#molecule  (physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
  supertype:  building_block__unit  a single undivided natural entity occurring in the composition of something else; "units of nucleic acids"
  part:  chemical_chain  atom  chemical_group
  subtype:  dipole_molecule  a molecule that is a permanent dipole
  subtype:  protein_molecule__proteinmolecule  any large molecule containing chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
     subtype:  gene  a self-replicating protein molecule that occupies a fixed place on a chromosome; a unit of heredity
        subtype:  dominant_gene  gene that produces the same phenotype in the organism whether or not its allele identical; "the dominant gene for brown eyes"
        subtype:  allele__allelomorph  one of two alternative forms of a genes that can have the same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits
        subtype:  genetic_marker__geneticmarker  a specific gene that produces a recognizable trait and can be used in family or population studies
        subtype:  lethal_gene  any gene that has an effect that causes the death of the organism at any stage of life
        subtype:  linkage_group__linkagegroup__linked_genes  any pair of genes that tend to be transmitted together; "the genes of Drosophila fall into four linkage groups"
        subtype:  modifier_gene__modifier  a gene that modifies the effect produced by another gene
        subtype:  mutant_gene  a gene that has changed so that the normal transmission and expression of a trait is affected
        subtype:  nonallele  genes that are not competitors at the same locus
        subtype:  operator_gene  a gene that activates the production of messenger RNA by adjacent structural genes
        subtype:  oncogene__transforming_gene  a gene that causes normal cells to change into cancerous tumor cells
        subtype:  recessive_gene__recessivegene  gene that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its allele is identical; "the recessive gene for blue eyes"
        subtype:  proto-oncogene__protooncogene  a normal gene that has the potential to become an oncogene
        subtype:  regulatory_gene__regulator_gene__regulatorgene  a gene that produces a repressor substance that inhibits an operator gene
        subtype:  repressor_gene__repressorgene  gene that prevents a nonallele from being transcribed
        subtype:  structural_gene  a gene that controls the production of a specific protein or peptide
        subtype:  suppressor_gene__suppressor__suppresser__suppresser_gene  a gene that suppresses the phenotypic expression of another gene (especially of a mutant gene)
        subtype:  X-linked_gene  a gene located on an X chromosome
        subtype:  Y-linked_gene__holandric_gene__holandricgene  a gene located on a Y chromosome
     subtype:  genome  one haploid set of chromosomes with the genes they contain; the full DNA sequence of an organism
  subtype:  coenzyme  a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes
     subtype:  cocarboxylase__thiaminepyrophosphate  a coenzyme important in respiration in the Krebs cycle
     subtype:  coenzyme_A  a coenzyme present in all living cells; essential to metabolism of carbohydrates and fats and some amino acids
     subtype:  nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide__NAD  a coenzyme derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid
     subtype:  triphosphopyridine_nucleotide  a coenzyme of several enzymes
     subtype:  ubiquinone__coenzyme_Q  any of several quinones that function as electron-carrying coenzymes
  subtype:  macromolecule__supermolecule  any very large molecule (a molecule of a protein or a polymer)
     subtype:  protein  any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of long chains of polypeptides
        subtype:  capsid  the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus
        subtype:  gluten  a protein substance that remains when starch is removed from cereal grains; gives cohesiveness to dough
           subtype:  corn_gluten  gluten prepared from corn
           subtype:  wheat_gluten__wheatgluten  gluten prepared from wheat
        subtype:  actomyosin  a protein complex in muscle fibers; composed of myosin and actin; shortens when stimulated and causes muscle contractions
        subtype:  aleurone  granular protein in outermost layer of endosperm of many seeds or cereal grains
        subtype:  amyloid  (pathology) a waxy translucent complex protein resembling starch that results from degeneration of tissue
        subtype:  apoenzyme  a protein that combines with a coenzyme to form an active enzyme
        subtype:  conjugated_protein__compound_protein  a protein complex combining amino acids with other substances
           subtype:  glycoprotein  a conjugated protein having a carbohydrate component
              subtype:  mucin  a nitrogenous substance found in mucous secretions; a lubricant that protects body surfaces
              subtype:  lectin  any of several plant glycoproteins that act like specific antibodies but are not antibodies in that they are not evoked by an antigenic stimulus
              subtype:  mucoid  any of several glycoproteins similar to mucin
              subtype:  transferrin__betaglobulin__siderophilin  glycoprotein that carries iron in the blood
           subtype:  hemoprotein__haemoprotein  a conjugated protein linked to an iron-porphyrin compound
              subtype:  hemoglobin__haemoglobin__Hb  a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color; function primarily to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues; "fish have simpler hemoglobin than mammals"
                 subtype:  oxyhemoglobin__oxyhaemoglobin  the bright red hemoglobin that is a combination of hemoglobin and oxygen from the lungs; "oxyhemoglobin transports oxygen to the cells of the body"
              subtype:  myoglobin  a hemoprotein that receives oxygen from hemoglobin and stores it in the tissues until needed
              subtype:  cytochrome  a class of hemoprotein whose principle biological function is as carriers of electrons
                 subtype:  cytochrome_c  the most abundant and stable cytochrome; involved in energy transfer
           subtype:  lipoprotein  a conjugated protein having a lipid component; the principal means for transporting lipids in the blood
              subtype:  high-density_lipoprotein__HDL__alpha-lipoportein  a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of a high proportion of protein and relatively little cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with decreased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis
              subtype:  low-density_lipoprotein__lowdensitylipoprotein__LDL__ldl__beta-lipoprotein  a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis
              subtype:  very_low_density_lipoprotein__VLDL  large lipoproteins rich in triglycerides; VLDLs circulate through the blood giving up their triglycerides to fat and muscle tissue until the VLDL remnants are modified and converted into LDL
        subtype:  enzyme  any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions
           subtype:  amylase  any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants; help convert starch to sugar
              subtype:  ptyalin  an amylase secreted in saliva
           subtype:  cholinesterase  an enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine (into choline and acetic acid)
           subtype:  coagulase  an enzyme that induces coagulation
              subtype:  thrombin  an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot
              subtype:  rennin__chymosin  an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate
           subtype:  complement.enzyme  one of a series of enzymes in the blood serum that are part of the immune response
           subtype:  catalase  enzyme found in most plant and animal cells that functions as an oxidative catalyst; decomposes hydrogen peroxide into hydrogen and water
           subtype:  cyclooxygenase__Cox  either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin
              subtype:  cyclooxygenase-1__Cox-1  an enzyme that regulates prostaglandins that are important for the health of the stomach lining and kidneys; "an unfortunate side effect of Nsaids is that they block Cox-1"
              subtype:  cyclooxygenase-2__Cox-2  an enzyme that makes prostaglandins that cause inflammation and pain and fever; "the beneficial effects of Nsaids result from their ability to block Cox-2"
           subtype:  decarboxylase  any of the enzymes that that hydrolize the carboxyl group
           subtype:  de-iodinase  an enzyme that removes the iodine radical
           subtype:  enterokinase  enzyme in the intestinal juice that converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin
           subtype:  histaminase  enzyme that acts as a catalyst in converting histidine to histamine
           subtype:  hyaluronidase__spreading_factor__spreadingfactor__hyazyme  an enzyme (trade name Hyazyme) that splits hyaluronic acid and so lowers its viscosity and increases the permeability of connective tissue and the absorption of fluids
           subtype:  isomerase  an enzyme that catalyzes its substrate to an isomeric form
           subtype:  kinase  an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a proenzyme to an active enzyme
           subtype:  lactase__lactaid  any of a group of enzymes (trade name Lactaid) that hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose
           subtype:  lipase  an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
           subtype:  lysozyme__muramidase  an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria
           subtype:  monoamine_oxidase__monoamineoxidase__MAO  an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin)
           subtype:  nitrogenase  an enzyme of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that catalyzes the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia
           subtype:  oxidase  any of the enzymes that catalyze biological oxidation
              subtype:  peroxidase  any of a group of enzymes (occurring especially in plant cells) that catalyze the oxidation of a compound by a peroxide
                 subtype:  glutathione_peroxidase__glutathioneperoxidase  an enzyme in the body that is a powerful scavenger of free radicals
           subtype:  oxidoreductase  an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction
              subtype:  oxygenase  an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the incorporation of molecular oxygen
           subtype:  papain  a proteolytic enzyme obtained from the unripe papaya; used as a meat tenderizer
           subtype:  penicillinase__betalactamase  enzyme produced by certain bacteria that inactivates penicillin and results in resistance to that antibiotic
           subtype:  pepsin  an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones
           subtype:  pepsinogen  precursor of pepsin; stored in the stomach walls and converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid in the stomach
           subtype:  phosphatase  any of a group of enzymes that act as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of organic phosphates
           subtype:  plasmin__fibrinolysin  an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots
              subtype:  plasminogen  an inactive form of plasmin that occurs in plasma and is converted to plasmin by organic solvents
           subtype:  polymerase  an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA
              subtype:  transcriptase  a polymerase associated with the process of transcription
              subtype:  reverse_transcriptase__reversetranscriptase  a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template; found especially in retroviruses
           subtype:  protease__peptidase__proteinase__proteolytic_enzyme__proteolyticenzyme  any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis
              subtype:  caspase  any of a group of proteases that mediate apoptosis
              subtype:  angiotensin_converting_enzyme  proteolytic enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
              subtype:  plasminogen_activator__plasminogenactivator__urokinase  protease produced in the kidney that converts plasminogen to plasmin and so initiates fibrinolysis
              subtype:  renin  a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys; catalyzes the formation of angiotensin and thus affects blood pressure
           subtype:  reductase  an enzyme that catalyses the biochemical reduction of some specified substance
              subtype:  HMG-CoA_reductase__5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme_A_reductase  a liver enzyme that is responsible for producing cholesterol
           subtype:  rennin__chymosin  an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate
           subtype:  secretase  a set of enzymes believed to snip pieces off a longer protein producing fragments of amyloid protein that bunch up and create amyloid protein plaques in brain tissue (the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's)
           subtype:  streptodornase  an enzyme produced by some hemolytic strains of streptococcus that dissolves fibrinous secretions from infections; used medicinally (often in combination with streptokinase)
           subtype:  streptokinase  an enzyme produced by some strains of streptococcus that can liquefy blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin; used medicinally in some cases of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism
           subtype:  superoxide_dismutase__SOD  an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen; "oxygen free radicals are normally removed in our bodies by the superoxide dismutase enzymes"
           subtype:  transaminase  a class of enzymes that cause transamination
              subtype:  glutamic_oxalacetic_transaminase__glutamic_oxaloacetic_transaminase  an enzyme involved in transamination
           subtype:  trypsin  an enzyme of pancreatic origin; catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to smaller polypeptide units
              subtype:  trypsinogen  inactive precursor of trypsin; a substance secreted by the pancreas and converted to active trypsin by enterokinase in the small intestine
           subtype:  zymase  a complex of enzymes that cause glycolysis; originally found in yeast but also present in higher organisms
        subtype:  fibrin  a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots; it forms a network that traps red cells and platelets
        subtype:  hatoglobin  a protein in plasma that binds free hemoglobin and removes it (as from wounds)
        subtype:  iodoprotein__iodinated_protein__iodinatedprotein  a protein that contains iodine
           subtype:  thyroprotein  a preparation made from iodinated protein and having an action similar to thyroxine
           subtype:  thyroglobulin  an iodine containing protein that is obtained from the thyroid gland and exhibits the general properties of the globulins
        subtype:  nucleoprotein  any of several substances found in the nuclei of all living cells; consists of a protein bound to a nucleic acid
        subtype:  opsin  retinal protein formed by the action of light on rhodopsin
        subtype:  phosphoprotein  containing chemically bound phosphoric acid
           subtype:  casein  a milk protein used in making e.g. plastics and adhesives
        subtype:  plasma_protein  any of the proteins in blood plasma
           subtype:  human_gamma_globulin__humangammaglobulin__gamma_globulin__gammaglobulin  a plasma protein containing the immunoglobulins that are responsible for immune responses
              subtype:  immunoglobulin__Ig__immune_serum_globulin__immune_gamma_globulin__immune_globulin  a class of proteins produced in lymph tissue in vertebrates and that function as antibodies in the immune response
                 subtype:  antibody  any of a large variety of immunoglobulins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune response
                    subtype:  autoantibody  an antibody acting against tissues of the organism that produces it
                       subtype:  rheumatoid_factor  autoantibody that is usually present in the serum of people with rheumatoid arthritis
                    subtype:  precipitin  an antibody that causes precipitation when it unites with its antigen
                    subtype:  ABO_antibodies  blood type antibodies
                    subtype:  Rh_antibody  rhesus factor antibody
                    subtype:  antitoxin  an antibody that can neutralize a specific toxin
                       subtype:  antivenin__antivenene  an antitoxin that counteracts the effects of venom from the bite of a snake or insect or other animal
                       subtype:  tetanus_antitoxin__tetanusantitoxin  antitoxin given for short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus
                    subtype:  agglutinin  an antibody that causes agglutination of a specific antigen
                       subtype:  isoagglutinin  an antibody produced by one individual that causes agglutination of red blood cells in other individuals of the same species
                    subtype:  heterophil_antibody__heterophile_antibody__heterophileantibody__forssmanantibody  an antibody found in the blood of someone suffering from infectious mononucleosis
                    subtype:  isoantibody__alloantibody  an antibody that occurs naturally against foreign tissues from a person of the same species
                    subtype:  monoclonal_antibody  any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a hybridoma; very specific for a particular location in the body
                    subtype:  opsonin  an antibody in blood serum that attaches to invading microorganisms and other antigens to make them more susceptible to the action of phagocytes
                 subtype:  immunoglobulin_A__IgA  one of the most common of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the chief antibody in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
                 subtype:  immunoglobulin_D__IgD  one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present in blood serum in small amounts
                 subtype:  immunoglobulin_E__IgE  one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present primarily in the skin and mucous membranes
                    subtype:  reagin  an immunoglobulin E that is formed as an antibody against allergens (such as pollen); attaches to cell membranes causing the release of histamine and other substances responsible for the local inflammation characteristic of an allergy
                 subtype:  immunoglobulin_G__IgG  one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the main antibody defense against bacteria
                 subtype:  immunoglobulin_M__IgM  one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; involved in fighting blood infections and in triggering production of immunoglobulin G
                 subtype:  tetanus_immunoglobulin__tetanusimmunoglobulin__tetanusimmuneglobulin  sterile solution of globulins derived from the blood plasma of a person who has been immunized for tetanus; provides short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillis
           subtype:  coagulation_factor__coagulationfactor__clottingfactor  any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation
              subtype:  fibrinogen__factor_I  a protein present in blood plasma; converts to fibrin when blood clots
              subtype:  prothrombin__factorii  a protein in blood plasma that is the inactive precursor of thrombin
              subtype:  thromboplastin__thrombokinase__factor_III  an enzyme liberated from blood platelets that converts prothrombin into thrombin as blood starts to clot
              subtype:  calcium_ion__calciumion__factor_IV  ion of calcium; a factor in the clotting of blood
              subtype:  proaccelerin__prothrombin_accelerator__prothrombinaccelerator__accelerator_factor__acceleratorfactor__factor_V  a coagulation factor
              subtype:  proconvertin__cothromboplastin__stable_factor__factor_VII  a coagulation factor formed in the kidney under the influence of vitamin K
              subtype:  antihemophilic_factor__antihaemophilic_factor__antihaemophilicfactor__antihemophilic_globulin__antihaemophilic_globulin__antihaemophilicglobulin__factor_VIII__Hemofil  a coagulation factor (trade name Hemofil) whose absence is associated with hemophilia A
              subtype:  Christmas_factor__factor_IX  coagulation factor whose absence is associated with hemophilia B
              subtype:  prothrombinase__factor_X  coagulation factor that is converted to an enzyme that converts prothrombin to thrombin in a reaction that depends on calcium ions and other coagulation factors
              subtype:  plasma_thromboplastin_antecedent__factor_XI  coagulation factor whose deficiency results in a hemorrhagic tendency
              subtype:  Hageman_factor__factor_XII  coagulation factor whose deficiency results in prolongation of clotting time of venous blood
              subtype:  fibrinase__factorxiii  in the clotting of blood thrombin catalyzes factor XIII into its active form (fibrinase) which causes fibrin to form a stable clot
        subtype:  prostate_specific_antigen__PSA  a protein manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland; PSA is produced for the ejaculate where it liquifies the semen and allows sperm cells to swim freely; elevated levels of PSA in blood serum are associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer
        subtype:  simple_protein  a protein that yields only amino acids when hydrolyzed
           subtype:  actin  one of the proteins into which actomyosin can be split; can exist in either a globular or a fibrous form
           subtype:  albumin__albumen  a simple water-soluble protein found in many animal tissues and liquids
              subtype:  ricin  a toxic protein extracted from castor beans; used as a chemical reagent
              subtype:  lactalbumin  albumin occurring in milk
              subtype:  serum_albumin__serumalbumin  albumin occurring in blood serum; serves to maintain the somatic pressure of the blood
           subtype:  globulin  a family of proteins found in blood and milk and muscle and in plant seed
              subtype:  serum_globulin__serumglobulin  globulins occurring blood serum and containing most of the antibodies of the blood
                 subtype:  C-reactive_protein__CRP  a byproduct of inflammation; a globulin that is found in the blood in some cases of acute inflammation
              subtype:  human_gamma_globulin__humangammaglobulin__gamma_globulin__gammaglobulin  a plasma protein containing the immunoglobulins that are responsible for immune responses
              subtype:  myosin  the commonest protein in muscle; a globulin that combines with actin to form actomyosin
           subtype:  globin__hematohiston__haematohiston  a colorless protein obtained by removing heme from hemoglobin; the oxygen carrying compound in red blood cells
           subtype:  glutelin  a simple protein found in the seeds of cereals
           subtype:  histone  a simple protein containing mainly basic amino acids; present in cell nuclei in association with nucleic acids
           subtype:  prolamine  a simple protein found in plants
           subtype:  protamine  a simple protein found in fish sperm; rich in arginine; simpler in composition than globulin or albumin; counteracts the anticoagulant effect of heparin
           subtype:  scleroprotein__albuminoid  a simple protein found in horny and cartilaginous tissues and in the lens of the eye
              subtype:  collagen  a fibrous scleroprotein in bone and cartilage and tendon and other connective tissue; yields gelatin on boiling
              subtype:  elastin  a fibrous scleroprotein found in elastic tissues such as the walls of arteries
              subtype:  gelatine__gelatin  a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin
              subtype:  keratin__ceratin  a fibrous scleroprotein that occurs in the outer layer of the skin and in horny tissues such as hair feathers nails and hooves
        subtype:  cytokine  any of various proteins secreted by cells of the immune system that serve to regulate the immune system
           subtype:  tumor_necrosis_factor__tumour_necrosis_factor__TNF  a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by white blood cells (monocytes and macrophages); has an antineoplastic effect but causes inflammation (as in rheumatoid arthritis)
           subtype:  lymphokine  a cytokine secreted by helper T cells in response to stimulation by antigens and that play a role in cell-mediated immunity
              subtype:  interleukin  any of several lymphokines that promote macrophages and killer T cells and B cells and other components of the immune system
        subtype:  ferritin  a protein containing 20% iron that is found in the intestines and liver and spleen; it is one of the chief forms in which iron is stored in the body
     subtype:  nucleic_acid__nucleicacid  any of various macromolecules that are vital constituents of all living cells
        subtype:  DNA__deoxyribonucleic_acid__desoxyribonucleic_acid__desoxyribonucleicacid  a nucleic acid consisting of large molecules shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information; "DNA is the king of molecules"
           subtype:  operon  a segment of DNA containing adjacent genes including structural genes and an operator gene and a regulatory gene
           subtype:  recombinant_DNA__recombinant_deoxyribonucleic_acid  genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms
           subtype:  sticky_end  an end of DNA in which one strand of the double helix extends a few units beyond the other
        subtype:  ribonucleic_acid__ribonucleicacid__rna  a nucleic acid that transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm; controls certain chemical processes in the cell; "ribonucleic acid is the genetic material of some viruses"
           subtype:  messenger_RNA__mRNA  the template for protein synthesis; the form of RNA that carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome sites of protein synthesis in the cell
           subtype:  transfer_DNA__tRNA  the form of RNA that attaches the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according to directions coded in the mRNA)

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