#family  (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera; "sharks belong to the fish family"
  supertype:  taxonomic_group__taxonomicgroup__taxon  animal or plant group having natural relations
  member:  subfamily  tribe  genus
  member of:  order.taxonomic_group
  subtype:  bacteria_family  a family of bacteria
     subtype:  family_Rhizobiaceae__Rhizobiaceae  a small family of rod-shaped bacteria
     subtype:  family_Bacillaceae__Bacillaceae  typically rod-shaped usually gram-positive bacteria that produce endospores
     subtype:  family_Myxophyceae__Myxophyceae__Schizophyceae__family_Schizophyceae  former terms for Cyanophyceae
     subtype:  family_Nostocaceae__Nostocaceae  blue-green algae
     subtype:  family_Oscillatoriaceae__Oscillatoriaceae  blue green algae
     subtype:  family_Pseudomonodaceae__Pseudomonodaceae  rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria; include important plant and animal pathogens
     subtype:  family_Athiorhodaceae__Athiorhodaceae  small motile sulphur bacteria
     subtype:  family_Thiobacteriaceae__Thiobacteriaceae  free-living coccoid to rod-shaped bacteria that derive energy from oxidizing sulfur or sulfur compounds
     subtype:  family_Spirillaceae__Spirillaceae  rigid spirally curved elongate bacteria
     subtype:  family_Bacteroidaceae__Bacteroidaceae  family of bacteria living usually in the alimentary canal or on mucous surfaces of warm-blooded animals; sometimes associated with acute infective processes
     subtype:  family_Enterobacteriaceae__Enterobacteriaceae  a large family of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales
     subtype:  family_Rickettsiaceae__Rickettsiaceae  microorganism resembling bacteria inhabiting arthropod tissues but capable of causing disease in vertebrates
     subtype:  family_Chlamydiaceae__Chlamydiaceae  gram-negative parasites in warm-blooded vertebrates
     subtype:  family_Mycoplasmataceae__Mycoplasmataceae  pleomorphic gram-negative nonmotile microorganism similar to both viruses and bacteria; parasitic in mammals
     subtype:  family_Actinomycetaceae__Actinomycetaceae  filamentous anaerobic bacteria
     subtype:  family_Streptomycetaceae__Streptomycetaceae  higher bacteria typically aerobic soil saprophytes
     subtype:  family_Mycobacteriaceae__Mycobacteriaceae  a family of bacteria
     subtype:  family_Polyangiaceae__Polyangiaceae__Myxobacteriaceae__family_Myxobacteriaceae  bacteria living mostly in soils and on dung
     subtype:  family_Micrococcaceae__Micrococcaceae  spherical or elliptical usually aerobic eubacteria that produce yellow or orange or red pigment; includes toxin-producing forms as well as harmless commensals and saprophytes
     subtype:  family_Lactobacillaceae__Lactobacillaceae__Lactobacteriaceae__family_Lactobacteriaceae  lactic acid bacteria and important pathogens; bacteria that ferment carbohydrates chiefly into lactic acid
     subtype:  family_Spirochaetaceae__Spirochaetaceae  large coarsely spiral bacteria; free-living in fresh or salt water or commensal in bodies of oysters
     subtype:  family_Treponemataceae__Treponemataceae  small spirochetes some parasitic or pathogenic
  subtype:  protoctist_family  any of the families of Protoctista
     subtype:  family_Globigerinidae__Globigerinidae  a family of protoctists
     subtype:  family_Nummulitidae__Nummulitidae  a family of fossil protoctists
     subtype:  family_Arcellidae__Arcellidae  soil an freshwater protozoa; cosmopolitan
     subtype:  family_Tribonemaceae__Tribonemaceae  simple filamentous freshwater yellow-green algae
     subtype:  family_Laminariaceae__Laminariaceae  large family of marine brown algae including many economically important large kelps chiefly of northern waters
     subtype:  family_Fucaceae__Fucaceae  small family of brown algae: gulfweeds; rockweeds
     subtype:  family_Euglenaceae__Euglenaceae  considered green algae
     subtype:  family_Ulvaceae__Ulvaceae__sea-lettuce_family__sealettucefamily  thin flat or tubular green algae
     subtype:  family_Volvocaceae__Volvocaceae  unicellular or colonial biflagellate free-swimming flagellates
     subtype:  family_Chlamydomonadaceae__Chlamydomonadaceae  green algae some of which are colored red by hematochrome
     subtype:  family_Zygnemataceae__Zygnemataceae  pond scums: common freshwater algae forming green slimy masses
     subtype:  family_Oedogoniaceae__Oedogoniaceae  filamentous green algae
     subtype:  family_Characeae__Characeae  green algae superficially resembling horsetail ferns: stoneworts
     subtype:  family_Desmidiaceae__Desmidiaceae  unicellular algae
     subtype:  family_Gigartinaceae__Gigartinaceae  a family of protoctista
     subtype:  family_Rhodymeniaceae__Rhodymeniaceae  a family of protoctista
     subtype:  family_Bangiaceae__Bangiaceae  a family of protoctista
     subtype:  family_Peridiniidae__Peridiniidae  marine and freshwater dinoflagellates
     subtype:  family_Eimeriidae__Eimeriidae  a family of protoctista in the order Coccidia
     subtype:  family_Plasmodiidae__Plasmodiidae  malaria parasites
     subtype:  family_Haemoproteidae__Haemoproteidae  bird parasites
     subtype:  family_Babesiidae__Babesiidae  piroplasms and cattle pathogens
  subtype:  family_Endamoebidae__Endamoebidae  a large family of endoparasitic amebas that invade the digestive tract
  subtype:  fish_family  any of various families of fish
     subtype:  family_Cobitidae__Cobitidae  loaches
     subtype:  family_Cyprinidae__Cyprinidae  a family of fish including: carp; tench; roach; rudd; dace
     subtype:  family_Electrophoridae__Electrophoridae  small family comprising the electric eels
     subtype:  family_Catostomidae__Catostomidae  suckers; closely related to the family Cyprinidae
     subtype:  family_Cyprinodontidae__Cyprinodontidae  large family of small soft-finned fishes; killifishes; flagfishes; swordtails; guppies
     subtype:  family_Poeciliidae__Poeciliidae  topminnows
     subtype:  family_Holocentridae__Holocentridae  squirrelfishes and soldierfishes
     subtype:  family_Anomalopidae__Anomalopidae  a family of fish including: flashlight fishes
     subtype:  family_Zeidae__Zeidae  a family of fish in the order Zeomorphi
     subtype:  family_Caproidae__Caproidae  boarfishes
     subtype:  family_Fistulariidae__Fistulariidae  cornetfishes
     subtype:  family_Gasterosteidae__Gasterosteidae  sticklebacks
     subtype:  family_Syngnathidae__Syngnathidae  pipefishes
     subtype:  family_Macrorhamphosidae__Macrorhamphosidae  bellows fishes
     subtype:  family_Centriscidae__Centriscidae  shrimpfishes
     subtype:  family_Aulostomidae__Aulostomidae  trumpetfishes
     subtype:  family_Petromyzontidae__Petromyzontidae  lampreys
     subtype:  family_Myxinidae__Myxinidae  slime-producing marine animals: hagfishes
     subtype:  family_Chimaeridae__Chimaeridae  a family of Holocephali
     subtype:  family_Hexanchidae__Hexanchidae  primitive sharks
     subtype:  family_Lamnidae__Lamnidae  oceanic sharks
     subtype:  family_Isuridae__Isuridae  in some classifications another name for the family Lamnidae
     subtype:  family_Cetorhinidae__Cetorhinidae  in some older classifications considered the family of the basking sharks
     subtype:  family_Alopiidae__Alopiidae  thresher sharks
     subtype:  family_Orectolobidae__Orectolobidae  nurse sharks and carpet sharks
     subtype:  family_Carchariidae__Carchariidae__Odontaspididae__family_Odontaspididae  sand sharks; in some classifications coextensive with family Carcharhinidae
     subtype:  family_Rhincodontidae__Rhincodontidae  small-toothed sharks comprising only one species
     subtype:  family_Scyliorhinidae__Scyliorhinidae  small bottom-dwelling sharks
     subtype:  family_Carcharhinidae__Carcharhinidae  largest family of living sharks; found worldwide especially in tropical waters; dorsal fin lacks spines: requiem sharks including tiger sharks and soupfin sharks
     subtype:  family_Triakidae__Triakidae  small smooth-skinned sharks lacking spines on dorsal fins
     subtype:  family_Squalidae__Squalidae  dogfishes having a spine in each dorsal fin
     subtype:  family_Sphyrnidae__Sphyrnidae  hammerhead sharks; bonnethead sharks
     subtype:  family_Squatinidae__Squatinidae  bottom-dwelling ray-like sharks
     subtype:  family_Torpedinidae__Torpedinidae  electric rays
     subtype:  family_Pristidae__Pristidae  large primitive rays with elongated snouts
     subtype:  family_Rhinobatidae__Rhinobatidae  primitive rays with guitar-shaped bodies
     subtype:  family_Dasyatidae__Dasyatidae  sting rays
     subtype:  family_Myliobatidae__Myliobatidae  eagle rays
     subtype:  family_Mobulidae__Mobulidae  large rays lacking venomous spines: mantas
     subtype:  family_Rajidae__Rajidae  bottom-dwelling tropical rays: skates
     subtype:  family_Latimeridae__Latimeridae  extinct except for the coelacanth
     subtype:  family_Ceratodontidae__Ceratodontidae  lungfishes having hornlike ridges on the teeth
     subtype:  family_Siluridae__Siluridae  Old World catfishes
     subtype:  family_Ameiuridae__Ameiuridae  North American catfishes
     subtype:  family_Laricariidae__Laricariidae  armored catfish
     subtype:  family_Ariidae__Ariidae  sea catfishes
     subtype:  family_Gadidae__Gadidae  large family of important mostly marine food fishes
     subtype:  family_Macrouridae__Macrouridae__Macruridae__family_Macruridae  grenadiers
     subtype:  family_Anguillidae__Anguillidae  eels that live in fresh water as adults but return to the sea to spawn
     subtype:  family_Muraenidae__Muraenidae  marine eels
     subtype:  family_Congridae__Congridae  marine eels
     subtype:  family_Gonorhynchidae__Gonorhynchidae  coextensive with the genus Gonorhynchus
     subtype:  family_Clupeidae__Clupeidae  herrings; shad; sardines; etc.
     subtype:  family_Engraulidae__Engraulidae  anchovies
     subtype:  family_Salmonidae__Salmonidae  salmon and trout
     subtype:  family_Coregonidae__Coregonidae  soft-finned fishes comprising the freshwater whitefishes; formerly included in the family Salmonidae
     subtype:  family_Osmeridae__Osmeridae  smelts
     subtype:  family_Elopidae__Elopidae  tarpons and ladyfishes
     subtype:  family_Albulidae__Albulidae  bonefish
     subtype:  family_Argentinidae__Argentinidae  small marine soft-finned fishes with long silvery bodies; related to salmons and trouts
     subtype:  family_Myctophidae__Myctophidae  deep-sea fishes comprising the lantern fishes
     subtype:  family_Synodontidae__Synodontidae  soft-finned bottom-dwelling fishes
     subtype:  family_Chlorophthalmidae__Chlorophthalmidae  small family of soft-finned bottom-livers with large eyes; relatives of lizardfishes
     subtype:  family_Lampridae__Lampridae  opahs
     subtype:  family_Trachipteridae__Trachipteridae  ribbonfishes
     subtype:  family_Regalecidae__Regalecidae  ribbonfishes
     subtype:  family_Ogcocephalidae__Ogcocephalidae  batfishes: sluggish bottom-dwelling spiny fishes
     subtype:  family_Lophiidae__Lophiidae  large-headed marine fishes comprising the anglers
     subtype:  family_Batrachoididae__Batrachoididae  toadfishes; related to anglers and batfishes
     subtype:  family_Antennariidae__Antennariidae  frogfishes; tropical spiny-finned marine fishes having large nearly vertical mouths; related to toadfishes and anglers
     subtype:  family_Belonidae__Belonidae  ferocious fishes of warm regions resembling but unrelated to the freshwater gars
     subtype:  family_Exocoetidae__Exocoetidae  flying fishes; closely related to the halfbeaks
     subtype:  family_Hemiramphidae__Hemiramphidae  halfbeaks; marine and freshwater fishes closely related to the flying fishes but not able to glide
     subtype:  family_Scomberesocidae__Scomberesocidae__Scombresocidae__family_Scombresocidae  only sauries
     subtype:  family_Ophiodontidae__Ophiodontidae  fishes closely related to greenlings
     subtype:  family_Percidae__Percidae  active freshwater fishes; true perches and pike perches
     subtype:  family_Trichodontidae__Trichodontidae  two species of elongate compressed scaleless large-eyed fishes that live in sand or mud
     subtype:  family_Ophidiidae__Ophidiidae  eel-like marine fishes
     subtype:  family_Brotulidae__Brotulidae  chiefly deep-sea fishes related to the Ophidiidae
     subtype:  family_Carapidae__Carapidae  pearlfishes: related to the Brotulidae
     subtype:  family_Centropomidae__Centropomidae  a family of fish or the order Perciformes including robolos
     subtype:  family_Esocidae__Esocidae  pikes; pickerels; muskellunges
     subtype:  family_Centrarchidae__Centrarchidae  sunfish family
     subtype:  family_Serranidae__Serranidae  marine fishes: sea basses; sea perches; groupers; jewfish
     subtype:  family_Embiotocidae__Embiotocidae  viviparous percoid fishes comprising the surf fishes
     subtype:  family_Priacanthidae__Priacanthidae  small carnivorous percoid fishes found worldwide in tropical seas
     subtype:  family_Apogonidae__Apogonidae  bright-colored marine fishes that incubate eggs in the mouth
     subtype:  family_Malacanthidae__Malacanthidae  short-headed marine fishes; often brightly colored
     subtype:  family_Pomatomidae__Pomatomidae  food and game fishes related to pompanos
     subtype:  family_Rachycentridae__Rachycentridae  family of pelagic fishes containing solely the cobia
     subtype:  family_Echeneididae__Echeneididae__family_Echeneidae  fishes having a sucking disk on the head for clinging to other fishes and to ships
     subtype:  family_Carangidae__Carangidae  large family of narrow-bodied marine food fishes with widely forked tails; chiefly of warm seas
     subtype:  family_Coryphaenidae__Coryphaenidae  large active pelagic percoid fish
     subtype:  family_Bramidae__Bramidae  deep-bodied percoid fishes of the open seas
     subtype:  family_Branchiostegidae__Branchiostegidae  small family of marine fishes having covered gills
     subtype:  family_Characidae__Characidae  tropical freshwater fishes of Africa and S and Central America
     subtype:  family_Characinidae__Characinidae  former name of the Characidae
     subtype:  family_Cichlidae__Cichlidae  cichlids
     subtype:  family_Lutjanidae__Lutjanidae  snappers
     subtype:  family_Haemulidae__Haemulidae  grunts
     subtype:  family_Sparidae__Sparidae  porgies; scups
     subtype:  family_Sciaenidae__Sciaenidae  warm-water marine fishes including the drums and grunts and croakers and sea trout
     subtype:  family_Mullidae__Mullidae  goatfishes or red mullets
     subtype:  family_Mugilidae__Mugilidae  gray mullets
     subtype:  family_Atherinidae__Atherinidae  small spiny-finned fishes of both salt and fresh water
     subtype:  family_Sphyraenidae__Sphyraenidae  monotypic family of large active fishes of tropical and subtropical waters: barracuda
     subtype:  family_Pempheridae__Pempheridae  sweepers
     subtype:  family_Kyphosidae__Kyphosidae  sea chubs
     subtype:  family_Ephippidae__Ephippidae  small family comprising the spadefishes
     subtype:  family_Chaetodontidae__Chaetodontidae  butterfly fishes
     subtype:  family_Pomacentridae__Pomacentridae  damselfishes
     subtype:  family_Labridae__Labridae  wrasses
     subtype:  family_Scaridae__Scaridae  parrotfishes
     subtype:  family_Polynemidae__Polynemidae  threadfins
     subtype:  family_Opisthognathidae__Opisthognathidae  jawfishes
     subtype:  family_Uranoscopidae__Uranoscopidae  stargazers
     subtype:  family_Dactyloscopidae__Dactyloscopidae  sand stargazers
     subtype:  family_Blenniidae__Blenniidae  a family of fish including: combtooth blennies
     subtype:  family_Clinidae__Clinidae  viviparous blennies of temperate and tropical seas
     subtype:  family_Pholidae__Pholidae__family_Pholididae  a family of fish of suborder Blennioidea
     subtype:  family_Stichaeidae__Stichaeidae  pricklebacks
     subtype:  family_Anarhichadidae__Anarhichadidae  wolffishes
     subtype:  family_Zoarcidae__Zoarcidae  eelpouts
     subtype:  family_Ammodytidae__Ammodytidae  sand lances
     subtype:  family_Callionymidae__Callionymidae  dragonets
     subtype:  family_Gobiidae__Gobiidae  gobies
     subtype:  family_Eleotridae__Eleotridae  sleepers
     subtype:  family_Percophidae__Percophidae  percoid flatheads
     subtype:  family_Toxotidae__Toxotidae  archerfishes
     subtype:  family_Microdesmidae__Microdesmidae  wormfishes
     subtype:  family_Acanthuridae__Acanthuridae  surgeonfishes
     subtype:  family_Gempylidae__Gempylidae  snake mackerels
     subtype:  family_Trichiuridae__Trichiuridae  cutlassfishes
     subtype:  family_Scombridae__Scombridae  marine food fishes: mackerels; chub mackerels; tuna
     subtype:  Katsuwonidae__family_Kasuwonidae  in some classifications considered a separate family comprising the oceanic bonitos
     subtype:  family_Xiphiidae__Xiphiidae  comprising the common swordfishes
     subtype:  family_Istiophoridae__Istiophoridae  sailfishes; spearfishes; marlins
     subtype:  family_Luvaridae__Luvaridae  louvars
     subtype:  family_Stromateidae__Stromateidae  butterfishes: harvest fishes; dollar fishes
     subtype:  family_Gobiesocidae__Gobiesocidae  clingfishes
     subtype:  family_Lobotidae__Lobotidae  tripletails
     subtype:  family_Gerreidae__Gerreidae__Gerridae__family_Gerridae  mojarras
     subtype:  family_Sillaginidae__Sillaginidae  small family of small food fishes in shallow waters of the Pacific around Indonesia
     subtype:  family_Amiidae__Amiidae  only the bowfins
     subtype:  family_Polyodontidae__Polyodontidae  paddlefishes
     subtype:  family_Acipenseridae__Acipenseridae  sturgeons
     subtype:  family_Lepisosteidae__Lepisosteidae  comprises the genus Lepisosteus
     subtype:  family_Scorpaenidae__Scorpaenidae  scorpionfishes; rockfishes; lionfishes
     subtype:  family_Cottidae__Cottidae  sculpins
     subtype:  family_Cyclopteridae__Cyclopteridae  lumpfishes
     subtype:  family_Liparididae__Liparididae__Liparidae__family_Liparidae  snailfishes
     subtype:  family_Agonidae__Agonidae  poachers
     subtype:  family_Hexagrammidae__Hexagrammidae  greenlings
     subtype:  family_Platycephalidae__Platycephalidae  scorpaenoid flatheads
     subtype:  family_Triglidae__Triglidae  in some classifications restricted to the gurnards and subdivided into the subfamilies Triglinae (true sea robins) and Peristediinae (armored sea robins)
     subtype:  subfamily_Triglinae__Triglinae  in some classifications considered a subfamily of Triglidae comprising searobins having ordinary scales and no barbels (true searobins)
     subtype:  subfamily_Peristediinae__Peristediinae  in some classifications considered a subfamily of Triglidae comprising the armored searobins
     subtype:  family_Dactylopteridae__Dactylopteridae  flying gurnards
     subtype:  family_Balistidae__Balistidae  triggerfishes
     subtype:  family_Monocanthidae__Monocanthidae  filefishes
     subtype:  family_Ostraciidae__Ostraciidae__family_Ostraciontidae  boxfishes
     subtype:  family_Tetraodontidae__Tetraodontidae  puffers
     subtype:  family_Diodontidae__Diodontidae  spiny puffers
     subtype:  family_Molidae__Molidae  ocean sunfishes
     subtype:  family_Pleuronectidae__Pleuronectidae  righteye flounders
     subtype:  family_Bothidae__Bothidae  a family of fish of the order Heterosomata
     subtype:  family_Cynoglossidae__Cynoglossidae  tonguefishes
     subtype:  family_Soleidae__Soleidae  soles
  subtype:  chordate_family  any family in the phylum Chordata
     subtype:  family_Amphioxidae__Amphioxidae__Branchiostomidae__family_Branchiostomidae  lancelets
     subtype:  family_Salpidae__Salpidae  a small family of tunicates in the class Thaliacea
     subtype:  family_Doliolidae__Doliolidae  oceanic tunicates
  subtype:  bird_family  a family of warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings
     subtype:  family_Struthionidae__Struthionidae  tall terrestrial birds: ostriches
     subtype:  family_Casuaridae__Casuaridae  a family of large ostrich-like birds including cassowaries
     subtype:  family_Apterygidae__Apterygidae  coextensive with the order Apterygiformes
     subtype:  family_Rheidae__Rheidae  a family of birds coextensive with the order Rheiformes
     subtype:  family_Aepyornidae__Aepyornidae  coextensive with the order Aepyorniformes
     subtype:  family_Dinornithidae__Dinornithidae  moas
     subtype:  family_Meliphagidae__Meliphagidae  honey eaters
     subtype:  family_Prunellidae__Prunellidae  hedge sparrow
     subtype:  family_Alaudidae__Alaudidae  larks
     subtype:  family_Motacillidae__Motacillidae  pipits and wagtails
     subtype:  family_Fringillidae__Fringillidae  finches: goldfinches; bullfinches; chaffinches; siskins; canaries; cardinals; grosbeaks; crossbills; linnets; buntings
     subtype:  subfamily_Carduelinae__Carduelinae  used in some classifications for a subgroup of finches
     subtype:  subfamily_Emberizidae__Emberizidae__subfamily_Emberizinae  buntings and some New World sparrows
     subtype:  family_Coerebidae__Coerebidae__Dacninae__family_Dacninae  the honeycreepers
     subtype:  family_Passeridae__Passeridae  true sparrows: Old world birds formerly considered weaverbirds
     subtype:  family_Ploceidae__Ploceidae  weaverbirds
     subtype:  family_Drepanididae__Drepanididae  Hawaiian honeycreepers
     subtype:  family_Menuridae__Menuridae  lyrebirds
     subtype:  family_Atrichornithidae__Atrichornithidae  scrubbirds
     subtype:  family_Eurylaimidae__Eurylaimidae  coextensive with the suborder Eurylaimi
     subtype:  superfamily_Tyrannidae__Tyrannidae  New World tyrant flycatchers most numerous in Central and South America but also in the United States and Canada
     subtype:  family_Cotingidae__Cotingidae  cotingas; umbrella birds
     subtype:  family_Pipridae__Pipridae  manakins
     subtype:  family_Furnariidae__Furnariidae  e.g. ovenbirds
     subtype:  family_Formicariidae__Formicariidae  antbirds
     subtype:  family_Dendrocolaptidae__Dendrocolaptidae  woodhewers or woodcreepers
     subtype:  family_Pittidae__Pittidae  pittas
     subtype:  family_Muscicapidae__Muscicapidae  Old World (true) flycatchers
     subtype:  family_Turdidae__Turdidae  thrushes; in some classifications considered a subfamily (Turdinae) of the family Muscicapidae
     subtype:  subfamily_Turdinae__Turdinae  alternative classification for the thrushes
     subtype:  family_Sylviidae__Sylviidae  in some classifications considered a subfamily (Sylviinae) of the family Muscicapidae: Old World (true) warblers; American kinglets and gnatcatchers
     subtype:  subfamily_Sylviinae__Sylviinae  alternative classification for the Old World warblers
     subtype:  family_Timaliidae__Timaliidae  babblers
     subtype:  family_Parulidae__Parulidae  New World warblers
     subtype:  family_Paradisaeidae__Paradisaeidae  birds of paradise
     subtype:  family_Icteridae__Icteridae  American orioles; American blackbirds; bobolinks; meadowlarks
     subtype:  family_Oriolidae__Oriolidae  Old World orioles
     subtype:  family_Sturnidae__Sturnidae  Old World starlings
     subtype:  family_Corvidae__Corvidae  crow; raven; rook; jackdaw; chough; magpie; jay
     subtype:  subfamily_Garrulinae__Garrulinae  subfamily of the crow family: jays
     subtype:  family_Cracticidae__Cracticidae  Australian birds formerly included in the family Laniidae
     subtype:  family_Troglodytidae__Troglodytidae  wrens
     subtype:  family_Mimidae__Mimidae  sometimes considered a subfamily of Troglodytidae: mockingbirds; catbirds; thrashers
     subtype:  family_Xenicidae__Xenicidae__Acanthisittidae__family_Acanthisittidae  alternative names for the family comprising the New Zealand wrens
     subtype:  family_Certhiidae__Certhiidae  creepers
     subtype:  family_Sittidae__Sittidae  nuthatches
     subtype:  family_Paridae__Paridae  titmice and chickadees
     subtype:  family_Irenidae__Irenidae  a family of birds of the suborder Oscines
     subtype:  family_Hirundinidae__Hirundinidae  swallows and martins
     subtype:  family_Artamidae__Artamidae  wood swallows
     subtype:  family_Thraupidae__Thraupidae  tanagers
     subtype:  family_Laniidae__Laniidae  shrikes
     subtype:  subfamily_Malaconotinae__Malaconotinae  African bush shrikes
     subtype:  family_Ptilonorhynchidae__Ptilonorhynchidae  bowerbirds
     subtype:  family_Cinclidae__Cinclidae  water ouzels
     subtype:  family_Vireonidae__Vireonidae  small insectivorous American songbirds
     subtype:  family_Bombycillidae__Bombycillidae  a family of birds of the suborder Oscines
     subtype:  family_Accipitridae__Accipitridae  hawks; Old World vultures; kites; harriers; eagles
     subtype:  family_Falconidae__Falconidae  a family of birds of the order Falconiformes
     subtype:  family_Pandionidae__Pandionidae  ospreys
     subtype:  family_Sagittariidae__Sagittariidae  secretary birds
     subtype:  family_Cathartidae__Cathartidae  condors; turkey buzzards; king vultures
     subtype:  family_Strigidae__Strigidae  a family of nocturnal birds of the order Strigiformes
     subtype:  family_Tytonidae__Tytonidae  comprising only the barn owls
     subtype:  family_Meleagrididae__Meleagrididae  turkeys and some extinct forms
     subtype:  family_Tetraonidae__Tetraonidae  grouse
     subtype:  family_Cracidae__Cracidae  curassows; guans; chachalacas
     subtype:  family_Megapodiidae__Megapodiidae  megapodes
     subtype:  family_Phasianidae__Phasianidae  pheasants; quails; partridges
     subtype:  subfamily_Perdicidae__Perdicidae__Perdicinae__subfamily_Perdicinae  Old World partridges
     subtype:  subfamily_Numididae__Numididae__Numidinae__subfamily_Numidinae  guinea fowl and related birds of Africa and Madagascar
     subtype:  family_Opisthocomidae__Opisthocomidae  comprising the hoatzins
     subtype:  family_Tinamidae__Tinamidae  comprising the tinamous
     subtype:  family_Raphidae__Raphidae  extinct dodos and solitaires
     subtype:  family_Columbidae__Columbidae  doves and pigeons
     subtype:  family_Pteroclididae__Pteroclididae  sandgrouses
     subtype:  family_Psittacidae__Psittacidae  coextensive with the order Psittaciformes
     subtype:  subfamily_Loriinae__Loriinae  lories
     subtype:  family_Cuculidae__Cuculidae  includes cuckoo; ani; roadrunner
     subtype:  family_Musophagidae__Musophagidae  touracos
     subtype:  family_Coraciidae__Coraciidae  rollers
     subtype:  family_Alcedinidae__Alcedinidae  kingfishers
     subtype:  family_Meropidae__Meropidae  bee-eaters
     subtype:  family_Bucerotidae__Bucerotidae  hornbills
     subtype:  family_Upupidae__Upupidae  hoopoes
     subtype:  family_Phoeniculidae__Phoeniculidae  wood hoopoes
     subtype:  family_Momotidae__Momotidae  a family of birds of the order Coraciiformes
     subtype:  family_Todidae__Todidae  a family of birds of the order Coraciiformes
     subtype:  family_Apodidae__Apodidae  swifts; in former classifications included in the order Coraciiformes
     subtype:  family_Hemiprocnidae__Hemiprocnidae  tree swifts
     subtype:  family_Trochilidae__Trochilidae  hummingbirds
     subtype:  family_Caprimulgidae__Caprimulgidae  goatsuckers
     subtype:  family_Podargidae__Podargidae  frogmouths
     subtype:  family_Steatornithidae__Steatornithidae  oilbirds
     subtype:  family_Picidae__Picidae  woodpeckers
     subtype:  family_Capitonidae__Capitonidae  barbets
     subtype:  family_Bucconidae__Bucconidae  puffbirds
     subtype:  family_Indicatoridae__Indicatoridae  honey guides
     subtype:  family_Galbulidae__Galbulidae  jacamars
     subtype:  family_Ramphastidae__Ramphastidae  toucans
     subtype:  family_Trogonidae__Trogonidae  coextensive with the order Trogoniformes
     subtype:  family_Anatidae__Anatidae  swimming birds having heavy short-legged bodies and bills with a horny tip: swans; geese; ducks
     subtype:  subfamily_Merginae__Merginae  mergansers and closely related diving birds
     subtype:  subfamily_Anserinae__Anserinae  used in some classifications for the swans
     subtype:  family_Anhimidae__Anhimidae  screamers
     subtype:  family_Ciconiidae__Ciconiidae  storks
     subtype:  family_Balaenicipitidae__Balaenicipitidae  shoebills
     subtype:  family_Threskiornithidae__Threskiornithidae__family_Ibidiidae  ibises
     subtype:  family_Plataleidae__Plataleidae  spoonbills
     subtype:  family_Phoenicopteridae__Phoenicopteridae  flamingos
     subtype:  family_Ardeidae__Ardeidae  herons; egrets; night herons; bitterns
     subtype:  family_Gruidae__Gruidae  cranes
     subtype:  family_Cariamidae__Cariamidae  cranelike South American wading birds
     subtype:  family_Rallidae__Rallidae  rails; crakes; gallinules; coots
     subtype:  family_Otididae__Otididae  bustards
     subtype:  family_Turnicidae__Turnicidae  small Old World birds resembling but not related to true quail
     subtype:  family_Psophiidae__Psophiidae  trumpeters
     subtype:  family_Charadriidae__Charadriidae  plover family
     subtype:  family_Scolopacidae__Scolopacidae  sandpiper family: sandpipers; woodcocks; snipes; tattlers; curlews; godwits; dowitchers
     subtype:  family_Recurvirostridae__Recurvirostridae  long-legged shorebirds
     subtype:  family_Haematopodidae__Haematopodidae  oystercatchers
     subtype:  family_Phalaropidae__Phalaropidae  phalaropes
     subtype:  family_Glareolidae__Glareolidae  Old World shorebirds: pratincoles and coursers
     subtype:  family_Burhinidae__Burhinidae  large wading birds resembling the plovers: stone curlews
     subtype:  family_Laridae__Laridae  gull family: gulls and terns
     subtype:  subfamily_Sterninae__subfamilysterninae__Sterninae  terns
     subtype:  family_Rynchopidae__Rynchopidae  coextensive with the genus Rynchops: skimmers
     subtype:  family_Stercorariidae__Stercorariidae  jaegers and skuas:
     subtype:  family_Alcidae__Alcidae  web-footed diving seabirds of northern seas: auks; puffins; guillemots; murres; etc.
     subtype:  family_Gavidae__Gavidae  loon family
     subtype:  family_Podicipedidae__Podicipedidae  coextensive with the order Podicipitiformes
     subtype:  family_Pelecanidae__Pelecanidae  pelicans
     subtype:  family_Fregatidae__Fregatidae  frigate birds
     subtype:  family_Sulidae__Sulidae  gannets and boobies
     subtype:  family_Phalacrocoracidae__Phalacrocoracidae  cormorants
     subtype:  family_Anhingidae__Anhingidae  snakebirds
     subtype:  family_Phaethontidae__Phaethontidae  tropicbirds
     subtype:  family_Spheniscidae__Spheniscidae  comprising all existing penguins
     subtype:  family_Diomedeidae__Diomedeidae  albatrosses
     subtype:  family_Procellariidae__Procellariidae  petrels; fulmars; shearwaters;
     subtype:  family_Hydrobatidae__Hydrobatidae  storm petrels
     subtype:  family_Pelecanoididae__Pelecanoididae  diving petrels
  subtype:  amphibian_family__amphibianfamily  any family of amphibians
     subtype:  family_Salamandridae__Salamandridae  salamanders
     subtype:  family_Ambystomatidae__Ambystomatidae  New World salamanders
     subtype:  family_Cryptobranchidae__Cryptobranchidae  large aquatic salamanders: hellbenders; giant salamanders
     subtype:  family_Dicamptodontidae__Dicamptodontidae  large and small highly aquatic salamanders
     subtype:  family_Plethodontidae__Plethodontidae  small mostly terrestrial New World salamanders having neither lungs nor gills as adults
     subtype:  family_Amphiumidae__Amphiumidae  congo snakes
     subtype:  family_Sirenidae__Sirenidae  sirens
     subtype:  family_Ranidae__Ranidae  nearly cosmopolitan family: true frogs
     subtype:  family_Leptodactylidae__Leptodactylidae  New World frogs; in some classifications essentially coextensive with the family Bufonidae
     subtype:  family_Polypedatidae__Polypedatidae  Old World tree frogs
     subtype:  family_Ascaphidae__Ascaphidae  family of one species of frog: tailed frog
     subtype:  family_Leiopelmatidae__Leiopelmatidae__Liopelmidae__family_Liopelmidae  primitive New Zealand frogs
     subtype:  family_Bufonidae__Bufonidae  true toads
     subtype:  family_Discoglossidae__Discoglossidae  family of Old World toads having a fixed disklike tongue
     subtype:  family_Pelobatidae__Pelobatidae  spadefoot toads
     subtype:  family_Hylidae__Hylidae  tree frogs
     subtype:  family_Microhylidae__Microhylidae__Brevicipitidae__family_Brevicipitidae  narrow-mouthed toads and sheep frogs; some burrow and some are arboreal; found worldwide
     subtype:  family_Pipidae__Pipidae  tongueless frogs
     subtype:  family_Xenopodidae__Xenopodidae  in some classifications the family of the genus Xenopus which is otherwise included in the family Pipidae
     subtype:  family_Caeciliidae__Caeciliidae  coextensive with the order Gymnophiona: legless amphibians
  subtype:  reptile_family__reptilefamily  a family of reptiles
     subtype:  family_Cheloniidae__Cheloniidae__Chelonidae__family_Chelonidae  green turtles; hawksbills
     subtype:  family_Dermochelyidae__Dermochelyidae  sea turtles
     subtype:  family_Chelydridae__Chelydridae  snapping turtles
     subtype:  family_Kinosternidae__Kinosternidae  mud turtles; musk turtles
     subtype:  family_Emydidae__Emydidae  box and water turtles
     subtype:  family_Testudinidae__Testudinidae  land tortoises
     subtype:  family_Trionychidae__Trionychidae  soft-shelled turtles
     subtype:  family_Gekkonidae__Gekkonidae  geckos
     subtype:  family_Pygopodidae__Pygopodidae  Australian and Tasmanian lizards
     subtype:  family_Iguanidae__Iguanidae__Iguania__family_Iguania  New World lizards
     subtype:  family_Amphisbaenidae__Amphisbaenidae  worm lizards
     subtype:  family_Xantusiidae__Xantusiidae  night lizards
     subtype:  family_Scincidae__Scincidae  skinks
     subtype:  family_Teiidae__Teiidae  whiptails; etc.
     subtype:  family_Agamidae__Agamidae  an Old World reptile family of Sauria
     subtype:  family_Anguidae__Anguidae  alligator lizards
     subtype:  family_Xenosauridae__Xenosauridae  monotypic family of Mexican lizards
     subtype:  family_Anniellidae__Anniellidae  legless lizards
     subtype:  family_Lanthanotidae__Lanthanotidae  stout-bodied lizards
     subtype:  family_Helodermatidae__Helodermatidae  only known venomous lizards
     subtype:  family_Lacertidae__Lacertidae  Old World lizards
     subtype:  family_Chamaeleontidae__Chamaeleontidae__Chamaeleonidae__family_Chamaeleonidae__Rhiptoglossa__family_Rhiptoglossa  Old World chameleons; in some classifications Rhiptoglossa is considered a superfamily of Sauria
     subtype:  family_Varanidae__Varanidae  monitor lizards
     subtype:  family_Crocodylidae__Crocodylidae  true crocodiles
     subtype:  family_Alligatoridae__Alligatoridae  alligators; caimans
     subtype:  family_Gavialidae__Gavialidae  gavials
     subtype:  family_Ceratopsidae__familyceratopsidae__Ceratopsidae  American ceratopsian dinosaurs
     subtype:  family_Hadrosauridae__Hadrosauridae  duck-billed dinosaurs; upper Cretaceous
     subtype:  family_Iguanodontidae__Iguanodontidae  iguanodons
     subtype:  family_Titanosauridae__Titanosauridae  herbivorous dinosaurs of the Cretaceous
     subtype:  family_Megalosauridae__Megalosauridae  megalosaurs
     subtype:  family_Dromaeosauridae__Dromaeosauridae  swift-running bipedal dinosaurs
     subtype:  family_Edaphosauridae__Edaphosauridae  a family of reptiles of the order Pelycosauria
     subtype:  family_Pterodactylidae__Pterodactylidae  a reptile family in the order Pterosauria
     subtype:  family_Ichthyosauridae__Ichthyosauridae  later ichthyosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous; widely distributed in both hemispheres
     subtype:  family_Colubridae__Colubridae  nonvenomous snakes; about two-thirds of all living species
     subtype:  family_Typhlopidae__Typhlopidae  blind snakes
     subtype:  family_Leptotyphlopidae__Leptotyphlopidae  blind snakes
     subtype:  family_Boidae__Boidae  boas and pythons
     subtype:  subfamily_Pythoninae__Pythoninae  Old World boas: pythons; in some classifications considered a separate family from Boidae
     subtype:  family_Pythonidae__Pythonidae  in some classifications a family separate from Boidae comprising Old World boas
     subtype:  family_Elapidae__Elapidae  cobras; kraits; mambas; coral snakes; Australian taipan and tiger snakes
     subtype:  family_Hydrophidae__Hydrophidae  sea snakes
     subtype:  family_Viperidae__Viperidae  Old World vipers
     subtype:  family_Crotalidae__Crotalidae  New World vipers: pit vipers
  subtype:  arthropod_family__arthropodfamily  any of the arthropods
     subtype:  family_Phalangiidae__Phalangiidae  a family of Phalangida
     subtype:  family_Argiopidae__Argiopidae  orb-weaving spiders; cosmopolitan
     subtype:  family_Theridiidae__Theridiidae  a family of comb-footed spiders
     subtype:  family_Theraphosidae__Theraphosidae  large tropical spiders; tarantulas
     subtype:  family_Lycosidae__Lycosidae  wolf spiders
     subtype:  family_Ctenizidae__Ctenizidae  large burrowing spiders
     subtype:  family_Ixodidae__Ixodidae  hard ticks
     subtype:  family_Argasidae__Argasidae  soft ticks
     subtype:  family_Acaridae__Acaridae  mites
     subtype:  family_Trombidiidae__Trombidiidae  mites
     subtype:  family_Trombiculidae__Trombiculidae  mites
     subtype:  family_Sarcoptidae__Sarcoptidae  small whitish mites
     subtype:  family_Tetranychidae__Tetranychidae  plant-feeding mites
     subtype:  family_Scutigeridae__Scutigeridae  a family of Chilopoda
     subtype:  family_Geophilidae__Geophilidae  small extremely elongate earth-living centipedes
     subtype:  family_Limulidae__Limulidae  horseshoe crabs
     subtype:  family_Cancridae__Cancridae  many of the best known edible crabs
     subtype:  family_Portunidae__Portunidae  swimming crabs
     subtype:  family_Pinnotheridae__Pinnotheridae  tiny soft-bodied crabs
     subtype:  family_Lithodidae__Lithodidae  deep-sea crabs of cold waters
     subtype:  family_Majidae__Majidae  spider crabs
     subtype:  family_Homaridae__Homaridae  large-clawed lobsters
     subtype:  family_Nephropsidae__Nephropsidae  in some classifications coextensive with the Homaridae
     subtype:  family_Palinuridae__Palinuridae  spiny lobsters
     subtype:  family_Astacidae__Astacidae__Astacura  crayfish
     subtype:  family_Paguridae__Paguridae  hermit crabs
     subtype:  family_Crangonidae__Crangonidae  shrimps
     subtype:  family_Palaemonidae__Palaemonidae  prawns
     subtype:  family_Peneidae__Peneidae  tropical prawns
     subtype:  family_Mysidae__Mysidae  small shrimp-like crustaceans
     subtype:  family_Squillidae__Squillidae  crustaceans that burrow in mud or under stones in shallow water along the seashore
     subtype:  family_Armadillidiidae__Armadillidiidae  pill bugs
     subtype:  family_Oniscidae__Oniscidae  a family of Isopoda
     subtype:  family_Porcellionidae__Porcellionidae  sow bugs
     subtype:  family_Orchestiidae__Orchestiidae  beach fleas
     subtype:  family_Triopidae__Triopidae  a family of Notostraca
     subtype:  family_Balanidae__Balanidae  stalkless barnacles
     subtype:  family_Lepadidae__Lepadidae  goose barnacles
     subtype:  family_Peripatidae__Peripatidae  a family of Onychophora
     subtype:  family_Peripatopsidae__Peripatopsidae  a family of Onychophora
     subtype:  family_Cicindelidae__Cicindelidae  tiger beetles
     subtype:  family_Coccinellidae__Coccinellidae  the ladybugs
     subtype:  family_Carabidae__Carabidae  ground beetles
     subtype:  family_Lampyridae__Lampyridae  fireflies
     subtype:  family_Cerambycidae__Cerambycidae  long-horned beetles
     subtype:  family_Chrysomelidae__Chrysomelidae  leaf beetles
     subtype:  family_Dermestidae__Dermestidae  carpet beetles
     subtype:  family_Cleridae__Cleridae  beetles that prey on other insects
     subtype:  superfamily_Lamellicornia__Lamellicornia  scarabaeid beetles and stag beetles
     subtype:  family_Scarabaeidae__Scarabaeidae  scarab or dung beetles
     subtype:  subfamily_Melolonthidae__Melolonthidae  considered a separate family in some classification systems
     subtype:  subfamily_Cetoniidae__Cetoniidae  considered a separate family in some classification systems
     subtype:  family_Lucanidae__Lucanidae  stag beetles
     subtype:  family_Elateridae__Elateridae  click beetles and certain fireflies
     subtype:  family_Dytiscidae__Dytiscidae  water beetles
     subtype:  family_Gyrinidae__Gyrinidae  whirligig beetles
     subtype:  family_Anobiidae__Anobiidae  deathwatch beetles
     subtype:  family_Curculionidae__Curculionidae  true weevils: snout beetles
     subtype:  family_Meloidae__Meloidae  blister beetles
     subtype:  family_Scolytidae__Scolytidae__Ipidae__family_Ipidae  large family of bark-boring or wood-boring short-beaked beetles; very destructive to forest and fruit trees
     subtype:  family_Staphylinidae__Staphylinidae  rove beetles
     subtype:  family_Tenebrionidae__Tenebrionidae  a family of arthropods including darkling beetles and mealworms
     subtype:  family_Bruchidae__Bruchidae  seed beetles
     subtype:  family_Pediculidae__Pediculidae  true lice: human lice and related forms
     subtype:  family_Phthiriidae__Phthiriidae  crab lice
     subtype:  family_Pulicidae__Pulicidae  many common fleas attacking humans and domestic animals
     subtype:  family_Cecidomyidae__Cecidomyidae  gall midges
     subtype:  superfamily_Muscoidea__Muscoidea  two-winged flies especially the families: Muscidae; Gasterophilidae; Calliphoridae; Tachinidae
     subtype:  family_Muscidae__Muscidae  two-winged flies especially the housefly
     subtype:  family_Glossinidae__Glossinidae  flies closely related to the Muscidae: tsetse flies
     subtype:  family_Calliphoridae__Calliphoridae  blowflies
     subtype:  family_Tachinidae__Tachinidae  parasites on other insects
     subtype:  family_Gasterophilidae__Gasterophilidae  horse botflies
     subtype:  family_Cuterebridae__Cuterebridae  New World botflies
     subtype:  family_Oestridae__Oestridae__Hypodermatidae__family_Hypodermatidae  warble flies
     subtype:  family_Tabanidae__Tabanidae  horseflies
     subtype:  family_Bombyliidae__Bombyliidae  bee flies
     subtype:  family_Asilidae__Asilidae  robber flies
     subtype:  family_Trypetidae__Trypetidae__Trephritidae__family_Trephritidae  fruit flies; some leafminers
     subtype:  family_Drosophilidae__Drosophilidae  fruit flies
     subtype:  family_Hippoboscidae__Hippoboscidae  winged or wingless dipterans: louse flies
     subtype:  family_Culicidae__Culicidae  mosquitoes
     subtype:  family_Ceratopogonidae__Ceratopogonidae  biting midges; sand flies
     subtype:  family_Chironomidae__Chironomidae  midges
     subtype:  Mycetophilidae__family_Mycetophylidae  fungus gnats
     subtype:  family_Psychodidae__Psychodidae  very small two-winged flies with hairy wings that develop in moss and damp vegetable matter: sand flies
     subtype:  family_Sciaridae__Sciaridae  fungus gnats
     subtype:  family_Tipulidae__Tipulidae  crane flies
     subtype:  family_Simuliidae__Simuliidae  blackflies and sand flies
     subtype:  superfamily_Apoidea__Apoidea  bees
     subtype:  family_Apidae__Apidae  honeybees; carpenter bees; bumblebees
     subtype:  family_Andrenidae__Andrenidae  a large family of solitary short-tongued bees most of which burrow in the ground
     subtype:  family_Halictidae__Halictidae  a family of small solitary bees; many are valuable pollinators for agriculture
     subtype:  family_Megachilidae__Megachilidae  leaf-cutting and mason bees
     subtype:  family_Vespidae__Vespidae  an arthropod family of the order Hymenoptera including: yellow jackets; hornets; mason wasps
     subtype:  superfamily_Sphecoidea__Sphecoidea  families Sphecidae and Stizidae
     subtype:  family_Sphecidae__Sphecidae  mud daubers; some digger wasps
     subtype:  family_Stizidae__Stizidae  cicada killers
     subtype:  family_Cynipidae__Cynipidae  a family of Hymenoptera
     subtype:  family_Chalcididae__Chalcididae__Chalcidae__family_Chalcidae  an arthropod family including: chalcidflies
     subtype:  family_Ichneumonidae__Ichneumonidae  ichneumon flies
     subtype:  family_Tenthredinidae__Tenthredinidae  sawflies
     subtype:  family_Formicidae__Formicidae  ants
     subtype:  subfamily_Dorylinae__Dorylinae  army ants
     subtype:  family_Termitidae__Termitidae  termites
     subtype:  family_Rhinotermitidae__Rhinotermitidae  large widely distributed family of termites of temperate to tropical regions
     subtype:  family_Mastotermitidae__Mastotermitidae  primitive termites
     subtype:  family_Kalotermitidae__Kalotermitidae  primitive termites of warm regions
     subtype:  family_Acrididae__Acrididae__Locustidae__family_Locustidae  short-horned grasshoppers; true locusts
     subtype:  family_Tettigoniidae__Tettigoniidae  long-horned grasshoppers; katydids
     subtype:  family_Stenopelmatidae__Stenopelmatidae  long-horned grasshoppers
     subtype:  family_Gryllidae__Gryllidae  crickets
     subtype:  family_Phasmidae__Phasmidae__Phasmatidae__family_Phasmatidae  stick insects
     subtype:  family_Phyllidae__Phyllidae__Phillidae__family_Phillidae  leaf insects
     subtype:  family_Blattidae__Blattidae  domestic cockroaches
     subtype:  family_Cryptocercidae__Cryptocercidae  a family of Blattodea
     subtype:  family_Mantidae__Mantidae__Manteidae__family_Manteidae  mantises
     subtype:  family_Miridae__Miridae__Capsidae__family_Capsidae  leaf bugs
     subtype:  family_Tingidae__Tingidae  lace bugs
     subtype:  family_Lygaeidae__Lygaeidae  lygaeid bugs
     subtype:  family_Coreidae__Coreidae  squash bugs and leaf-footed bugs
     subtype:  family_Cimicidae__Cimicidae  wingless flat-bodied blood-sucking insects
     subtype:  family_Notonectidae__Notonectidae  aquatic carnivorous insects
     subtype:  family_Belostomatidae__Belostomatidae  water bugs
     subtype:  family_Nepidae__Nepidae  water scorpions
     subtype:  family_Corixidae__Corixidae  water bugs
     subtype:  family_Gerrididae__Gerrididae__Gerridae__family_Gerridae  an arthropod family that includes water striders
     subtype:  family_Reduviidae__Reduviidae  assassin bugs
     subtype:  family_Pyrrhocoridae__Pyrrhocoridae  firebugs
     subtype:  family_Aleyrodidae__Aleyrodidae  whiteflies
     subtype:  superfamily_Coccoidea__Coccoidea  scale insects and mealybugs
     subtype:  family_Coccidae__Coccidae  scale insects
     subtype:  family_Diaspididae__Diaspididae  armored scales
     subtype:  family_Dactylopiidae__Dactylopiidae  cochineal insects
     subtype:  family_Pseudococcidae__Pseudococcidae  scale-like insects: mealybugs
     subtype:  superfamily_Aphidoidea__Aphidoidea  plant lice
     subtype:  family_Aphididae__Aphididae  small soft-bodied plant lice
     subtype:  family_Adelgidae__Adelgidae  plant lice
     subtype:  family_Phylloxeridae__Phylloxeridae  plant lice
     subtype:  family_Psyllidae__Psyllidae__Chermidae__family_Chermidae  jumping plant lice
     subtype:  family_Cicadidae__Cicadidae  cicadas
     subtype:  family_Cercopidae__Cercopidae  froghoppers or spittlebugs
     subtype:  family_Cicadellidae__Cicadellidae  leafhoppers
     subtype:  family_Jassidae__Jassidae  family of small leafhoppers coextensive with the Cicadellidae and not distinguished from it in some classifications
     subtype:  family_Membracidae__Membracidae  plant hoppers: treehoppers
     subtype:  family_Fulgoridae__Fulgoridae  plant hoppers: lantern flies
     subtype:  family_Psocidae__Psocidae  a family of small soft-bodied insects that feed on decaying vegetation; related to booklice
     subtype:  family_Atropidae__Atropidae  booklice
     subtype:  family_Ephemeridae__Ephemeridae  mayflies
     subtype:  family_Myrmeleontidae__Myrmeleontidae  antlions
     subtype:  family_Chrysopidae__Chrysopidae  green lacewings
     subtype:  family_Hemerobiidae__Hemerobiidae  brown lacewings
     subtype:  family_Corydalidae__Corydalidae  dobsons
     subtype:  family_Sialidae__Sialidae  an arthropod family including: alderflies
     subtype:  family_Raphidiidae__Raphidiidae  a family of arthropods of the suborder Megaloptera, including snakeflies
     subtype:  family_Mantispidae__Mantispidae  mantispids
     subtype:  family_Sisyridae__Sisyridae  an arthropod family of the order Neuroptera that includes spongeflies
     subtype:  family_Lepismatidae__Lepismatidae  firebrats
     subtype:  family_Machilidae__Machilidae  jumping bristletails
     subtype:  family_Thripidae__Thripidae  thrips
     subtype:  family_Forficulidae__Forficulidae  typical earwigs
     subtype:  family_Nymphalidae__Nymphalidae  large beautifully colored butterflies
     subtype:  family_Danaidae__Danaidae  small family of usually tropical butterflies: monarch butterflies
     subtype:  family_Pieridae__Pieridae  cabbage butterflies; sulphur butterflies
     subtype:  family_Lycaenidae__Lycaenidae  family of small usually brilliantly colored butterflies; males have short forelegs
     subtype:  family_Tortricidae__Tortricidae  leaf rollers and codling moths
     subtype:  family_Lymantriidae__Lymantriidae  tussock moths
     subtype:  family_Geometridae__Geometridae  measuring worms
     subtype:  family_Pyralidae__Pyralidae__Pyralididae__family_Pyralididae  bee moths; corn borers; flour moths
     subtype:  superfamily_Tineoidea__Tineoidea  clothes moths; carpet moths; leaf miners
     subtype:  family_Tineidae__Tineidae  clothes moths
     subtype:  family_Gracilariidae__Gracilariidae__Gracillariidae  leaf miners
     subtype:  family_Gelechiidae__Gelechiidae  important economic pests
     subtype:  family_Noctuidae__Noctuidae  cutworms; armyworms
     subtype:  family_Sphingidae__Sphingidae  hawkmoths
     subtype:  family_Bombycidae__Bombycidae  Chinese silkworm moth
     subtype:  family_Saturniidae__Saturniidae  important and widely distributed family of moths including some of the largest insects known
     subtype:  family_Arctiidae__Arctiidae  tiger moths
     subtype:  family_Lasiocampidae__Lasiocampidae  tent caterpillars; eggars; lappet moths
  subtype:  mammal_family  a family of mammals
     subtype:  family_Tachyglossidae__Tachyglossidae  echidnas
     subtype:  family_Ornithorhynchidae__Ornithorhynchidae  platypus
     subtype:  family_Didelphidae__Didelphidae  opossums
     subtype:  family_Caenolestidae__Caenolestidae  small marsupials of southern South America
     subtype:  family_Peramelidae__Peramelidae  bandicoots
     subtype:  family_Macropodidae__Macropodidae  kangaroos; wallabies
     subtype:  subfamily_Potoroinae__Potoroinae  rat kangaroos
     subtype:  family_Phalangeridae__Phalangeridae  phalangers; koalas
     subtype:  family_Vombatidae__Vombatidae  wombats
     subtype:  family_Dasyuridae__Dasyuridae__family_Dasyurinae  dasyures; native cats; pouched mice; banded anteaters; Tasmanian devils
     subtype:  family_Notoryctidae__Notoryctidae  pouched moles
     subtype:  family_Talpidae__Talpidae  moles
     subtype:  family_Chrysochloridae__Chrysochloridae  golden moles
     subtype:  family_Soricidae__Soricidae  shrews
     subtype:  family_Erinaceidae__Erinaceidae  true hedgehogs
     subtype:  family_Tenrecidae__Tenrecidae  tenrecs and extinct related forms
     subtype:  family_Potamogalidae__Potamogalidae  otter shrews
     subtype:  family_Balaenidae__Balaenidae  right whales
     subtype:  family_Balaenopteridae__Balaenopteridae  rorquals; blue whales
     subtype:  family_Eschrichtiidae__Eschrichtiidae  comprising only the gray whales
     subtype:  family_Physeteridae__Physeteridae  sperm whales
     subtype:  family_Ziphiidae__Ziphiidae__Hyperodontidae__family_Hyperodontidae  beaked whales; in some especially former classifications included in the family Physeteridae
     subtype:  family_Delphinidae__Delphinidae  dolphins
     subtype:  family_Platanistidae__Platanistidae  river dolphins
     subtype:  family_Monodontidae__Monodontidae  narwhals
     subtype:  family_Trichechidae__Trichechidae  comprising only the manatees
     subtype:  family_Dugongidae__Dugongidae  a family of mammals of order Sirenia including dugongs and Steller's sea cow
     subtype:  family_Otariidae__Otariidae  eared seals: sea lions and fur seals
     subtype:  family_Phocidae__Phocidae  earless seals
     subtype:  family_Odobenidae__Odobenidae  walruses and extinct forms
     subtype:  family_Orycteropodidae__Orycteropodidae  aardvarks
     subtype:  family_Canidae__Canidae  dogs; wolves; jackals; foxes
     subtype:  family_Hyaenidae__Hyaenidae  hyenas
     subtype:  family_Felidae__Felidae  cats; wildcats; lions; leopards; cheetahs; saber-toothed tigers
     subtype:  family_Ursidae__Ursidae  bears and extinct related forms
     subtype:  family_Viverridae__Viverridae__Viverrinae__family_Viverrinae  genets; civets; mongooses
     subtype:  family_Phyllostomidae__Phyllostomidae__Phyllostomatidae__family_Phyllostomatidae  New World leaf-nosed bats
     subtype:  family_Rhinolophidae__Rhinolophidae  Old World leaf-nosed bats
     subtype:  family_Hipposideridae__Hipposideridae  Old World leafnose bats
     subtype:  family_Megadermatidae__Megadermatidae  Old World false vampire bats
     subtype:  family_Vespertilionidae__Vespertilionidae  the majority of common bats of temperate regions of the world
     subtype:  family_Molossidae__Molossidae  mastiff bats; freetail bats
     subtype:  family_Desmodontidae__Desmodontidae  true vampire bats
     subtype:  family_Leporidae__Leporidae  hares and rabbits
     subtype:  family_Ochotonidae__Ochotonidae  pikas and extinct forms
     subtype:  superfamily_Muroidea__Muroidea  essential equal to suborder Myomorpha with the Dipodidae excluded
     subtype:  family_Muridae__Muridae  originally Old World rats now distributed worldwide; distinguished from the Cricetidae by typically lacking cheek pouches
     subtype:  subfamily_Hydromyinae__Hydromyinae  water rats of Australia and New Guinea
     subtype:  family_Cricetidae__Cricetidae  mostly small New World rodents including New World mice and lemmings and voles and hamsters
     subtype:  subfamily_Gerbillinae__Gerbillinae  gerbils
     subtype:  family_Hystricidae__Hystricidae  Old World porcupines
     subtype:  family_Erethizontidae__Erethizontidae  New World arboreal porcupines
     subtype:  family_Heteromyidae__Heteromyidae  small New World burrowing mouselike rodents with fur-lined cheek pouches and hind limbs and tail adapted to leaping; adapted to desert conditions: pocket mice; kangaroo mice; kangaroo rats
     subtype:  family_Zapodidae__Zapodidae  jumping mice
     subtype:  family_Dipodidae__Dipodidae  Old World jerboas
     subtype:  family_Gliridae__Gliridae  dormice and other Old World forms
     subtype:  family_Geomyidae__Geomyidae  North American pocket gophers
     subtype:  family_Sciuridae__Sciuridae  true squirrels; ground squirrels; marmots; chipmunks; flying squirrels; spermophiles
     subtype:  subfamily_Petauristidae__Petauristidae  Old World flying squirrels
     subtype:  family_Castoridae__Castoridae  beavers
     subtype:  family_Aplodontiidae__Aplodontiidae  mountain beavers
     subtype:  family_Caviidae__Caviidae  a family of Hystricomorpha
     subtype:  family_Hydrochoeridae__Hydrochoeridae  capybara
     subtype:  family_Dasyproctidae__Dasyproctidae  agoutis and pacas
     subtype:  family_Capromyidae__Capromyidae  coypus
     subtype:  family_Chinchillidae__Chinchillidae  small bushy-tailed South American burrowing rodents
     subtype:  family_Spalacidae__Spalacidae  mole rats
     subtype:  family_Bathyergidae__Bathyergidae  mole rats; sand rats
     subtype:  family_Uintatheriidae__Uintatheriidae  an extinct family of Dinocerata
     subtype:  family_Procaviidae__Procaviidae  includes all recent members of the order Hyracoidea
     subtype:  family_Equidae__Equidae  horses; asses; zebras; extinct animals
     subtype:  family_Rhinocerotidae__Rhinocerotidae__rhinoceros_family  rhinoceroses
     subtype:  family_Tapiridae__Tapiridae  tapirs and extinct related forms
     subtype:  family_Suidae__Suidae  pigs; hogs; boars
     subtype:  family_Tayassuidae__Tayassuidae  peccaries
     subtype:  family_Hippopotamidae__Hippopotamidae  hippopotami
     subtype:  family_Bovidae__Bovidae  true antelopes; cattle; oxen; sheep; goats
     subtype:  subfamily_Bovinae__Bovinae  term not used technically; essentially coextensive with genus Bos: cattle; buffalo; and sometimes includes kudu
     subtype:  family_Antilocapridae__Antilocapridae  comprising only the pronghorns
     subtype:  family_Cervidae__Cervidae  deer: reindeer; moose or elks; muntjacs; roe deer
     subtype:  family_Tragulidae__Tragulidae  chevrotains
     subtype:  family_Camelidae__Camelidae  camels and llamas and vicunas
     subtype:  family_Giraffidae__Giraffidae  giraffes
     subtype:  family_Mustelidae__Mustelidae  weasels; polecats; ferrets; minks; fishers; otters; badgers; skunks; wolverines; martens
     subtype:  subfamily_Lutrinae__Lutrinae  subdivision not used in some classifications: otters
     subtype:  subfamily_Mephitinae__Mephitinae  subdivision not used in some classifications: skunks
     subtype:  subfamily_Melinae__Melinae  subdivision not used in some classifications: badgers
     subtype:  family_Dasypodidae__Dasypodidae  armadillos
     subtype:  family_Bradypodidae__Bradypodidae  true sloths; in some
     subtype:  family_Megalonychidae__Megalonychidae  two-toed sloths
     subtype:  family_Megatheriidae__Megatheriidae  extinct ground sloths
     subtype:  family_Mylodontidae__Mylodontidae  extinct South American edentates
     subtype:  family_Myrmecophagidae__Myrmecophagidae  New World anteaters
     subtype:  family_Manidae__Manidae  coextensive with the order Pholidota
     subtype:  family_Hominidae__Hominidae  modern man and extinct immediate ancestors of man
     subtype:  family_Pongidae__Pongidae  usually considered as comprising orangutans; gorillas; chimpanzees; and sometimes gibbons
     subtype:  family_Hylobatidae__Hylobatidae  used in some classifications for the lesser apes (gibbons and siamangs); sometimes considered a subfamily of Pongidae
     subtype:  family_Cercopithecidae__Cercopithecidae  Old World monkeys: guenon; baboon; colobus monkey; langur; macaque; mandrill; mangabey; patas; proboscis monkey
     subtype:  superfamily_Platyrrhini__Platyrrhini  New World monkeys: capuchin; douroucouli; howler monkey; saki; spider monkey; squirrel monkey; titi; uakari; woolly monkey; marmoset; tamarin
     subtype:  family_Callithricidae__Callithricidae  marmosets
     subtype:  family_Cebidae__Cebidae  all the New World monkeys except marmosets and tamarins
     subtype:  family_Tupaiidae__Tupaiidae  tree shrews; in some classifications tree shrews are considered prosimian primates
     subtype:  family_Lemuridae__Lemuridae  typical lemurs; of Madagascar
     subtype:  family_Daubentoniidae__Daubentoniidae  comprising solely the aye-aye
     subtype:  family_Lorisidae__Lorisidae  slow-moving omnivorous nocturnal primates of tropical Asia; usually tailless
     subtype:  family_Indriidae__Indriidae  a family of Lemuroidea
     subtype:  family_Tarsiidae__Tarsiidae  coextensive with the genus Tarsius: tarsiers
     subtype:  family_Cynocephalidae__Cynocephalidae  a family of Dermoptera
     subtype:  family_Elephantidae__Elephantidae  elephants
     subtype:  family_Mammutidae__Mammutidae__family_Mastodontidae  extinct family: mastodons
     subtype:  family_Gomphotheriidae__Gomphotheriidae  elephants extinct since the Pleistocene
     subtype:  family_Procyonidae__Procyonidae  raccoons; coatis; cacomistles; kinkajous; and sometimes pandas
     subtype:  subfamily_Bassariscidae__Bassariscidae  in some classifications considered a separate family
     subtype:  family_Ailuropodidae__Ailuropodidae  in some classifications considered the family comprising the giant pandas
  subtype:  coelenterate_family  a family of coelenterates
     subtype:  family_Pennatulidae__Pennatulidae  sea pens
  subtype:  ctenophore_family  a family of ctenophores
     subtype:  family_Pleurobrachiidae__Pleurobrachiidae  sea gooseberries
     subtype:  family_Cestidae__Cestidae  coextensive with the order Cestida; ctenophores having a greatly flattened and elongated body
  subtype:  worm_family  a family of worms
     subtype:  family_Fasciolidae__Fasciolidae  a family of Trematoda
     subtype:  family_Schistosomatidae__Schistosomatidae  a family of Trematoda
     subtype:  family_Taeniidae__Taeniidae  a family of Cestoda
     subtype:  family_Ascaridae__Ascaridae  large roundworms parasitic in intestines of vertebrates
     subtype:  family_Oxyuridae__Oxyuridae  pinworms
     subtype:  family_Cephalobidae__Cephalobidae  a family of Nematoda
     subtype:  family_Tylenchidae__Tylenchidae  a family of Nematoda
     subtype:  family_Ancylostomatidae__Ancylostomatidae  hookworms
     subtype:  family_Filariidae__Filariidae  threadlike roundworms
     subtype:  family_Dracunculidae__Dracunculidae  greatly elongated roundworm
     subtype:  family_Branchiobdellidae__Branchiobdellidae  small annelid worms with the posterior end modified into an adhesive sucker; especially formerly regarded as modified leeches
     subtype:  family_Terebellidae__Terebellidae  marine burrowing or tube-forming polychete worms usually having long thick bodies
     subtype:  family_Hirudinidae__Hirudinidae  a family of Hirudinea
  subtype:  mollusk_family__molluskfamily  a family of mollusks
     subtype:  family_Haliotidae__Haliotidae  abalones
     subtype:  family_Strombidae__Strombidae  conchs
     subtype:  family_Helicidae__Helicidae  land snails including the common edible snail and some pests
     subtype:  family_Limacidae__Limacidae  slugs
     subtype:  family_Neritidae__Neritidae  neritids
     subtype:  family_Buccinidae__Buccinidae  whelks
     subtype:  family_Cymatiidae__Cymatiidae  tritons
     subtype:  family_Naticidae__Naticidae  moonshells
     subtype:  family_Littorinidae__Littorinidae  periwinkles
     subtype:  family_Patellidae__Patellidae  marine limpets
     subtype:  family_Fissurellidae__Fissurellidae  marine limpets
     subtype:  family_Ancylidae__Ancylidae  freshwater gastropod
     subtype:  family_Aplysiidae__Aplysiidae__Tethyidae__family_Tethyidae  sea hares
     subtype:  family_Akeridae__Akeridae  bubble shells
     subtype:  family_Physidae__Physidae  freshwater snails
     subtype:  family_Cypraeidae__Cypraeidae  family of marine gastropods comprising the cowries
     subtype:  family_Myacidae__Myacidae  soft-shell clams
     subtype:  family_Veneridae__Veneridae  hard-shell clams
     subtype:  family_Solenidae__Solenidae  razor clams
     subtype:  family_Tridacnidae__Tridacnidae  large marine hard-shell clams
     subtype:  family_Cardiidae__Cardiidae  somewhat heart-shaped sand-burrowing bivalve mollusks
     subtype:  family_Ostreidae__Ostreidae  oysters
     subtype:  family_Pteriidae__Pteriidae  pearl oysters
     subtype:  family_Anomiidae__Anomiidae  saddle oysters
     subtype:  family_Arcidae__Arcidae  ark shells
     subtype:  family_Mytilidae__Mytilidae  marine mussels
     subtype:  family_Unionidae__Unionidae  freshwater mussels found worldwide
     subtype:  family_Pectinidae__Pectinidae  scallops
     subtype:  family_Teredinidae__Teredinidae  shipworms
     subtype:  family_Pholadidae__Pholadidae  a family of Bivalvia
     subtype:  family_Nautilidae__Nautilidae  spiral-shelled cephalopods
     subtype:  family_Octopodidae__Octopodidae  a family of Octopoda
     subtype:  family_Argonautidae__Argonautidae  represented solely by the genus Argonauta
     subtype:  family_Sepiidae__Sepiidae  true cuttlefishes
     subtype:  family_Spirulidae__Spirulidae  coextensive with the genus Spirula; included in the order Belemnoidea in some older classifications
     subtype:  family_Belemnitidae__Belemnitidae  family of extinct Mesozoic cephalopods
  subtype:  family_Panorpidae__Panorpidae  a family of insects of the order Mecoptera
  subtype:  family_Bittacidae__Bittacidae  a family of predacious tropical insects of the order Mecoptera
  subtype:  echinoderm_family  a family of echinoderms
     subtype:  family_Antedonidae__Antedonidae  feather stars
        subtype:  family_Comatulidae__Comatulidae  former usage synonymous with Antedonidae
     subtype:  family_Holothuridae__Holothuridae  a family of Holothuroidea
  subtype:  form_family  (biology) an artificial taxonomic category for organisms of which the true relationships are obscure
  subtype:  moss_family  a family of mosses
     subtype:  family_Anthocerotaceae__Anthocerotaceae  hornworts
     subtype:  family_Dicranaceae__Dicranaceae  mosses having costate leaves and long-stalked capsules with cleft peristome
     subtype:  family_Bryaceae__Bryaceae  a family of acrocarpous mosses
     subtype:  family_Mniaceae__Mniaceae  family of erect mosses with club-shaped paraphyses and the hexagonal cells of the upper leaf surface; sometimes treated as a subfamily of Bryaceae
     subtype:  family_Jungermanniaceae__Jungermanniaceae  comprising the leafy members of the order Jungermanniales
     subtype:  family_Marchantiaceae__Marchantiaceae  liverworts with prostrate and usually dichotomously branched thalli
     subtype:  family_Sphaerocarpaceae__Sphaerocarpaceae  liverworts with bilaterally symmetrical gametophytes; sometimes placed in the order Jungermanniales
  subtype:  monocot_family__monocotfamily__liliopsid_family__liliopsidfamily  family of flowering plants having a single cotyledon (embryonic leaf) in the seed
     subtype:  liliid_monocot_family  family of monocotyledonous plants of the subclass Liliidae; mostly herbs usually with petaloid sepals and petals and compound pistils
        subtype:  family_Iridaceae__Iridaceae__iris_family  large family of usually perennial geophytic herbs with rhizomes or corms or bulbs
           subtype:  genus_Iris  large genus of perennials that develop from bulbs or rhizomes
        subtype:  family_Amaryllidaceae__Amaryllidaceae__amaryllis_family__amaryllisfamily  snowdrop; narcissus; daffodil; in some classification systems considered a subfamily of the Liliaceae
        subtype:  family_Hypoxidaceae__Hypoxidaceae  in some classification systems included in the Amaryllidaceae
        subtype:  family_Liliaceae__Liliaceae__lily_family  includes species sometimes divided among the following families: Alliaceae; Aloeaceae; Alstroemeriaceae; Aphyllanthaceae; Asparagaceae; Asphodelaceae; Colchicaceae; Convallariaceae; Hemerocallidaceae; Hostaceae; Hyacinthaceae; Melanthiaceae; Ruscaceae; Smilacaceae; Tecophilaeacea; Xanthorrhoeaceae
        subtype:  family_Alliaceae__Alliaceae  one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted; includes especially genus Allium
        subtype:  family_Aloeaceae__Aloeaceae__aloe_family  one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted
        subtype:  family_Alstroemeriaceae__Alstroemeriaceae  one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted; sometimes included in subfamily Amaryllidaceae
        subtype:  family_Aphyllanthaceae__Aphyllanthaceae  one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted; includes genus Aphyllanthes
        subtype:  family_Asparagaceae__Asparagaceae  one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae: includes genera Asparagus and sometimes Ruscus
        subtype:  family_Asphodelaceae__Asphodelaceae  one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae
        subtype:  family_Colchicaceae__Colchicaceae  one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted: Colchicum; Gloriosa
        subtype:  family_Hemerocallidaceae__Hemerocallidaceae  one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted; includes genus Hemerocallis
        subtype:  family_Hostaceae__Hostaceae__Funkaceae__family_Funkaceae  one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted; includes genus Hosta
        subtype:  family_Hyacinthaceae__Hyacinthaceae  one of many families or subfamilies in which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted
        subtype:  family_Melanthiaceae__Melanthiaceae  one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted: includes Aletris; Narthecium; Veratrum
        subtype:  family_Ruscaceae__Ruscaceae  one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted
        subtype:  family_Tecophilaeacea__Tecophilaeacea  one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted
        subtype:  family_Xanthorrhoeaceae__Xanthorrhoeaceae__grass_tree_family  one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted
        subtype:  family_Trilliaceae__Trilliaceae__trillium_family  small family of herbs having flowers with 3 petals and 3 sepals; in some classification systems considered a subfamily of the Liliaceae
        subtype:  subfamily_Smilacaceae__Smilacaceae  one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted
        subtype:  family_Convallariaceae__Convallariaceae  one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted
        subtype:  subfamily_Uvulariaceae__Uvulariaceae  one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae
        subtype:  family_Taccaceae__Taccaceae  small family of tropical herbs
        subtype:  family_Agavaceae__Agavaceae__agave_family__agavefamily__sisal_family__sisalfamily  chiefly tropical and xerophytic plants: includes Dracenaceae (Dracaenaceae); comprises plants that in some classifications are divided between the Amaryllidaceae and the Liliaceae
        subtype:  subfamily_Dracenaceae__Dracenaceae__Dracaenaceae__subfamily_Dracaenaceae  one of two subfamilies to which some classification systems assign some members of the Agavaceae
     subtype:  family_Juncaceae__Juncaceae__rush_family  tufted herbs resembling grasses: rushes
     subtype:  family_Araceae__Araceae__arum_family  anthurium; calla lily; jack-in-the-pulpit; philodendron
     subtype:  subfamily_Acoraceae__Acoraceae  used in some classifications for the genus Acorus which is usually assigned to Araceae
     subtype:  family_Lemnaceae__Lemnaceae__duckweed_family  family of small free-floating thalloid plants
     subtype:  family_Orchidaceae__Orchidaceae__orchid_family  enormous cosmopolitan family of perennial terrestrial or epiphytic plants with fleshy tubers or rootstocks and unusual flowers
     subtype:  family_Burmanniaceae__Burmanniaceae  family of chiefly tropical herbs with basal leaves like bracts and small flowers
     subtype:  family_Gramineae__Gramineae__Graminaceae__family_Graminaceae__Poaceae__family_Poaceae__grass_family__grassfamily  the grasses: chiefly herbaceous but some woody plants including cereals; bamboo; reeds; sugar cane
        subtype:  genus_Calamagrostis__Calamagrostis  reed grass
     subtype:  family_Cyperaceae__Cyperaceae__sedge_family__sedgefamily  bulrush; chufa; cotton grass; papyrus; umbrella plant
        subtype:  genus_Cyperus__Cyperus  type genus of Cyperaceae; grasslike rhizomatous herbs; cosmopolitan except very cold regions
     subtype:  family_Pandanaceae__Pandanaceae__screw-pine_family  family of woody plants of the order Pandanales including pandanus
     subtype:  family_Typhaceae__Typhaceae__cattail_family__cattailfamily  perennial marsh plants with creeping rootstocks and long linear leaves
     subtype:  family_Sparganiaceae__Sparganiaceae__bur-reed_family  coextensive with the genus Sparganium
     subtype:  family_Haemodoraceae__Haemodoraceae__bloodwort_family__bloodwortfamily  some genera placed in family Liliaceae
     subtype:  family_Cannaceae__Cannaceae  coextensive with the genus Canna
     subtype:  family_Marantaceae__Marantaceae__arrowroot_family__arrowrootfamily  tropical perennial herbs with usually starchy rhizomes
     subtype:  family_Musaceae__Musaceae__banana_family  treelike tropical Asian herbs
     subtype:  family_Strelitziaceae__Strelitziaceae__strelitzia_family  woody plants with erect stems of tropical South America and South Africa and Madagascar; in some classifications included in the family Musaceae
     subtype:  family_Zingiberaceae__Zingiberaceae__ginger_family  a family of tropical monocotyledonous plants of order Musales
     subtype:  family_Palmae__Palmae__Palmaceae__family_Palmaceae__Arecaceae__family_Arecaceae__palm_family  chiefly tropical trees and shrubs and vines usually having a tall columnar trunk bearing a crown of very large leaves; coextensive with the order Palmales
     subtype:  family_Xyridaceae__Xyridaceae__yellow-eyed_grass_family  plants of tropical to temperate regions; usually in wet places
     subtype:  family_Commelinaceae__Commelinaceae__spiderwort_family  large widely distributed family of chiefly perennial herbs or climbers: spiderworts
     subtype:  family_Bromeliaceae__Bromeliaceae__pineapple_family__pineapplefamily  a family of tropical American plants of order Xyridales including several (as the pineapple) of economic importance
     subtype:  family_Mayacaceae__Mayacaceae  a monocotyledonous family of bog plants of order Xyridales
     subtype:  family_Rapateaceae__Rapateaceae  South American herbs somewhat resembling members of the Juncaceae
     subtype:  family_Eriocaulaceae__Eriocaulaceae__pipewort_family  chiefly tropical aquatic or bog herbs: pipeworts
     subtype:  family_Pontederiaceae__Pontederiaceae__pickerelweed_family  aquatic or bog plants
     subtype:  family_Naiadaceae__Naiadaceae__Najadaceae__family_Najadaceae__naiad_family__naiadfamily  monotypic family of aquatic plants having narrow leaves and small flowers
     subtype:  family_Alismataceae__Alismataceae__water-plantain_family  perennial or annual aquatic or marsh plants
     subtype:  family_Hydrocharitaceae__Hydrocharitaceae__Hydrocharidaceae__family_Hydrocharidaceae__frogbit_family__frogbitfamily__frog's-bit_family  simple nearly stemless freshwater aquatic plants; widely distributed
     subtype:  family_Potamogetonaceae__Potamogetonaceae__pondweed_family  plants that grow in ponds and slow streams; sometimes includes family Zosteraceae
     subtype:  family_Scheuchzeriaceae__Scheuchzeriaceae__Juncaginaceae__family_Juncaginaceae__arrow-grass_family__arrowgrassfamily  a family of monocotyledonous bog herbs of order Naiadales
     subtype:  family_Zannichelliaceae__Zannichelliaceae  alternative classification for some genera included in Potamogetonaceae; one species
     subtype:  family_Zosteraceae__Zosteraceae__eelgrass_family  used in some classifications: essentially equivalent to Potamogetonaceae
  subtype:  dicot_family__dicotfamily__magnoliopsid_family  family of flowering plants having two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) in the seed which usually appear at germination
     subtype:  magnoliid_dicot_family__magnoliiddicotfamily  family of dicotyledonous flowering plants regarded as among the most primitive of extant angiosperms
        subtype:  family_Annonaceae__Annonaceae__custard-apple_family__custardapplefamily  chiefly tropical trees or shrubs
        subtype:  family_Berberidaceae__Berberidaceae__barberry_family  shrubs or herbs
        subtype:  family_Calycanthaceae__Calycanthaceae__calycanthus_family__calycanthusfamily__strawberry-shrub_family  shrubs or small trees having aromatic bark; the eastern United States and eastern Asia
        subtype:  family_Ceratophyllaceae__Ceratophyllaceae  coextensive with the genus Ceratophyllum: hornworts
        subtype:  family_Cercidiphyllaceae__Cercidiphyllaceae  1 genus
        subtype:  family_Lardizabalaceae__Lardizabalaceae__lardizabala_family__lardizabalafamily  thick-stemmed lianas and some shrubs; some have edible fruit
        subtype:  family_Lauraceae__Lauraceae__laurel_family  a family of Lauraceae
        subtype:  family_Magnoliaceae__Magnoliaceae__magnolia_family  subclass Magnoliidae: genera Liriodendron; Magnolia; Manglietia
        subtype:  family_Menispermaceae__Menispermaceae__moonseed_family  herbaceous or woody climbers
        subtype:  family_Myristicaceae__Myristicaceae__nutmeg_family  family of aromatic tropical trees with arillate seeds
        subtype:  family_Nymphaeaceae__Nymphaeaceae__water-lily_family  dicot aquatic plants
        subtype:  subfamily_Nelumbonaceae__Nelumbonaceae  in some classifications considered an independent family of water lilies; comprises the single genus Nelumbo
        subtype:  subfamily_Cabombaceae__Cabombaceae__water-shield_family  in some classifications considered an independent family of water lilies; comprises the genera Cabomba and Brasenia
        subtype:  family_Paeoniaceae__Paeoniaceae__peony_family__peonyfamily  perennial rhizomatous herbs and shrubs; of temperate Europe and North America
        subtype:  family_Ranunculaceae__Ranunculaceae__buttercup_family__buttercupfamily__crowfoot_family  a family of Ranunculaceae
        subtype:  family_Winteraceae__Winteraceae__winter's_bark_family  small family of chiefly tropical shrubs and trees of genera Drimys and Pseudowintera; sometimes included in Magnoliaceae
     subtype:  hamamelid_dicot_family__hamameliddicotfamily  family of mostly woody dicotyledonous flowering plants with flowers often unisexual and often borne in catkins
        subtype:  family_Fagaceae__Fagaceae__beech_family__beechfamily  chiefly monoecious trees and shrubs: beeches; chestnuts; oaks; genera Castanea; Castanopsis; Chrysolepis; Fagus; Lithocarpus; Nothofagus; Quercus
        subtype:  family_Betulaceae__Betulaceae__birch_family__birchfamily  monoecious trees and shrubs (including the genera Betula and Alnus and Carpinus and Corylus and Ostrya and Ostryopsis)
        subtype:  subfamily_Carpinaceae__Carpinaceae__family_Carpinaceae  used in some classification systems for the genera Carpinus; Ostryopsis; and Ostryopsis
        subtype:  subfamily_Corylaceae__Corylaceae__family_Corylaceae  used in some classification systems for the genus Corylus
        subtype:  family_Hamamelidaceae__Hamamelidaceae__witch-hazel_family__witchhazelfamily  comprises genera Hamamelis; Corylopsis; Fothergilla; Liquidambar; Parrotia; other small genera
        subtype:  family_Salicaceae__Salicaceae__willow_family  two genera of trees or shrubs having hairy catkins: Salix; Populus
     subtype:  caryophylloid_dicot_family__caryophylloiddicotfamily  family of relatively early dicotyledonous plants including mostly flowers
        subtype:  family_Caryophyllaceae__Caryophyllaceae__carnation_family__carnationfamily__pink_family  large family of herbs or subshrubs (usually with stems swollen at the nodes)
        subtype:  genus_Stellaria__Stellaria  common chickweed; stitchwort
        subtype:  family_Aizoaceae__Aizoaceae__Tetragoniaceae__family_Tetragoniaceae__carpetweed_family  succulent herbs or small shrubs mostly of South Africa but also New Zealand and North America: carpetweeds; fig marigolds
        subtype:  family_Amaranthaceae__Amaranthaceae__amaranth_family  cosmopolitan family of herbs and shrubs
        subtype:  family_Batidaceae__Batidaceae__saltwort_family  family coextensive with genus Batis: saltworts
        subtype:  family_Chenopodiaceae__Chenopodiaceae__goosefoot_family__goosefootfamily  includes spinach and beets
           subtype:  genus_Beta__Beta  beets
        subtype:  family_Nyctaginaceae__Nyctaginaceae__Allioniaceae__family_Allioniaceae__four-o'clock_family  a family of flowering plants of the order Caryophyllales
        subtype:  family_Cactaceae__Cactaceae__cactus_family  constituting the order Opuntiales
        subtype:  family_Phytolaccaceae__Phytolaccaceae__pokeweed_family  chiefly tropical herbaceous plants (including shrubs and trees) with racemose flowers: genera Phytolacca; Agdestis; Ercilla; Rivina; Trichostigma
        subtype:  family_Portulacaceae__Portulacaceae__purslane_family  family of usually succulent herbs; cosmopolitan in distribution especially in Americas
     subtype:  dilleniid_dicot_family__dilleniiddicotfamily  family of more or less advanced dicotyledonous trees and shrubs and herbs
        subtype:  family_Capparidaceae__Capparidaceae__caper_family__caperfamily  a dilleniid dicot family of the order Rhoeadales that includes: genera Capparis; Cleome; Crateva; Polanisia
        subtype:  family_Cruciferae__Cruciferae__Brassicaceae__family_Brassicaceae__mustard_family__mustardfamily  plants with four-petaled flowers
        subtype:  family_Papaveraceae__Papaveraceae__poppy_family__poppyfamily  herbs or shrubs having milky and often colored juices and capsular fruits
        subtype:  family_Fumariaceae__Fumariaceae__fumitory_family  erect or climbing herbs of the northern hemisphere and southern Africa: bleeding heart; Dutchman's breeches; fumitory; squirrel corn
        subtype:  family_Loasaceae__Loasaceae__loasa_family__loasafamily  family of bristly hairy sometimes climbing plants; America and Africa and southern Arabia
        subtype:  family_Malvaceae__Malvaceae__mallow_family  herbs and shrubs and some trees: mallows; cotton; okra
        subtype:  family_Bombacaceae__Bombacaceae  tropical trees with large dry or fleshy fruit containing usually woolly seeds
        subtype:  family_Elaeocarpaceae__Elaeocarpaceae__elaeocarpus_family__elaeocarpusfamily  genus of trees and shrubs widely distributed in warm regions some yielding useful timber; in some classifications included in the family Santalaceae
        subtype:  family_Sterculiaceae__Sterculiaceae__sterculia_family__sterculiafamily  a large family of plants of order Malvales
        subtype:  family_Tiliaceae__Tiliaceae__linden_family  chiefly trees and shrubs of tropical and temperate regions of especially southeastern Asia and Brazil; genera Tilia; Corchorus; Entelea; Grewia; Sparmannia
        subtype:  family_Ericaceae__Ericaceae__heath_family__heathfamily  heathers
        subtype:  family_Clethraceae__Clethraceae__white-alder_family__whitealderfamily  coextensive with the genus Clethra
        subtype:  family_Diapensiaceae__Diapensiaceae__diapensia_family__diapensiafamily  north temperate low evergreen plants; in some classifications placed in its own order Diapensiales
        subtype:  family_Epacridaceae__Epacridaceae__epacris_family__epacrisfamily  Australasian shrubs or small trees
        subtype:  family_Lennoaceae__Lennoaceae  family of fleshy parasitic herbs lacking green foliage and having heads of small flowers; California and Mexico
        subtype:  family_Pyrolaceae__Pyrolaceae__wintergreen_family__wintergreenfamily  evergreen herbs of temperate regions: genera Pyrola; Chimaphila; Moneses; Orthilia
        subtype:  family_Monotropaceae__Monotropaceae  used in some classification for saprophytic herbs sometimes included in the family Pyrolaceae: genera Monotropa and Sarcodes
        subtype:  family_Begoniaceae__Begoniaceae__begonia_family__begoniafamily  monoecious succulent herbs or shrubs of tropical and warm regions especially America
        subtype:  family_Dilleniaceae__Dilleniaceae  chiefly tropical shrubs and trees and climbers having leathery leaves or flattened leaflike stems: genera Dillenia; Hibbertia
        subtype:  family_Guttiferae__Guttiferae__Clusiaceae__family_Clusiaceae__St_John's_wort_family  widely distributed family of chiefly tropical trees and shrubs and vines that produce oils and resins and some usable timber
        subtype:  family_Hypericaceae__Hypericaceae  used in some classification systems for plants usually included among the Guttiferae
        subtype:  family_Actinidiaceae__Actinidiaceae  tropical trees or shrubs or woody vines
        subtype:  family_Canellaceae__Canellaceae__canella_family__canellafamily  1 genus: aromatic tropical trees of eastern Africa and Florida to West Indies
        subtype:  family_Caricaceae__Caricaceae__papaya_family  trees native to tropical America and Africa with milky juice and large palmately lobed leaves
        subtype:  family_Caryocaraceae__Caryocaraceae  small genus of tropical South American trees
        subtype:  family_Cistaceae__Cistaceae__rockrose_family  shrubs or woody herbs of temperate regions especially Mediterranean
        subtype:  family_Dipterocarpaceae__Dipterocarpaceae  chiefly tropical Asian trees with two-winged fruits; yield valuable woods and aromatic oils and resins
        subtype:  family_Flacourtiaceae__Flacourtiaceae__flacourtia_family  chiefly tropical trees and shrubs
        subtype:  family_Fouquieriaceae__Fouquieriaceae  small family of spiny shrubs or trees of southwestern United States
        subtype:  family_Ochnaceae__Ochnaceae__ochna_family__ochnafamily  family of tropical evergreen trees and shrubs with thick shining parallel-veined leaves
        subtype:  family_Passifloraceae__Passifloraceae__passionflower_family__passionflowerfamily  tropical woody tendril-climbing vines
        subtype:  family_Resedaceae__Resedaceae__mignonette_family  mainly Mediterranean herbs: mignonette
        subtype:  family_Tamaricaceae__Tamaricaceae__tamarisk_family  family of desert shrubs and trees (mostly halophytes and xerophytes)
        subtype:  family_Violaceae__Violaceae__violet_family  a family of order Parietales including the genera Viola; Hybanthus; Hymenanthera; Melicytus
        subtype:  family_Santalaceae__Santalaceae__sandalwood_family  chiefly tropical herbs or shrubs or trees bearing nuts or one-seeded fruit
        subtype:  family_Loranthaceae__Loranthaceae__mistletoe_family__mistletoefamily  in some classification includes Viscaceae: parasitic or hemiparasitic shrublets or shrubs or small trees of tropical and temperate regions; attach to hosts by haustoria
        subtype:  family_Viscaceae__Viscaceae__mistletoe_family__mistletoefamily  in some classifications considered a subfamily of Loranthaceae
        subtype:  family_Theaceae__Theaceae__tea_family__teafamily  a family of trees and shrubs of the order Parietales
     subtype:  asterid_dicot_family__asteriddicotfamily  family of more or less advanced dicotyledonous herbs and some trees and shrubs
        subtype:  family_Compositae__Compositae__Asteraceae__family_Asteraceae__aster_family__asterfamily  plants with heads composed of many florets: aster; daisy; dandelion; goldenrod; marigold; lettuces; ragweed; sunflower; thistle; zinnia
        subtype:  family_Ambrosiaceae__Ambrosiaceae  in some classifications considered a separate family comprising a subgroup of the Compositae including the ragweeds
        subtype:  family_Rubiaceae__Rubiaceae__madder_family  widely distributed family of mostly tropical trees and shrubs and herbs; includes coffee and chinchona and gardenia and madder and bedstraws and partridgeberry
        subtype:  family_Caprifoliaceae__Caprifoliaceae__honeysuckle_family__honeysucklefamily  shrubs and small trees and woody vines
        subtype:  family_Dipsacaceae__Dipsacaceae  chiefly southern European herbs with flowers usually in dense cymose heads
        subtype:  family_Polemoniaceae__Polemoniaceae__phlox_family__phloxfamily  a widely distributed family of chiefly herbaceous plants of the order Polemoniales; often have showy flowers
        subtype:  family_Acanthaceae__Acanthaceae__acanthus_family  widely distributed herbs and shrubs and trees; sometimes placed in the order Scrophulariales
        subtype:  family_Bignoniaceae__Bignoniaceae  trees or shrubs or woody vines or herbs having fruit resembling gourds or capsules; sometimes placed in the order Scrophulariales
           subtype:  trumpet_creeper__trumpetcreeper__trumpet_vine__trumpetvine__Campsis_radicans  a North American woody vine having pinnate leaves and large red trumpet-shaped flowers
        subtype:  family_Gesneriaceae__Gesneriaceae__gesneria_family  large family of tropical herbs or shrubs or lianas; in some classification systems placed in the order Scrophulariales
        subtype:  family_Hydrophyllaceae__Hydrophyllaceae__waterleaf_family__waterleaffamily  perennial woodland herbs
        subtype:  family_Labiatae__Labiatae__Lamiaceae__family_Lamiaceae__mint_family  the mints: aromatic herbs and shrubs having flowers resembling the lips of a mouth and four-lobed ovaries yielding four one-seeded nutlets and including thyme; sage; rosemary
        subtype:  family_Scrophulariaceae__Scrophulariaceae__figwort_family__figwortfamily__foxglove_family  a family of dicotyledonous plants of the order Polemoniales; includes figwort and snapdragon and foxglove and toadflax and speedwell and mullein; in some classifications placed in the order Scrophulariales
        subtype:  family_Solanaceae__Solanaceae__potato_family  large and economically important family of herbs or shrubs or trees often strongly scented and sometimes narcotic or poisonous; includes the genera Solanum; Atropa; Brugmansia; Capsicum; Datura; Hyoscyamus; Lycopersicon; Nicotiana; Petunia; Physalis; Solandra
        subtype:  family_Verbenaceae__Verbenaceae__verbena_family__verbenafamily__vervain_family__vervainfamily  family of New World tropical and subtropical herbs and shrubs and trees
        subtype:  family_Avicenniaceae__Avicenniaceae  used in some classifications: coextensive with the genus Avicennia
        subtype:  family_Valerianaceae__Valerianaceae__valerian_family  genus of mostly herbs having a characteristic fetid odor
     subtype:  rosid_dicot_family__rosiddicotfamily  a family of dicotyledonous plants
        subtype:  family_Connaraceae__Connaraceae__zebrawood_family__zebrawoodfamily  mostly tropical climbing shrubs or small trees; closely related to Leguminosae
        subtype:  family_Leguminosae__Leguminosae__Fabaceae__family_Fabaceae__legume_family__pea_family__peafamily  a large family of trees, shrubs, vines, and herbs bearing bean pods; divided for convenience into the subfamilies Caesalpiniaceae; Mimosaceae; Papilionaceae
        subtype:  family_Mimosaceae__Mimosaceae  family of spiny woody plants (usually shrubs or small trees) whose leaves mimic animals in sensitivity to touch; commonly included in the family Leguminosae
        subtype:  subfamily_Mimosoideae__Mimosoideae  alternative name used in some classification systems for the family Mimosaceae
        subtype:  family_Araliaceae__Araliaceae__ivy_family__ivyfamily  mostly tropical trees and shrubs and lianas: ginseng; hedera
        subtype:  family_Onagraceae__Onagraceae__evening-primrose_family  a large and widely distributed family of plants of the order Myrtales
        subtype:  family_Melastomataceae__Melastomataceae__Melastomaceae__family_Melastomaceae__meadow-beauty_family  a family of trees and bushes and herbs of order Myrtales; many are cultivated as ornamentals
        subtype:  family_Caesalpiniaceae__Caesalpiniaceae  spiny trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs, including the genera Caesalpinia, Cassia, Ceratonia, Bauhinia; commonly included in the family Leguminosae
        subtype:  subfamily_Caesalpinioideae__Caesalpinioideae  alternative name in some classification systems for the family Caesalpiniaceae
        subtype:  Papilionaceae__family_Papilionacea  leguminous plants whose flowers have butterfly-shaped corollas; commonly included in the family Leguminosae
        subtype:  subfamily_Papilionoideae__Papilionoideae  alternative name used in some classification systems for the family Papilionaceae
           subtype:  genus_Medicago__Medicago  a genus of herbs that resemble clover
        subtype:  family_Rosaceae__Rosaceae__rose_family  a large family of dicotyledonous plants of order Rosales; have alternate leaves and five-petaled flowers with numerous stamens
        subtype:  family_Balsaminaceae__Balsaminaceae__balsam_family  distinguished from the family Geraniaceae by the irregular flowers
        subtype:  family_Geraniaceae__Geraniaceae__geranium_family  chiefly herbaceous plants
        subtype:  family_Burseraceae__Burseraceae__torchwood_family__torchwoodfamily  resinous or aromatic chiefly tropical shrubs or trees
        subtype:  family_Callitrichaceae__Callitrichaceae  dicot aquatic herbs
        subtype:  family_Malpighiaceae__Malpighiaceae  tropical shrubs or trees
        subtype:  family_Meliaceae__Meliaceae__mahogany_family  tropical trees and shrubs including many important timber and ornamental trees
        subtype:  family_Lepidobotryaceae__Lepidobotryaceae  family created in 1950 solely for the classification of a distinctive African tree repeatedly classified in other families; trees long believed to exist only in Africa
        subtype:  family_Oxalidaceae__Oxalidaceae__wood-sorrel_family  a family of widely distributed herbs of the order Geraniales; have compound leaves and pentamerous flowers
        subtype:  family_Polygalaceae__Polygalaceae__milkwort_family  trees, shrubs, and herbs widely distributed throughout both hemispheres
        subtype:  family_Rutaceae__Rutaceae__rue_family__ruefamily  a family of dicotyledonous plants of order Geraniales; have flowers that are divide into four or five parts and usually have a strong scent
        subtype:  family_Simaroubaceae__Simaroubaceae__quassia_family__quassiafamily  chiefly tropical trees and shrubs with bitter bark having dry usually one-seeded winged fruit
        subtype:  family_Tropaeolaceae__Tropaeolaceae__naturtium_family__naturtiumfamily  coextensive with the genus Tropaeolum
        subtype:  family_Zygophyllaceae__Zygophyllaceae__bean-caper_family  small trees, shrubs, and herbs of warm arid and saline regions; often resinous; some poisonous: genera Zygophyllum; Tribulus; Guaiacum: Larrea
        subtype:  family_Cephalotaceae__Cephalotaceae  a family of plants of order Rosales; coextensive with the genus Cephalotus
        subtype:  family_Cunoniaceae__Cunoniaceae__cunonia_family__cunoniafamily  trees or shrubs or climbers; mostly southern hemisphere
        subtype:  family_Hydrangeaceae__Hydrangeaceae__hydrangea_family__hydrangeafamily  sometimes included in the family Saxifragaceae
        subtype:  subfamily_Philadelphaceae__Philadelphaceae  1 genus; usually included in family Hydrangeaceae
        subtype:  family_Saxifragaceae__Saxifragaceae__saxifrage_family__saxifragefamily  a large and diverse family of evergreen or deciduous herbs; widely distributed in northern temperate and cold regions; sometimes includes genera of the family Hydrangeaceae
        subtype:  family_Platanaceae__Platanaceae__plane-tree_family  coextensive with the genus Platanus: plane trees
        subtype:  family_Euphorbiaceae__Euphorbiaceae__spurge_family  a family of plants of order Geraniales
        subtype:  family_Umbelliferae__Umbelliferae__Apiaceae__family_Apiaceae__carrot_family  plants having flowers in umbels: parsley; carrot; anise; caraway; celery; dill
           subtype:  genus_Angelica  biennial or perennial herbs of the northern hemisphere; have a taproot
           subtype:  genus_Pastinaca__Pastinaca  a rosid dicot genus of the family Umbelliferae; includes parsnips
        subtype:  family_Cornaceae__Cornaceae__dogwood_family__dogwoodfamily  a rosid dicot family of the order Umbellales including: genera Aucuba; Cornus; Corokia; Curtisia; Griselinia; Helwingia
     subtype:  family_Myricaceae__Myricaceae__wax-myrtle_family  constituting the order Myricales
     subtype:  family_Leitneriaceae__Leitneriaceae__corkwood_family  coextensive with the genus Leitneria; commonly isolated in a distinct order
     subtype:  family_Apocynaceae__Apocynaceae__dogbane_family__dogbanefamily  chiefly tropical trees or shrubs or herbs having milky juice and often showy flowers; many are sources of drugs
     subtype:  family_Aristolochiaceae__Aristolochiaceae__birthwort_family__birthwortfamily  family of birthworts (including wild ginger)
     subtype:  family_Rafflesiaceae__Rafflesiaceae  a family of parasitic plants of the order Aristolochiales
     subtype:  family_Hydnoracea__Hydnoracea  a family of flowering plants in Africa and Argentina that are parasitic on the roots of other plants
     subtype:  family_Primulaceae__Primulaceae__primrose_family  a dicotyledonous family of the order Primulales with a regular flower; widely distributed in the northern hemisphere
     subtype:  family_Myrsinaceae__Myrsinaceae__myrsine_family__myrsinefamily  family of Old World tropical trees and shrubs; some in Florida
     subtype:  family_Plumbaginaceae__Plumbaginaceae__leadwort_family__sea-lavender_family  perennial herbs and shrubs and lianas; cosmopolitan especially in salt-water areas
     subtype:  family_Theophrastaceae__Theophrastaceae  family of mainly tropical American trees and shrubs similar to those of the Myrsinaceae; often included in the Myrsinaceae
     subtype:  family_Cucurbitaceae__Cucurbitaceae__gourd_family__gourdfamily  a family of herbaceous vines (such cucumber or melon or squash or pumpkin)
        subtype:  cucurbit  any plant of the family Cucurbitaceae
     subtype:  family_Goodeniaceae__Goodeniaceae__Goodenia_family  a family of sappy plants that grow in Australasia and southeast China
     subtype:  family_Lobeliaceae__Lobeliaceae__lobelia_family__lobeliafamily  not recognized in all classification systems; in some classifications lobeliaceous plants are included in family Campanulaceae
     subtype:  family_Proteaceae__Proteaceae__protea_family  large family of Australian and South African shrubs and trees with leathery leaves and clustered mostly tetramerous flowers; constitutes the order Proteales
     subtype:  family_Casuarinaceae__Casuarinaceae  1 genus: Casuarina
     subtype:  family_Gentianaceae__Gentianaceae__gentian_family__gentianfamily  chiefly herbaceous plants with showy flowers; some are cultivated as ornamentals
     subtype:  family_Salvadoraceae__Salvadoraceae__Salvadora_family  a family of Old World shrubs and trees of order Gentianales; related to Oleaceae but having four stamens and four petals
     subtype:  family_Oleaceae__Oleaceae__olive_family__olivefamily  trees and shrubs having berries or drupes or capsules as fruits; sometimes placed in the order Oleales: olive; ash; jasmine; privet; lilac
     subtype:  family_Juglandaceae__Juglandaceae__walnut_family  trees having usually edible nuts: butternuts; walnuts; hickories; pecans
     subtype:  family_Combretaceae__Combretaceae__combretum_family__combretumfamily  a family of tropical trees and shrubs of the order Myrtales
     subtype:  family_Elaeagnaceae__Elaeagnaceae__oleaster_family  shrubs or small trees often armed
     subtype:  family_Haloragidaceae__Haloragidaceae__Haloragaceae__family_Haloragaceae__water-milfoil_family__watermilfoilfamily  a family of dicotyledonous plants of the order Myrtales
     subtype:  family_Lecythidaceae__Lecythidaceae  large tropical trees bearing large fruits with woody skins
     subtype:  family_Lythraceae__Lythraceae__loosestrife_family__loosestrifefamily  herbs and shrubs and small trees with pink or purple flowers
     subtype:  family_Myrtaceae__Myrtaceae__myrtle_family  trees and shrubs yielding a fragrant oil
     subtype:  family_Nyssaceae__Nyssaceae__sour-gum_family__tupelo_family  a family of dicotyledonous trees of order Myrtales that includes the sour gum trees
     subtype:  family_Punicaceae__Punicaceae  1 species: pomegranates
     subtype:  family_Rhizophoraceae__Rhizophoraceae__mangrove_family  trees and shrubs that usually form dense jungles along tropical seacoasts
     subtype:  family_Thymelaeaceae__Thymelaeaceae__daphne_family  family of tough-barked trees and shrubs and herbs especially of Australia and tropical Africa
     subtype:  family_Trapaceae__Trapaceae  family comprising solely the genus Trapa; in some classifications treated as a subfamily or tribe of the family Onagraceae
     subtype:  family_Urticaceae__Urticaceae__nettle_family  a family of plants of order Urticales including many nettles with stinging hairs
     subtype:  family_Cannabidaceae__Cannabidaceae__hemp_family  2 genera of erect or twining wind-pollinated herbs: genera Cannabis and Humulus; term not used in all classifications; in some the genus Cannabis is placed in the family Moraceae and the genus Humulus in the family Urticaceae
     subtype:  family_Moraceae__Moraceae__mulberry_family  trees or shrubs having a milky juice; in some classifications includes genus Cannabis
     subtype:  family_Cecropiaceae__Cecropiaceae  in some classifications included in family Moraceae
     subtype:  family_Ulmaceae__Ulmaceae__elm_family__elmfamily  a dicot family of the order Urticales including: genera Ulmus; Celtis; Planera; Trema
     subtype:  family_Menyanthaceae__Menyanthaceae__buckbean_family  a dicotyledonous family of marsh plants of order Gentianales
     subtype:  family_Loganiaceae__Loganiaceae  a dicotyledonous family of plants of order Gentianales
     subtype:  family_Linaceae__Linaceae__flax_family  a widely distributed family of plants
     subtype:  family_Plantaginaceae__Plantaginaceae__plantain_family  cosmopolitan family of small herbs and a few shrubs; most are troublesome weeds
     subtype:  family_Polygonaceae__Polygonaceae__buckwheat_family__buckwheatfamily  a family of plants of order Polygonales chiefly of the north temperate zone; includes the buckwheats
     subtype:  family_Amygdalaceae__Amygdalaceae  used in former classifications for plum and peach and almond trees which are now usually classified as members of the genus Prunus
     subtype:  family_Sapindaceae__Sapindaceae__soapberry_family__soapberryfamily  chiefly tropical New and Old World deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs bearing leathery drupes with yellow translucent flesh; most plants produce toxic saponins
     subtype:  family_Buxaceae__Buxaceae__box_family__boxfamily  widely distributed evergreen shrubs and trees
     subtype:  family_Celastraceae__Celastraceae__spindle-tree_family__staff-tree_family  trees and shrubs and woody vines usually having bright-colored fruits
     subtype:  family_Empetraceae__Empetraceae__crowberry_family__crowberryfamily  heathlike shrubs
     subtype:  family_Aceraceae__Aceraceae__maple_family__maplefamily  a family of trees and shrubs of order Sapindales including the maples
     subtype:  family_Aquifoliaceae__Aquifoliaceae__holly_family__hollyfamily  widely distributed shrubs and trees
     subtype:  family_Anacardiaceae__Anacardiaceae__sumac_family__sumacfamily  the cashew family; trees and shrubs and vines having resinous (sometimes poisonous) juice; includes cashew and mango and pistachio and poison ivy and sumac
     subtype:  family_Hippocastanaceae__Hippocastanaceae__horse-chestnut_family  trees having showy flowers and inedible nutlike seeds in a leathery capsule
     subtype:  family_Staphylaceae__Staphylaceae__bladdernut_family  a family of dicotyledonous plants of order Sapindales found mostly in the north temperate zone
     subtype:  family_Ebenaceae__Ebenaceae__ebony_family__ebonyfamily  fruit and timber trees of tropical and warm regions including ebony and persimmon
     subtype:  family_Sapotaceae__Sapotaceae__sapodilla_family__sapodillafamily  tropical trees or shrubs with milky juice and often edible fleshy fruit
     subtype:  family_Symplocaceae__Symplocaceae__sweetleaf_family__sweetleaffamily  a dicotyledonous family of order Ebenales
     subtype:  family_Styracaceae__Styracaceae__storax_family__styrax_family  a widely distributed family of shrubs and trees of order Ebenales
     subtype:  family_Sarraceniaceae__Sarraceniaceae__pitcher-plant_family__pitcherplantfamily  insectivorous plants
     subtype:  family_Nepenthaceae__Nepenthaceae  coextensive with the genus Nepenthes
     subtype:  family_Droseraceae__Droseraceae__sundew_family  a family of carnivorous herbs and shrubs
     subtype:  family_Roridulaceae__Roridulaceae  in some classifications included in the family Droseraceae
     subtype:  family_Convolvulaceae__Convolvulaceae__morning-glory_family__morninggloryfamily  morning glory; bindweed; sweet potato; plants having trumpet-shaped flowers and a climbing or twining habit
     subtype:  family_Orobanchaceae__Orobanchaceae__broomrape_family__broomrapefamily  brown or yellow leafless herbs; sometimes placed in the order Scrophulariales
     subtype:  family_Rhamnaceae__Rhamnaceae__buckthorn_family__buckthornfamily  trees and shrubs usually thorny bearing drupaceous fruit many having medicinal value
     subtype:  family_Vitaceae__Vitaceae__Vitidaceae__grapevine_family__grapevinefamily  a family of vines belonging to order Rhamnales
     subtype:  family_Piperaceae__Piperaceae__pepper_family  tropical woody vines and herbaceous plants having aromatic herbage and minute flowers in spikelets
     subtype:  family_Chloranthaceae__Chloranthaceae  small family of tropical herbs and shrubs and trees
     subtype:  family_Saururaceae__Saururaceae__lizard's-tail_family  family of perennial aromatic herbs: genera Saururus; Anemopsis; Houttuynia
     subtype:  family_Asclepiadaceae__Asclepiadaceae__milkweed_family  widely distributed family of herbs and shrubs of the order Gentianales; most with milky juice
  subtype:  fungus_family  includes lichen families
     subtype:  family_Erysiphaceae__Erysiphaceae  family of fungi parasitic mostly on leaves; includes powdery mildews
     subtype:  family_Sphaeriaceae__Sphaeriaceae  parasitic fungi having globose and sometimes necked or beaked perithecia
     subtype:  family_Ceratostomataceae__Ceratostomataceae  fungi having carbonous perithecia with long necks
     subtype:  family_Hypocreaceae__Hypocreaceae  family of fungi having brightly colored fleshy or membranous ascocarps; sometimes placed in its own order Hypocreales
        subtype:  mushroom_pimple  any of various mushrooms of the family Hypocreaceae
           subtype:  orange_mushroom_pimple  a variety of mushroom pimple
           subtype:  green_mushroom_pimple  a variety of mushroom pimple
     subtype:  family_Xylariaceae__Xylariaceae  family of fungi characterized by dark brown to back spores
     subtype:  family_Helotiaceae__Helotiaceae  a fungus family of order Helotiales
     subtype:  family_Sclerotiniaceae__Sclerotiniaceae  a fungus family of order Helotiales
     subtype:  family_Sclerodermataceae__Sclerodermataceae  a family of fungi or order Sclerodermatales with a single-layered peridium; includes earthballs
     subtype:  family_Tulostomaceae__Tulostomaceae__Tulostomataceae__family_Tulostomataceae  stalked puffballs
     subtype:  family_Rhizopogonaceae__Rhizopogonaceae  a family of fungi of order Hymenogastrales having round subterranean sporophores
     subtype:  family_Mucoraceae__Mucoraceae  large family of chiefly saprophytic fungi that includes many common molds destructive to food products
     subtype:  family_Entomophthoraceae__Entomophthoraceae  mostly parasitic lower fungi that typically develop in the bodies of insects
     subtype:  family_Chytridiaceae__Chytridiaceae  a family of aquatic fungi of order Chytridiales
     subtype:  family_Blastodiaceae__Blastodiaceae  a family of saprobic fungi of order Blastocladiales
     subtype:  family_Synchytriaceae__Synchytriaceae  a fungus family of order Chytridiales
     subtype:  family_Peronosporaceae__Peronosporaceae  parasitic fungi: downy mildews
     subtype:  family_Albuginaceae__Albuginaceae  fungi that produce white sori resembling blisters on certain flowering plants
     subtype:  family_Pythiaceae__Pythiaceae  fungi having sporangia usually borne successively and singly at the tips of branching sporangiophores
     subtype:  family_Plasmodiophoraceae__Plasmodiophoraceae  family of fungi often causing hypertrophy in seed plants
     subtype:  family_Tuberaceae__Tuberaceae  family of fungi whose ascocarps resemble tubers and vary in size from that of an acorn to that of a large apple
     subtype:  family_Clavariaceae__Clavariaceae  fleshy fungi: coral fungi
     subtype:  family_Hydnaceae__Hydnaceae  tooth fungi
     subtype:  family_Lecanoraceae__Lecanoraceae  a fungus family of the division Lichenes
     subtype:  family_Roccellaceae__Roccellaceae  a fungus family of division Lichenes
     subtype:  family_Pertusariaceae__Pertusariaceae  a fungus family of division Lichenes
     subtype:  family_Usneaceae__Usneaceae  fruticose lichens having prostrate or erect or pendulous thalli: genera Usnea; Evernia; Ramalina; Alectoria
     subtype:  family_Cladoniaceae__Cladoniaceae  a family of lichens
     subtype:  family_Parmeliaceae__Parmeliaceae  a family of lichens
     subtype:  family_Agaricaceae__Agaricaceae  large family including many familiar mushrooms
     subtype:  family_Coprinaceae__Coprinaceae  used in some classifications for the genus Coprinus
     subtype:  family_Russulaceae__Russulaceae  used in some classification systems for the genus Russula
     subtype:  family_Strophariaceae__Strophariaceae  sometimes included in family Agaricaceae
     subtype:  family_Entolomataceae__Entolomataceae  a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales
     subtype:  family_Lepiotaceae__Lepiotaceae  a family of fungi having free gills and a cap that is cleanly separable from the stalk
     subtype:  family_Thelephoraceae__Thelephoraceae  fungi having leathery or membranous sporophores
     subtype:  family_Tricholomataceae__Tricholomataceae  a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales
     subtype:  family_Volvariaceae__Volvariaceae  a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales
     subtype:  family_Pluteaceae__Pluteaceae  a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales
     subtype:  family_Saccharomycetaceae__Saccharomycetaceae  family of fungi comprising the typical yeasts: reproduce by budding and ferment carbohydrates
     subtype:  family_Schizosaccharomycetaceae__Schizosaccharomycetaceae  a family of fungi belonging to order Endomycetales
     subtype:  family_Aspergillaceae__Aspergillaceae  family of fungi including some common molds
     subtype:  family_Pezizaceae__Pezizaceae  large family comprising many typical cup fungi
     subtype:  family_Morchellaceae__Morchellaceae  a family of edible fungi including the true morels
     subtype:  family_Sarcoscyphaceae__Sarcoscyphaceae  family of fungi belonging to the order Pezizales
     subtype:  family_Helvellaceae__Helvellaceae  family of false morels or lorchels; some are edible and some are poisonous
     subtype:  family_Phallaceae__Phallaceae  a family of fungi belonging to the order Phallales and comprising the true stinkhorns
     subtype:  family_Calostomataceae__Calostomataceae  a family of fungi belonging to the order Tulostomatales
     subtype:  family_Clathraceae__Clathraceae  family of fleshy fungi resembling stinkhorns
     subtype:  family_Lycoperdaceae__Lycoperdaceae  a fungus family belonging to the order Lycoperdales; includes puffballs
     subtype:  family_Geastraceae__Geastraceae  a family of earthstar fungi belonging to the order Lycoperdales
     subtype:  family_Nidulariaceae__Nidulariaceae  bird's-nest fungi
     subtype:  family_Sphaerobolaceae__Sphaerobolaceae  monotypic family of fungi in which the more or less spherical gleba is forcibly ejected at maturity
     subtype:  family_Secotiaceae__Secotiaceae  a family of fungi that have a stalk and cap and a wrinkled mass of tissue (the gleba) where spores are produced; are often dismissed as misshapen forms of other fungi
     subtype:  family_Polyporaceae__Polyporaceae  fungi that become corky or woody with age, often forming shelflike growths on trees
     subtype:  family_Fistulinaceae__Fistulinaceae  a family of fungi closely related to the family Polyporaceae except that the tubes on the undersurface of the cap are separate from each other
     subtype:  family_Boletaceae__Boletaceae  family of pore-bearing fleshy fungi having the spores easily separating from the cup and often from each other
     subtype:  family_Tremellaceae__Tremellaceae  a family of basidiomycetous fungi of the order Tremellales that have the basidium divided longitudinally
     subtype:  family_Auriculariaceae__Auriculariaceae  fungi having gelatinous sporophores
     subtype:  family_Dacrymycetaceae__Dacrymycetaceae  a family of basidiomycetous fungi belonging to the order Tremellales having a bifurcate basidium that lacks septa
     subtype:  family_Melampsoraceae__Melampsoraceae  rust fungi
     subtype:  family_Pucciniaceae__Pucciniaceae  large important family of rust fungi
     subtype:  family_Ustilaginaceae__Ustilaginaceae  a fungus family of loose smuts
     subtype:  family_Tilletiaceae__Tilletiaceae  a family of smut fungi having a simple promycelium bearing the spores in an apical cluster
     subtype:  family_Septobasidiaceae__Septobasidiaceae  a family of fungi belonging to the subdivision Basidiomycota
     subtype:  family_Hygrophoraceae__Hygrophoraceae  a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales; the gills of these fungi have a clean waxy appearance
     subtype:  family_Cortinariaceae__Cortinariaceae  a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales
     subtype:  family_Moniliaceae__Moniliaceae  family of imperfect fungi having white or brightly colored hyphae and spores that are produced directly on the mycelium and not aggregated in fruiting bodies
     subtype:  family_Dematiaceae__Dematiaceae  family of imperfect mushrooms having dark-colored hyphae or conidia
     subtype:  family_Tuberculariaceae__Tuberculariaceae  large family of mainly saprophytic imperfect fungi
     subtype:  family_Geoglossaceae__Geoglossaceae  a family of fungi belonging to the order Helotiales
  subtype:  plant_family__plantfamily  a family of plants
     subtype:  gymnosperm_family  a family of gymnosperms
        subtype:  family_Gnetaceae__Gnetaceae  plants having small unisexual flowers and fleshy or winged fruit: in some classifications includes the genera Ephedra and Welwitschia as well as Gnetum
        subtype:  family_Ephedraceae__Ephedraceae  ephedras: in some classifications included in the Gnetaceae
        subtype:  family_Welwitschiaceae__Welwitschiaceae  in some classifications included in the Gnetaceae
        subtype:  family_Cycadaceae__Cycadaceae__cycad_family__cycadfamily  ancient palmlike plants closely related to ferns in that fertilization is by means of spermatozoids
        subtype:  family_Zamiaceae__Zamiaceae__zamia_family__zamiafamily  a family of cycads often included in the family Cycadaceae: zamias
        subtype:  family_Bennettitaceae__Bennettitaceae  a family of fossil gymnospermous plants of the Carboniferous
        subtype:  family_Cordaitaceae__Cordaitaceae  chiefly Paleozoic plants; Cordaites is the chief and typical genus
        subtype:  family_Pinaceae__Pinaceae__pine_family  a family of Pinaceae
        subtype:  family_Cupressaceae__Cupressaceae__cypress_family__cypressfamily  cypresses and junipers and many cedars
        subtype:  subfamily_Taxodiaceae__Taxodiaceae__redwood_family__redwoodfamily  coniferous trees; traditionally considered an independent family though recently included in Cupressaceae in some classification systems
        subtype:  family_Araucariaceae__Araucariaceae__araucaria_family__araucariafamily  tall evergreen cone-bearing trees of South America and Australia with broad leathery leaves; in some classifications included in the Pinaceae
        subtype:  family_Cephalotaxaceae__Cephalotaxaceae__plum-yew_family  a family of Cephalotaxaceae
        subtype:  family_Phyllocladaceae__Phyllocladaceae  a family of Phyllocladaceae
        subtype:  family_Podocarpaceae__Podocarpaceae__podocarpus_family  gymnosperms with simple persistent needlelike or scalelike leaves
        subtype:  family_Sciadopityaceae__Sciadopityaceae  family comprising a single genus that until recently was considered part of Taxodiaceae
        subtype:  family_Taxaceae__Taxaceae__yew_family__yewfamily  sometimes classified as member of order Taxales
        subtype:  family_Ginkgoaceae__Ginkgoaceae__ginkgo_family  constituting the order Ginkgoales; includes the genus Ginkgo and extinct forms
     subtype:  family_Campanulaceae__Campanulaceae__bellflower_family  family of plants of the order Campanulales; in some classifications includes Lobeliaceae
     subtype:  family_Dioscoreaceae__Dioscoreaceae__yam_family__yamfamily  yams
     subtype:  family_Erythroxylaceae__Erythroxylaceae  a family of plants of order Geraniales; have drupaceous fruit
     subtype:  family_Crassulaceae__Crassulaceae__stonecrop_family__stonecropfamily  succulent shrubs and herbs
     subtype:  family_Grossulariaceae__Grossulariaceae__gooseberry_family  in some classifications considered a part of the family Saxifragaceae: plants whose fruit is a berry
     subtype:  family_Boraginaceae__Boraginaceae__borage_family  a widely distributed family of plants distinguished by circinate flowers and nutlike fruit
     subtype:  family_Lentibulariaceae__Lentibulariaceae__bladderwort_family__bladderwortfamily  carnivorous aquatic or bog plants: genera Utricularia; Pinguicula; Genlisea
     subtype:  family_Martyniaceae__Martyniaceae  in most classifications not considered a separate family but included in the Pedaliaceae
     subtype:  family_Pedaliaceae__Pedaliaceae__sesame_family  the family of plants of order Polemoniales
  subtype:  fern_family  families of ferns and fern allies
     subtype:  family_Hymenophyllaceae__Hymenophyllaceae  terrestrial (hygrophytic) or epiphytic ferns: filmy ferns
     subtype:  family_Osmundaceae__Osmundaceae  large family of ferns widely distributed in temperate and tropical areas
     subtype:  family_Schizaeaceae__Schizaeaceae  small family of mainly tropical ferns
     subtype:  family_Marsileaceae__Marsileaceae  clover ferns
     subtype:  family_Salviniaceae__Salviniaceae  water ferns
     subtype:  family_Azollaceae__Azollaceae  used in some classifications for the genus Azolla
     subtype:  family_Ophioglossaceae__Ophioglossaceae  a family of succulent ferns of order Ophioglossales; cosmopolitan in distribution
     subtype:  family_Gleicheniaceae__Gleicheniaceae  a family of ferns belonging to order Filicales
     subtype:  family_Parkeriaceae__Parkeriaceae  coextensive with the genus Ceratopteris; sometimes included in family Polypodiaceae
     subtype:  family_Polypodiaceae__Polypodiaceae  ferns: a large family that in some classification systems has been subdivided into several families (including Aspleniaceae and Blechnaceae and Davalliaceae and Dennstaedtiaceae and Dryopteridaceae and Oleandraceae and Pteridaceae)
     subtype:  family_Adiantaceae__Adiantaceae  used in some classification systems for some genera of the family Polypodiaceae (or Pteridaceae)
     subtype:  family_Vittariaceae__Vittariaceae  one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems: genus Vittaria
     subtype:  family_Aspleniaceae__Aspleniaceae  one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems; includes genera Asplenium; Pleurosorus; Schaffneria
     subtype:  family_Blechnaceae__Blechnaceae  one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems; includes genera Blechnum; Doodia; Sadleria; Stenochlaena; Woodwardia
     subtype:  family_Cyatheaceae__Cyatheaceae  tropical tree ferns
     subtype:  family_Davalliaceae__Davalliaceae  one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems
     subtype:  family_Dennstaedtiaceae__Dennstaedtiaceae  one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems
     subtype:  family_Dicksoniaceae__Dicksoniaceae  tree ferns: genera Dicksonia; Cibotium; Culcita; Thyrsopteris
     subtype:  family_Dryopteridaceae__Dryopteridaceae__Athyriaceae__family_Athyriaceae  alternative names for one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems
     subtype:  family_Lomariopsidaceae__Lomariopsidaceae  small family of usually scandent ferns
     subtype:  family_Lophosoriaceae__Lophosoriaceae  very small family of tree ferns
     subtype:  family_Loxomataceae__Loxomataceae  very small family of New Zealand ferns
     subtype:  family_Oleandraceae__Oleandraceae  one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems
     subtype:  family_Pteridaceae__Pteridaceae  one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems; Pteridaceae is itself in turn sometimes further subdivided
     subtype:  family_Marattiaceae__Marattiaceae  constituting the order Marattiales: chiefly tropical eusporangiate ferns with gigantic fronds
     subtype:  family_Psilotaceae__Psilotaceae  small family of lower ferns having nearly naked stems and minute scalelike leaves
     subtype:  family_Psilophytaceae__Psilophytaceae  Paleozoic plants
     subtype:  family_Rhyniaceae__Rhyniaceae  primitive plants of the Paleozoic
     subtype:  family_Equisetaceae__Equisetaceae__horsetail_family__horsetailfamily  sole surviving family of the Equisetales: fern allies
     subtype:  family_Lepidodendraceae__Lepidodendraceae  fossil plants characterized by conspicuous spirally arranged leaf scars on the trunk
     subtype:  family_Lycopodiaceae__Lycopodiaceae__clubmoss_family  a family of ferns belonging to the order Lycopodiales
     subtype:  family_Selaginellaceae__Selaginellaceae  lesser clubmosses: terrestrial chiefly tropical plants resembling mosses
     subtype:  family_Isoetaceae__Isoetaceae__quillwort_family__quillwortfamily  quillworts; coextensive with the genus Isoetes
     subtype:  family_Cryptogrammataceae__Cryptogrammataceae  one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems
     subtype:  family_Thelypteridaceae__Thelypteridaceae  genera Thelypteris; Phegopteris; others

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