect__Wu__Shanghai_dialect  a dialect of Chinese spoken in the Yangtze delta
           subtype:  #Yue_dialect__Yue__Cantonese__Cantonese_dialect  the dialect of Chinese spoken in Canton and neighboring provinces and in Hong Kong and elsewhere outside China
           subtype:  #Min_dialect__Min__Fukien__Fukkianese__Hokkianese__Amoy__Taiwanese  any of the forms of Chinese spoken in Fukien province
           subtype:  #Hakka_dialect__Hakka  a dialect of Chinese spoken in southeastern China; this form of Chinese is not well known outside China because few of the Hakka people have migrated
     subtype:  #Tibeto-Burman_language__Tibeto-Burman  a branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages spoken from Tibet to the Malay peninsula
        subtype:  #Qiang__Qiangic  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Sichuan
        subtype:  #Bai__Baic  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Dali region of Yunnan
        subtype:  #Himalayish  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Tibet and Nepal and Bhutan and Sikkim
           subtype:  #Tibetan  Himalayish language spoken in Tibet
           subtype:  #Newari  Himalayish language spoken in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal
        subtype:  #Kamarupan  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northeastern India and adjacent regions of western Burma
           subtype:  #Kuki-Chin__Kuki__Chin  Kamarupan languages spoken in western Burma and Bangladesh and easternmost India
           subtype:  #Naga  Kamarupan languages spoken in northeastern India and western Burma
           subtype:  #Mikir-Meithei  Kamarupan languages spoken in the states of Manipur and Assam in northeastern India
           subtype:  #Bodo-Garo__Barish  Kamarupan languages spoken in the state of Assam in northeastern India
           subtype:  #Miri__Mirish__Abor__Dafla  little known Kamarupan languages
        subtype:  #Karen__Karenic  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Thailand and Burmese borderlands
        subtype:  #Lolo-Burmese__Burmese-Yi  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northern Burma and Yunnan
           subtype:  #Burmese  the official language of Burma
           subtype:  #Loloish  languages spoken by hill tribes in northern Burma and neighboring areas
              subtype:  #Lisu  a Loloish language
              subtype:  #Hani__Akha  a Loloish language
              subtype:  #Lahu  a Loloish language
              subtype:  #Lolo__Yi  a Loloish language
        subtype:  #Kachin__Kachinic  Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in northernmost Burma and adjacent China and India
           subtype:  #Jinghpo__Jinghpaw__Chingpo  a Kachinic language
     subtype:  #Kadai_language__Kadai__Kam-Tai  a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in southeastern Asia
        subtype:  #Kam-Sui  a group of Kadai languages
        subtype:  #Tai  the most widespread and best known of the Kadai family of languages
           subtype:  #White_Tai  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Red_Tai  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Tai_Dam__Black_Tai  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Tai_Nuea__Chinese_Shan__Dehong_Dai  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Tai_Long__Shan  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Tai_Lue__Xishuangbanna_Dai__xishuangbannadai  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Tai_Yuan__Kam_Muang  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Khuen  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Lao  the Tai language of a Buddhist people living in the area of the Mekong River in Thailand and Laos
           subtype:  #Khamti  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Southern_Tai  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Tay  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Nung  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Tho  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Central_Thai__Thai__Siamese  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Bouyei__Buyi  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Zhuang  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Yay  a branch of the Tai languages
           subtype:  #Saek  a branch of the Tai languages
  subtype:  #Austro-Asiatic__Munda-Mon-Khmer  a family of languages spoken in southn and southeastern Asia
     subtype:  #Munda  a family of languages spoken by people scattered throughout central India
     subtype:  #Mon-Khmer  a branch of the Austro-Asiatic languages
        subtype:  #Annamite__Vietnamese__Annamese  the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Vietnam
        subtype:  #Khmer  the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Cambodia
  subtype:  #Austronesian_language__Austronesian  the family of languages spoken in Australia and Formosa and Malaysia and Polynesia
     subtype:  #Malayo-Polynesian  the branch of the Austronesian languages spoken from Madagascar to the central Pacific
        subtype:  #Oceanic__Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian  an eastern subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages
           subtype:  #Tahitian  the Oceanic language spoken on Tahiti
           subtype:  #Maori  the Oceanic language spoken by the Maori people in New Zealand
           subtype:  #Hawaiian  the Oceanic languages spoken on Hawaii
           subtype:  #Fijian  the Oceanic language spoken on Fiji
        subtype:  #Western_Malayo-Polynesian  a western subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages
           subtype:  #Malay  a western subfamily of Western Malayo-Polynesian languages
              subtype:  #Bahasa_Malaysia__Malaysian__Bahasa_Melayu__Bahasa_Kebangsaan  the Malay language spoken in Malaysia
              subtype:  #Bahasa_Indonesia__Indonesian__Bahasa  the dialect of Malay used as the national language of the Republic of Indonesia or of Malaysia
                 subtype:  #Javanese  the Indonesian language spoken on Java
                 subtype:  #Sundanese  the Indonesian language spoken in the Lesser Sunda Islands
                 subtype:  #Balinese  the Indonesian language of the people of Bali
           subtype:  #Philippine__Filipino  official language of the Philippines; based on Tagalog; draws its lexicon from other Philippine languages
              subtype:  #Tagalog  language of the Tagalog people on which Filipino is based
              subtype:  #Cebuano__Cebuan  language of the people of Cebu in the Philippines; its lexicon contributes to the official language of the Philippines
     subtype:  #Aboriginal_Australian__Australian  the Austronesian languages spoken by Australian aborigines
        subtype:  #Dyirbal__Jirrbal  a language of Australian aborigines
        subtype:  #Walbiri__Warlpiri  a language of Australian aborigines
     subtype:  #Formosan  the Austronesian languages spoken on Formosa
        subtype:  #Tayalic__Atayalic  a language spoken by a Malaysian people on Formosa
        subtype:  #Tsouic  a Formosan language
        subtype:  #Paiwanic  a Formosan language
  subtype:  #Papuan_language__Papuan  any of the indigenous languages spoken in Papua New Guinea or New Britain or the Solomon Islands that are not Malayo-Polynesian languages
  subtype:  #Khoisan_language__Khoisan  a family of languages spoken in southern Africa
     subtype:  #Khoikhoin__Khoikhoi__Hottentot  any of the Khoisan languages spoken by the pastoral people of Namibia and South Africa
  subtype:  #Indo-European_language__Indo-European__Indo-Hittite  the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia
     subtype:  #Proto-Indo_European__PIE  a prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Indo-European languages
     subtype:  #Albanian  the Indo-European language spoken by the people of Albania
        subtype:  #Gheg_dialect__Gheg  the dialect of Albanian spoken in northern Albania and Yugoslavia
        subtype:  #Tosk_dialect__Tosk  the dialect of Albanian spoken in southern Albania and in areas of Greece and Italy
     subtype:  #Armenian_language__Armenian  the Indo-European language spoken predominantly in Armenia
     subtype:  #Illyrian  a minor and almost extinct branch of the Indo-European languages; spoken along the Dalmatian coast
     subtype:  #Thraco-Phrygian  an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family thought by some to be related to Armenian
        subtype:  #Thracian  a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient people of Thrace but extinct by the early Middle Ages
        subtype:  #Phrygian  a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Phrygia and now extinct--preserved only in a few inscriptions
     subtype:  #Balto-Slavic_language__Balto-Slavic__Balto-Slavonic  a family of Indo-European languages including the Slavic and Baltic languages
        subtype:  #Slavic_language__Slavic__Slavonic__Slavonic_language  a branch of the Indo European family of language
           subtype:  #Old_Church_Slavonic__Old_Church_Slavic__Church_Slavic__Old_Bulgarian  the Slavic language into which the Bible was translated in the 9th Century
           subtype:  #Russian.Slavic_language__russian  the Slavic language that is the official language of Russia
           subtype:  #Belarusian__Byelorussian  the Slavic language spoken in Belarus
           subtype:  #Ukrainian  the Slavic language spoken in the Ukraine
           subtype:  #Polish  the Slavic language of Poland
           subtype:  #Slovak  the Slavic language spoken in Slovakia
           subtype:  #Czech  the Slavic language of the Czech people
           subtype:  #Slovene  the Slavic language of the Slovene people
           subtype:  #Serbo-Croat__Serbo-Croatian  the Slavic language of the Serbs and Croats; the Serbian dialect is usually written in the Cyrillic alphabet and the Croatian dialect is usually written in the Roman alphabet
           subtype:  #Lusatian__Sorbian  aa slavonic language spoken in rural area of southeastern Germany
           subtype:  #Macedonian.Slavic_language__macedonian  the Slavic language of modern Macedonia
           subtype:  #Bulgarian  a Slavic language spoken in Bulgaria
        subtype:  #Baltic_language__Baltic  a branch of the Indo-European family of languages related to the Slavonic languages; Baltic languages have preserved many archaic features that are believed to have existed in Proto-Indo European
           subtype:  #Old_Prussian  a dead language of the non-German Prussians (extinct after 1700); thought to belong to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
           subtype:  #Lithuanian  the official language of Lithuania; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo European
           subtype:  #Lettish__Latvian  the official language of Latvia; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
     subtype:  #Germanic_language__Germanic  a branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken currently fall into two major groups: Scandinavian and West Germanic
        subtype:  #West_Germanic_language__West_Germanic  a branch of the Germanic languages
           subtype:  #English_language__English  an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the US and most of the Commonwealth countries
              subtype:  #American_English__American_language__American  the English language as used in the United States
                 subtype:  #Black_English_Vernacular__Black_English__Ebonics  a nonstandard form of American English spoken by some American Black people
              subtype:  #cockney  the nonstandard dialect of natives of the east end of London
              subtype:  #King's_English  standard southern British English
              subtype:  #Middle_English  English from about 1100 to 1450
                 subtype:  #East_Midland  the dialect of Middle English that replaced West Saxon as the literary language and which developed into Modern English
                 subtype:  #West_Midland  a dialect of Middle English
                 subtype:  #Northern  a dialect of Middle English that developed into Scottish Lallans
                 subtype:  #Kentish  a dialect of Middle English
                 subtype:  #Southwestern__West_Saxon  a dialect of Middle English
              subtype:  #Modern_English  English since about 1450
              subtype:  #Old_English__Anglo-Saxon  English prior to about 1100
                 subtype:  #West_Saxon  a literary dialect of Old English
                 subtype:  #Anglian  one of the major dialects of Old English
                 subtype:  #Jutish__Kentish  one of the major dialects of Old English
              subtype:  #Oxford_English  the dialect of English spoken at Oxford University and regarded by many as affected and pretentious
              subtype:  #Scottish__Scots__Scots_English  the dialect of English used in Scotland
                 subtype:  #Scottish_Lallans__Lallans  a dialect of English spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland
           subtype:  #German_language__German__High_German  the standard German language; developed historically from West Germanic
              subtype:  #Old_High_German  High German prior to 1200
              subtype:  #Middle_High_German  High German from 1100 to 1500
              subtype:  #Yiddish  a dialect of High German including some Hebrew and other words; spoken as a vernacular by European Jews
              subtype:  #Pennsylvania_Dutch  a dialect of High German spoken in parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland
           subtype:  #Low_German__Plattdeutsch  a German dialect spoken in northern Germany
              subtype:  #Old_Saxon  Low German prior to 1200
              subtype:  #Middle_Low_German  Low German from 1100 to 1500
           subtype:  #Dutch  the West Germanic language of the Netherlands
              subtype:  #Flemish_dialect__Flemish  one of two official languages of Belgium; closely related to Dutch
              subtype:  #Afrikaans__Taal__the_Taal__South_African_Dutch  an official language of the Republic of South Africa; closely related to Dutch and Flemish
           subtype:  #Frisian  a West Germanic language spoken in the northwestern Netherlands; a near relative of English
              subtype:  #Old_Frisian  the Frisian language until the 16th century
        subtype:  #Proto-Norse  the Germanic language of Scandinavia up until about 700
        subtype:  #Old_Norse  the extinct Germanic language of medieval Scandinavia and Iceland from about to 700 to 1350
           subtype:  #Old_Icelandic__oldicelandic  the extinct dialect of Old Norse that was spoken in Iceland up until about 1600
        subtype:  #Scandinavian_language__Scandinavian__Nordic__Norse__North_Germanic__North_Germanic_language  the northern family of Germanic languages that are spoken in Scandinavia and Iceland
           subtype:  #Danish  a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark
           subtype:  #Icelandic  a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland
           subtype:  #Norwegian  a Scandinavian language that is spoken in Norway
              subtype:  #Bokmal__Dano-Norwegian__Riksmal  one of two official languages of Norway; closely related to Danish
              subtype:  #New_Norwegian__Landsmal__Nynorsk  one of two official languages of Norway; based on rural dialects
           subtype:  #Swedish  a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Sweden and one of two official languages of Finland
           subtype:  #Faroese__Faeroese  a Scandinavian language (closely related to Icelandic) that is spoken on the Faroe Islands
        subtype:  #East_Germanic_language__East_Germanic  an extinct branch of the Germanic languages
           subtype:  #Gothic  extinct East Germanic language of the ancient Goths; the only surviving record being fragments of a 4th-century translation of the Bible by Bishop Ulfilas
     subtype:  #Celtic_language__Celtic  a branch of the Indo-European languages that (judging from inscriptions and place names) was spread widely over Europe in the pre-Christian era
        subtype:  #Gaelic__Goidelic__Erse  any of several related languages of the Celts in Ireland and Scotland
           subtype:  #Irish_Gaelic__Irish  the Celtic language of Ireland
              subtype:  #Old_Irish  Irish Gaelic up to about 1100
              subtype:  #Middle_Irish  Irish Gaelic from 1100 to 1500
           subtype:  #Scottish_Gaelic__Scots_Gaelic  the Gaelic language of Scotland
           subtype:  #Manx  the Gaelic language formerly spoken on the Isle of Man
        subtype:  #Brythonic__Brittanic  a southern group of Celtic languages
           subtype:  #Welsh  a Celtic language of Wales
           subtype:  #Cornish.Brythonic__cornish  a Celtic language formerly spoken in Cornwall
           subtype:  #Breton  a Celtic language of Brittany
     subtype:  #Italic_language__Italic  a branch of the Indo-European languages of which Latin is the chief representative
        subtype:  #Osco-Umbrian  a group of dead languages of ancient Italy; they were displace by Latin
           subtype:  #Umbrian  an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
           subtype:  #Oscan  an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
           subtype:  #Sabellian  an extinct Osco-Umbrian language of ancient Italy that survives only in a few inscriptions
        subtype:  #Latin  any dialect of the language of ancient Rome
           subtype:  #Old_Latin  the oldest recorded Latin (dating back at early as the 6th century B.C.)
           subtype:  #classical_Latin  the language of educated people in ancient Rome; "Latin is a language as dead as dead can be. It killed the ancient Romans--and now it's killing me"
           subtype:  #Low_Latin  any dialect of Latin other than the classical
              subtype:  #Vulgar_Latin  nonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire; source of Romance languages
              subtype:  #Medieval_Latin  Latin used for liturgical purposes during the Middle Ages
           subtype:  #Late_Latin__Biblical_Latin  the form of Latin written between the 3rd and 8th centuries
           subtype:  #Neo-Latin__New_Latin  Latin since the Renaissance; used for scientific nomenclature
           subtype:  #Romance_language__Romance__romance__Latinian_language  the group of languages derived from Latin
              subtype:  #bodice_ripper  a romantic novel containing scenes in which the heroine is sexually violated
              subtype:  #Italian.Romance_language__italian  the Romance language spoken in Italy
                 subtype:  #Old_Italian  the Italian language up to the middle of the 16th century
                 subtype:  #Tuscan  a dialect of Italian spoken in Tuscany (especially Florence)
              subtype:  #French  the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France
                 subtype:  #Langue_d'oil_French__Langue_d'oil  medieval provincial dialects of French spoken in central and northern France
                 subtype:  #Langue_d'oc_French__Langue_d'oc  medieval provincial dialects of French formerly spoken in the south of France
                    subtype:  #Provencal__Occitan__occitan  the medieval dialects of Langue d'oc
                 subtype:  #Old_French  the earliest form of the French language; 9th to 15th century
                 subtype:  #Norman-French__Old_North_French  the medieval Norman dialect of Old French
                 subtype:  #Anglo-French__Anglo-Norman  the French (Norman) language used in medieval England
                 subtype:  #Canadian_French__canadianfrench  the French language as spoken in Quebec, Canada
                 subtype:  #Walloon  dialect of French spoken in Belgium and adjacent parts of France
              subtype:  #Portuguese  the Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil
                 subtype:  #Galician  the dialect of Portuguese (sometimes regarded as a dialect of Spanish) spoken in Galicia northwestern Spain
              subtype:  #Spanish  the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain
                 subtype:  #Mexican_Spanish  the dialect of Spanish spoken in Mexico
              subtype:  #Catalan  the Romance language spoken in Catalonia in eastern Spain (related to Spanish and Occitan)
              subtype:  #Rumanian  an eastern Romance language spoken in Rumania
     subtype:  #Tocharian  a branch of the Indo-European language family that originated in central Asia during the first millennium A.D.
        subtype:  #Turfan_dialect__Turfan__East_Tocharian  a dialect of Tocharian
        subtype:  #Kuchean_dialect__Kuchean__West_Tocharian  a dialect of Tocharian
     subtype:  #Indo-Iranian_language__Indo-Iranian  the branch of the Indo-European family of languages including the Indic and Iranian language groups
        subtype:  #Indic__Indo-Aryan  a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages
           subtype:  #Sanskrit__Sanskritic_language  an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism); an official language of India although it is now used only for religious purposes
              subtype:  #Sindhi  the Indic language of the Sindhi people
              subtype:  #Romany__Gypsy  the Indic language of the Gypsies
              subtype:  #Urdu  the official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi; widely used in India (mostly by Moslems); written in Arabic script
              subtype:  #Hindi  the most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars; spoken mostly in the north of India; along with English it is the official language of India; usually written in Devanagari script
                 subtype:  #Hindoostani__Hindustani__Hindostani  a form of Hindi spoken around Delhi
              subtype:  #Bihari  the Indic language spoken in Bihar (and by some people in Pakistan and Bangladesh)
              subtype:  #Magadhan  a subfamily of Indic languages
                 subtype:  #Asamiya__Assamese  the Magadhan language spoken by the Assamese people; closely related to Bengali
                 subtype:  #Bengali  a Magadhan language spoken by the Bengali people; the official language of Bangladesh and West Bengal
                 subtype:  #Oriya  a Magadhan language that is spoken by the Oriya people and is the official language of the Indian state of Orissa
              subtype:  #Marathi__Mahratti  an Indic language; the state language of Maharashtra in west central India; written in the Devanagari script
              subtype:  #Gujarati__Gujerati  the Indic language spoken by the people of India who live in Gujarat in western India
              subtype:  #Punjabi__Panjabi  the Indic language spoken by most people in Punjab in northwestern India
              subtype:  #Sinhala__Sinhalese__Singhalese  the Indic language spoken by the people of Sri Lanka
           subtype:  #Dard__Dardic__Dardic_language  any of a group of Indic languages spoken in Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan
              subtype:  #Shina  a Dardic language spoken in northern Kashmir
              subtype:  #Khowar  a Dardic language spoken in northwestern Pakistan
              subtype:  #Kafiri  a Dardic language spoken by the Kafir people in northeastern Afghanistan
              subtype:  #Kashmiri  the official state language of Kashmir
           subtype:  #Nepali  the official state language of Nepal
        subtype:  #Iranian_language__Iranian  the modern Persian language spoken in Iran
           subtype:  #Zend__Avestan  an ancient Iranian language
           subtype:  #Gathic  an ancient Iranian language
           subtype:  #Persian__Farsi  the language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms
           subtype:  #Dari_Persian__Dari  an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan
           subtype:  #Tajiki  an Iranian language spoken in Iran and Russia
           subtype:  #Kurdish  an Iranian language spoken in Turkey and Iran and Iraq and Syria and Russia
           subtype:  #Balochi__Baluchi  an Iranian language spoken in Pakistan and Iran and Afghanistan and Russia and the Persian gulf
           subtype:  #Paxto__Pashto__Afghani__Afghan  an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan
           subtype:  #Ossete  a northeastern Iranian language spoken in Russia
           subtype:  #Scythian  the Iranian language spoken by the ancient Scythians
     subtype:  #Anatolian_language__Anatolian  an extinct branch of the Indo-European family of languages known from inscriptions and important in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo European
        subtype:  #Hittite  the principal language of the Anatolian group
        subtype:  #Lycian  an Anatolian language
        subtype:  #Luwian__Luvian  an Anatolian language
        subtype:  #Lydian  an Anatolian language
        subtype:  #Palaic  an Anatolian language
     subtype:  #Hellenic__Greek__Hellenic_language  the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages
        subtype:  #Modern_Greek  the Greek language as spoken and written today
           subtype:  #Romaic__Demotic  the modern Greek vernacular
           subtype:  #Katharevusa  literary style of Modern Greek containing features borrowed from Koine
        subtype:  #Late_Greek  the Greek language in the 3rd to 8th centuries
        subtype:  #Medieval_Greek__Middle_Greek__Byzantine_Greek  the Greek language from about 600 to 1200 AD
        subtype:  #Koine  a Greek dialect that flourished under the Roman Empire
        subtype:  #Ancient_Greek  the Greek language prior to the Roman Empire
           subtype:  #Attic__Classical_Greek  the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken and written in Attica and Athens
           subtype:  #Aeolic__Eolic  the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Thessaly and Boeotia and Aeolis
           subtype:  #Arcadic  the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken by Arcadians
           subtype:  #Doric  the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in the Peloponnesus
           subtype:  #Ionic  the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Ionia
  subtype:  #Ural-Altaic  a (postulated) group of languages including many of the indigenous languages of Russia (but not Russian)
     subtype:  #Altaic_language__Altaic  a group of related languages spoken in Asia and southeastern Europe
        subtype:  #Turkic__Turki__Turko-Tatar__Turkic_language  a subfamily of Altaic languages
           subtype:  #Turkish  a Turkic language spoken by the Turks
           subtype:  #Turkmen__Turkoman__Turcoman  the Turkic language spoken by the Turkoman people
           subtype:  #Azerbaijani  the Turkic language spoken by the Azerbaijani people
           subtype:  #Kazak__Kazakh  the Turkic language spoken by the Kazak people
           subtype:  #Tatar  the Turkic language spoken by the Tatar people living from the Volga to the Ural Mountains
           subtype:  #Uzbek__Uzbeg__Uzbak__Usbek__Usbeg  the Turkic language spoken by the Uzbek people
           subtype:  #Uigur__Uighur  the Turkic language spoken by the Uigur people
           subtype:  #Yakut  the Turkic language spoken by the Yakut people
           subtype:  #Kirghiz__Kirgiz__Khirghiz  the Turkic language spoken by the Kirghiz people
           subtype:  #Karakalpak  the Turkic language spoken by the Karakalpak people
           subtype:  #Chuvash  the Turkic language spoken by the Chuvash people
           subtype:  #Chagatai__Jagatai__Jaghatai__Eastern_Turki  a literary language of Chinese Turkestan (named for one of the sons of Genghis Khan)
        subtype:  #Tungusic_language__Tungusic  a family of Altaic languages spoken in Mongolia and neighboring areas
           subtype:  #Tunguz__Tungus__Evenki__Ewenki  the Tungusic language of the Evenki people in eastern Siberia
           subtype:  #Manchu  the Tungusic language spoken by the Manchu people
        subtype:  #Mongolian__Mongolic__Mongolic_language  a family of Altaic language spoken in Mongolia
           subtype:  #Khalkha__Khalka__Kalka  the language of the Khalkha people that is the official language of the Mongolian People's Republic
        subtype:  #Korean.Altaic_language__korean  the Altaic language spoken by the Korean people
        subtype:  #Japanese  the language (usually considered to be Altaic) spoken by the Japanese people
           subtype:  #Ryukyuan  the language (related to Japanese) that is spoken by the people of the Ryukyu Islands
     subtype:  #Uralic_language__Uralic  a family of Ural-Altaic languages
        subtype:  #Finno-Ugric__Finno-Ugrian  a family of Uralic languages indigenous to Scandinavia and Hungary and Russia and western Siberia (prior to the Slavic expansion into those regions)
           subtype:  #Fennic__Finnic__Non-Ugric  one of two branches of the Finno-Ugric languages; a family of languages including Finnish and Estonian (but not Hungarian)
              subtype:  #Permic  a group of Finnic languages spoken in the northwest Urals
                 subtype:  #Udmurt__Votyak  the Finnic language spoken by the Votyak people
                 subtype:  #Zyrian__Komi  the Finnic language spoken by the Komi people
              subtype:  #Volgaic  a group of Finnic languages spoken around the Volga river
                 subtype:  #Cheremis__Cheremiss__Mari  the Finnic language spoken by the Cheremis people
                 subtype:  #Mordva__Mordvin__Mordvinian  the Finnic language spoken by the Mordvin people
              subtype:  #Baltic-Finnic  a group of Finnic languages including Finnish and Estonian
                 subtype:  #Livonian  the Finnic language spoken by the people of Livonia in Estonia and Latvia
                 subtype:  #Estonian__Esthonian  the official language of Estonia; belongs to the Baltic-Finnic family of languages
                 subtype:  #Karelian__Carelian  a Finnic language spoken by the people of Karelia
                 subtype:  #Ludian  a Baltic-Finnic language
                 subtype:  #Finnish__Suomi  the official language of Finland; belongs to the Baltic Finnic family of languages
                 subtype:  #Veps__Vepse__Vepsian  a Finnic language spoken by the Veps people
                 subtype:  #Ingrian  a Finnic language spoken by the Ingrian people
           subtype:  #Ugric__Ugrian  one of the two branches of the Finno-Ugric family of languages; spoken in Hungary and northwestern Siberia
              subtype:  #Hungarian__Magyar  the official language of Hungary (also spoken in Rumania); belongs to the Ugric family of languages
              subtype:  #Khanty__Ostyak  a Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Ostyak people
              subtype:  #Mansi__Vogul  the Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Vogul people
        subtype:  #Lappic__Lappish  any of the languages spoken by the Lapp people and generally assumed to be Uralic languages
           subtype:  #Sami__Lapp  the language of the nomadic Lapp people in northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula
        subtype:  #Samoyedic__Samoyed  the Uralic languages spoken by the Samoyed people in northwestern Siberia
           subtype:  #Nenets__Nentsi__Nentsy__Yurak-Samoyed  a Uralic language spoken by a Samoyed people of northern Siberia
           subtype:  #Enets__Entsi__Entsy__Yenisei__Yenisei-Samoyed__Yeniseian  the Uralic language spoken by the Yeniseian people
           subtype:  #Nganasan  the Uralic language spoken by the Nganasan people
           subtype:  #Selkup__Ostyak-Samoyed  the Uralic language spoken by the Ostyak-Samoyed people
  subtype:  #Basque  the language of the Basque people; of no known relation to any other language
  subtype:  #Elamitic__Elamite__Susian  an extinct ancient language of unknown affinities; spoken by the Elamites
  subtype:  #Kassite__Cassite  an ancient language spoken by the Kassite people
  subtype:  #Caucasian_language__Caucasian  a number of language spoken in the Caucasus that have no known affiliations to languages spoken elsewhere
     subtype:  #Georgian.Caucasian_language__georgian  a southern Caucasian language with 3 million speakers and a long literary tradition
     subtype:  #Circassian  a northern Caucasian language spoken by the Circassian people
        subtype:  #Abkhazian__Abkhasian  a Circassian language spoken by the Abkhaz people
     subtype:  #Ubykh  a virtually extinct Caucasian language spoken exclusively in Turkey
  subtype:  #Dravidian_language__Dravidian__Dravidic  a large family of languages spoken in south and central India and Sri Lanka
     subtype:  #South_Dravidian  a Dravidian language spoken primarily in southern India
        subtype:  #Irula  a Dravidian language closely related to Tamil that is spoken in a hilly section of southwestern India
        subtype:  #Kodagu  a Dravidian language spoken by the Kodagu people
        subtype:  #Kota__Kotar  a Dravidian language spoken by the Kota people
        subtype:  #Toda  the Dravidian language spoken by the Toda people in southern India
        subtype:  #Kannada__Kanarese  a Dravidian language spoken in southern India
           subtype:  #Badaga  the dialect of Kannada that is spoken by the Badaga people
        subtype:  #Tulu  a Dravidian language spoken by the Tulu people
        subtype:  #Malayalam  a Dravidian language (closely related to Tamil) that is spoken in southwestern India
        subtype:  #Tamil  the Dravidian language spoken since prehistoric times by the Tamil people in southern India and Sri Lanka
     subtype:  #South-Central_Dravidian  a Dravidian language spoken primarily in south central India
        subtype:  #Telugu  a Dravidian language spoken by the Telugu people in southeastern India
        subtype:  #Savara  a Dravidian language spoke by the Savara people in southeastern India (north of Madras)
        subtype:  #Gondi  a Dravidian language spoken by the Gond people in south central India
        subtype:  #Pengo  a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
        subtype:  #Manda  a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
        subtype:  #Kui  the Dravidian language spoken by the Kui people in southeastern India
        subtype:  #Kuvi  a Dravidian language spoken in southeast India
     subtype:  #Central_Dravidian  a Dravidian language spoken primarily in central India
        subtype:  #Kolami  the Dravidian language spoken by the Kolam people in central India
        subtype:  #Naiki  a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
        subtype:  #Parji  a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
        subtype:  #Ollari  a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
        subtype:  #Gadaba  the Dravidian language spoken by the Gadaba people
     subtype:  #North_Dravidian  a Dravidian language spoken primarily in eastern India
        subtype:  #Kurux  a Dravidian language spoken in eastern India
        subtype:  #Malto  the Dravidian language spoken by the Malto people
        subtype:  #Brahui  an isolated Dravidian language spoken by the Brahui people in Pakistan
  subtype:  #Afroasiatic_language__Afroasiatic__Afrasian__Afrasian_language__Hamito-Semitic  a large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa
     subtype:  #Chad__Chadic__Chadic_language  a family of Afroasiatic tonal languages (mostly two tones) spoken in the regions west and south of Lake Chad in north central Africa
        subtype:  #West_Chadic  a group of Chadic languages spoken in northern Nigeria; Hausa in the most important member
           subtype:  #Hausa__Haussa  the chief member of the Chadic family of Afroasiatic languages; widely used as a trading language
           subtype:  #Bole__Bolanci  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa
           subtype:  #Angas  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa
           subtype:  #Ron__Bokkos__Daffo  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
           subtype:  #Bade  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
           subtype:  #Warji  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
           subtype:  #Zaar__Sayanci  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
        subtype:  #Biu-Mandara  a group of Chadic languages spoken in the border area between Cameroon and Nigeria south of Lake Chad
           subtype:  #Tera__Pidlimdi__Yamaltu  a three-tone Chadic language
           subtype:  #Bura__Pabir  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
           subtype:  #Higi__Kapsiki  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
           subtype:  #Mandara__Wandala  a Chadic language spoken in the Mandara mountains in Cameroon; has only two vowels
           subtype:  #Matakam__Mafa  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
           subtype:  #Sukur  a Chadic language spoke south of Lake Chad
           subtype:  #Daba__Kola__Musgoi  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
           subtype:  #Bata  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
           subtype:  #Kotoko  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
           subtype:  #Musgu__Munjuk__Mulwi  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
           subtype:  #Gidar  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
        subtype:  #East_Chadic  a group of Chadic languages spoken in Chad
           subtype:  #Somrai__Sibine  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
           subtype:  #Nancere  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
           subtype:  #Kera  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
           subtype:  #Dangla__Dangaleat  a Chadic language spoken in Chad; uses seven vowels plus differences in vowel length
           subtype:  #Mokulu  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
           subtype:  #Sokoro  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
        subtype:  #Masa  an independent group of closely related Chadic languages spoken in the area between the Biu-Mandara and East Chadic languages
     subtype:  #Semitic  a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family
        subtype:  #Akkadian  an ancient branch of the Semitic languages
           subtype:  #Assyrian  an extinct language of the Assyrians regarded as a dialect of Akkadian
        subtype:  #Amharic__Ethiopian_language  the dominant and official language of Ethiopia; a semitic language much influenced by the Cushitic language with which Amhara people have been in close contact
        subtype:  #Arabic_language__Arabic  the Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects
        subtype:  #Aramaic  an ancient group of related Semitic dialects some of which are still spoken in Syria
           subtype:  #Biblical_Aramaic  the form of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine in the time of the New Testament
        subtype:  #Canaanitic_language__Canaanitic  a group of Semitic languages
           subtype:  #Hebrew  the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel
              subtype:  #Modern_Hebrew  Hebrew used in Israel today; revived from ancient Hebrew
           subtype:  #Canaanite  the extinct language of the Semitic people who occupied Canaan before the Israelite conquest
           subtype:  #Phoenician  the extinct language of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the ancient world
              subtype:  #Punic  the Phoenician dialect of ancient Carthage
           subtype:  #Ugaritic  an extinct Semitic language of northern Syria
     subtype:  #Hamitic_language__Hamitic  a group of North African languages related to Semitic
     subtype:  #Egyptian  the ancient and now extinct language of Pharaonic Egypt; written records date back to 3000 BC
        subtype:  #Coptic  the liturgical language of the Coptic Church of Egypt and Ethiopia; written in the Greek alphabet
     subtype:  #Berber  a cluster of related dialects that were once the major language of North Africa west of Egypt; now spoken mostly in Morocco
        subtype:  #Tuareg  the dialect of Berber spoken by the Tuareg people
     subtype:  #Cushitic  a group of languages spoken in Ethiopia and Somalia and northwestern Kenya and adjacent regions
        subtype:  #Somali  the Cushitic language spoken by the Somali people
     subtype:  #Omotic  a group of related languages spoken in a valley of southern Ethiopia; closely related to Cushitic languages
  subtype:  #Niger-Kordofanian_language__Niger-Kordofanian  the family of languages that includes most of the languages spoken in sub-Saharan Africa; the majority of them are tonal languages but there are important exceptions (e.g., Swahili or Fula)
     subtype:  #Kordofanian  a group of languages spoken in the relatively small Kordofan area of the south Sudan
     subtype:  #Niger-Congo  a family of African language spoken in west Africa
        subtype:  #Sango  a trade language widely used in Chad
        subtype:  #Bantoid_language__Bantu  a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent
           subtype:  #Chichewa  the Bantu language of the Chewa people of east central Africa
           subtype:  #ChiMwini  a Bantu language spoken in southern Somalia
           subtype:  #Chishona  a Bantu language that is one of the two major languages of Zimbabwe
           subtype:  #Fang  a Bantu language spoken in Cameroon
           subtype:  #Gikuyu  a Bantu language spoken in western Kenya
           subtype:  #Giriama  a Bantu language spoken in the coastal regions of eastern Kenya
           subtype:  #Kamba  a Bantu language spoken by the Kamba people in Kenya
           subtype:  #Kichaga__Chaga__Chagga  a Bantu language spoken by the Chaga people in northern Tanzania
           subtype:  #Kinyarwanda  a Bantu language
           subtype:  #Kiswahili  a Bantu language
           subtype:  #Kongo  the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo people living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola
           subtype:  #Luba  a Bantu language spoken in southern Zaire
           subtype:  #LuGanda  the Bantu language of the Buganda people; spoken in Uganda
           subtype:  #Luyia  a Bantu language
           subtype:  #Mashi  a Bantu language
           subtype:  #Mwera  a Bantu language spoken in southern coastal Tanzania
           subtype:  #Nguni  a group of southern Bantu languages
              subtype:  #Ndebele__Matabele  a Bantu language sometimes considered a dialect of Zulu
              subtype:  #Swazi  a Bantu language closely related to Zulu
              subtype:  #Xhosa  a Bantu language closely related to Zulu
              subtype:  #Zulu  a Bantu language of considerable literary importance in southeastern Africa
           subtype:  #Nyamwezi  a Bantu language spoken in central Tanzania
           subtype:  #Pokomo  a Bantu language spoken in the Kenyan coastal areas of East Africa
           subtype:  #Sotho  any of the mutually intelligible southern Bantu languages of the Sotho people in Botswana and South Africa and Lesotho
              subtype:  #Sesotho__Basuto  the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Basotho; an official language of Lesotho
              subtype:  #Setswana__Tswana__Sechuana  the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Tswana people in Botswana
           subtype:  #Umbundu  a Bantu language spoken in Angola
           subtype:  #Swahili  the most widely spoken Bantu languages; the official language of Kenya and Tanzania and widely used as a lingua franca in east and central Africa
           subtype:  #Tonga  the language of the Tonga people of south central Africa (Zambia and Rhodesia)
        subtype:  #Gur__Voltaic  a group of Niger-Congo languages spoken primarily in southeastern Mali and northern Ghana
        subtype:  #West_African  a group of languages spoken in the extreme western part of West Africa
           subtype:  #Fula__Fulah__Fulani  a family of languages of the Fula people of west Africa in the sub-Sahara regions from Senegal to Chad; the best known of the West African Niger-Congo languages
           subtype:  #Serer  a West African language closely related to Fula; spoken primarily in Senegal and Gambia
           subtype:  #Wolof  the West AFrican language of the Wolof people in Senegal
        subtype:  #Mande  a group of African languages in the Niger-Congo group spoken from Senegal east as far as the Ivory Coast
        subtype:  #Kwa  a group of African language in the Niger-Congo group spoken from the Ivory Coast east to Nigeria
           subtype:  #Aku__Yoruba  a Kwa language spoken by the Yoruba people in southwestern Nigeria
           subtype:  #Akan  a Kwa language spoken in Ghana and the Ivory Coast
           subtype:  #Ewe  a Kwa language spoken by the Ewe people in Ghana and Togo and Benin
  subtype:  #Nilo-Saharan_language__Nilo-Saharan  a family of East African languages spoken by Nilotic peoples from the Sahara south to Kenya and Tanzania
     subtype:  #Chari-Nile  a group of Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of the Sudan and Zaire and Uganda and Tanzania
        subtype:  #Nilotic_language__Nilotic  a group of languages of East Africa belonging to the Chari-Nile group
           subtype:  #Dinka  a Nilotic language
           subtype:  #Luo  a Nilotic language
           subtype:  #Masai  a Nilotic language
     subtype:  #Saharan  a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of Chad
     subtype:  #Songhai  a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Songhai people in Mali and Niger

No statement uses or specializes #natural_language; click here to add one.

616 categories printed


Another search (with same display options)?