#geological_formation__geology the geological features of the earth
supertype: natural_object__naturalobject an object occurring naturally; not made by man
subtype: aquifer underground bed or layer yielding ground water for wells and springs etc
subtype: beach an area of sand sloping down to the water of a sea or lake
subtype: plage the beach at a seaside resort
subtype: cliff__drop-off a steep high face of rock
subtype: crag a steep rugged rock or cliff
subtype: precipice a very steep cliff
subtype: delta a low triangular area where a river divides before entering a larger body of water
subtype: folium a thin layer or stratum of (especially metamorphic) rock
subtype: foreshore the part of the seashore between the high-water and and low-water marks
subtype: ice_mass a large mass of ice
subtype: glacier a slowly moving mass of ice
subtype: Alpine_glacier__Alpine_type_of_glacier a glacier that moves down from a high valley
subtype: continental_glacier__continentalglacier a glacier that spreads out from a central mass of ice
subtype: polar_glacier__polarglacier a glacier near the Arctic or Antarctic poles
subtype: Piedmont_glacier__Piedmont_type_of_glacier a type of glaciation characteristic of Alaska; large valley glaciers meet to form an almost stagnant sheet of ice
subtype: Great_Mendenhall_Glacier__Mendenhall_Glacier a glacier of the Piedmont type near Juneau in Alaska
subtype: iceberg__berg a large mass of ice floating at sea; usually broken off of a polar glacier
subtype: growler a small iceberg or ice floe just large enough to be hazardous for shipping
subtype: icecap__ice_cap__icecap a mass of ice and snow that permanently covers a large area of land (e.g., the polar regions or a mountain peak)
subtype: ice_field__icefield a large flat mass of ice (larger than an ice floe) floating at sea
subtype: ice_floe__icefloe__floe a flat mass of ice (smaller than an ice field) floating at sea
subtype: lakefront land bordering a lake
subtype: massif a block of the earth's crust bounded by faults and shifted to form peaks of a mountain range
subtype: mouth.geological_formation the point where a stream issues into a larger body of water; "New York is at the mouth of the Hudson"
subtype: natural_depression__naturaldepression__depression a sunken or depressed geological formation
subtype: basin.natural_depression a natural depression in the surface of the land often with a lake at the bottom of it; "the basin of the Great Salt Lake"
subtype: cirque__corrie__cwm a steep-walled semicircular basin in a mountain; may contain a lake
subtype: saltpan a shallow basin in a desert region; contains salt and gypsum that was deposited by an evaporated salt lake
subtype: tidal_basin__tidalbasin a basin that is full of water at high tide
subtype: bed.natural_depression__bottom a depression forming the ground under a body of water; "he searched for treasure on the ocean bed"
subtype: lake_bed__lake_bottom the bottom of a lake
subtype: ocean_floor__oceanfloor__ocean_bottom__oceanbottom__seabed__sea_bottom__seabottom__Davy_Jones's_locker__Davy_Jones the bottom of a sea or ocean
subtype: abyssal_zone__abyssalzone the deep sea (2000 meters or more) where there is no light
subtype: continental_shelf__continentalshelf the relatively shallow (up to 200 meters) seabed surrounding a continent
subtype: continental_slope__continentalslope__bathyal_zone__bathyalzone__bathyal_district__bathyaldistrict the steep descent of the seabed from the continental shelf to the abyssal zone
subtype: riverbed__river_bottom__riverbottom a channel occupied (or formerly occupied) by a river
subtype: streambed__creek_bed__creekbed a channel occupied (or formerly occupied) by a stream
subtype: dry_wash__drywash__wash (western United States) the dry bed of an intermittent stream (as at the bottom of a canyon)
subtype: crater a bowl-shaped depression formed by the impact of a meteorite or bomb
subtype: collector a crater that has collected cosmic material hitting the earth
subtype: lunar_crater__lunarcrater a crater on the Earth's moon
subtype: Aristarchus a bright crater on the moon
subtype: Copernicus a conspicuous crater on the moon
subtype: hole.natural_depression__hollow a depression hollowed out of solid matter
subtype: burrow__tunnel a hole in the ground made by an animal for shelter
subtype: rabbit_warren.burrow__rabbitwarren__warren a series of connected underground tunnels occupied by rabbits
subtype: gopher_hole a hole in the ground made by gophers
subtype: cavity__pit a sizeable hole (usually in the ground); "they dug a pit to bury the body"
subtype: barbecue_pit a pit where wood or charcoal is burned to make a bed of hot coals suitable for barbecuing meat
subtype: borrow_pit a pit created to provide earth that can be used as fill at another site
subtype: divot.cavity (golf) the cavity left when a piece of turf is cut from the ground by the club head in making a stroke; "it was a good drive but the ball ended up in a divot"
subtype: fire_pit a pit whose floor is incandescent lava; "the fire pit of the crater"
subtype: quicksand a pit filled with loose wet sand into which heavy objects sink
subtype: sandpit a large pit in sandy ground from which sand is dug
subtype: sawpit a pit over which lumber is positioned to be sawed by two men with a long two-handled saw
subtype: tar_pit__tarpit a natural accumulation of bitumens at the surface of the earth; often acts as a trap for animals whose bones are thus preserved
subtype: pothole__chuckhole a pit or hole produced by wear or weathering (especially in a road surface)
subtype: rabbit_burrow__rabbit_hole a hole in the ground as a nest made by wild rabbits
subtype: wormhole hole made by a burrowing worm
subtype: lowland low level country
subtype: landfill a low area that has been filled in
subtype: sanitary_landfill a low area where waste is buried between layers of earth
subtype: sinkhole__swallow_hole__swallowhole a depression in the ground communicating with a subterranean passage (especially in limestone) and formed by solution or by collapse of a cavern roof
subtype: oceanic_abyss__oceanicabys__trench__deep a long steep-sided depression in the ocean floor
subtype: Atacama_Trench a depression the floor of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Chile
subtype: Bougainville_Trench a depression in the floor of the Pacific Ocean between New Guinea and the Solomon Islands
subtype: Japan_Trench a depression in the floor of the Pacific Ocean northeast of Japan that reaches depths of 30,000 feet
subtype: Nares_Deep a depression in the floor of the Atlantic Ocean north of Haiti and Puerto Rico
subtype: trough a narrow depression (as in the earth or between ocean waves or in the ocean bed)
subtype: valley__vale a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river
subtype: dale (British) an open river valley (in a hilly area)
subtype: glen (Scottish) a narrow secluded valley (in the mountains)
subtype: gully deep ditch cut by running water (especially after a prolonged downpour)
subtype: arroyo (southwestern United States) a stream or brook
subtype: draw a gully that is shallower than a ravine
subtype: wadi gully or streambed in North Africa and the Middle East that remains dry except during rainy season
subtype: holler__hollow a small valley between mountains; "he built himself a cabin in a hollow high up in the Appalachians"
subtype: dell__dingle a small wooded hollow
subtype: nullah a ravine or gully in southern Asia
subtype: ravine a deep narrow steep-sided valley (especially one formed by running water)
subtype: canyon__canon (North America) a ravine formed by a river in an area with little rainfall
subtype: gorge a deep ravine (usually with a river running through it)
subtype: gulch__flume a narrow gorge with a stream running through it
instance: Grand_Canyon Olduvai_Gorge
subtype: rift_valley a valley with steep sides; formed by a rift in the earth's crust
instance: San_Joaquin_Valley Shenandoah_Valley
subtype: natural_elevation__naturalelevation__elevation a raised or elevated geological formation
subtype: highland__upland elevated (e.g., mountainous) land
subtype: down.highland (usually plural) a rolling treeless highland with little soil
subtype: tableland__plateau a relatively flat highland
subtype: Colorado_Plateau a large plateau south and west of the Rocky Mountains; abuts mountains on the north and east and ends in an escarpment overlooking lowlands to the south and west; the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River is carved out of the southwestern corner
subtype: Llano_Estacado a large semiarid plateau forming the southern part of the Great Plains
subtype: mesa__table flat tableland with steep edges; "the tribe was relatively safe on the mesa but they had to descend into the valley for water"
subtype: terrace__bench a level shelf of land interrupting a declivity (with steep slopes above and below)
instance: Ardennes
instance: Highlands
subtype: hill a local and well-defined elevation of the land
subtype: foothill a relatively low hill on the lower slope of a mountain
subtype: knoll__mound__hillock__hummock a small natural hill
subtype: anthill__formicary a mound of earth made by ants as they dig their nest
subtype: kopje__koppie (South Africa) a small hill rising up from the African veld
subtype: molehill a mound of earth made by moles while burrowing
subtype: tor a high rocky hill
instance: Calvary__Golgotha Zion__Sion Palatine Capitol_Hill__the_Hill
subtype: hills__hill hilly land; "they loved to roam the hills of West Virginia"; "the Black Hills"
subtype: foothills__foothill hilly land on the lower slopes of mountains
instance: Cotswolds__Cotswold_Hills Nilgiri_Hills Black_Hills
subtype: mountain__mount a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill
subtype: alp any high mountain
subtype: ben (in Scotland or Ireland) a mountain or tall hill; "they were climbing the ben"
subtype: seamount an underwater mountain rising above the ocean floor
subtype: guyot a seamount of volcanic origin (especially in the Pacific Ocean)
subtype: volcano a mountain formed by volcanic material
instance: Cameroon Citlaltepetl__Mount_Orizaba__Mt_Orizaba__Pico_de_Orizaba Nevado_de_Colima__Colima__Volcan_de_Colima Cotacachi Cotopaxi Demavend El_Misti Mount_Etna__Etna__Mt_Etna Fuego Fuji-san__Fuji__Fujiyama Galeras__Pasto Guallatiri Huainaputina Klyuchevskaya Krakatau__Krakatao__Krakatoa Lascar Mauna_Kea Mauna_Loa Purace Sangay Tupungatito Mount_Saint_Helens__Mount_St._Helens__Mt._St._Helens Mount_Vesuvius__Vesuvius__Mt._Vesuvius
instance: Mount_Olympus__Olympus__Mt._Olympus__Olimbos
subtype: promontory__headland__foreland a natural elevation (especially a rocky one that juts out into the sea)
subtype: Cape_Canaveral__Cape_Kennedy a sandy promontory (formerly Cape Kennedy) extending into the Atlantic Ocean from a barrier island off the eastern coast of Florida; the site of a NASA center for spaceflight
subtype: Cape_Sable a promontory on the far southern part of Nova Scotia
subtype: Jebel_Musa__Abila__Abyla a promontory in northern Morocco opposite the Rock of Gibraltar; one of the Pillars of Hercules
subtype: mull a term used in Scottish names of promontories; "the Mull of Kintyre"
subtype: point.promontory a promontory extending out into a large body of water; "they sailed south around the point"
instance: Cape_Horn Gibraltar__Rock_of_Gibraltar__Calpe Cape_Hatteras
subtype: ridge a long narrow natural elevation or striation
subtype: bank.ridge a long ridge or pile; "a huge bank of earth"
subtype: bluff a high steep bank (usually formed by river erosion)
subtype: sandbank a submerged bank of sand near a shore or in a river; can be exposed at low tide
subtype: shoal a sandbank in a stretch of water that is visible at low tide
subtype: bar.ridge a submerged (or partly submerged) ridge in a river or along a shore
subtype: sandbar__sand_bar a bar of sand
subtype: sand_dune__dune a ridge of sand created by the wind; found in deserts or near lakes and oceans
subtype: ledge__shelf a projecting ridge on a mountain or submerged under water
subtype: reef a submerged ridge of rock or coral near the surface of the water
subtype: coral_reef__coralreef a reef consisting of coral consolidated into limestone
subtype: atoll an island consisting of a circular coral reef surrounding a lagoon
instance: Kwajalein Eniwetok.atoll__eniwetok Kwajalein.atoll__kwajalein Midway_Islands
subtype: barrier_reef__barrierreef a long coral reef near and parallel to the shore
subtype: Florida_keys__key__cay a coral reef off the southern coast of Florida
subtype: ripple_mark one of a series of small ridges produced in sand by water currents or by wind
subtype: swell a rounded elevation (especially one on an ocean floor)
subtype: oceanfront land bordering an ocean
subtype: Pillars_of_Hercules the two promontories at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar; according to legend they were formed by Hercules
subtype: range_of_mountains__range__mountain_range__chain__mountain_chain__chain_of_mountains a series of hills or mountains; "the valley was between two ranges of hills"; "the plains lay just beyond the mountain range"
subtype: Admiralty_Range mountains in Antarctica north of Victoria Land
subtype: Balkans__Balkan_Mountains__Balkan_Mountain_Range the major mountain range of Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula
subtype: Black_Hills.range_of_mountains__blackhill mountains in southwestern South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming; sacred to the Sioux (whites settling in the Black Hills led to the Battle of Little Bighorn); site of Mount Rushmore
subtype: Cantabrian_Mountains a range of mountains in northern Spain along the coast of the Bay of Biscay
subtype: Caucasus_Mountains__Caucasus the mountain range in Caucasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea that forms part of the traditional border between Europe and Asia
subtype: Dolomite_Alps an eastern range of the Alps in northeastern Italy famous for their dolomitic limestone
subtype: Guadalupe_Mountains a mountain range in southern New Mexico and western Texas; the southern extension of the Sacramento Mountains
subtype: Mesabi_Range a range of hills in northeastern Minnesota where rich iron ore deposits were discovered in 1887
subtype: Nan_Ling a mountain range in southeastern China running generally east to west
subtype: Sacramento_Mountains mountain range in New Mexico east of the Rio Grande
subtype: sierra a range of mountains (usually with jagged peaks and irregular outline)
instance: Adirondacks__Adirondack_Mountains Alaska_Range Alleghenies__Allegheny_Mountains the_Alps__Alps Andes Apennines Appalachians__Appalachian_Mountains Berkshires__Berkshire_Hills Blue_Ridge_Mountains__Blue_Ridge Cascades__Cascade_Range Catskills__Catskill_Mountains Coast_Range__Coast_Mountains Cumberland_Mountains__Cumberland_Plateau Great_Smoky_Mountains Himalayas__Himalaya_Mountains__the_Himalaya Hindu_Kush_Mountains__Hindu_Kush Karakoram_Range__Karakoram__Karakorum_Range__Mustagh__Mustagh_Range Kunlun_Mountains__Kunlun__Kuenlun__Kuenlun_Mountains Ozarks__Ozark_Mountains__Ozark_Plateau Pyrenees Rockies__Rocky_Mountains Sierra_Madre_Occidental Sierra_Madre_Oriental Sierra_Nevada_Mountains__Sierra_Nevada__High_Sierra Sierra_Nevada St._Elias_Range__St._Elias_Mountains Teton_Range Tien_Shan__Tyan_Shan Urals__Ural_Mountains
subtype: relict geological feature that is a remnant of a pre-existing formation after other parts have disappeared
subtype: ridge.geological_formation a long narrow range of hills
subtype: arete a sharp narrow ridge found in rugged mountains
subtype: shore the land along the edge of a body of water (a lake or ocean or river)
subtype: lakeside__lakeshore the shore of a lake
subtype: seashore__coast__seacoast__sea-coast__seacoast the shore of a sea or ocean
subtype: littoral_zone__littoral__litoral__sands__sand the region of the shore of a lake or sea or ocean
subtype: Atlantic_Coast a coast of the Atlantic Ocean
subtype: landfall.seashore the seacoast first sighted on a voyage (or flight over water)
subtype: Pacific_Coast a coast of the Pacific Ocean
subtype: seaside the shore of a sea or ocean regarded as a resort
instance: Barbary_Coast.North_Africa__barbarycoast Aeolis__Aeolia
subtype: strand.shore a poetic term for a shore (as the area periodically covered and uncovered by the tides)
subtype: incline__side an elevated geological formation; "he climbed the steep slope"; "the house was built on the side of the mountain"
subtype: acclivity__ascent__rise__raise__climb__upgrade an upward slope or grade (as in a road); "the car couldn't make the grade"
subtype: uphill the upward slope of a hill
subtype: bank sloping land (especially the slope beside a body of water); "they pulled the canoe up on the bank"; "he sat on the bank of the river and watched the currents"
subtype: riverbank__riverside the bank of a river
subtype: waterside land bordering a body of water
subtype: cant__bank__camber a slope in the turn of a road or track; the outside is higher than the inside in order to reduce the effects of centrifugal force
subtype: canyonside the steeply sloping side of a canyon
subtype: declivity__descent__fall__decline__downslope a downward slope
subtype: downhill.declivity the downward slope of a hill
subtype: steep a steep place (as on a hill)
subtype: escarpment__scarp a long steep slope or cliff at the edge of a plateau or ridge; usually formed by erosion
subtype: hillside the side or slope of a hill
subtype: brae (Scotland) a slope or hillside
subtype: mountainside__versant the side or slope of a mountain; "conifer forests cover the eastern versant"
subtype: natural_spring__naturalspring__spring__fountain__outflow__outpouring a natural flow of ground water
subtype: geyser a spring that discharges hot water and steam
subtype: Old_Faithful a geyser in Yellowstone National Park that erupts for about 4 minutes about every 65 minutes
subtype: hot_spring__hotspring__thermal_spring__thermalspring a natural spring of water at a temperature of 70 F or above
instance: Fountain_of_Youth
subtype: talus__talu__scree a sloping mass of rocks at the base of a cliff
subtype: mineral_vein__mineralvein__vein a layer of ore between layers of rock
subtype: bonanza an especially rich vein of precious ore
subtype: wall.geological_formation a vertical (or almost vertical) smooth rock face (as of a cave or mountain)
subtype: water_table__water_level__groundwater_level__groundwaterlevel underground surface below which the ground is wholly saturated with water: "spring rains had raised the water table"
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