#concept__conception__construct an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances
exclusion: #misconception
supertype: #idea.cognitive_content__thought the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about; "it was not a good idea"; "the thought never entered my mind"
subtype: #conceptuality__conceptualization__conceptualisation an elaborated concept
subtype: #perception.conceptuality a way of conceiving something; "Luther had a new perception of the Bible"
subtype: #notion a general inclusive concept
subtype: #category a general concept that marks divisions or coordinations in a conceptual scheme
subtype: #kind__sort__form__variety a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality; "sculpture is a form of art"; "what kinds of desserts are there?"
subtype: #description.kind sort or variety; "every description of book was there"
subtype: #type a subdivision of a particular kind of thing; "what type of sculpture do you prefer?"
subtype: #nature.type a particular type of thing; "problems of this type are very difficult to solve"; "he's interested in trains and things of that nature"; "matters of a personal nature"
subtype: #variant__variation something a little different from others of the same type; "an experimental version of the night fighter"; "an emery wheel is a modern variant of the grindstone"
subtype: #antitype an opposite or contrasting type
subtype: #art_form__artform a form of artistic expression (such as writing or painting or architecture)
subtype: #architectural_style__architecturalstyle__style_of_architecture__type_of_architecture architecture as a kind of art form
subtype: #Bauhaus a German style of architecture begun by Walter Gropius in 1918
subtype: #Byzantine_architecture__Byzantine the style of architecture developed in the Byzantine Empire; massive domes with square bases and rounded arches and spires and minarets and much use of mosaics
subtype: #classical_architecture__classicalarchitecture__grecoromanarchitecture architecture influenced by the ancient Greeks or Romans
subtype: #Greek_architecture the architecture of ancient Greece
subtype: #Roman_architecture the architecture of ancient Rome
subtype: #Gothic_architecture__Gothic a style of architecture developed in N France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries; characterized by slender vertical piers and counterbalancing buttresses and by vaulting and pointed arches
subtype: #perpendicular_style__perpendicularstyle__perpendicular__English-Gothic__English-Gothic_architecture a Gothic style in 14th and 15th century England; characterized by vertical lines, a four-centered (Tudor) arch, fan vaulting
subtype: #Tudor_architecture a style of English-Gothic architecture popular during the Tudor period; characterized by half-timbered houses
subtype: #Romanesque_architecture__Romanesque a style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD; characterized by round arches and vaults and by the substitution of piers for columns and profuse ornament and arcades
subtype: #Norman_architecture a Romanesque style first appearing in Normandy around 950 AD and used in Britain from the Norman Conquest until the 12th century
subtype: #Moorish_architecture__Moorish a style of architecture common in Spain from the 13th to 16th centuries; characterized by the horseshoe (Moorish) arch
subtype: #Victorian_architecture a style of architecture used in England during the reign of Queen Victoria; characterized by massive construction and elaborate ornamentation
subtype: #sonata_form a musical form having 3 sections -- exposition and development and recapitulation; characteristic of 1st movement of a sonata or symphony
subtype: #style a particular kind (as to appearance); "this style of shoe is in demand"
subtype: #flavor__flavour (high energy physics) the kinds of quarks and antiquarks
subtype: #colour.quark__color (high energy physics) the characteristic of quarks that determines their role in the strong interaction; each flavor of quarks comes in three colors
subtype: #species.kind__specie__variety a specific kind of something: "a species of molecule"; "a species of villainy"
subtype: #genus.kind__genu a general kind of something; "ignore the genus communism"
subtype: #make__brand a recognizable kind; "there's a new brand of hero in the movies now"; "what make of car is that?"
subtype: #genre.kind a kind of literary or artistic work
subtype: #ilk a kind of person; "I don't like people of his ilk"
subtype: #manner a kind; "what manner of man are you?"
subtype: #model a type of product; "his car was an old model"
subtype: #the_like__thelike__the_likes_of__thelikesof a similar kind; "dogs, foxes, and the like", "we don't want the likes of you around here"
subtype: #pigeonhole a specific (often simplistic) category
subtype: #rubric.category category name; "it is usually discussed under the rubric of `functional obesity'"
subtype: #way.category a general category of things; used in the expression "in the way of": "they didn't have much in the way of clothing"
subtype: #rule__regulation a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior; "it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast"; "short haircuts were the regulation"
subtype: #restriction.rule__limitation a principle that limits the extent of something; "I am willing to accept certain restrictions on my movements"
subtype: #quantification.restriction a limitation imposed on the variables of a proposition (as by the quantifiers `some' or `all' or `no')
subtype: #restraint.restriction a rule or condition that limits freedom; "legal restraints"; "restraints imposed on imports"
subtype: #guidepost__guideline__rule_of_thumb a rule or principle that provides guidance to appropriate behavior
subtype: #cy_pres_doctrine__cy_pres__cypre__rule_of_cy_pres a rule that when literal compliance is impossible the intention of a donor or testator should be carried out as nearly as possible
subtype: #working_principle__workingprinciple__working_rule__workingrule a rule that is adequate to permit work to be done
subtype: #abstract__abstraction a concept or idea not associated with any specific instance; "he loved her only in the abstract--not in person"
subtype: #right an abstract idea of that which is due to a person or governmental body by law or tradition or nature: "they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights"; "Certain rights can never be granted to the government but must be kept in the hands of the people"- Eleanor Roosevelt; "a right is not something that somebody gives you; it is something that nobody can take away"
subtype: #access.right the right to obtain or make use of or take advantage of something (as services or membership)
subtype: #advowson the right in English law of presenting a nominee to a vacant ecclesiastical benefice
subtype: #cabotage.right the exclusive right of a country to control the air traffic within its borders
subtype: #claim.right__title an informal right to something: "his claim on her attentions"; "his title to fame"
subtype: #due that which is deserved or owed: "give the devil his due"
subtype: #admittance__entree__access the right to enter
subtype: #door.admittance anything providing a means of access (or escape); "we closed the door to Haitian immigrants"; "education is the door to success"
subtype: #open_door freedom of access; "he maintained an open door for all employees"
subtype: #floor.right the parliamentary right to address an assembly; "the chairman granted him the floor"
subtype: #grant.right a right or privilege that has been granted
subtype: #human_right__humanright any basic right or freedom to which all human beings are entitled and in whose exercise a government may not interfere (including rights to life and liberty as well as freedom of thought and expression and equality before the law)
subtype: #right_to_privacy right to be free of unsanctioned intrusion
subtype: #right_to_life the right to live
subtype: #right_to_liberty the right to be free
subtype: #right_to_the_pursuit_of_happiness the right to try to find happiness
subtype: #freedom_of_thought the right to hold unpopular ideas
subtype: #equality_before_the_law the right to equal protection of the laws
subtype: #civil_right__civilright__civil_rights right or rights belonging to a person by reason of citizenship including especially the fundamental freedoms and privileges guaranteed by the 13th and 14th amendments and subsequent acts of Congress including the right to legal and social and economic equality
subtype: #civil_liberty__civilliberty fundamental individual right protected by law and expressed as immunity from unwarranted governmental interference
subtype: #habeas_corpus right to obtain a writ of habeas corpus as protection against illegal imprisonment
subtype: #freedom_of_religion guaranteed by the 1st amendment to the US constitution
subtype: #freedom_of_speech guaranteed by the 1st amendment to the US constitution
subtype: #freedom_of_the_press guaranteed by the 1st amendment to the US constitution
subtype: #freedom_of_assembly right peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for redress of grievances; guaranteed by the 1st amendment to the US constitution
subtype: #freedom_to_bear_arms guaranteed by the 2nd amendment to the US constitution
subtype: #freedom_from_search_and_seizure__freedomfromsearchandseizure guaranteed by the 4th amendment to the US constitution
subtype: #right_to_due_process guaranteed by the 5th amendment to the US constitution; reaffirmed by the 14th amendment
subtype: #freedom_from_self-incrimination__freedomfromselfincrimination guaranteed by the 5th amendment to the US constitution
subtype: #freedom_from_double_jeopardy guaranteed by the 5th amendment to the US constitution
subtype: #right_to_speedy_and_public_trial_by_jury guaranteed by the 6th amendment to the US constitution
subtype: #right_to_an_attorney guaranteed by the 6th amendment to the US constitution
subtype: #right_to_confront_accusors guaranteed by the 6th amendment to the US constitution
subtype: #freedom_from_cruel_and_unusual_punishment guaranteed by the 8th amendment to the US constitution
subtype: #freedom_from_involuntary_servitude guaranteed by the 13th amendment to the US constitution
subtype: #equal_protection_of_the_laws guaranteed by the 14th amendment to the US constitution and by the due-process clause of the 5th amendment
subtype: #freedom_from_discrimination freedom from discrimination on the basis of race or sex or nationality or religion or age; guaranteed by US Federal laws
subtype: #equal_opportunity__equalopportunity equivalent opportunities for employment regardless of race or color or sex or national origin
subtype: #legal_right__legalright a right based in law
subtype: #compulsory_process the right of a defendant to have a court use its subpoena power to compel the appearance of material witnesses before the court
subtype: #preemption.legal_right__pre-emption__preemption the right of a government to seize or appropriate something (as property)
subtype: #title.legal_right__claim an established or recognized right: "a strong legal claim to the property"; "he had no documents confirming his title to his father's estate"; "he staked his claim"
subtype: #own_right__ownright by title vested in yourself or by virtue of qualifications that you have achieved; "a peer in his own right"; "a leading sports figure in his own right": "a fine opera in its own right"
subtype: #entitlement right granted by law or contract esp to benefits
subtype: #eminent_domain__eminentdomain the right of the state to take private property for public use; the 5th Amendment of the US Constitution requires that just compensation be made
subtype: #franchise.legal_right a statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the right to vote)
subtype: #right_to_vote__vote__suffrage a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment; "American women got the vote in 1920"
subtype: #patent_right the right granted by a patent; especially the exclusive right to an invention
subtype: #right_of_election in probate law: the legal right of a surviving spouse to elect to take either what the deceased spouse gave under the will or the share of the estate as set forth by statute
subtype: #right_of_entry the legal right to take possession of real estate in a peaceable manner
subtype: #right_of_re-entry the legal right to resume possession (a right that was reserved when a former possession was parted with)
subtype: #right_of_privacy a legal right (not explicitly provided in the US Constitution) to be left alone; the right to live life free from unwarranted publicity
subtype: #use.legal_right__enjoyment (law) the exercise of the legal right to enjoy the benefits of owning property; "we were given the use of his boat"
subtype: #fair_use the conditions under which you can use material that is copyrighted by someone else without paying royalties
subtype: #usufruct a legal right to use and derive profit from property belonging to someone else provided that the property itself is not injured in any way
subtype: #copyright__rightoffirstpublication a document granting exclusive right to publish and sell literary or musical or artistic work
subtype: #land_tenure__tenure the right to hold property; part of an ancient hierarchical system of holding lands
subtype: #copyhold a medieval form of land tenure in England; a copyhold was a parcel of land granted to a peasant by the lord of the manor in return for agricultural services
subtype: #freehold tenure by which land is held in fee simple or for life
subtype: #villeinage tenure by which a villein held land
subtype: #preemption.right__pre-emption__preemption the right to purchase something in advance of others
subtype: #preemptive_right the right granting to shareholders the first opportunity to buy a new issue of stock; provides protection against dilution of the shareholder's ownership interest
subtype: #subscription_right the right of a shareholder in a company to subscribe to shares of a new issue of common stock before it is offered to the public
subtype: #prerogative__privilege__perquisite__exclusive_right__exclusiveright a right reserved exclusively by a particular person or group (especially a hereditary or official right); "suffrage was the prerogative of white adult males"
subtype: #easement (law) the privilege of using something that is not your own (as using another's land as a right of way to your own land)
subtype: #public_easement__publiceasement any easement enjoyed by the public in general (as the public's right to use public streets)
subtype: #right_of_way.easement__rightofway the privilege of someone to pass over land belonging to someone else
subtype: #privilege_of_the_floor the right to be admitted onto the floor of a legislative assembly while it is in session
subtype: #privilege (law) the right to refuse to divulge information obtained in a confidential relationship
subtype: #attorney-client_privilege the right of a lawyer to refuse to divulge confidential information from his client
subtype: #informer's_privilege the right of the government to refuse to reveal the identity of an informer
subtype: #journalist's_privilege the right of a journalist to refuse to divulge sources of confidential information
subtype: #marital_communications_privilege__husband-wife_privilege neither spouse can divulge confidential communications from the other while they were married
subtype: #physician-patient_privilege__physicianpatientprivilege the right of a physician to refuse to divulge confidential information from a patient without the consent of the patient
subtype: #priest-penitent_privilege the right of a clergyman to refuse to divulge confidential information received from a person during confession or similar exchanges
subtype: #right_of_search the right of a belligerent to stop neutral ships on the high seas in wartime and search them
subtype: #right_of_way.right__rightofway the right of one vehicle or vessel to take precedence over another
subtype: #states'_rights the rights conceded to the states by the United States constitution
subtype: #voting_right the right to vote; especially the right of a common shareholder to vote in person or by proxy on the affairs of a company
subtype: #water_right__waterright__riparian_right right of access to water
subtype: #absolute something that is conceived to be absolute; something that does not depends on anything else and is beyond human control; "no mortal being can influence the absolute"
subtype: #teacher a personified abstraction that teaches; "books were his teachers"; "experience is a demanding teacher"
subtype: #thing.abstract a special abstraction; "a thing of the spirit"; "things of the heart"
subtype: #quantity something that has a magnitude and can be represented in mathematical expressions by a constant or a variable
subtype: #quantum (physics) the smallest quantity of some physical property that a system can possess (according to quantum theory)
subtype: #term.quantity any distinct quantity contained in a polynomial; "the general term of an algebraic equation of the n-th degree"
subtype: #numerical_quantity__numericalquantity a quantity expressed as a number
subtype: #zero_point__zero the quantity that registers a reading of zero on a scale
subtype: #value.numerical_quantity a numerical quantity measured or assigned or computed; "the value assigned was 16 milliseconds"
subtype: #scale_value a value on some scale of measurement
subtype: #voter_turnout__voterturnout__vote the total number of votes cast; "they are hoping for a large vote"
subtype: #operand a quantity upon which a mathematical operation is performed
subtype: #variable_quantity__variable a quantity that can assume any of a set of values
subtype: #independent_variable__independentvariable a variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value determines the dependent variable; if f(x)=y, x is the independent variable
subtype: #correlate either of two correlated variables
subtype: #degree_of_freedom an unrestricted variable in a frequency distribution
subtype: #dependent_variable__dependentvariable a variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value depends in the independent variable; if f(x)=y, y is the dependent variable
subtype: #random_variable__variate__variant__stochasticvariable__chance_variable a variable quantity that is random
subtype: #scalar a variable quantity that cannot be resolved into components
subtype: #tensor.variable_quantity a generalization of the concept of a vector
subtype: #vector a variable quantity that can be resolved into components
subtype: #vector_product__cross_product__crossproduct a vector that is the product of two other vectors
subtype: #vector_sum__resultant a vector that is the sum of two or more other vectors
subtype: #radius_vector a line connecting a point in space to the origin of a polar coordinate system
subtype: #radius_vector.vector__radiusvector a line connecting a satellite to the center of the body around which it is rotating
subtype: #constant_quantity__constant a quantity that does not vary
subtype: #parametric_quantity__parameter a constant in the equation of a curve that can be varied to yield a family of similar curves
subtype: #degree_of_freedom.parametric_quantity__degreeoffreedom one of the minimum number of parameters needed to describe the state of a physical system
subtype: #parameter.quantity a quantity (such as the mean or variance) that characterizes a statistical population and that can be estimated by calculations from sample data
subtype: #mathematical_product__product a quantity obtained by multiplication; "the product of 2 and 3 is 6"
subtype: #factorial the product of all the integers up to and including a given integer; "1, 2, 6, 24, and 120 are factorials"
subtype: #multiple the product of a quantity by an integer; "36 is a multiple of 9"
subtype: #double a quantity that is twice as great as another; "36 is the double of 18"
subtype: #triple a quantity that is three times as great as another
subtype: #quadruple a quantity that is four times as great as another
subtype: #lowest_common_multiple__least_common_multiple__lcm the smallest multiple that is exactly divisible by every member of a set of numbers; "the least common multiple of 12 and 18 is 36"
subtype: #total__sum a quantity obtained by addition
subtype: #polynomial a mathematical expression that is the sum of a number of terms
subtype: #monic_polynomial__monicpolynomial a polynomial in one variable
subtype: #quadratic_polynomial__quadraticpolynomial__quadratic a polynomial of the second degree
subtype: #biquadratic_polynomial__biquadraticpolynomial__biquadratic__quartic_polynomial__quarticpolynomial a polynomial of the fourth degree
subtype: #series.polynomial (mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of expressions
subtype: #power_series the sum of terms containing successively higher integral powers of a variable
subtype: #convergency the approach of an infinite series to a finite limit
subtype: #divergency__divergence an infinite series that has no limit
subtype: #geometric_series a geometric progression written as a sum
subtype: #Fourier_series the sum of a series of trigonometric expressions; used in the analysis of periodic functions
subtype: #exponential_series a series derived from the expansion of an exponential expression
subtype: #proportional one of the quantities in a mathematical proportion
subtype: #quotient a quantity obtained by division
subtype: #difference.quantity a quantity obtained by subtraction; "profit is a positive difference between income and expenses"
subtype: #binomial a quantity expressed as a sum or difference of two terms
subtype: #part__section__division one of the portions into which something is regarded as divided and which together constitute a whole: "the written part of the exam"; "the finance section of the company"; "the BBC's engineering division"
subtype: #beginning.part the first part or section of something: "`It was a dark and stormy night' is a hackneyed beginning for a story"
subtype: #middle an intermediate part or section: "A whole is that which has beginning, middle, and end"- Aristotle
subtype: #end.part a final part or section: "we have given it at the end of the section since it involves the calculus"; "Start at the beginning and go on until you come to the end"
subtype: #high_point the most enjoyable part of a given experience; "the trumpet solo was the high point of the concert"
subtype: #component.part__constituent__factor__ingredient an abstract part of something: "jealousy was a component of his character"; "two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony"; "the grammatical elements of a sentence"; "a key factor in her success"; "humor: an effective ingredient of a speech"
subtype: #mathematical_point__point a geometric element that has position but no extension; "a point is defined by its coordinates"
subtype: #point_of_intersection__intersection__intersection_point a point where lines intersect
subtype: #vertex the point of intersection of lines or the point opposite the base of a figure
subtype: #intercept the point at which a line intersects a coordinate axis
subtype: #whole all of something including all its component elements or parts; "Europe as a whole"; "the whole of American literature"
subtype: #unit.whole a single undivided whole; "an idea is not a unit that can be moved from one brain to another"
subtype: #one a single person or thing; "he is the best one"; "this is the one I ordered"
subtype: #compound a whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts
subtype: #composite__complex a conceptual whole made up of complicated and related parts
subtype: #hybrid a composite of mixed origin; "the vice-presidency is a hybrid of administrative and legislative offices"
subtype: #syndrome.composite a complex of concurrent things; "every word has a syndrome of meanings"
subtype: #natural_law__naturallaw__law a rule or body of rules of conduct inherent in human nature and essential to or binding upon human society
subtype: #divine_law a law that is believed to come directly from God
subtype: #principle.natural_law a basic truth or law or assumption: "the principles of democracy"
subtype: #dictate a guiding principle: "the dictates of reason"
subtype: #fundamentals__basics__fundamental_principle__fundamentalprinciple__basic_principle__basicprinciple__bedrock principles from which other truths can be derived; "first you must learn the fundamentals"; "let's get down to basics"
subtype: #first_rudiment__firstrudiment__rudiment__first_principle__firstprinciple__alphabet__ABC__ABC's__ABCs the elementary stages of any subject (usually plural); "he mastered the rudiments of geometry"
subtype: #logic.principle the principles that guide reasoning within a given field or situation; "economic logic requires it"; "by the logic of war"
subtype: #pleasure_principle__pleasure-pain_principle__pleasure-unpleasure_principle (psychoanalysis) the governing principle of the id; the principle that an infant seeks gratification and fails to distinguish fantasy from reality
subtype: #reality_principle__realityprinciple (psychoanalysis) the governing principle of the ego; the principle that as a child grows it becomes aware of the real environment and the need to accommodate to it
subtype: #conservation.principle (physics) the maintenance of a certain quantities unchanged during chemical reactions or physical transformations
subtype: #conservation_of_charge__conservation_of_electricity the principle that the total electric charge of a system remains constant despite changes inside the system
subtype: #law_of_conservation_of_energy__conservation_of_energy__first_law_of_thermodynamics the fundamental principle of physics that the total energy of an isolated system is constant despite internal changes
subtype: #law_of_conservation_of_mass__lawofconservationofmas__conservationofmas__conservation_of_matter__law_of_conservation_of_matter a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system
subtype: #conservation_of_momentum the principle that the total linear momentum in a closed system is constant and is not affected by processes occurring inside the system
subtype: #conservation_of_parity__parity__space-reflection_symmetry__mirror_symmetry (physics) parity is conserved in a universe in which the laws of physics are the same in a right-handed system of coordinates as in a left-handed system
instance: #Tao
subtype: #sound_law__soundlaw a law describing sound changes in the history of a language
subtype: #Grimm's_law a sound law relating German consonants and consonants in other Indo-European languages
subtype: #Verner's_law a qualification of Grimm's law
subtype: #law_of_nature__law a generalization that describes recurring facts or events in nature: "the laws of thermodynamics"
subtype: #all-or-none_law__allornonelaw (neurophysiology) a nerve impulse resulting from a weak stimulus is just as strong as a nerve impulse resulting from a strong stimulus
subtype: #principle.law_of_nature__rule a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system: "the principle of the conservation of mass"; "the principle of jet propulsion"; "the right-hand rule for inductive fields"
subtype: #Le_Chatelier's_principle__Le_Chatelier's_law__Le_Chatelier_principle__Le_Chatelier-Braun_principle the principle that if any change is imposed on a system that is in equilibrium then the system tends to adjust to a new equilibrium counteracting the change
subtype: #Gresham's_Law (economics) the principle that when two kinds of money having the same denominational value are in circulation the intrinsically more valuable money will be hoarded and the money of lower intrinsic value will circulate more freely until the intrinsically more valuable money is driven out of circulation; bad money drives out good; credited to Sir Thomas Gresham
subtype: #Naegele's_rule rule for calculating an expected delivery date; subtract three months from the first day of the last menstrual period and add seven days to that date
subtype: #Occam's_Razor__Ockham's_Razor__principle_of_parsimony__law_of_parsimony the principle that entities should not be multiplied needlessly; the simplest of two competing theories is to be preferred
subtype: #principle_of_equivalence (physics) the principle that an observer has no way of distinguishing whether his laboratory is in a uniform gravitational field or is in an accelerated frame of reference
subtype: #principle_of_liquid_displacement (hydrostatics) the volume of a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the volume of the displaced fluid
subtype: #Huygens'_principle_of_superposition__principle_of_superposition the displacement of any point due to the superposition of wave systems is equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves at that point; "the principle of superposition is the basis of the wave theory of light"
subtype: #mass-action_principle__mass_action (neurology) the principle that the cortex of the brain operates as a coordinated system with large masses of neural tissue involved in all complex functioning
subtype: #localization_of_function__localisation_of_function__localization_principle__localisation_principle__localization__localisation (neurology) the principle that specific functions have relatively circumscribed locations in the cortex of the brain
subtype: #lateralization__lateralisation__laterality localization of function on either the right or left sides of the brain
subtype: #Archimedes'_principle__law_of_Archimedes (hydrostatics) the apparent loss in weight of a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid
subtype: #Avogadro's_law__Avogadro's_hypothesis the principle that equal volumes of all gases (given the same temperature and pressure) contain equal numbers of molecules
subtype: #Bernoulli's_law__law_of_large_numbers (statistics) law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on the average) have the population statistics
subtype: #Bose-Einstein_statistics (physics) statistical law obeyed by a system of particles whose wave function is not changed when two particles are interchanged (the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply)
subtype: #Boyle's_law__Mariotte's_law the pressure of an ideal gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the volume
subtype: #Coulomb's_Law a fundamental principle of electrostatics; the force of attraction or repulsion between two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them; principle also holds for magnetic poles
subtype: #Dalton's_law_of_partial_pressures__Dalton's_law__law_of_partial_pressures (chemistry and physics) law stating that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture; the pressure of a gas in a mixture equals the pressure it would exert if it occupied the same volume alone at the same temperature
subtype: #distribution_law (chemistry) the total energy in an assembly of molecules is not distributed equally but is distributed around an average value according to a statistical distribution
subtype: #Maxwell-Boltzmann_distribution_law__Boltzmann_distribution_law (physics) a law expressing the distribution of energy among the molecules of a gas in thermal equilibrium
subtype: #equilibrium_law__law_of_chemical_equilibrium (chemistry) the principle that (at chemical equilibrium) in a reversible reaction the ratio of the rate of the forward reaction to the rate of the reverse reaction is a constant for that reaction
subtype: #Fechner's_law__Weber-Fechner_law (psychophysics) the concept that the magnitude of a subjective sensation increases proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity; based on early work by E. H. Weber
subtype: #Fermi-Dirac_statistics (physics) law obeyed by a systems of particles whose wave function changes when two particles are interchanged (the Pauli exclusion principle applies)
subtype: #Gay-Lussac's_law__Charles'_law__law_of_volumes the density of an ideal gas at constant pressure varies inversely with the temperature
subtype: #Henry's_law (chemistry) law formulated by the English chemist William Henry; the amount of a gas that will be absorbed by water increases as the gas pressure increases
subtype: #Hooke's_law (physics) the principle that (within the elastic limit) the stress applied to a solid is proportional to the strain produced
subtype: #Hubble's_law__Hubble_law (astronomy) the generalization that the speed of recession of distant galaxies (the red shift) is proportional to their distance from the observer
subtype: #Kepler's_law_of_planetary_motion__Kepler's_law (astronomy) one of three empirical laws of planetary motion stated by Johannes Kepler
subtype: #Kepler's_first_law a law stating that the orbit of each planet is an ellipse with the sun at one focus of the ellipse
subtype: #Kepler's_second_law__law_of_areas__law_of_equal_areas a law concerning the speed at which planets travel; a line connecting a planet to the sun will sweep out equal areas in equal times; "Kepler's second law means that a planet's orbital speed changes with its distance from the sun"
subtype: #Kepler's_third_law__harmonic_law a law stating that the ratio of the square of the revolutionary period (in years) to the cube of the orbital axis (in astronomical units) is the same for all planets
subtype: #Kirchhoff's_laws (physics) two laws governing electric networks in which steady currents flow: (1) the sum of all the currents at a point is zero; (2) the sum of the voltage gains and drops around any closed circuit is zero
subtype: #law_of_averages a law affirming that in the long run probabilities will determine performance
subtype: #law_of_constant_proportion__law_of_definite_proportions (chemistry) law stating that every pure substance always contains the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight
subtype: #law_of_diminishing_returns a law affirming that to continue after a certain level of performance has been reached will result in a decline in effectiveness
subtype: #law_of_effect (psychology) the principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences; behavior having good consequences tends to be repeated whereas behavior that leads to bad consequences is not repeated
subtype: #law_of_equivalent_proportions__law_of_reciprocal_proportions (chemistry) law stating that the proportions in which two elements separately combine with a third element are also the proportions in which they combine together
subtype: #Newton's_law_of_gravitation__newton'slawofgravitation__law_of_gravitation (physics) the law that states any two bodies attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
subtype: #law_of_multiple_proportions__Dalton's_law (chemistry) law stating that when two elements can combine to form more than one compound the amounts of one of them that combines with a fixed amount of the other will exhibit a simple multiple relation
subtype: #law_of_mass_action (chemistry) the law that states the following principle: the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the molecular concentrations of the reacting substances
subtype: #law_of_thermodynamics (physics) a law governing the relations between states of energy in a closed system
subtype: #second_law_of_thermodynamics a law stating that mechanical work can be derived from a body only when that body interacts with another at a lower temperature; any spontaneous process results in an increase of entropy
subtype: #third_law_of_thermodynamics law stating that the entropy of a substance approaches zero as its temperature approaches absolute zero
subtype: #zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics the law that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body then the first two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with each other
subtype: #law_of_conservation_of_energy__conservation_of_energy__first_law_of_thermodynamics the fundamental principle of physics that the total energy of an isolated system is constant despite internal changes
subtype: #Mendel's_law (genetics) one of two principles of heredity formulated by Gregor Mendel on the basis of his experiments with plants; the principles were limited and modified by subsequent genetic research
subtype: #law_of_segregation members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and are distributed to different gametes so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair
subtype: #law_of_independent_assortment each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random
subtype: #Newton's_law_of_motion__Newton's_law__law_of_motion one of three basic laws of classical mechanics
subtype: #Newton's_first_law_of_motion__first_law_of_motion__Newton's_first_law a body remains at rest or in motion with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force
subtype: #Newton's_second_law_of_motion__second_law_of_motion__Newton's_second_law the rate of change of momentum is proportional to the imposed force and goes in the direction of the force
subtype: #Newton's_third_law_of_motion__third_law_of_motion__Newton's_third_law__law_of_action_and_reaction action and reaction are equal and opposite
subtype: #Ohm's_law electric current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance; I = E/R
subtype: #Pascal's_law_of_fluid_pressures__Pascal's_law pressure applied anywhere to a body of fluid causes a force to be transmitted equally in all directions; the force acts at right angles to any surface in contact with the fluid; "the hydraulic press is an application of Pascal's law"
subtype: #Pauli_exclusion_principle__exclusion_principle no two electrons or protons or neutrons in a given system can be in states characterized by the same set of quantum numbers
subtype: #periodic_law__Mendeleev's_law (chemistry) the principle that chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
subtype: #Planck's_law (physics) the basis of quantum theory; the energy of electromagnetic waves is contained in indivisible quanta that have to be radiated or absorbed as a whole; the magnitude is proportional to frequency where the constant of proportionality is give by Planck's constant
subtype: #Planck's_radiation_law (physics) an equation that expresses the distribution of energy in the radiated spectrum of an ideal black body
subtype: #principle_of_relativity (physics) a universal law that states that the laws of mechanics are not affected by a uniform rectilinear motion of the system of coordinates to which they are referred
subtype: #Weber's_law (psychophysics) the concept that a just-noticeable difference in a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus; "Weber's law explains why you don't notice your headlights are on in the daytime"
subtype: #lexicalized_concept__lexicalizedconcept a concept that is expressed by a word (in some particular language)
subtype: #hypothesis.concept__possibility a tentative theory about the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena; "a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory"; "he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices"
subtype: #theoretical_account__theoreticalaccount__model__framework a simplified description of a complex entity or process; "the computer program was based on a model of the circulatory and respiratory systems"
subtype: #computer_simulation__simulation (computer science) the technique of representing the real world by a computer program; "a simulation should imitate the internal processes and not merely the results of the thing being simulated"
subtype: #mean_sun a theoretical sun that moves along the celestial equator at a constant speed and completes its annual course in the same amount of time the real sun takes at variable speeds
subtype: #Copernican_system Copernicus' astronomical model in which the Earth rotates around the sun
subtype: #Ptolemaic_system Ptolemy's model of the universe with the Earth at the center
subtype: #stochastic_process a statistical process involving a number of random variables depending on a variable parameter (which is usually time)
subtype: #Markov_process__Markoff_process a simple stochastic process in which the distribution of future states depends only on the present state and not on how it arrived in the present state
subtype: #Markov_chain__Markoff_chain a Markov process for which the parameter is discrete time values
subtype: #stationary_stochastic_process a stochastic process in which the distribution of the random variables is the same for any value of the variable parameter
subtype: pm#graph_model
subtype: pm#Conceptual_Graph_model
subtype: pm#RDF_model
subtype: pm#KADS_model
subtype: pm#KADS1_model
subtype: pm#KADS1_layer_of_Model_of_Expertise
subtype: pm#KADS1_inference_layer
subtype: pm#KADS1_task_layer
subtype: pm#KADS1_domain_layer
subtype: pm#KADS1_Model_of_Expertise
subtype: pm#KADS1_model_of_problem_solving_expertise
subtype: pm#KADS1_model_of_communication_expertise
subtype: pm#KADS1_model_of_cooperation_expertise
subtype: pm#KADS1_strategy_layer
subtype: pm#KADS1_Conceptual_Model
subtype: #speculation a hypothesis that has been formed by speculating or conjecturing (usually with little hard evidence); "speculations about the outcome of the election"; "he dismissed it as mere conjecture"
subtype: #supposal__assumption__supposition a hypothesis that is taken for granted; "any society is built upon certain assumptions"
subtype: #conclusion an intuitive assumption; "jump to a conclusion"
subtype: #non_sequitur.conclusion__nonsequitur (logic) a conclusion that does not follow from the premises
subtype: #fundament__basis__basi__base__foundation__groundwork__cornerstone the fundamental assumptions underlying an explanation; "the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture"
subtype: #given__presumption an assumption that is taken for granted
subtype: #basic_assumption__basicassumption__constatation__self-evident_truth an assumption that is basic to an argument
subtype: #fact.concept a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts"
subtype: #theory a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena; "theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypotheses"; "true in fact and theory"
subtype: #reductionism.theory a theory that all complex systems can be completely understood in terms of their components
subtype: #blastogenesis__blastogenesi theory that inherited characteristics are transmitted by germ plasm
subtype: #theory_of_preformation__preformation a theory (popular in the 18th century and now discredited) that an individual develops by simple enlargement of a tiny fully formed organism (a homunculus) that exists in the germ cell
subtype: #scientific_theory a theory that explains scientific observations; "scientific theories must be falsifiable"
subtype: #big-bang_theory__big_bang_theory (cosmology) the theory that the universe originated 20 billion years ago from the cataclysmic explosion of a small mass of matter at extremely high density and temperature
subtype: #nebular_hypothesis the theory that the solar system evolved from a hot gaseous nebula
subtype: #planetesimal_hypothesis the theory that the solar system was formed by the gravitational accumulation of planetesimals
subtype: #Newton's_theory_of_gravitation__theory_of_gravitation__theory_of_gravity__gravitational_theory__gravitationaltheory (physics) the theory that any two particles of matter attract one another with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
subtype: #organicism theory that the total organization of an organism rather than the functioning of individual organs is the determinant of life processes
subtype: #atomic_theory a theory in which matter consists of atoms
subtype: #atomic_theory.scientific_theory__atomictheory a theory of the structure of the atom
subtype: #Bohr_theory (physics) a theory of atomic structure that combined Rutherford's model with the quantum theory; electrons orbiting a nucleus can only be in certain stationary energy states and light is emitted when electrons jump from one energy state to another
subtype: #Rutherford_atom first modern concept of atomic structure; all of the positive charge and most of the mass of the atom are contained in a compact nucleus; a number of electrons (equal to the atomic number) occupy the rest of the volume of the atom and neutralize the positive charge
subtype: #cell_theory (biology) the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms
subtype: #wave_theory_of_light__wave_theory__undulatory_theory the theory that light is transmitted as waves
subtype: #corpuscular_theory_of_light__corpuscular_theory__corpusculartheory the theory that light is transmitted as a stream of particles
subtype: #kinetic_theory_of_gases__kinetictheoryofgase__kinetic_theory__kinetictheory a theory that gases consist of small particles in random movement
subtype: #kinetic_theory_of_heat a theory that the temperature of a body increases when kinetic energy increases
subtype: #Einstein's_theory_of_relativity__relativity__theory_of_relativity__relativity_theory (physics) the theory that space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute concepts
subtype: #general_relativity_theory__general_relativity__generalrelativity__general_theory_of_relativity__Einstein's_general_theory_of_relativity a generalization of special relativity to include gravity (based on the principle of equivalence)
subtype: #special_relativity_theory__special_relativity__specialrelativity__special_theory_of_relativity__Einstein's_special_theory_of_relativity a physical theory of relativity based on the assumption that the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant and the assumption that the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems
subtype: #supersymmetry a theory that tries to link the four fundamental forces; "according to supersymmetry each force emerged separately during the big bang"
subtype: #quantum_theory__quantumtheory a physical theory that certain properties occur only in discrete amounts (quanta)
subtype: #uncertainty_principle__uncertaintyprinciple__indeterminacy_principle__indeterminacyprinciple the theory that it is impossible to measure both energy and time (or position and momentum) completely accurately at the same time
subtype: #germ_theory the theory that all contagious diseases are caused by microorganisms
subtype: #information_theory__informationtheory a statistical theory dealing with the limits and efficiency of information processing
subtype: #Arrhenius_theory_of_dissociation__theory_of_dissociation__theory_of_electrolytic_dissociation (chemistry) theory that describes aqueous solutions in terms of acids (which dissociate to give hydrogen ions) and bases (which dissociate to give hydroxyl ions); the product of an acid and a base is a salt and water
subtype: #theory_of_evolution__theory_of_organic_evolution (biology) a scientific theory of the origin of species of plants and animals
subtype: #Darwinism a theory of organic evolution claiming that new species arise and are perpetuated by natural selection
subtype: #Neo-Darwinism a modern Darwinian theory that explains new species in terms of genetic mutations
subtype: #Lamarckism a theory of organic evolution claiming that acquired characteristics are transmitted to offspring
subtype: #Neo-Lamarckism a modern Lamarckian theory emphasizing the importance of environmental factors in genetic changes and retaining the notion of the inheritance of acquired characters
subtype: #Ostwald's_theory_of_indicators__theory_of_indicators (chemistry) the theory that all indicators are either weak acids or weak bases in which the color of the ionized form is different from the color before dissociation
subtype: #theory_of_inheritance a theory of how characteristics of one generation are derived from earlier generations
subtype: #Mendelism__Mendelianism the theory of inheritance based on Mendel's laws
subtype: #game_theory__theory_of_games a theory of competition stated in terms of gains and losses among opposing players
subtype: #economic_theory (economics) a theory of commercial activities (such as the production and consumption of goods)
subtype: #consumerism.economic_theory the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically beneficial
subtype: #Keynesianism the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes who advocated government monetary and fiscal programs intended to stimulate business activity and increase employment
subtype: #liberalism.economic_theory an economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard
subtype: #Malthusianism__Malthusian_theory Malthus' theory that population increase would outpace increases in the means of subsistence
subtype: #monetarism an economic theory holding that variations in unemployment and the rate of inflation are usually caused by changes in the supply of money
subtype: #structural_sociology__structuralism a sociological theory based on the premise that society comes before individuals
subtype: #structural_anthropology__structuralism an anthropological theory that there are unobservable social structures that generate observable social phenomena
subtype: #linguistic_rule__rule a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice
subtype: #grammatical_rule__grammaticalrule__ruleofgrammar a linguistic rule for the syntax of grammatical utterances
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