#language_unit__linguistic_unit  one of the natural units into which linguistic messages can be analyzed
  supertype:  description_medium (pm)  component_part
  part of:  linguistic_string
  subtype:  discourse  extended verbal expression in speech or writing
     subtype:  linguistic_context__context__context_of_use  discourse that surrounds a language unit and helps to determine its interpretation
  subtype:  word  a unit of language that native speakers can identify; "words are the blocks from which sentences are made"; "he hardly said ten words all morning"
     subtype:  anagram  a word or phrase spelled by rearranging the letters of another word or phrase
        subtype:  antigram  an anagram that means the opposite of the original word or phrase; "`restful' is the antigram of `fluster'"
     subtype:  anaphor  a word (such as a pronoun) used to avoid repetition; the referent of an anaphor is determined by its antecedent
     subtype:  antonym__opposite_word__opposite  two words that express opposing concepts; "to him the opposite of gay was depressed"
        subtype:  direct_antonym  antonyms that are commonly associated (e.g., `wet' and `dry')
        subtype:  indirect_antonym  antonyms whose opposition is mediated (e.g., the antonymy of `wet' and `parched' is mediated by the similarity of `parched' to `dry')
     subtype:  back-formation  a word invented (usually unwittingly by subtracting an affix) on the assumption that a familiar word derives from it
     subtype:  portmanteau_word__portmanteauword__blend__portmanteau  a word formed by joining two others (e.g., `smog' is a blend of `smoke' and `fog')
     subtype:  charade  a word acted out in an episode of the game of charades
     subtype:  cognate_word__cognateword__cognate  a word is cognate with another if both derive from the same word in an ancestral language
     subtype:  content_word__contentword__open-class_word  a word to which an independent meaning can be assigned
        subtype:  headword.content_word__head_word  a word that is qualified by a modifier
        subtype:  noun  a word that can be used to refer to a person or place or thing
           subtype:  mass_noun  a noun that does not form plurals
           subtype:  count_noun__countnoun  a noun that forms plurals
           subtype:  proper_noun__proper_name  a noun that denotes a particular thing; usually capitalized
           subtype:  common_noun  a noun that denotes any or all members of a class
              subtype:  verbal_noun__deverbal_noun  a noun that is derived from a verb
                 subtype:  gerund  a noun formed from a verb (such as the `-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun)
              subtype:  adnoun  an adjective used as a noun; "`meek' in `blessed are the meek' is an adnoun"
        subtype:  verb.content_word  a content word that denotes an action or a state
           subtype:  copula__copulative__linking_verb__linkingverb  an equating verb (such as `be' or `become') that links the subject with the complement of a sentence
        subtype:  modifier.content_word__qualifier  a content word that qualifies the meaning of a noun or verb
           subtype:  intensifier__intensive  a modifier that has little meaning except to intensify the meaning it modifies; "`up' in `finished up' is an intensifier"; "`honestly' in `I honestly don't know' is an intensifier"
           subtype:  adjective  a word that expresses an attribute of something
              subtype:  descriptive_adjective__descriptiveadjective__qualifying_adjective  an adjective that ascribes to its noun the value of an attribute of that noun (e.g., `a nervous person' or `a musical speaking voice')
              subtype:  relational_adjective__classifying_adjective__classifyingadjective  an adjective that classifies its noun (e.g., `a nervous disease' or `a musical instrument')
                 subtype:  pertainym  (informal) meaning relating to or pertaining to
              subtype:  comparative  the comparative form of an adjective; "`better' is the comparative of `good'"
              subtype:  superlative.adjective  the superlative form of an adjective; "`best' is the superlative form of `good'"
           subtype:  adverb.modifier  a word that modifies something other than a noun
              subtype:  adverbial  a word or group of words function as an adverb
           subtype:  dangling_modifier__misplaced_modifier__misplacedmodifier  a word or phrase apparently modifying an unintended word because of its placement in a sentence: e.g., `when young' in `when young, circuses appeal to all of us'
              subtype:  dangling_participle  a participle (usually at the beginning of a sentence) apparently modifying a word other than the word intended: e.g., `flying across the country' in `flying across the country the Rockies came into view'
     subtype:  contraction  a word formed from two or more words by omitting or combining some sounds: "won't" from "will not"; "o'clock" from "of the clock"
     subtype:  deictic_word__deicticword__deictic  a word specifying identity or spacial or temporal location from the perspective of a speaker or hearer in the context in which the communication occurs: "words that introduce particulars of the speaker's and hearer's shared cognitive field into the message"- R.Rommetveit
     subtype:  derivative  (linguistics) a word that is derived from another word; "`electricity' is a derivative of `electric'"
     subtype:  diminutive  a word that is formed with a suffix (such as -let or -kin) to indicate smallness
     subtype:  disyllable__dissyllable  a word having two syllables
     subtype:  word_form__form__signifier  the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word; "the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached"
        subtype:  plural_form__plural  the form of a word that is used to denote more than one
        subtype:  singular_form__singular  the form of a word that is used to denote a singleton
        subtype:  ghost_word__ghostword  a word form that has entered the language through the perpetuation of an error
        subtype:  root_word__root__base__stem__theme__radical  (linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed; "thematic vowels are part of the stem"
        subtype:  etymon__root  a simple form inferred as the common basis from which related words in several languages can be derived by linguistic processes
        subtype:  citation_form__main_entry_word__entry_word__entryword  the form of a word that heads a lexical entry and is alphabetized in a dictionary
        subtype:  abbreviation.word_form  a shortened form of a word or phrase
           subtype:  apocope  abbreviation of a word by omitting the final sound or sounds; "the British get `pud' from `pudding' by apocope"
        subtype:  acronym  a word formed from the initial letters of a multi-word name
     subtype:  four-letter_word__four-letter_Anglo-Saxon_word  any of several short English words (often having 4 letters) generally regarded as obscene or offensive
     subtype:  function_word__closed-class_word  a word that serves a grammatical function but has no identifiable meaning
        subtype:  determiner__determinative  one of a limited class of noun modifiers that determine the referents of noun phrases
           subtype:  article.determiner  (Grammar) a determiner that may indicate the specificity of reference of a noun phrase
              subtype:  definite_article  a determiner (as `the' in English) that indicates specificity of reference
              subtype:  indefinite_article  a determiner (as `a' or `some' in English) that indicates non-specificity of reference
        subtype:  preposition  a function word that combines with a noun or pronoun or noun phrase to form a prepositional phrase that can have an adverbial or adjectival relation to some other word
        subtype:  pronoun  a function word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase
           subtype:  anaphoric_pronoun__anaphoricpronoun  a pronoun that refers to an antecedent
           subtype:  demonstrative_pronoun__demonstrative  a pronoun that points out an intended referent
           subtype:  personal_pronoun  a pronoun expressing a distinction of person
              subtype:  reflexive_pronoun__reflexivepronoun__reflexive  a personal pronoun compounded with -self to show the agent's action affects itself
           subtype:  relative_pronoun  a pronoun (as `that' or `which' or `who') that introduces a relative clause referring to some antecedent
        subtype:  conjunctive__conjunction__connective  an uninflected function word that serves to conjoin words or phrases or clauses or sentences
           subtype:  coordinating_conjunction  a conjunction (like `and' or `or') that connects two identically constructed grammatical constituents
           subtype:  subordinate_conjunction__subordinateconjunction__subordinating_conjunction__subordinatingconjunction  a conjunction (like `since' or `that' or `who') that introduces a dependent clause
        subtype:  particle.function_word  a function word having different uses in different languages
     subtype:  head_word__head  (linguistics) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent
     subtype:  headword  a word placed at the beginning of a line or paragraph (as in a dictionary entry)
     subtype:  heteronym  two words are heteronyms if they are spelled the same way but differ in pronunciation (e.g. `bow')
     subtype:  holonym__wholename  a word that names the whole of which a given word is a part; "`hat' is a holonym for `brim' and `crown'"
     subtype:  homonym  two words are homonyms if they are pronounced or spelled the same way but have different meanings
        subtype:  homograph  two words are homographs if they are spelled the same way but differ in meaning (e.g. fair)
        subtype:  homophone  two words are homophones if they are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning or spelling or both (e.g. bare and bear)
     subtype:  hypernym__superordinate__superordinate_word__superordinateword  a word that is more generic than a given word
     subtype:  hyponym__subordinate_word__subordinateword  a word that is more specific than a given word
     subtype:  key_word__keyword  a significant word used in indexing or cataloging
     subtype:  loanblend__hybrid  a word that is composed of parts from different languages (e.g., `monolingual' has a Greek prefix and a Latin root)
     subtype:  loanword__loan  a word borrowed from another language; e.g. `blitz' is a German word borrowed into modern English
        subtype:  Gallicism  a word or phrase borrowed from French
     subtype:  meronym__part_name  a word that names a part of a larger whole; "`brim' and `crown' are meronyms of `hat'"
     subtype:  metonym  a word that is used metonymically; a word that denotes one thing but refers to a related thing
     subtype:  monosyllable__monosyllabic_word  a word or utterance of one syllable
     subtype:  neology__neologism__coinage  a newly invented word or phrase
     subtype:  nonce_word__nonceword__hapax_legomenon__hapaxlegomenon  a word with a special meaning used for a special occasion
     subtype:  oxytone  word having stress or an acute accent on the last syllable
     subtype:  palindrome  a word or phrase that reads the same backward as forward
     subtype:  primitive  a word serving as the basis for inflected or derived forms; "`pick' is the primitive from which `picket' is derived"
     subtype:  paroxytone  word having stress or acute accent on the next to last syllable
     subtype:  partitive  word (such a `some' or `less') that is used to indicate a part as distinct from a whole
     subtype:  polysemant__polysemantic_word__polysemous_word  a word having more than one meaning
     subtype:  polysyllable__polysyllabic_word  a word of more than three syllables
        subtype:  jawbreaker  a word that is hard to pronounce
        subtype:  sesquipedalian__sesquipedalia  a very long word (a foot and a half long)
     subtype:  proparoxytone  word having stress or acute accent on the antepenult
     subtype:  quantifier  (grammar) a word that expresses a quantity (as `fifteen' or `many')
        subtype:  universal_quantifier__universalquantifier  a logical quantifier of a proposition that asserts that the proposition is true for all members of a class of things
     subtype:  logical_quantifier__logicalquantifier__quantifier  (logic) a word (such as `some' or `all` or `no') that binds the variables in a logical proposition
        subtype:  existential_quantifier__existentialquantifier__existential_operator__existentialoperator  a logical quantifier of a proposition that asserts the existence of at least one thing for which the proposition is true
     subtype:  substantive  a noun or a pronoun that is used in place of a noun
        subtype:  noun  a word that can be used to refer to a person or place or thing
     subtype:  syncategorem  (logic) a term that cannot be used meaningfully in isolation
     subtype:  synonym__equivalent_word  two words that can be interchanged in a context are said to be synonymous relative to that context
     subtype:  term  a word or expression used for some particular thing; "he learned many medical terms"
        subtype:  referent.term  something that refers; a term that refers to another term
     subtype:  terminology__nomenclature__language  a system of words used in a particular discipline; "legal terminology"; "the language of sociology"
        subtype:  markup_language  a set of symbols and rules for their use when doing a markup of a document
           subtype:  standard_generalized_markup_language__SGML  (computer science) a standardized language for the descriptive markup of documents; a set of rules for using whatever markup vocabulary is adopted
           subtype:  HTML__hypertext_markup_language  a set of tags and rules (conforming to SGML) for using them in developing hypertext documents
           subtype:  XML  the language for describing XML-based languages; see http://www.w3.org/XML
           subtype:  XML_based_language__XML_based_notation  any notation following an XML schema; see http://www.w3.org/
              subtype:  XHTML  description in http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/
              subtype:  SVG  Scalable Vector Graphics; description in http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/
              subtype:  RDF/XML  XML notation for the RDF model
                 instance:  RDF_syntax_of_22-02-1999
              subtype:  PNML  the PNML language
                 subtype:  EPNML
                 subtype:  PNK
     subtype:  trisyllable  a word having three syllables
     subtype:  troponym__manner_name  a word that denotes a manner of doing something; "`march' is a troponym of `walk'"
     subtype:  vocable__spokenword  a word that is spoken aloud
     subtype:  classifier.word  a word or morpheme used in some languages in certain contexts (such as counting) to indicate the semantic class in which an item belongs
     subtype:  written_word__writtenword  the written form of a word
        subtype:  bigram  a word that is written with two letters in an alphabetic writing system
        subtype:  trigram  a word that is written with three letters in an alphabetic writing system
        subtype:  tetragram  a word that is written with four letters in an alphabetic writing system
           instance:  Tetragrammaton
  subtype:  syllable  a unit of spoken language larger than a phoneme; "the word `pocket' has two syllables"
     subtype:  penult__penultima__penultimate  the next to last syllable in a word
     subtype:  antepenult__antepenultimate  the 3rd syllable of a word counting back from the end
     subtype:  solfa_syllable__solfasyllable  one of the names for notes of a musical scale in solmization
        subtype:  doh__ut  the syllable naming the first (tonic) note of any major scale in solmization
        subtype:  re__ray  the syllable naming the second (supertonic) note of any major scale in solmization
        subtype:  mi  the syllable naming the third (mediant) note of any major scale in solmization
        subtype:  fa  the syllable naming the fourth (subdominant) note of the diatonic scale in solmization
        subtype:  soh__so  the syllable naming the fifth (dominant) note of any musical scale in solmization
        subtype:  la__lah  the syllable naming the sixth (submediant) note of a major or minor scale in solmization
        subtype:  te__ti__si  the syllable naming the the seventh (subtonic) note of any musical scale in solmization
  subtype:  lexeme  a minimal unit (as a word or stem) in the lexicon of a language; `go' and `went' and `gone' and `going' are all members of the English lexeme `go'
  subtype:  morpheme  minimal meaningful language unit; it cannot be divided into smaller meaningful units
     subtype:  allomorph  a variant phonological representation of a morpheme: "the final sounds of `bets' and `beds' and `horses' and `oxen' are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme"
        subtype:  morphophoneme  (linguistics) the phonemes (or strings of phonemes) that constitute the various allomorphs of a morpheme
     subtype:  free_morpheme__free_form  a morpheme that can occur alone
     subtype:  bound_morpheme__boundmorpheme__bound_form__boundform  a morpheme that occurs only as part of a larger construction; eg an -s at the end of plural nouns
        subtype:  combining_form__combiningform  a bound form used only in compounds; "`hemato-' is a combining form in words like `hematology'"
        subtype:  affix  a linguistic element added to a word to produce an inflected or derived form
           subtype:  prefix  an affix that added in front of the word
              subtype:  alpha_privative__alphaprivative  the negative prefix a- or un-
           subtype:  suffix__ending  an affix that is added at the end of the word
              subtype:  inflectional_suffix  an inflection that is added at the end of a root word
           subtype:  infix  an affix that is inserted inside the word
     subtype:  classifier.word  a word or morpheme used in some languages in certain contexts (such as counting) to indicate the semantic class in which an item belongs
  subtype:  formative  minimal language unit that has a syntactic (or morphological) function
  subtype:  name  a language unit by which a person or thing is known; "his name really is George Washington"; "those are two names for the same thing"
     subtype:  eponym  a name derived from the name of person (real or imaginary) as the name of Alexandria is derived from the name of its founder: Alexander the Great
     subtype:  eponym.name  the name of a person for whom something is supposedly named; "Constantine I is the eponym for Constantinople"
     subtype:  patronymic  a name derived with an affix (such as -son in English or O'- in Irish) from the name of your father or a paternal ancestor
     subtype:  matronymic__metronymic  a name derived from the name of your mother or a maternal ancestor
     subtype:  surname__family_name__cognomen__last_name  the name used to identify the members of a family (as distinguished from each member's given name)
        subtype:  maiden_name  a woman's surname before marriage
     subtype:  middle_name  a name between your first name and your surname
     subtype:  first_name__firstname__given_name__givenname__forename  the name that precedes the surname
        subtype:  Christian_name__baptismal_name__baptismalname  the first name given to Christians at birth or christening
        subtype:  praenomen  the first name of a citizen of ancient Rome
     subtype:  alias__alia__assumed_name__assumedname__false_name__falsename  a name that has been assumed temporarily
     subtype:  pseudonym__anonym__nom_de_guerre  a fictitious name used when the person performs a particular social role
        subtype:  stage_name__stagename  the pseudonym of an actor
        subtype:  pen_name__penname__nom_de_plume  an author's pseudonym
     subtype:  misnomer  an incorrect or unsuitable name
     subtype:  writer's_name__author's_name  the name that appears on the by-line to identify the author of a work
     subtype:  appellation__denomination__designation__appellative  identifying word or words by which someone or something is called and classified or distinguished from others
        subtype:  nickname__moniker__cognomen__sobriquet__soubriquet  a familiar name (often a shortened version of a person's given name); "Joe's mother would not use his nickname and always called him Joseph"
        subtype:  title.appellation  an identifying appellation signifying status or function: e.g. Mr. or General; "the professor didn't like his friends to use his formal title"
           subtype:  Aga__Agha  title for a civil or military leader (especially in Turkey)
           subtype:  Reverend  a title of respect for a clergyman
           subtype:  Very_Reverend  a title of respect for various ecclesiastical officials (as cathedral deans and canons and others)
        subtype:  nobility_title__title  an appellation signifying nobility; "`your majesty' is the appropriate title to use in addressing a king"
           subtype:  Lordship  a title used to address any British peer except a duke and extended to a bishop or a judge: "Your Lordship" or "His Lordship"
           subtype:  Ladyship  a title used to address any peeress except a duchess; "Your Ladyship" or "Her Ladyship"
           subtype:  baronetcy  the title of a baron
           subtype:  viscountcy  the title of a viscount
     subtype:  pet_name__petname__hypocorism  a name of endearment (especially one using a diminutive suffix); "`Billy' is a hypocorism for `William'"
     subtype:  title  the name of a work of art or literary composition etc.; "he looked for books with the word `jazz' in the title"; "he refused to give titles to his paintings"; "I can never remember movie titles"
        subtype:  rubric.heading  a title or heading that is printed in red or in a special type
     subtype:  place_name__placename__toponym  the name by which a geographical place is known
     subtype:  signature  your name written in your own handwriting
        subtype:  allograph  a signature made by one person for another
        subtype:  John_Hancock__autograph  a person's own signature
        subtype:  countersignature__countersign  a second confirming signature endorsing a document already signed
        subtype:  endorsement.signature  a signature that endorses something
           subtype:  blank_endorsement__blankendorsement__endorsement_in_blank  an endorsement on commercial paper naming no payee and so payable to the bearer
        subtype:  sign_manual  the signature of a sovereign on an official document
     subtype:  company_name__companyname  the name by which a corporation is identified
     subtype:  domain_name  (computer science) strings of letters used to name organizations and computers and addresses on the internet; "domain names are organized hierarchically with the more generic parts to the right"
     subtype:  trade_name__tradename__brand_name__brandname__brand__marque  a name given to a product or service
        subtype:  recording_label__label  trade name of a company that produces musical recordings; "the artists and repertoire department of a recording label is responsible for finding new talent"
     subtype:  previous_surname
     subtype:  middle_name
  subtype:  collocation  a grouping of words in a sentence
  subtype:  speech_sound__phone__sound  (linguistics) an individual sound unit of speech without concern as to whether or not it is a phoneme of some language
     subtype:  phoneme  (linguistics) one of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language
        subtype:  allophone  (linguistics) any of various acoustically different forms of the same phoneme
     subtype:  vowel_sound__vowelsound__vowel  a speech sound made with the vocal tract open
        subtype:  ablaut__gradation  a vowel whose quality or length is changed to indicate linguistic distinctions (such as sing sang sung song)
        subtype:  diphthong  a vowel sound that starts near the articulatory position for one vowel and moves toward the position for another
        subtype:  schwa__shwa  a neutral middle vowel; occurs in unstressed syllables
           subtype:  murmur_vowel__murmur  a schwa that is incidental to the pronunciation of a consonant
        subtype:  stem_vowel__thematic_vowel  a vowel that ends a stem and precedes an inflection
     subtype:  semivowel__glide  a vowel-like sound that serves as a consonant
        subtype:  palatal  a semivowel produced with the tongue near the palate (like the initial sound in the English word `yeast')
     subtype:  consonant  a speech sound that is not a vowel
        subtype:  alveolar_consonant__dental_consonant__alveolar  a consonant articulated with the tip of the tongue near the gum ridge
        subtype:  stop_consonant__stop__occlusive__plosive_consonant__plosiveconsonant__plosive_speech_sound__plosive  a consonant produced by stopping air at some point and suddenly releasing it; "his stop consonants are too aspirated"
           subtype:  labial_stop  a stop consonant that is produced with the lips
           subtype:  glottal_stop__glottalstop__glottal_plosive__glottalplosive__glottal_catch__glottalcatch  a stop consonant articulated by releasing pressure at the glottis; as in the sudden onset of a vowel
           subtype:  suction_stop__suctionstop  a stop consonant made by the suction of air into the mouth (as in Bantu)
        subtype:  aspirate  a consonant pronounced with aspiration
        subtype:  labial_consonant__labial  a consonant whose articulation involves movement of the lips
           subtype:  bilabial  a consonant that is articulated using both lips; /p/ or /b/ or /w/
           subtype:  labial_stop  a stop consonant that is produced with the lips
        subtype:  continuant_consonant__continuant  consonant articulated by constricting (but not closing) the vocal tract
           subtype:  fricative_consonant__fricative  a continuant consonant produced by breath moving against a narrowing of the vocal tract
           subtype:  nasal_consonant__nasal  a continuant consonant produced through the nose with the mouth closed
           subtype:  liquid.continuant_consonant  a frictionless non-nasal continuant (especially `l' and `r')
        subtype:  sibilant_consonant__sibilant  a consonant characterized by a hissing sound (like s or sh)
        subtype:  affricate_consonant__affricateconsonant__affricate__affricative  a composite speech sound consisting of a stop and a fricative articulated at the same point (as `ch' in `chair' and `j' in `joy')
        subtype:  surd__voiceless_consonant__voicelessconsonant  a consonant produced without sound from the vocal cords
        subtype:  guttural_consonant__guttural  a consonant articulated in the back of the mouth or throat
     subtype:  orinasal_phone__orinasal  a speech sound produced with both the oral and nasal passages open (as French nasal vowels)
     subtype:  sonant__voiced_sound  a speech sound accompanied by sound from the vocal cords
  subtype:  sign.language_unit  (linguistics) a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; "The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary"--de Saussure
  subtype:  category_identifier__formal_term

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