#group_action__groupaction action taken by a group of people
supertype: human_action__humanaction__act__human_activity__humanactivity something that people do or cause to happen
instance: Restoration
subtype: vote the opinion of a group as determined by voting; "they put the question to a vote"
subtype: plebiscite a vote by the electorate determining public opinion on a question of national importance
subtype: referendum a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate
subtype: election a vote to select the winner of a political office
subtype: reelection election again; "he did not run for reelection"
subtype: general_election__generalelection a national or state election; candidates are chosen in all constituencies
subtype: primary_election__primaryelection a preliminary election where delegates or nominees are chosen
subtype: direct_primary a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office
subtype: closed_primary a primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote; "closed primaries strengthen party unity"
subtype: open_primary a primary in which any registered voter can vote (but must vote for candidates of only one party)
subtype: by_election__bye_election__byeelection a special election between regular elections
subtype: runoff a final election to resolve an earlier election that did not produce a winner
subtype: military_action__action a military engagement; "he saw action in Korea"
subtype: battle__conflict__fight__engagement a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war; "Grant won a decisive victory in the battle of Chickamauga"; "he lost his romantic ideas about war when he got into a real engagement"
subtype: Armageddon.battle__armageddon any catastrophically destructive battle; "they called the first World War an Armageddon"
subtype: pitched_battle__pitchedbattle a fierce battle fought in close combat between troops in predetermined positions at a chosen time and place
instance: Agincourt battle_of_Austerlitz__Austerlitz Bannockburn battle_of_the_Ardennes_Bulge__Battle_of_the_Bulge__Ardennes_counteroffensive battle_of_the_Marne__Belleau_Wood__Chateau-Thierry__Marne_River Blenheim Borodino Bosworth_Field Bouvines battle_of_Boyne__Boyne battle_of_Brunanburh__Brunanburh Buena_Vista Bull_Run battle_of_Bunker_Hill__Bunker_Hill Cannae battle_of_Caporetto__Caporetto Caudine_Forks Chaeronea Chalons-sur-Marne__Chalons Chancellorsville Chapultepec battle_of_Chattanooga__Chattanooga battle_of_Chickamauga__Chickamauga battle_of_Cowpens__Cowpens battle_of_Crecy__Crecy battle_of_Cunaxa__Cunaxa battle_of_Cynoscephalae__Cynoscephalae battle_of_El_Alamein__El_Alamein__Al_Alamayn battle_of_Flodden_Field__Flodden__Flodden_Field battle_of_Fontenoy__Fontenoy Fort_Ticonderoga__Ticonderoga battle_of_Fredericksburg__Fredericksburg battle_of_Gettysburg__Gettysburg battle_of_Granicus_River__Granicus battle_of_Guadalcanal__Guadalcanal battle_of_Hastings__Hastings battle_of_Hohenlinden__Hohenlinden battle_of_Ipsus__battleofipsu__Ipsus battle_of_Issus__Issus battle_of_Ivry__Ivry__Ivry_la_Bataille battle_of_Jena__Jena Kennesaw_Mountain Battle_of_Lake_Trasimenus__Lake_Trasimenus battle_of_Langside__Langside battle_of_Leuctra__Leuctra Lexington_and_Concord__Lexington__Concord battle_of_Lule_Burgas__Lule_Burgas battle_of_Lutzen__Lutzen battle_of_Magenta__Magenta battle_of_Maldon__Maldon Mantinea__Mantineia battle_of_Marathon__Marathon Marengo battle_of_Marston_Moor__Marston_Moor Metaurus_River battle_of_Minden__Minden battle_of_Monmouth_Court_House__Monmouth_Court_House battle_of_Naseby__Naseby battle_of_Omdurman__Omdurman battle_of_Panipat__Panipat battle_of_Pharsalus__Pharsalus battle_of_Philippi__Philippi battle_of_Plassey__Plassey battle_of_Plataea__Plataea battle_of_Poitiers__Poitiers Port_Arthur battle_of_Pydna__Pydna battle_of_Ravenna__Ravenna battle_of_Rocroi__Rocroi battle_of_Rossbach__Rossbach battle_of_Saint_Mihiel__Saint_Mihiel__St-Mihiel__battle_of_St-Mihiel battle_of_Saratoga__Saratoga battle_of_Sempatch__Sempatch battle_of_Shiloh__Shiloh__battle_of_Pittsburgh_Landing battle_of_Soissons-Reims__Soissons__battle_of_the_Chemin-des-Dames__battle_of_the_Aisne battle_of_Solferino__Solferino WWI_battle_of_the_Somme__Somme__Somme_River__battle_of_the_Somme WWII_battle_of_the_Somme__Somme__Somme_River__battle_of_the_Somme battle_of_Spotsylvania_Courthouse__Spotsylvania battle_of_Tannenberg__Tannenberg battle_of_Tertry__Tertry battle_of_Teutoburger_Wald__Teutoburger_Wald battle_of_Tewkesbury__Tewkesbury battle_of_Thermopylae__Thermopylae battle_of_Trasimeno__Trasimeno battle_of_Valmy__Valmy battle_of_Verdun__Verdun battle_of_Wagram__Wagram battle_of_Waterloo__Waterloo Yalu_River first_battle_of_Ypres__Ypres__battle_of_Ypres second_battle_of_Ypres__Ypres__battle_of_Ypres third_battle_of_Ypres__Ypres__battle_of_Ypres battle_of_Zama__Zama
subtype: naval_battle__navalbattle a pitched battle between naval fleets
instance: Actium.naval_battle__actium Aegates_Isles__Aegadean_Isles Aegospotami__Aegospotamos battle_of_the_Bismarck_Sea__Bismarck_Sea battle_of_the_Coral_Sea__Coral_Sea Hampton_Roads battle_of_Jutland__Jutland battle_of_Lepanto__Lepanto Manila_Bay battle_of_Midway__Midway battle_of_Navarino__Navarino battle_of_Cape_Passero__Passero__Cape_Passero__Passero_Cape battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea__Philippine_Sea Santiago__Santiago_de_Cuba Battle_of_the_Spanish_Armada battle_of_Trafalgar__Trafalgar Tsushima
subtype: armed_combat__armedcombat__combat an engagement fought between two military forces
subtype: belligerency__hostility acts of overt warfare; "the outbreak of hostilities"
subtype: aggression.armed_combat the act of initiating hostilities
subtype: dogfight.battle an aerial engagement between fighter planes
subtype: assault close fighting during the culmination of a military attack
subtype: resisting_arrest__resistingarrest physical efforts to oppose a lawful arrest; the resistance is classified as assault and battery upon the person of the police officer attempting to make the arrest
subtype: storm a direct and violent assault on a stronghold
subtype: battle_in_France
instance: Agincourt French_Revolution battle_of_the_Marne__Belleau_Wood__Chateau-Thierry__Marne_River Chalons-sur-Marne__Chalons battle_of_Crecy__Crecy battle_of_Ivry__Ivry__Ivry_la_Bataille Meuse-Argonne_operation__Meuse__Meuse_River__Argonne__Argonne_Forest__Meuse-Argonne siege_of_Orleans__Orleans battle_of_Poitiers__Poitiers battle_of_Rocroi__Rocroi battle_of_Saint_Mihiel__Saint_Mihiel__St-Mihiel__battle_of_St-Mihiel battle_of_Soissons-Reims__Soissons__battle_of_the_Chemin-des-Dames__battle_of_the_Aisne WWI_battle_of_the_Somme__Somme__Somme_River__battle_of_the_Somme WWII_battle_of_the_Somme__Somme__Somme_River__battle_of_the_Somme battle_of_Tertry__Tertry battle_of_Valmy__Valmy battle_of_Verdun__Verdun
instance: Battle_of_Britain Drogheda
subtype: encirclement__blockade a war measure that isolates some area of importance to the enemy
subtype: naval_blockade__navalblockade the interdiction of a nation's lines of communication at sea by the use of naval power
subtype: siege__besieging__beleaguering__military_blockade the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack
instance: battle_of_Atlanta__Atlanta Bataan__Corregidor Dien_Bien_Phu Lucknow siege_of_Orleans__Orleans Petersburg_Campaign__Petersburg Plevna__Pleven siege_of_Syracuse__Syracuse siege_of_Syracuse.siege__siegeofsyracuse__Syracuse siege_of_Vicksburg__Vicksburg Yorktown
subtype: defensive_measure__defensivemeasure__defense military action or resources protecting a country against potential enemies; "they died in the defense of Stalingrad"; "they were developed for the defense program"
subtype: umbrella.defensive_measure a formation of military planes maintained over ground operations or targets; "an air umbrella over England"
subtype: air_defense__airdefense defensive measures designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles or to nullify their effectiveness
subtype: active_air_defense air defense by the use aircraft or missiles or artillery or electronic countermeasures
subtype: passive_air_defense__passiveairdefense air defense by the use of deception or dispersion or protective construction
subtype: stand.defensive_measure a defensive effort; "the army made a final stand at the Rhone"
subtype: repulsion__standoff the act of repulsing or repelling an attack; a successful defensive stand
subtype: hasty_defense__hastydefense__hasty_defence__hastydefence a defense organized while in contact with the enemy or when time is limited
subtype: deliberate_defense__deliberate_defence a defensive organized before contact is made with the enemy and while time for organization is available; usually includes a fortified zone (with pillboxes) and communication systems
subtype: fortification__strengthening the act of fortifying or strengthening defenses
subtype: chemical_defense__chemical_defence procedures involved in taking defensive measures against attacks using chemical agents
subtype: minelaying__mining laying explosive mines in concealed places to destroy enemy personnel and equipment
subtype: biological_warfare_defense__BW_defense defense against biological warfare
subtype: electronic_warfare__EW military action involving the use of electromagnetic energy to determine or exploit or reduce or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum
subtype: electronic_countermeasures__ECM electronic warfare undertaken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum
subtype: electronic_deception the deliberate use of electromagnetic energy in a manner intended to convey misleading information
subtype: manipulative_electronic_deception__electronic_manipulative_deception actions to eliminate revealing telltale indicators that could be used by the enemy (or to convey misleading indicators)
subtype: simulative_electronic_deception__electronic_simulative_deception actions to represent friendly notional or actual capabilities to mislead hostile forces
subtype: imitative_electronic_deception__electronic_imitative_deception the introduction of electromagnetic energy into enemy systems that imitates enemy emissions
subtype: electronic_jamming__jamming__jam deliberate radiation or reflection of electromagnetic energy for the purpose of disrupting enemy use of electronic devices or systems
subtype: barrage_jamming__barragejamming electronic jamming over a wide range of frequencies simultaneously
subtype: spot_jamming__selective_jamming__selectivejamming electronic jamming of a specific channel or frequency
subtype: electronic_counter-countermeasures__ECCM electronic warfare undertaken to insure effective friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum in spite of the enemy's use of electronic warfare
subtype: electronic_warfare-support_measures__ESM electronic warfare undertaken under direct control of an operational commander to locate sources of radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition
subtype: electromagnetic_intrusion__electromagneticintrusion the deliberate insertion of electromagnetic energy into transmission paths with the objective of confusing or deceiving operators
subtype: military_operation__operation a military or naval action (as a maneuver or campaign); "it was a joint operation of the navy and air force"
subtype: simulated_military_operation__maneuver__manoeuvre a military training exercise
subtype: military_campaign__campaign several related operations aimed at achieving a particular goal (usually within geographical and temporal constraints)
subtype: military_expedition__expedition__hostile_expedition__hostileexpedition a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country
subtype: Crusade any of the more or less continuous military expeditions in the 11-13th centuries when Christian powers of Europe tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims
instance: First_Crusade Second_Crusade Third_Crusade Fourth_Crusade Fifth_Crusade Sixth_Crusade Seventh_Crusade
instance: Dardanelles_campaign__Dardanelles Okinawa_campaign__Okinawa Petersburg_Campaign__Petersburg Wilderness_Campaign
subtype: naval_campaign__navalcampaign an operation conducted primarily by naval forces in order to gain or extend or maintain control of the sea
subtype: military_mission__mission an operation that is assigned by a higher headquarters; "the planes were on a bombing mission"
subtype: combat_mission a mission to capture or defend something
subtype: search_mission a mission to discover something
subtype: search_and_destroy_mission an operation developed for US troops in Vietnam; troops would move through a designated area destroying troops as they found them
subtype: direct_support a mission requiring one force to support another specific force and authorizing it to answer directly the supported force's request for assistance
subtype: reenforcement__support__reinforcement a military operation (often involving new supplies of men and materiel) to strengthen a military force or aid in the performance of its mission; "they called for artillery support"
subtype: close_support__closesupport close-in firing by one unit against an enemy engaged by another unit
subtype: onset__attack__onslaught__onrush an offensive against and enemy (using weapons); "the attack began at dawn"
subtype: ground_attack an attack by ground troops
subtype: charge.onset a impetuous rush toward someone or something; "the wrestler's charge carried him past his adversary"; "the battle began with a cavalry charge"
subtype: banzai_attack__banzai_charge a mass attack of troops without concern for casualties; originated by Japanese who accompanied it with yells of `banzai'
subtype: diversionary_attack__diversion an attack calculated to draw enemy defense away from the point of the principal attack
subtype: diversionary_landing an amphibious diversionary attack
subtype: penetration.onset__incursion an attack that penetrates into enemy territory
subtype: breakthrough.penetration a penetration of an enemy's defense in depth and strength
subtype: invasion the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder
subtype: inroad.invasion an invasion or hostile attack
subtype: infiltration a process in which a military force moves as individuals (or small groups) through enemy positions without detection
subtype: maraud__foray__raid a sudden short attack
subtype: air_raid__airraid__air_attack__airattack an attack by armed planes on a surface target
subtype: swoop.maraud a very rapid raid
subtype: blitz a rapid and violent military attack with intensive aerial bombardment
subtype: strike an attack that is intended to seize or inflict damage on or destroy an objective; "the strike was scheduled to begin at dawn"
subtype: surgical_strike an attack (usually without prior warning) intended to deal only with a specific target
subtype: counterattack__countermove an attack by a defending force against an attacking enemy force in order to regain lost ground or cut off enemy advance units etc.
subtype: bombing__bombardment an attack by dropping bombs
subtype: bombing_run__bombingrun that part of the flight that begins with the approach to the target; includes target acquisition and ends with the release of the bombs
subtype: dive-bombing a bombing run in which the bomber release the bomb while flying straight toward the target
subtype: loft_bombing__toss_bombing a bombing run in which the bomber approaches the target at a low altitude and pulls up just before releasing the bomb
subtype: over-the-shoulder_bombing a special case of loft bombing in which the bomb is released past the vertical so it is tossed back to the target
subtype: firing__fire the act of firing weapons or artillery at an enemy; "hold your fire until you can see the whites of their eyes"; "they retreated in the face of withering enemy fire"
subtype: covering_fire__cover fire that makes it difficult for the enemy to fire on your own individuals or formations; "artillery provided covering fire for the withdrawal"
subtype: antiaircraft_fire firing at enemy aircraft
subtype: barrage_fire__barragefire__barrage__battery__bombardment__shelling the heavy fire of artillery to saturate an area rather than hit a specific target; "they laid down a barrage in front of the advancing troops"; "the shelling went on for hours without pausing"
subtype: broadside (naval) the simultaneous firing of all the armament on one side of a warship
subtype: fusillade__salvo__volley__burst rapid simultaneous discharge of firearms; "our fusillade from the left flank caught them by surprise"
subtype: call_fire fire delivered on a specific target in response to a request from the supported unit
subtype: supporting_fire fire delivered by supporting units to protect or assist a unit in combat
subtype: close_supporting_fire fire on enemy troops or weapons or positions that are near the supported unit and are the most immediate and serious threat to it
subtype: deep_supporting_fire fire on objectives not in the immediate vicinity your forces but with the objective of destroying enemy reserves and weapons nad interfering with the enemy command and supply and communications
subtype: direct_supporting_fire fire delivered in support of part of a force (as opposed to general supporting fire delivered in support of the force as a whole)
subtype: concentrated_fire__massed_fire fire from two or more weapons directed at a single target or area (as fire by batteries of two or more warships)
subtype: counterfire fire intended to neutralize or destroy enemy weapons
subtype: counterbattery_fire fire delivered to neutralize or destroy indirect fire weapon systems
subtype: counterbombardment bombardment intended to destroy or neutralize enemy weapons
subtype: countermortar_fire__countermortarfire mortar fire intended to destroy or neutralize enemy weapons
subtype: counterpreparation_fire intensive prearranged fire delivered when the immanence of enemy attack is discovered
subtype: crossfire fire from two or more points so that the lines of fire cross
subtype: destruction_fire__destructionfire fire delivered for the sole purpose of destroying material objects
subtype: direct_fire fire delivered on a target that is visible to the person aiming it
subtype: distributed_fire__distributedfire fire dispersed so as to engage effectively an area target
subtype: grazing_fire__grazingfire fire approximately parallel to the ground; the center of the cone of fire does rise above 1 meter from the ground
subtype: harassing_fire__harassingfire fire designed to disturb the rest of enemy troops and to curtail movement and to lower enemy morale
subtype: indirect_fire fire delivered on a target that is not itself used as the point of aim for the weapons
subtype: interdiction_fire fire directed to an area to prevent the enemy from using that area
subtype: neutralization_fire fire that is delivered in order to render the target ineffective or unusable
subtype: observed_fire fire for which the point of impact (the burst) can be seen by an observer; fire can be adjusted on the basis of the observations
subtype: preparation_fire__preparationfire fire delivered on a target in preparation for an assault
subtype: radar_fire__radarfire gunfire aimed a target that is being tracked by radar
subtype: registration_fire fire delivered to obtain accurate data for subsequent effective engagement of targets
subtype: scheduled_fire__scheduledfire prearranged fire delivered at a predetermined time
subtype: searching_fire__searchingfire fire distributed in depth by successive changes in the elevation of the gun
subtype: suppressive_fire__suppressivefire fire on or about a weapon system to degrade its performance below what is needed to fulfill its mission objectives
subtype: unobserved_fire fire for which the point of impact (the bursts) cannot be observed
subtype: artillery_fire__artilleryfire__cannon_fire__cannonfire fire delivered by artillery
subtype: cannonade__drumfire intense and continuous artillery fire
subtype: high-angle_fire fire from a cannon fired at an elevation greater than that for the maximum range
subtype: mortar_fire artillery fire delivered by a mortar
subtype: zone_fire artillery or mortar fire delivered in a constant direction at several quadrant elevations
subtype: surprise_attack__coup_de_main an attack without warning
subtype: ambush__ambuscade__lyinginwait the act of concealing yourself and lying in wait to attack by surprise
subtype: dry-gulching__drygulching the act of killing from ambush
subtype: pre-emptive_strike__preemptivestrike a surprise attack that is launched in order to prevent the enemy from doing it to you
subtype: offensive__offense__offence the action of attacking the enemy
subtype: counteroffensive a large scale offensive (more than a counterattack) undertaken by a defending force to seize the initiative from an attacking force
subtype: push_back__rollback the act of forcing the enemy to withdraw
subtype: amphibious_operation a military operation by both land and sea forces
subtype: amphibious_demonstration an amphibious operation conducted for the purpose of deceiving the enemy and leading him into a course of action unfavorable to him
subtype: amphibious_assault an amphibious operation attacking a land base that is carried out by troops that are landed by naval ships
instance: Eniwetok Inchon invasion_of_Iwo__Iwo__Iwo_Jima Leyte_invasion__Leyte__Leyte_Island Saipan Salerno Tarawa-Makin__Tarawa__Makin battle_of_Wake_Island__battle_of_Wake
subtype: information_gathering__informationgathering the act of collecting information
subtype: intelligence_operation__intelligence__intelligence_activity the operation of gathering information about an enemy
subtype: undercover_work__spying the act of keeping a secret watch for intelligence purposes
subtype: espionage the systematic use of spies to get military or political secrets
subtype: current_intelligence__currentintelligence intelligence of all types and forms of immediate interest; usually disseminated without delays for evaluation or interpretation
subtype: tactical_intelligence__combat_intelligence intelligence that is required for the planning and conduct of tactical operations
subtype: terrain_intelligence__terrainintelligence tactical intelligence on the natural and man-made characteristics of an area
subtype: strategic_intelligence__strategicintelligence intelligence that is required for forming policy and military plans at national and international levels
subtype: signals_intelligence__signalsintelligence__SIGINT intelligence information gathered from communications intelligence or electronics intelligence or telemetry intelligence
subtype: electronics_intelligence__electronicsintelligence__ELINT intelligence derived from non-communications electromagnetic radiations from foreign sources (other than radioactive sources)
subtype: communications_intelligence__COMINT technical and intelligence information derived from foreign communications by other than the intended recipients
subtype: telemetry_intelligence__telemetryintelligence__TELINT intelligence derived from the interception and processing and analysis of foreign telemetry
subtype: clandestine_operation__clandestineoperation an intelligence operation so planned and executed as to insure concealment
subtype: overt_operation__overtoperation the collection of intelligence openly without concealment
subtype: reconnaissance the act of reconnoitring (especially to gain information about an enemy or potential enemy)
subtype: recce__recco__reccy reconnaissance (by shortening)
subtype: scouting__exploratory_survey__exploratorysurvey__reconnoitering__reconnoitring exploring in order to gain information; "scouting in enemy territory is very dangerous"
subtype: air_reconnaissance__airreconnaissance reconnaissance either by visual observation from the air or through the use of airborne sensors
subtype: reconnaissance_by_fire a method of reconnaissance in which fire is placed on a suspected enemy position in order to cause the enemy to disclose his presence by moving or returning fire
subtype: reconnaissance_in_force an offensive operation designed to discover or test the enemy's strength (or to obtain other information)
subtype: electronic_reconnaissance the detection and identification and evaluation and location of foreign electromagnetic radiations (other than radioactive)
subtype: counterintelligence intelligence activities concerned with identifying and counteracting the threat to security posed by hostile intelligence organizations or by individuals engaged in espionage or sabotage or subversion or terrorism
subtype: counterespionage spying on the spies
subtype: security_intelligence intelligence on the identity and capability and intentions of hostile individuals or organizations that may be engaged in espionage or sabotage or subversion or terrorism
subtype: security_review__censoring__censorship counterintelligence achieved by banning or deleting any information of value to the enemy
subtype: military_censorship all types of censorship conducted by personnel of the armed forces
subtype: civil_censorship__civilcensorship military censorship of civilian communications (correspondence or printed matter of films) entering or leaving of circulating within territories controlled by armed forces
subtype: field_press_censorship__fieldpresscensorship security review of news (including all information or material intended for dissemination to the public) subject to the jurisdiction of the armed forces
subtype: prisoner_of_war_censorship military censorship of communication to and from prisoners of war and civilian internees held by the armed forces
subtype: armed_forces_censorship military censorship of personal communications to or from persons in the armed forces
subtype: primary_censorship__primarycensorship armed forces censorship performed by personnel of a military unit on the personal communications of persons assigned to that unit
subtype: secondary_censorship__secondarycensorship armed forces censorship of the personal communications of officers or civilian employees or enlisted personnel not subject to primary censorship
subtype: national_censorship censorship under civil authority of communications entering or leaving of crossing the borders of the United States or its territories or possessions
subtype: countersubversion the aspect of counterintelligence designed to detect and prevent subversive activities
subtype: counter-sabotage__countersabotage counterintelligence designed to detect and counteract sabotage
subtype: covert_operation an intelligence operation so planned as to permit plausible denial by the sponsor
instance: Meuse-Argonne_operation__Meuse__Meuse_River__Argonne__Argonne_Forest__Meuse-Argonne Operation_Desert_Storm
subtype: police_action a local military action without declaration of war; against violators of international peace and order
subtype: resistance.military_action the military action of resisting the enemy's advance; "the enemy offered little resistance"
subtype: saber_rattling__saberrattling__sabre_rattling__sabrerattling the ostentatious display of military power (with the implied threat that it might be used)
subtype: sally__sortie a military action in which besieged troops burst forth from their position
subtype: war.military_action__warfare the waging of armed conflict against an enemy; "thousands of people were killed in the war"
subtype: limited_war a war whose objective is less than the unconditional defeat of the enemy
subtype: psychological_warfare__psychologicalwarfare__war_of_nerves the use of psychological tactics to destroy the opponents' morale
subtype: civil_war__civilwar a war between factions in the same country
instance: American_Civil_War__War_between_the_States English_Civil_War
subtype: chemical_warfare__chemical_operations warfare using chemical agents to kill or injure or incapacitate the enemy
subtype: biological_warfare__BW the use of bacteria or viruses of toxins to destroy men and animals or food
subtype: germ_warfare__bacteriological_warfare__bacteriologicalwarfare the use of harmful bacteria as a weapon
subtype: jihad__jehad a holy war by Muslims against unbelievers
subtype: world_war__worldwar a war in which the major nations of the world are involved
instance: World_War_I__World_War___Great_War__First_World_War__War_to_End_War World_War_II__World_War___Second_World_War
subtype: Boer_War either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881); the second when the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain (1899-1902)
subtype: hot_war actual fighting between the warring parties
instance: Six_Day_War__Arab-Israeli_War Arab-Israeli_War__Yom_Kippur_War Balkan_Wars Chino-Japanese_War Crimean_War Franco-Prussian_War French_and_Indian_War Hundred_Years'_War Iran-Iraq_War Korean_War Mexican_War Napoleonic_Wars Peloponnesian_War Persian_Gulf_War Punic_Wars Russo-Japanese_War Seven_Years'_War Spanish-American_War__Spanish_War Thirty_Years'_War Trojan_War Vietnam_War War_of_the_Austrian_Succession War_of_the_Grand_Alliance__War_of_the_League_of_Augsburg War_of_the_Spanish_Succession War_of_the_Roses__Wars_of_the_Roses War_of_1812
subtype: conflict__struggle__battle an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals); "the harder the conflict the more glorious the triumph"--Thomas Paine; "police tried to control the battle between the pro- and anti-abortion mobs"
subtype: class_struggle__classstruggle__class_war__classwar__class_warfare__classwarfare conflict between social or economic classes (especially between the capitalist and proletariat classes)
subtype: insurrection__rebellion__revolt__rising__uprising organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another
subtype: insurgency an organized rebellion aimed at overthrowing a constituted government through the use of subversion and armed conflict
subtype: intifada the Palestinian uprising (beginning in 1987) against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip
subtype: mutiny open rebellion against constituted authority (especially by seamen or soldiers against their officers)
instance: Peasant's_Revolt__Great_Revolt
subtype: counterinsurgency__pacification actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency
subtype: strife bitter conflict; heated often violent dissension
subtype: countercurrent actions counter to the main group activity; "political crosscurrents disrupted the conference"
subtype: discord__discordance strife resulting from a lack of agreement
subtype: tug-of-war any hard struggle between equally matched groups
subtype: fighting__fight__combat the act of fighting; any contest or struggle; "a fight broke out at the hockey game"; "there was fighting in the streets"
subtype: gunfight__gunplay a fight involving shooting small arms with the intent to kill or frighten
subtype: skirmish__brush__clash__encounter a minor short-term fight
subtype: contretemps__contretemp an awkward clash; "he tried to smooth over his contretemps with the policeman"
subtype: dogfight a violent fight between dogs (sometimes organized illegally for entertainment and gambling)
subtype: swordplay__fencing the act or art of using a sword as in fencing
subtype: in-fighting conflict between members of the same organization (usually concealed from outsiders)
subtype: set-to__setto a brief but vigorous fight
subtype: shock.fighting__impact the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat
subtype: scuffle__hassle__tussle__rough-and-tumble__roughandtumble disorderly fighting
subtype: affaire_d'honneur__affaired'honneur__duel a prearranged fight with deadly weapons by two people (accompanied by seconds) in order to settle a quarrel over a point of honor
subtype: fistfight__fisticuffs__slugfest a fight with bare fists
subtype: punch-up__punchup (British) a fistfight; "the quarrel ended in a punch-up"
subtype: battering__banging the act of subjecting to strong attack
subtype: beating__whipping the act of overcoming or outdoing
subtype: affray__disturbance__fray__ruffle a noisy fight
subtype: free-for-all__brawl a noisy fight in a crowd
subtype: knife_fight__knifefight__snickersnee__cut-and-thrust__cutandthrust fighting with knives
subtype: gang_fight__rumble a fight between rival gangs of adolescents
subtype: feud a bitter quarrel between two parties
subtype: vendetta__blood_feud__bloodfeud a feud in which members of the opposing parties murder each other
subtype: warfare__war an active struggle between competing entities; "a price war"; "a war of wits"; "diplomatic warfare"
subtype: revolution the overthrow of a government by those who are governed
subtype: counterrevolution a revolution whose aim is to reverse the changes introduced by a previous revolution
instance: American_Revolution__War_of_American_Independence__American_War_of_Independence Chinese_Revolution English_Revolution__Glorious_Revolution__Bloodless_Revolution French_Revolution Mexican_Revolution February_Revolution__Russian_Revolution
subtype: social_activity activity considered appropriate on social occasions
subtype: association.social_activity the act of consorting with or joining with others; "you cannot be convicted of criminal guilt by association"
subtype: fraternization__fraternisation associating with others in a brotherly or friendly way; especially with an enemy
subtype: affiliation the act of becoming formally connected or joined: "welcomed the affiliation of the research center with the university"
subtype: reaffiliation affiliation anew
subtype: mingling the action of people mingling and coming into contact; "all the random mingling and idle talk made him hate literary parties"
subtype: communalism.group_action the practice of communal living and common ownership
subtype: confederation__alliance the act of forming an alliance or confederation
subtype: decolonization__decolonisation the action of changing from colonial to independent status
subtype: disbandment the act of disbanding; "the orchestra faced the prospect of disbandment"
subtype: disestablishment the act terminating an established state of affairs; especially ending a connection with the Church of England
subtype: transaction__dealing__dealings the act of transacting within or between groups (as carrying on commercial activities); "no transactions are possible without him"; "he has always been honest is his dealings with me"
subtype: commercialism__commerce__mercantilism transactions having the objective of supplying commodities
subtype: trading buying or selling securities or commodities
subtype: bond_trading__bond-trading_activity trading in bonds (usually by a broker on the floor of an exchange)
subtype: program_trading__programtrading a trading technique involving large blocks of stock with trades triggered by computer programs
subtype: short_sale__shortsale__short_selling__shortselling sale of securities or commodity futures not owned by the seller (who hopes to buy them back later at a lower price)
subtype: short_covering__shortcovering the purchase of securities or commodities by a short seller to close out a short sale
subtype: insider_trading buying or selling corporate stock by a corporate officer or other insider
subtype: trade the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services; "Venice was an important center of trade with the East"; "they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade"
subtype: free_trade international trade free of government interference
subtype: exchange.commercialism__interchange reciprocal transfer of equivalent sums of money especially the currencies of different countries: "he earns his living from the interchange of currency"
subtype: conversion.exchange act of exchanging one type of money or security for another
subtype: unitisation conversion of an investment trust into a unit investment trust
subtype: barter__swap__swop__trade__quid_pro_quo an equal exchange; "we had no money so we hd to live by barter"
subtype: horse_trade__horsetrade__horse_trading__horsetrading the swapping of horses (accompanied by much bargaining)
subtype: foreign_exchange__foreignexchange the system by which one currency is exchanged for another; enables international transactions to take place
subtype: initial_public_offering__IPO__initial_offering__initialoffering a corporation's first offer to sell stock to the public
subtype: business_enterprise__commercial_enterprise__business the activity of providing goods and services involving financial and commercial and industrial aspects; "computers are now widely used in business"
subtype: tourism__touristry the business of providing services to tourists; "Tourism is a major business in Bermuda"
subtype: ecotourism tourism to exotic or threatened ecosystems to observe wildlife or to help preserve nature
subtype: fishing.business_enterprise the occupation of catching fish
subtype: butchery__butchering the business of a butcher
subtype: storage.business_enterprise the commercial enterprise of storing goods and materials
subtype: stowing__stowage the act of packing or storing away
subtype: tankage the act of storing in tanks
subtype: industry.business_enterprise__manufacture the organized action of making of goods and services for sale; "American industry is making increased use of computers to control production"
subtype: cottage_industry__cottageindustry small-scale industry that can be carried on at home by family members using their own equipment
subtype: production (economics) manufacturing or mining or growing something (usually in large quantities) for sale; "he introduced more efficient methods of production"
subtype: overproduction__overrun too much production or more than expected
subtype: underproduction inadequate production or less than expected
subtype: output__yield production of a certain amount
subtype: line_function__line_duty activity contributing directly to the output of an organization
subtype: crop__harvest the yield from plants in a single growing season
subtype: cash_crop a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco)
subtype: catch_crop__catchcrop a quick-growing crop (e.g. lettuce) planted between two regular crops grown in successive seasons or between two rows of crops in the same season
subtype: cover_crop__covercrop crop planted to prevent soil erosion and provide green manure
subtype: fruitage the yield of fruit; "a tree highly recommended for its fruitage"
subtype: root_crop crop grown for its enlarged roots: e.g. beets; potatoes; turnips
subtype: capacity.production the maximum production possible
subtype: breeding the production of animals or plants by inbreeding or hybridization
subtype: autosexing (especially of domestic fowl) breeding to reveal differential sex characteristics at hatching
subtype: cattle_breeding breeding cattle
subtype: dog_breeding__dogbreeding breeding dogs
subtype: horse_breeding__horsebreeding breeding horses
subtype: brewing the production of malt beverages (as beer or ale) from malt and hops by grinding and boiling them and fermenting the result with yeast
subtype: cultivation (agriculture) production of food by preparing the land to grow crops
subtype: beekeeping__apiculture the cultivation of bees on a commercial scale for the production of honey
subtype: husbandry__farming__agriculture the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock
subtype: animal_husbandry breeding and caring for farm animals
subtype: arboriculture__tree_farming the cultivation of tree for the production of timber
subtype: dairying__dairy_farming__dairyfarming the business of a dairy
subtype: gardening__horticulture the cultivation of plants
subtype: landscape_gardening__landscapegardening__landscaping working as a landscape gardner
subtype: market_gardening the growing of vegetables or flowers for market
subtype: flower_gardening__floriculture the cultivation of flowering plants
subtype: hydroponics__hydroponic__aquiculture__tank_farming a technique of growing plants (without soil) in water containing dissolved nutrients
subtype: mixed_farming__mixedfarming growing crops and feed and livestock all on the same farm
subtype: planting.husbandry putting seeds or young plants in the ground to grow; "the planting of corn is hard work"
subtype: ranching farming for the raising of livestock (particularly cattle)
subtype: roundup the activity of gather livestock together so that they can be counted or branded or sold
subtype: strip_cropping__stripcropping cultivation of crops in strips following the contours of the land to minimize erosion
subtype: subsistence_farming__subsistencefarming farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses for marketing
subtype: truck_farming__truckfarming growing vegetables for the market
subtype: culture.cultivation the raising of plants or animals: "the culture of oysters"
subtype: cranberry_culture__cranberryculture the cultivation of cranberries
subtype: tillage the cultivation of soil for raising crops
subtype: tilling cultivation of the land in order to raise crops
subtype: plowing__ploughing tilling the land with a plow; "he hired someone to do the plowing for him"
subtype: culture (biology) the growing of microorganisms in a nutrient medium (such as gelatin or agar); "the culture of cells in a Petri dish"
subtype: mining__excavation the act of extracting ores or coal etc from the earth
subtype: placer_mining mining valuable minerals from a placer by washing or dredging
subtype: strip_mining__stripmining__opencast_mining the mining of ore or coal from an open mine
subtype: quarrying the extraction of building stone or slate from an open surface quarry
subtype: oil_production__oilproduction__boring__drilling the act of drilling a hole in the earth in the hope of producing petroleum
subtype: industrialization__industrialisation__industrialenterprise the development of industry on an extensive scale
subtype: field_of_operation__field__line_of_business a particular kind of commercial enterprise; "they are outstanding in their field"
subtype: employee-owned_enterprise__employee-owned_business a commercial enterprise owned by the people who work for it
subtype: finance the commercial activity of providing funds and capital
subtype: financing__funding the act of financing
subtype: high_finance large and complex financial transactions (often used with the implication that those individuals or institutions who engage in them are unethical)
subtype: investing__investment the act of investing; laying out money or capital in an enterprise with the expectation of profit
subtype: arbitrage a kind of hedged investment meant to capture slight differences in price; when there is a difference in the price of something on two different markets the arbitrageur simultaneously buys at the lower price and sells at the higher price
subtype: risk_arbitrage__takeover_arbitrage arbitrage involving risk; as in the simultaneous purchase of stock in a target company and sale of stock in its potential acquirer; if the takeover fails the arbitrageur may lose a great deal of money
subtype: leveraging__leverage investing with borrowed money as a way to amplify potential gains (at the risk of greater losses)
subtype: flotation__floatation financing a commercial enterprise by bond or stock shares
subtype: banking transacting business with a bank
subtype: co-op__cooperative a commercial enterprise run for the benefit of its owners
subtype: discount_business the business of selling merchandise at a discount
subtype: real-estate_business the business of selling real estate
subtype: advertising__publicizing the business of drawing public attention to goods and services
subtype: hard_sell forceful and insistent advertising
subtype: soft_sell suggestive or persuasive advertising
subtype: circularization__circularisation circulating printed notices as a means of advertising
subtype: publishing__publication the business of publishing
subtype: desktop_publishing__desktoppublishing (computer science) the use of microcomputers with graphics capacity to produce printed materials
subtype: republication__republishing publishing again
subtype: contribution a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or story
subtype: serialization__serialisation publication in serial form
subtype: printing the business of printing
subtype: gravure intaglio printing
subtype: photogravure.gravure__rotogravure using photography to produce a plate for printing
subtype: issue.printing__publication the act of issuing printed materials
subtype: packaging the business of packaging; "the packaging of new ideas"; "packaging for transport"
subtype: meatpacking__meatpackingbusines wholesale packaging of meat for future sale (including slaughtering and processing and distribution to retailers)
subtype: agribusiness__agriculture a large-scale farming enterprise
subtype: construction.business_enterprise__building the commercial activity involved in constructing buildings; "their main business is home construction"; "workers in the building trades"
subtype: jerry-building__jerrybuilding construction of inferior buildings for a quick profit
subtype: shipping__transportation__transport the commercial enterprise of transporting goods and materials
subtype: navigation ship traffic; "the channel will be open to navigation as soon as the ice melts"
subtype: hauling__trucking the activity of transporting goods by truck
subtype: cartage__carting the work of carting
subtype: freight__freightage transporting goods commercially at rates cheaper than express rates
subtype: expressage__express__expres rapid transport of goods
subtype: ferrying__ferry transport by boat or aircraft
subtype: venture.business_enterprise a commercial undertaking that risks a loss but promises a profit
subtype: carriage_trade trade from upper-class customers
subtype: importing__importation the commercial activity of buying and bringing in goods from a foreign country
subtype: smuggling secretly importing prohibited goods or goods on which duty is due
subtype: gunrunning the smuggling of guns and ammunition into a country secretly and illegally
subtype: exporting__exportation the commercial activity of selling and shipping good to a foreign country
subtype: marketing.commercialism the commercial processes involved in promoting and selling and distributing a product or service
subtype: direct_marketing marketing via a promotion delivered directly to the individual prospective customer
subtype: distribution.commercialism the commercial activity of transporting and selling goods from a producer to a consumer
subtype: selling__merchandising__marketing the exchange of goods for an agreed sum of money
subtype: private_treaty__privatetreaty a sale of property at a price agreed on by the seller and buyer without an intervening agency
subtype: bootlegging the act of making of transporting alcoholic liquor for sale illegally; "the Prohibition amendment made bootlegging profitable"
subtype: bootlegging.selling the act of selling illegally or without permission; "the bootlegging of video tapes is common in the Orient"
subtype: capitalization.selling__capitalisation the sale of capital stock
subtype: overcapitalization__overcapitalisation too much capitalization (more than the business warrants)
subtype: retail the selling of goods to consumers; usually in small quantities and not for resale
subtype: wholesale the selling of goods to merchants; usually in large quantities for resale to consumers
subtype: sale.selling a particular instance of selling; "he has just made his first sale"; "they had to complete the sale before the banks closed"
subtype: dumping selling goods abroad at a price below that charged in the domestic market
subtype: dutch_auction__dutchauction a method of selling in which the price is reduced until a buyer is found
subtype: retailing the activities involved in selling commodities directly to consumers
subtype: telemarketing__teleselling the use of the telephone as an interactive medium for promotion
subtype: telephone_order__telephoneorder receiving orders via telephone
subtype: vending__peddling__hawking__vendition the act of selling goods for a living
subtype: resale the selling of something purchased
subtype: sale the general activity of selling; "they tried to boost sales"; "laws limit the sale of handguns"
subtype: auction_sale__auctionsale__auction__vendue the public sale of something to the highest bidder
subtype: sell the activity of persuading someone to buy; "it was a hard sell"
subtype: traffic buying and selling; especially illicit trade
subtype: drug_traffic traffic in illegal drugs
subtype: simony traffic in ecclesiastical offices or preferments
subtype: slave_trade__slave_traffic traffic in slaves; especially in Black Africans transported to America in the 16th to 19th centuries
subtype: defrayal__payment__defrayment the act of paying money
subtype: amortization__amortisation payment of an obligation in a series of installments or transfers
subtype: fee_splitting__feesplitting payment (usually by doctors or lawyers) of part of the fee in return for the referral
subtype: overpayment the act of paying too much
subtype: prepayment payment in advance
subtype: ransom payment for the release of someone
subtype: refund__repayment the act of returning money received previously
subtype: remuneration the act of paying for goods or services or to recompense for losses; "adequate remuneration for his work"
subtype: rendering giving in acknowledgment of obligation
subtype: spending__disbursement__disbursal__outlay the act of spending or disbursing money
subtype: expending__expenditure the act of spending money for goods or services
subtype: deficit_spending__deficitspending__compensatory_spending__pump_priming spending money raised by borrowing; used by governments to stimulate their economy
subtype: tribute payment by one nation for protection by another
subtype: underpayment the act of paying less than required
subtype: affairs__affair transactions of professional or public interest; "news of current affairs"; "great affairs of state"
subtype: world_affairs__worldaffair__international_affairs__internationalaffair affairs between nations; "you can't really keep up with world affairs by watching television"
subtype: trading_operations__operations financial transactions at a brokerage; having to do with the execution of trades and keeping customer records
subtype: transfer.transaction__transference transferring ownership
subtype: conveyance_of_title__conveyance__conveyancing__conveying act of transferring property title from one person to another
subtype: legal_transfer__legaltransfer__delivery__livery the voluntary transfer of something (title or possession) from one party to another
subtype: surrender the delivery of a principal into lawful custody
subtype: extradition the surrender of an accused or convicted person by one state or country to another (usually under the provisions of a statute or treaty)
subtype: bailment the delivery of personal property in trust by the bailor to the bailee
subtype: quitclaim act of transferring a title or right or claim to another
subtype: lend-lease__lease-lend__leaselend the transfer of goods and services to an ally to aid in a common cause; "lend-lease during World War II was extremely generous"
subtype: secularization__secularisation transfer of property from ecclesiastical to civil possession
subtype: exchange.transaction the act of giving something in return for something received; "deductible losses on sales or exchanges of property are allowable"
subtype: logrolling act of exchanging favors for mutual gain; especially trading of influence or votes among legislators to gain passage of certain projects
subtype: business_deal__deal__trade a particular instance of buying or selling; "it was a package deal"; "I had no further trade with him"; "he's a master of the business deal"
subtype: arms_deal a deal to provide military arms
subtype: penny_ante__pennyante a business deal on a trivial scale
subtype: downtick a transaction in the stock market at a price below the price of the preceding transaction
subtype: uptick a transaction in the stock market at a price above the price of the preceding transaction
subtype: borrowing obtaining funds from a lender
subtype: pawn borrowing and leaving an article as security for repayment of the loan
subtype: commercial_transaction
subtype: sell the activity of persuading someone to buy; "it was a hard sell"
subtype: purchase the acquisition of something for payment; "they closed the purchase with a handshake"
subtype: repurchase__redemption__buyback purchasing back something previously sold
subtype: buying__purchasing the act of buying; "buying and selling fill their days"; "shrewd purchasing requires considerable knowledge"
subtype: shopping searching for or buying goods or services: "went shopping for a reliable plumber"; "does her shopping at the mall rather than down town"
subtype: marketing shopping at a market: "does the weekly marketing at the supermarket"
subtype: mail-order_buying__catalog_buying__catalogbuying buying goods to be shipped through the mail
subtype: viatication__viaticus purchasing insurance policies for cash from terminally ill policy holders
subtype: rental__renting the act of paying for the use of something (an apartment or house or car)
subtype: pawn borrowing and leaving an article as security for repayment of the loan
subtype: insurance
subtype: trading buying or selling securities or commodities
subtype: migration the movement of a group of people from one country or locality to another
subtype: emigration__out-migration__outmigration migration into a place
subtype: immigration__in-migration migration out of a place
subtype: gold_rush a large migration of people to a newly discovered gold field
subtype: stampede a headlong rush of people on a common impulse; "when he shouted `fire' there was a stampede to the exits"
subtype: social_control control exerted (actively or passively) by group action
subtype: auto_limitation social control achieved as a manifestation of self-will or consent
subtype: sanction a mechanism of social control for enforcing a society's standards
subtype: population_control control over the growth of population; a government program
subtype: government_activity__government__governing__governance the act of governing; exercising authority; "regulations for the governing of state prisons"; "he had considerable experience of government"
subtype: misgovernment__misrule government that is inefficient or dishonest
subtype: legislating__legislation__lawmaking the act of legislating
subtype: enactment__passage the passing of a law by a legislative body
subtype: trust_busting__trustbusting government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws)
subtype: enforcement the act of enforcing
subtype: coercion the act of compelling by force of authority
subtype: terrorism the systematic use of violence as a means to intimidate or coerce societies or governments
subtype: implementation__execution__carrying_out the act of accomplishing some aim or executing some order; "the agency was created for the implementation of the policy"
subtype: imposition__infliction the act of imposing something (as a tax or an embargo)
subtype: trade_protection__tradeprotection__protection the imposition of duties or quotas on imports in order to protect domestic industry against foreign competition; "he made trade protection a plank in the party platform"
subtype: regimentation the imposition of order or discipline
subtype: reimposition imposition again
subtype: law_enforcement__lawenforcement insuring obedience to the laws
subtype: vigilantism the actions of a vigilance committee in trying to enforce the laws
subtype: domination social control by dominating
subtype: bossism domination of a political organization by a party boss
subtype: mastery__subordination the act of mastering or subordinating someone
subtype: monopolization__monopolisation domination (of a market or commodity) to the exclusion of others
subtype: socialization__socialisation__acculturation the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture
subtype: cultivation.socialization socialization through training and education
subtype: bringing_up__breeding__fostering__fosterage__nurture__raising__rearing__upbringing raising someone to be an accepted member of the community; "they debated whether nature or nurture was more important"
subtype: responsibility__duty__obligation the social force that binds you to your obligations and the courses of action demanded by that force: "we must instill a sense of duty in our children"; "every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty"- John D.Rockefeller Jr
subtype: job.responsibility the responsibility to do something; "it is their job to print the truth"
subtype: safekeeping__guardianship__keeping the responsibility of a guardian or keeper; "he left his car in my keeping"
subtype: hands__hand__custody (with `in') guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child; "my fate is in your hands"; "too much power in the president's hands"; "your guests are now in my custody"; "the mother was awarded custody of the children"
subtype: moral_obligation__moralobligation an obligation arising out of considerations of right and wrong; "he did it out of a feeling of moral obligation"
subtype: noblesse_oblige the obligation of those of high rank to be honorable and generous (often used ironically)
subtype: burden_of_proof the duty of proving a disputed charge
subtype: civic_duty__civicduty__civic_responsibility__civicresponsibility the responsibilities of a citizen
subtype: jury_duty the civic duty to serve on a jury
subtype: filial_duty duty of a child to its parents
subtype: obedience.filial_duty__respect behavior intended to please your parents; "their children were never very strong on obedience"; "he went to law school out of respect for his father's wishes"
subtype: imperative some duty that is essential and urgent
subtype: incumbency.responsibility a duty that is incumbent upon you
subtype: legal_duty__legalduty acts which the law requires be done or forborne
subtype: fiduciary_duty__fiduciaryduty the legal duty of a fiduciary to act in the best interests of the beneficiary
subtype: line_of_duty all that is normally required in some area of responsibility
subtype: white_man's_burden__whiteman'sburden the supposed responsibility of the white race to take of their non-white subjects
subtype: prerequisite__requirement something that is required in advance; "Latin was a prerequisite for admission"
subtype: precondition a condition that is a prerequisite
subtype: academic_requirement a requirement for admission to or completion of an academic program
subtype: language_requirement a requirement that a student know certain languages
subtype: essential_condition__essentialcondition__sine_qua_non a prerequisite
subtype: requirement__demand required activity; "the requirements of his work affected his health"; "there were many demands on his time"
subtype: military_control__occupation the control of a country by military forces of a foreign power
subtype: management__direction the act of managing something; "he was given overall management of the program"; "is the direction of the economy a function of government?"
subtype: conducting the direction of an orchestra or choir; "he does not use a baton for conducting"
subtype: database_management creation and maintenance of a database
subtype: finance.management the management of money and credit and banking and investments
subtype: banking.finance engaging in the business of banking
subtype: homemaking the management of a household
subtype: misconduct bad or dishonest management by persons supposed to act on another's behalf
subtype: mismanagement management that is careless or inefficient
subtype: treatment.management__handling the management of someone or something; "the handling of prisoners" or "the treatment of water sewage"; "the right to equal treatment in the criminal justice system"
subtype: dealing method or manner of conduct in relation to others: "honest dealing"
subtype: short_shrift__shortshrift brief and unsympathetic treatment
subtype: supervision__supervising__superintendence__oversight management by overseeing the performance or operation of a person or group
subtype: invigilation (British) keeping watch over examination candidates to prevent cheating
subtype: administration__disposal a method of tending to (especially business) matters
subtype: line_management administration of the line functions of an organization; administration of activities contributing directly to the organization's output
subtype: justice__judicature the administration of law; the act of determining rights and assigning rewards or punishments; "justice deferred is justice denied"
subtype: conducting.administration the way of administering a business
subtype: organization.administration__organisation the act of organizing a business or business-related activity; "he was brought in to supervise the organization of a new department"
subtype: reorganization__reorganisation__shake-up__shakeup the act of imposing a new organization
subtype: self-organization__self-organisation organizing yourself (especially organizing your own labor union)
subtype: syndication organizing into or administering as a syndicate
subtype: running.administration the act of administering or being in charge of something; "he has responsibility for the running of two companies at the same time"
subtype: polity shrewd or crafty management of public affairs; "we was innocent of stratagems and polity"
subtype: empowerment__authorization__authorisation the act of authorizing
subtype: sanction.empowerment the act of final authorization; "it had the sanction of the church"
subtype: benefit_of_clergy sanction by the church
subtype: name.sanction by the sanction or authority of; "halt in the name of the law"
subtype: nihil_obstat__nihilobstat authoritative approval
subtype: permit__license__permission the act of giving a formal (usually written) authorization
subtype: clearance permission to proceed; "the plane was given clearance to land"
subtype: conge.permit formal permission to depart; "he gave me his conge"
subtype: allowance the act of allowing; "He objected to the allowance of smoking in the diningroom"
subtype: tolerance the act of tolerating something
subtype: lenience__leniency lightening a penalty or excusing from a chore by judges or parents or teachers
subtype: clemency__mercifulness__mercy leniency and compassion shown toward offenders by a person or agency charged with administering justice; "he threw himself on the mercy of the court"
subtype: re-sentencing__commutation the reduction is severity of a punishment imposed by law
subtype: free_pardon__amnesty__pardon the formal act of liberating someone
subtype: reprieve__respite the act of reprieving; postponing or remitting punishment
subtype: dispensation an exemption from some rule or obligation
subtype: certification__enfranchisement the act of certifying
subtype: accreditation the act of certifying that an educational institution maintains suitable standards; "a commission is responsible for the accreditation of medical schools"
subtype: commissioning__commission the act of granting authority to undertake certain functions
subtype: mandate.commissioning (politics) the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory
subtype: delegating__delegation__relegating__relegation__deputation authorizing subordinates to make certain decisions
subtype: devolution__devolvement the delegation of authority (especially from a central to a regional government)
subtype: loan_approval formal authorization to get a loan (usually from a bank)
subtype: rubber_stamp routine authorization of an action without questions
subtype: disenfranchisement the act of withdrawing certification
subtype: channelization__channelisation__canalization__canalisation management through specified channels of communication
subtype: guidance__steering the act of guiding or showing the way
subtype: house.management the management of a gambling house or casino; "the house gets a percentage of every bet"
subtype: privation__deprivation act of depriving
subtype: pauperization__pauperisation__impoverishment the act of making poor
subtype: starving__starvation the act of starving; "they were charged with the starvation of children in their care"
subtype: appeasement__calming the act of appeasing
subtype: pacification__mollification the act of pacifying; "a wonderful skill in the pacification of crying infants"; "his unsuccessful mollification of the mob"
subtype: placation__conciliation__propitiation the act of placating
subtype: nationalization__nationalisation changing something from private to state ownership or control
subtype: collectivization__collectivisation the organization of a nation or economy on the basis of collectivism
subtype: communization__communisation the organization of a nation of the basis of communism
subtype: denationalization__denationalisation changing something from state to private ownership or control
subtype: detribalization__detribalisation the act of causing tribal people to abandon their customs and adopt urban ways of living
subtype: favouritism__discrimination__favoritism unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice
subtype: ableism__ablism__able-bodiedism__able-bodism discrimination in favor of the able-bodied
subtype: ageism__agism discrimination against middle-aged and elderly people
subtype: cronyism__croneyism favoritism shown to friends and associates (as by appointing them to positions without regard for their qualifications)
subtype: fattism__fatism discrimination against people who are overweight
subtype: heterosexism discrimination in favor of heterosexual and against homosexual people
subtype: nepotism favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs)
subtype: racialism__racism__racial_discrimination discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race
subtype: racial_profiling a form of racism consisting of the (alleged) policy of policemen who stop and search vehicles driven by persons belonging to particular racial groups
subtype: sexism discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of the opposite sex
subtype: male_chauvinism__chauvinism__antifeminism activity indicative of belief in the superiority of men over women
subtype: sexual_discrimination discrimination (usually in employment) that excludes one sex (usually women) to the benefit of the other sex
subtype: patronage (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
subtype: nomenklatura the system of patronage in Communist countries; controlled by committees in the Communist Party
subtype: militarization__mobilization__mobilisation__militarisation act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency: "mobilization of the troops
subtype: arming__armament__equipping the act of equiping with weapons in preparation for war
subtype: outfitting the act of renovating and fitting out a ship
subtype: refit outfitting a ship again (by repairing or replacing parts)
subtype: rearmament the act of arming again; "he opposed the rearmament of Japan after World War II"
subtype: conscription__muster__draft__selective_service__selectiveservice compulsory military service
subtype: levy_en_masse__levy the act of drafting into military service
subtype: remilitarization__remilitarisation the act of militarizing again
subtype: demobilization__demobilisation act of changing from a war basis to a peace basis including disbanding or discharging troops: "demobilization of factories"; "immediate demobilization of the reserves"
subtype: disarming__disarmament act of reducing or depriving of arms: "the disarmament of the aggressor nations must be complete"
subtype: standardization__standardisation__normalization__normalisation__regularization__regularisation the imposition of a standard
subtype: stabilization__stabilisation the act of stabilizing; "he worked for price stabilization for farm products"
subtype: stylization__stylisation__conventionalization__conventionalisation the act of stylizing; causing to conform to a particular style
subtype: punishment__penalty__penalization__penalisation the act of punishing
subtype: stick.punishment threat of a penalty: "the policy so far is all stick and no carrot"
subtype: self-punishment punishment inflicted on yourself
subtype: self-flagellation self-punishment inflicted by whipping
subtype: discipline.punishment__correction the act of punishing; "the offenders deserved the harsh discipline they received"
subtype: spanking the act of slapping on the buttocks; "he gave the brat a good spanking"
subtype: corporal_punishment the infliction of physical injury on someone convicted of committing a crime
subtype: thrashing__beating__drubbing__lacing__trouncing__whacking the act of inflicting corporal punishment with repeated blows
subtype: whipping__tanning__flogging__lashing__flagellation beating with a whip or strap or rope as a form of punishment
subtype: self-flagellation self-punishment inflicted by whipping
subtype: horsewhipping the act of whipping with a horsewhip; "that villain needs a good horsewhipping"
subtype: electric_shock the use of electric shock as a form of punishment
subtype: executing__execution__capital_punishment__capitalpunishment__death_penalty__deathpenalty putting a condemned person to death
subtype: burning_at_the_stake__burning execution by fire
subtype: auto-da-fe the burning to death of heretics (as during the Spanish Inquisition)
subtype: hanging a form of capital punishment; victim is suspended by the neck from a gallows or gibbet until dead; "in those days the hanging of criminals was a public entertainment"
subtype: electrocution.executing__burning execution by electricity
subtype: beheading__decapitation execution by cutting off the victim's head
subtype: crucifixion the act of executing by a method widespread in the ancient world; the victim's hands and feet are bound or nailed to a cross
subtype: kick_in_the_butt punishment inflicted by kicking the victim in the behind
subtype: stoning__lapidation punishment inflicted by throwing stones at the person (even unto death)
subtype: chastisement__castigation verbal punishment
subtype: cruel_and_unusual_punishment__cruelandunusualpunishment punishment prohibited by the 8th amendment to the U.S. constitution; includes torture or degradation or punishment too severe for the crime committed
subtype: detention a punishment in which a student must stay at school after others have gone home; "the detention of tardy pupils"
subtype: economic_strangulation punishment of a group by cutting off commercial dealings with them; "the economic strangulation of the Jews by the Nazi Party"
subtype: self-mortification__penance__self-abasement voluntary self-punishment in order to atone for some wrongdoing
subtype: imprisonment putting someone in prison or in jail as lawful punishment
subtype: medicine__music punishment for one's actions; "you have to face the music"; "take your medicine"
subtype: coup_d'etat__coup__putsch__takeover a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force
instance: Russian_Revolution__October_Revolution
subtype: internationalization__internationalisation the act of bringing something under international control
subtype: exchange.group_action the act of changing one thing for another thing; "the was a short exchange of strokes before Connors won the point"; "Adam was promised immortality in exchange for his disobedience"
subtype: rally an exchange of several strokes
subtype: tradeoff__trade-off an exchange that occurs as a compromise: "I faced a tradeoff between eating and buying my medicine"
subtype: submission__compliance the act of submitting; usually surrendering power to another
subtype: obedience.submission__obeisance the act of obeying; dutiful or submissive behavior with respect to another person
subtype: truckling the act of obeying meanly (especially obeying in a humble manner or for unworthy reasons)
subtype: rivalry__competition__contention the act of competing as for profit or a prize: "the teams were in fierce contention for first place"
subtype: contest a struggle between rivals
subtype: battle_of_wits a contest in which intelligence rather than violence is used
subtype: bidding_contest__biddingcontest a series of competing bids
subtype: popularity_contest competition (real or figurative) for popular support
subtype: resistance group action in opposition to those in power
subtype: confrontation.resistance__opposition the act of opposing groups confronting each other; "the government was not ready for a confrontation with the unions"; "the invaders encountered stiff opposition"
subtype: strikebreaking confrontational activities intended to break up a strike by workers
subtype: sales_resistance__salesresistance resistance by potential customers to aggressive selling practices
subtype: defiance.resistance a defiant act
subtype: contravention__dispute coming into conflict with
subtype: obstructionism deliberate interference
subtype: protest.resistance__objection__dissent the act of protesting; a public (often organized) manifestation of dissent
subtype: boycott a group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies
subtype: direct_action a protest action by labor or minority groups to obtain their demands
subtype: civil_disobedience__civildisobedience a group's refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination); "Thoreau wrote a famous essay justifying civil disobedience"
subtype: sit-in__sitin a form of civil disobedience in which demonstrators occupy seats and refuse to move
subtype: protest_march__protestmarch occasion when you can express opposition by marching (usually on some government institution) without a license
subtype: peace_march a protest march against (a particular) war and in favor of peace
subtype: go-slow (British) a form of protest by workers in which they deliberately slow down in order to cause problem from their employers
subtype: passive_resistance__passiveresistance__nonviolent_resistance__nonviolence peaceful resistance to a government by fasting or refusing to cooperate
subtype: Satyagraha the form of nonviolent resistance initiated in India by Mahatma Gandhi in order to oppose British rule and to hasten political reforms
subtype: recusancy refusal to submit to established authority; originally the refusal of Roman Catholics to attend services of the Church of England
subtype: work_stoppage__strike a group's refusal to work in protest against low pay or bad work conditions; "the strike lasted more than a month before it was settled"
subtype: sit-down_strike__sit-down__sitdown a strike in which workers refuse to leave the workplace until a settlement is reached
subtype: sympathy_strike__sympathetic_strike__sympatheticstrike a strike in support of other workers who are on strike; a strike not resulting from direct grievances against the workers' employer
subtype: walkout a strike in which the worker walk out
subtype: wildcat_strike__wildcatstrike a strike undertaken by workers without approval from the officials of their union
subtype: demonstration.protest a public display of group feelings; "there were violent demonstrations against the war"
subtype: Boston_Tea_Party (American history) demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor; organized as a protest against taxes on tea
subtype: work-in occasion when workers continue to work as a protest against e.g. proposed dismissal or closure of the factory
subtype: protest_march__protestmarch occasion when you can express opposition by marching (usually on some government institution) without a license
subtype: rebellion refusal to accept some authority or code or convention; "each generation must have its own rebellion"; "his body was in rebellion against fatigue"
subtype: insubordination__rebelliousness an insubordinate act
subtype: contumacy obstinate rebelliousness and insubordination; resistance to authority
subtype: noncompliance__disobedience the failure to obey
subtype: contempt a willful disobedience to or disrespect for the authority of a court or legislative body
subtype: contempt_of_Congress deliberate obstruction of the operation of the federal legislative branch
subtype: contempt_of_court disrespect for the rules of a court of law
subtype: civil_contempt__civilcontempt a failure to follow a court order that benefits someone else
subtype: criminal_contempt n act of disrespect that impedes the administration of justice
subtype: contumacy.noncompliance willful refusal to appear before a court or comply with a court order; can result in a finding of contempt of court
subtype: nonresistance group refusal to resort to violence even in defense against violence
subtype: due_process_of_law__due_process__dueproces (law) the administration of justice according to established rules and principles; based on the principle that a person cannot be deprived of life or liberty or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards
subtype: judicial_proceeding__proceeding__legal_proceeding__legalproceeding__proceedings__proceeding (law) the institution of a sequence of steps by which legal judgments are invoked
subtype: foreclosure the legal proceedings initiated by a creditor to repossess the collateral for loan that is in default
subtype: procedure a mode of conducting legal and parliamentary proceedings
subtype: bureaucratic_procedure__red_tape__redtape needlessly time-consuming procedure
subtype: legal_action__legalaction__action__action_at_law a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong
subtype: antitrust_case__antitrustcase a legal action brought against parties who are charged with limiting free competition in the market place
subtype: counterclaim a claim filed in opposition to another claim in a legal action
subtype: custody_case__custodycase a legal action to determine custody (usually of children following a divorce)
subtype: test_case__test_suit a representative legal action whose outcome is likely to become a precedent
subtype: lis_pendens__lispenden a pending lawsuit
subtype: lawsuit__suit__case__cause__causa (law) a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy; "the family brought suit against the landlord"
subtype: civil_suit__civilsuit a lawsuit alleging violations of civil law by the defendant
subtype: class_action__classaction__class-action_suit a lawsuit brought by a representative member of a large group of people on behalf of all members of the group
subtype: criminal_suit a lawsuit alleging violations of criminal law by the defendant
subtype: paternity_suit__paternitysuit__bastardy_proceeding a lawsuit filed to determine the father of a child born out of wedlock (and to provide for the support of the child once paternity is determined)
subtype: adoption a legal proceeding that creates a parent-child relation between persons not related by blood; the adopted child is entitled to all privileges belonging to a natural child of the adoptive parents (including the right to inherit)
subtype: appeal a legal proceeding in which the appellant resorts to a higher court for the purpose of obtaining a review of a lower court decision and a reversal of the lower court's judgment or the granting of a new trial
subtype: bankruptcy a legal process intended to insure equality among the creditors of a corporation declared in bankruptcy
subtype: receivership.judicial_proceeding a court action that places property under the control of a receiver during litigation so that it can be preserved for the benefit of all
subtype: litigation a judicial proceeding
subtype: custody_battle__custodybattle litigation to settle custody of the children of a divorced couple
subtype: naturalization__naturalisation the proceeding whereby a foreigner is granted citizenship
subtype: trial (law) legal proceedings consisting of the judicial examination of issues by a competent tribunal; "most of these complaints are settled before they go to trial"
subtype: mistrial a trial that is invalid or inconclusive
subtype: retrial a new trial in which issues already litigated and to which the court has already rendered a verdict or decision are reexamined by the same court; occurs when the initial trial is found to have been improper or unfair due to procedural errors
subtype: trial.judicial_proceeding (law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law; "he had a fair trial and the jury found him guilty"
subtype: show_trial a trial held for show; the guilt of the accused person has been decided in advance
subtype: court-martial__courtmartial a trial by court martial
subtype: Scopes_trial a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school; Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; Scopes was convicted but the verdict was later reversed
subtype: review (law) a judicial reexamination of the proceedings of a court (especially by an appellate court)
subtype: bill_of_review a proceeding brought to obtain an explanation or an alteration or a reversal of a decree by the court that rended it
subtype: judicial_review review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court
subtype: hearing a proceeding (usually by a court of law) where evidence is taken for the purpose of determining an issue of fact and reaching a decision based on that evidence
subtype: administrative_hearing a hearing that takes place outside the judicial process before hearing examiners who have been granted judicial authority specifically for the purpose of conducting such hearings
subtype: competence_hearing a hearing to determine legal capacity (to determine whether the defendant can understand the charges and cooperate with a lawyer in preparing a defense)
subtype: fair_hearing a hearing that is granted in extraordinary situations where the normal judicial process would be inadequate to secure due process because the person would be harmed or denied their rights before a judicial remedy became available (as in deportation or loss of welfare benefits)
subtype: quo_warranto__quowarranto a hearing to determine by what authority someone has an office or franchise or liberty
subtype: presentment.due_process_of_law__notification an accusation of crime made by a grand jury on its own initiative
subtype: judicial_decision__judgment__judgement (law) the determination by a court of competent jurisdiction on matters submitted to it
subtype: reversal.judicial_decision a judgment by a higher court that the judgment of a lower court was incorrect and should be set aside
subtype: affirmation a judgment by a higher court that the judgment of a lower court was correct and should stand
subtype: confession_of_judgment__confession_of_judgement__cognovit_judgment__cognovit_judgement a judgment entered after a written confession by the debtor without the expense of ordinary legal proceedings
subtype: default_judgment__defaultjudgment__default_judgement__defaultjudgement__judgment_by_default__judgement_by_default a judgment entered in favor of the plaintiff when the defendant defaults (fails to appear in court)
subtype: non_prosequitur__nonprosequitur__non_pros a judgment entered in favor of the defendant when the plaintiff has not continued his action
subtype: final_judgment__finaljudgment__final_decision__finaldecision a judgment disposing of the case before the court; after the judgment (or an appeal from it) is rendered all that remains is to enforce the judgment
subtype: judgment_of_conviction__conviction__sentence a final judgment of guilty in a criminal case and the punishment that is imposed; "the conviction came as no surprise"
subtype: murder_conviction conviction for murder
subtype: rape_conviction__rapeconviction conviction for rape
subtype: robbery_conviction__robberyconviction conviction for robbery
subtype: acquittal a judgment of not guilty
subtype: judgment_in_personam__judgement_in_personam__personal_judgment__personal_judgement a judgment rendered against an individual (or corporation) for the payment of money damages
subtype: judgment_in_rem__judgement_in_rem a judgment pronounced on the status of some particular subject or property or thing (as opposed to one pronounced on persons)
subtype: judgment_of_dismissal__judgement_of_dismissal__dismissal a judgment disposing of the matter without a trial
subtype: judgment_on_the_merits__judgement_on_the_merits judgment rendered through analysis and adjudication of the factual issues presented
subtype: summary_judgment__summaryjudgment__summary_judgement__summaryjudgement__judgment_on_the_pleadings__judgement_on_the_pleadings a judgment rendered by the court prior to a verdict because no material issue of fact exists and one party or the other is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law
subtype: arbitrament__arbitration__arbitrement the act of deciding as an arbiter; giving authoritative judgment; "they submitted their disagreement to arbitration"
subtype: ruling__opinion the reason for a court's judgment (as opposed to the decision itself)
subtype: Bakke_decision a ruling by the Supreme Court on affirmative action; the Court ruled in 1978 that medical schools are entitled to consider race as a factor in their admission policy
subtype: fatwa a ruling on a point of Islamic law that is given by a recognized authority
subtype: finding the decision of a court on issues of fact or law
subtype: verdict__finding_of_fact (law) the findings of a jury on issues of fact submitted to it for decision; can be used in formulating a judgment
subtype: compromise_verdict a verdict resulting from improper compromises between jurors on material issues
subtype: quotient_verdict an improper and unacceptable kind of compromise verdict
subtype: directed_verdict a verdict entered by the court in a jury trial without consideration by the jury; there cannot be a directed verdict of guilty in a criminal trial
subtype: false_verdict__falseverdict a manifestly unjust verdict; not true to the evidence
subtype: general_verdict__generalverdict an ordinary verdict declaring which party prevails without any special findings of fact
subtype: partial_verdict__partialverdict a finding (in criminal law) that the defendant is guilty of some charges but innocent of others
subtype: special_verdict__specialverdict a verdict rendered on certain specific factual issues posed by the court without finding for one party or the other
subtype: finding_of_law__conclusion_of_law a finding as to the applicability of a rule of law to particular facts
subtype: eviction__dispossession__legalouster the expulsion of someone (such as a tenant) from the possession of land by process of law
subtype: ouster a wrongful dispossession
subtype: actual_eviction the physical ouster of a tenant from the leased premises; the tenant is relieved of any further duty to pay rent
subtype: retaliatory_eviction__retaliatoryeviction an eviction in reprisal for the tenant's good-faith complaints against the landlord; illegal in many states
subtype: plea an answer indicating why a suit should be dismissed
subtype: prosecution the institution and conduct of legal proceedings against a defendant
subtype: double_jeopardy the prosecution of a defendant for a criminal offense for which he has already been tried; prohibited in the fifth amendment to the United States Constitution
subtype: defence__denial__demurrer a defendant's answer or plea denying the truth of the charges against him; "he gave evidence for the defense"
subtype: entrapment a defense in which claims the defendant would not have broken the law if not tricked into doing it be law enforcement officials
subtype: action.group_action an act by a government body or supranational organization; "recent federal action undermined the segregationist position"; "the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues"; "the Union action of emancipating Southern slaves"
subtype: legalization__legalisation__legitimation the act of making lawful
subtype: separation.group_action the social act of separating or parting company; "the separation of church and state"
subtype: divorce__divorcement the legal dissolution of a marriage
subtype: legal_separation__legalseparation the cessation of cohabitation of man and wife
subtype: seclusion the act of secluding yourself from others
subtype: closing_off__closingoff__isolation the act of isolating something
subtype: quarantine isolation to prevent the spread of infectious disease
subtype: segregation__sequestration the act of segregating or sequestering
subtype: integrating__integration__desegregation the action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community
subtype: cooperation joint operation or action: "their cooperation with us was essential for the success of our mission"
subtype: teamwork cooperative work done by a team
subtype: conformation__conformity__compliance__abidance acting according to certain accepted standards
subtype: formality compliance with formal rules
subtype: politeness__civility the act of showing regard for others
subtype: courtesy a courteous or respectful or considerate act
subtype: attention a courteous act indicating affection; "she tried to win his heart with her many attentions"
subtype: gallantry polite attentiveness to women
subtype: deference__respect an courteous expression (by word or deed) of esteem or regard; "his deference to her wishes was very flattering"; "be sure to give my respects to the dean"
subtype: homage__court respectful deference; "pay court to the emperor"
subtype: last_respects the act of expressing respect for someone who has died; "he paid his last respects by standing quietly at the graveside"
subtype: devoir formal expression of respect
subtype: line.conformation acting in conformity; "in line with" or "he got out of line" or "toe the line"
subtype: honoring__observance conformity with law or custom or practice etc.
subtype: punctilio strict observance of formalities
subtype: keeping conformity or harmony; "his behavior was not in keeping with the occasion"
subtype: coaction__collaboration act of working jointly: "they worked either in collaboration or independently"
subtype: collaboration__quislingism act of cooperating traitorously with an enemy
subtype: via_media__viamedia__compromise a middle way between two extremes
subtype: concurrence acting together as of agents or circumstances or events
subtype: reconciliation__rapprochement the reestablishing of cordial relations
subtype: selflessness__self-sacrifice acting with less concern for yourself than for the success of the joint activity
subtype: allegiance__commitment__loyalty__dedication the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action; "his long commitment to public service"; "they felt no loyalty to a losing team"
subtype: communalism loyalty and commitment to the interests of your own minority or ethnic group rather than to society as a whole
subtype: consecration.allegiance a solemn dedication to a service or a goal; "his consecration to study"
subtype: devotion commitment to some purpose; "the devotion of his time and wealth to science"
subtype: fetish__fetich excessive or irrational devotion to some activity; "made a fetish of cleanliness"
subtype: party_spirit__partyspirit devotion to a political party
subtype: faith loyalty or allegiance to a cause or a person; "keep the faith"; "they broke faith with their investors"
subtype: representation.cooperation the act of representing; standing in for someone or some group
subtype: proportional_representation representation of all parties in proportion to their popular vote
subtype: brainstorming a group problem-solving technique in which members sit around a let fly with ideas and possible solutions to the problem
subtype: assemblage__assembly__gathering the social act of assembling; "they demanded the right of assembly"
subtype: mobilization__mobilisation act of marshaling and organizing and making ready for use or action: "mobilization of the country's economic resources"
subtype: economic_mobilization__economic_mobilisation mobilization of the economy
subtype: rallying the act of mobilizing for a common purpose; "the bell was a signal for the rallying of the whole neighborhood"
subtype: calling_together__callingtogether__convocation the act of convoking
subtype: coming_together__meeting the social act of assembling for some common purpose; "his meeting with the salesmen was the high point of his day"
subtype: rendezvous a meeting planned at a certain time and place
subtype: assignation__tryst a secret rendezvous (especially between lovers)
subtype: session.coming_together a meeting devoted to a particular activity; "a filming session"; "a gossip session"
subtype: socializing__socialization__socialisation the act of meeting for social purposes; "there was too much socialization with the enlisted men"
subtype: visit the act of going to see some person or place or thing for a short time; "he dropped by for a short visit"
subtype: visitation an official visit for inspection or supervision; "the commissioner made visitations to all the precinct stations"; "the recent visitation of the bishop to his diocese"
subtype: site_visit a visit in an official capacity to examine a site to determine its suitability for some enterprise
subtype: call.visit brief visit in an official or professional capacity: "the pastor's visits to his parishioners"; "a visit to a dentist"; "the salesman's call on a customer"
subtype: round (often plural) a series of professional calls (usually in a set order); "the doctor goes on his rounds first thing every morning"; "the postman's rounds"; "we enjoyed our round of the local bars"
subtype: call a brief social visit: "senior professors' wives no longer make afternoon calls on newcomers"
subtype: visiting the activity of making visits; "visiting with the neighbors filled her afternoons"
subtype: meeting a formally arranged gathering; "next year the meeting will be in Chicago"; "the meeting elected a chairperson"
subtype: board_meeting__boardmeeting__committee_meeting__committeemeeting a meeting for administrative purposes
subtype: camp_meeting religious (usually evangelistic) meeting held in a large tent or outdoors and last several days
subtype: caucus a closed political meeting
subtype: conclave a confidential or secret meeting
subtype: conference a prearranged meeting for consultation or or exchange of information or discussion (especially one with a formal agenda)
subtype: symposium a meeting or conference for the public discussion of some topic especially one in which the participants form an audience and make presentations
subtype: research_conference
subtype: national_research_conference
subtype: international_research_conference
subtype: international_research_conference_in_IS
subtype: ICCS__International_Conference_on_Computational_Science
instance: ICCS_2000 ICCS_2001 ICCS_2002 ICCSA_2003
subtype: WWW_international_conference
subtype: IWWWC__international_WWW_conference annual conference and principal research forum in the theory and practice of the WWW
instance: WWW8__WWW_1999 WWW9__WWW_2000 WWW10__WWW_2001 WWW_2002__WWW11 WWW_2003 WWW_2004 WWW_2005
subtype: international_research_conference_on_knowledge_management
subtype: ICCS__International_Conference_on_Conceptual_Structures annual conference in the theory and practice of conceptual structures
instance: ICCS_2000 ICCS_2001 ICCS_2002 ICCS_2003 ICCS_2004 ICCS_2005
subtype: ICFCA__International_Conference_on_Formal_Concept_Analysis
instance: ICFCA_04 ICFCA_05
subtype: seminar.conference any meeting for an exchange of ideas
subtype: colloquium.conference an academic meeting or seminar usually led by a different lecturer and on a different topic at each meeting
subtype: research_colloquium a colloquium at which the results of (scientific) research are reported
subtype: congress a meeting of elected or appointed representatives
subtype: Continental_Congress the legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution; they issued the Declaration of Independence and framed Articles of Confederation
subtype: convention a large formal assembly; "political convention"
subtype: Constitutional_Convention the convention of United States statesmen who drafted the United States Constitution in 1787
subtype: council.meeting a meeting of people for consultation; "emergency council"
subtype: synod a council convened to discuss ecclesiastical business
subtype: encounter_group a meeting of people to develop mutual understanding by openly expressing their feelings
subtype: forum a public meeting or assembly for open discussion
subtype: stockholders_meeting a meeting at which the management reports to the stockholders of a company
subtype: summit_meeting__summit a meeting of heads of governments
subtype: town_meeting a meeting of the inhabitants of a town
subtype: congregating__congregation the act of congregating
subtype: convening__convention the act of convening
subtype: concentration.assemblage bringing together military forces
subtype: social_gathering__social_affair a gathering for the purpose of promoting fellowship
subtype: bee.social_gathering a social gathering to carry out some communal task or to hold competitions
subtype: quilting_bee a gathering to make quilts
subtype: husking_bee__huskingbee__cornhusking a social gathering for the purpose of husking corn
subtype: love_feast a social gathering intended to create goodwill among the participants
subtype: company.social_gathering a social gathering of guests or companions; "the house was filled with company when I arrived"
subtype: cohort.company a company of companions or supporters
subtype: number.company a select company of people; "I hope to become one of their number before I die"
subtype: function.social_gathering a formal or official social gathering or ceremony; "it was a black-tie function"
subtype: party.social_gathering a group of people gathered together for pleasure; "she joined the party after dinner"
subtype: shindig a large and noisy party of people
subtype: dance.party a party of people assembled for dancing
subtype: ball.dance a lavish formal dance; "she was the loveliest girl at the ball"
subtype: prom__promenade a formal dance held for a school class toward the end of the academic year
subtype: cotilion__cotillion a ball at which young ladies are presented to society
subtype: masked_ball__masquerade_ball__fancy-dress_ball__fancydressball a ball at which guests wear costumes and masks
subtype: barn_dance a party featuring country dancing
subtype: record_hop__hop an informal dance where popular music is played
subtype: masque__masquerade__mask a party of guests wearing costumes and masks
subtype: masked_ball__masquerade_ball__fancy-dress_ball__fancydressball a ball at which guests wear costumes and masks
subtype: dinner_party__dinner a party of people assembled to have dinner together; "guests should never be late to a dinner party"
subtype: banquet__feast a ceremonial dinner party for many people
subtype: gaudy (British) a celebratory feast held annually at one of the colleges in a British university
subtype: beanfeast (British) an annual dinner party given by an employer for the employees
subtype: reception.party a formal party of people; as after a wedding
subtype: at_home a reception held in your own home
subtype: tea.reception a reception or party at which tea is served; "we met at the Dean's tea for newcomers"
subtype: wedding_reception__weddingreception a reception wedding guests held after the wedding
subtype: open_house an informal party of people with hospitality for all comers
subtype: housewarming a party of people assembled to celebrate moving into a new home
subtype: soiree a party of people assembled in the evening (usually at a private house)
subtype: musical_soiree__musicalsoiree__soiree_musicale a soiree assembled for the purpose of listening to music
subtype: garden_party__lawn_party__fete_champetre a party of people assembled for social interaction out of doors
subtype: shower.party a party of friends assembled to present gifts (usually of a specified kind) to a person; "her friends organized a baby shower for her when she was expecting"
subtype: stag_party__smoker a party for men only (or one considered suitable for men only)
subtype: bachelor_party stag party held for a bachelor (usually on the night before he is married)
subtype: hen_party__henparty a party for women only
subtype: slumber_party__slumberparty an overnight party of girls who dress in nightclothes and and pass the night talking
subtype: sociable__social__mixer a party of people assembled to promote sociability and communal activity
subtype: wedding_party__weddingparty__wedding a party of people at a wedding
subtype: whist_drive.party__whistdrive (British) a party of people assembled to play progressive whist
subtype: reunion a party of former associates who have come together again
subtype: supper.social_gathering a social gathering where a light evening meal is served; "her suppers often included celebrities"
subtype: get_together__gettogether a small informal social gathering; "there was an informal meeting in my livingroom"
subtype: conventicle a secret unauthorized meeting for religious worship
subtype: date.get_together__appointment__engagement a meeting arranged in advance; "she asked how to avoid kissing at the end of a date"
subtype: tryst__rendezvous a date; usually with a member of the opposite sex
subtype: blind_date__blinddate a date with a stranger; "she never goes on blind dates"
subtype: visit.get_together a meeting arranged by the visitor to see someone (such as a doctor or lawyer) for treatment or advice; "he scheduled a visit to the dentist"
subtype: luncheon_meeting__lunch_meeting__lunchmeeting a meeting for lunch; usually to conduct business while eating
subtype: seance__sitting__session a meeting of spiritualists; "the seance was held in the medium's parlor"
subtype: quorum a gathering of members of an organization large enough to transact business
subtype: mass_meeting__rally a large gathering of people intended to arouse enthusiasm
subtype: pep_rally__peprally a rally (especially of students) before a game
subtype: revival_meeting__revival an evangelistic meeting intended to reawaken interest in religion
subtype: attendance__attending the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.)
subtype: appearing__appearance__coming_into_court formal attendance (in court or at a hearing) of a party in an action
subtype: presence.attendance the act of being present
subtype: turnout attendance for a particular event or purpose: "the turnout for the rally"
subtype: nonattendance the failure to attend
subtype: nonappearance failure to appear (especially as at court)
subtype: absence failure to be present
subtype: cut.absence an unexcused absence from class; "he was punished for taking too many cuts in his math class"
subtype: default loss due to not showing up; "he lost the game by default"
subtype: absenteeism habitual absence from work
subtype: truancy__hooky failure to attend (especially school)
subtype: paying_back__return__getting_even__gettingeven a reciprocal group action; "in return we gave them as good as we got"
subtype: requital an act of requiting; returning in kind
subtype: retaliation__revenge action taken in return for an injury or offense
subtype: vengeance__retribution the act of taking revenge (harming someone in retaliation for something harmful that they have done) especially in the next life; "Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord"--Romans 12:19; "For vengeance I would do nothing. This nation is too great to look for mere revenge"--James Garfield; "he swore vengeance on the man who betrayed him"; "the swiftness of divine retribution"
subtype: reprisal a retaliatory action against an enemy in wartime
subtype: reciprocation.paying_back the act of reciprocating
subtype: tit_for_tat__titfortat an equivalent given in return
subtype: democratization__democratisation the action of making something democratic
subtype: participation__engagement__involvement sharing the activities of a group; "the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities"
subtype: commitment an engagement by contract involving financial obligation; "his business commitments took him to London"
subtype: incurrence the act of incurring (making yourself subject to something undesirable)
subtype: intervention__intercession the act of intervening (as to mediate a dispute)
subtype: intermediation__mediation the act of mediating
subtype: group_participation__groupparticipation participation by all members of a group
subtype: non-engagement__nonengagement__nonparticipation__non-involvement__noninvolvement withdrawing from the activities of a group
subtype: isolation.non-engagement a country's withdrawal from internal politics; "he opposed a policy of American isolation"
subtype: neutrality nonparticipation in a dispute or war
subtype: ethnic_cleansing the mass explusion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area
60 statements are about indirect instances of group_action: graph1_on_WWW8, graph1_on_WWW_2002, graph1_on_ICCS_2000, graph1_on_transaction, graph1_on_insurance, graph1_on_conference, graph1_on_article, graph2_on_article, graph3_on_article, graph4_on_article, graph5_on_article, graph6_on_article, graph7_on_article, graph8_on_article, graph9_on_article, graph10_on_article, graph11_on_article, graph12_on_article, graph13_on_article, graph14_on_article, graph15_on_article, graph16_on_article, graph17_on_article, graph18_on_article, graph1_on_book, graph19_on_article, graph20_on_article, graph21_on_article, graph22_on_article, graph23_on_article, graph24_on_article, graph2_on_PhD_thesis, graph25_on_article, graph26_on_article, graph27_on_article, graph28_on_article, graph29_on_article, graph30_on_article, graph31_on_article, graph32_on_article, graph33_on_article, graph34_on_article, graph1_on_creation_result, graph1_on_insurance, graph1_on_written_material, graph1_on_publication, graph1_on_report, graph35_on_article, graph1_on_spatial_object, graph1_on_physical_entity, graph1_on_artifact, graph1_on_substance, graph1_on_housing, graph1_on_animal, graph3_on_person, graph4_on_spamOnly@phmartin.info, graph6_on_spamOnly@phmartin.info, graph2_on_Corolla_AE93_CSI_manual_hatchback, graph1_on_156_manual, graph1_on_production click here to display them or click here for a search form or here to add a statement
909 categories printed