#communication  something that is communicated between people or groups
  supertype:  description_content/medium/container (pm)  social_relation
  subtype:  transmission  communication by means of transmitted signals
     subtype:  imparting__conveyance__impartation  the transmission of information
        subtype:  giving.imparting  the imparting of news or promises etc.; "he gave us the news and made a great show of the giving"; "giving his word of honor seemed to come too easily"
     subtype:  public_exposure__dissemination__airing__circulation__spreading  the opening of a subject to public discussion and debate
        subtype:  propagation.public_exposure__extension  the spreading of something (a belief or practice) into new regions
     subtype:  transmission_channel__channel  a path over which electrical signals can pass
     subtype:  channels  official routes of communication; "you have to go through channels"
     subtype:  mass_media__media  transmissions that are disseminated widely to the public
        subtype:  broadcast_media__broadcastmedia__broadcasting  a medium that disseminates via telecommunications
     subtype:  electronic_communication  communication by computer
        subtype:  digital_communication__digitalcommunication__data_communication  electronic transmission of information that has been encoded digitally (as for storage and processing by computers)
           subtype:  asynchronous_transfer_mode__ATM  a means of digital communications that is capable of very high speeds; suitable for transmission of images or voice or video as well as data; "ATM is used for both LAN and WAN"
        subtype:  electronic_mail__e-mail__email__email  (computer science) a system of world-wide electronic communication in which a computer user can compose a message at one terminal that is generated at the recipient's terminal when he logs in
        subtype:  command_prompt__commandprompt__prompt  (computer science) a symbol that appears on the computer screen to indicate that the computer is ready to receive a command
     subtype:  fiber_optics__fiberoptics__fibre_optics__fibreoptics  the transmission of light signals via glass fibers
     subtype:  modulation  (electronics) the transmission of a signal by imposing it on a carrier wave by changing the carrier's amplitude or frequency or phase
        subtype:  amplitude_modulation__amplitudemodulation__AM  modulation of the amplitude of the (radio) carrier wave
        subtype:  frequency_modulation__frequencymodulation__FM  modulation of the frequency of the (radio) carrier wave
        subtype:  phase_modulation__phasemodulation__PM  modulation of the phase of the carrier wave
        subtype:  pulse_modulation__pulsemodulation  modulation that imposes a signal on a train of pulses
           subtype:  pulse-time_modulation  modulation of the time between successive pulses
     subtype:  uplink  a transmission from Earth to a spacecraft or the path of such a transmission
  subtype:  message  a communication (usually brief) that is written or spoken or signaled; "he sent a three-word message"
     subtype:  broadcast  message that is transmitted by radio or television
        subtype:  radio_broadcast__radiobroadcast  a broadcast via radio
        subtype:  simulcast  a broadcast that is carried simultaneously by radio and television (or by FM and AM radio)
        subtype:  telecast  a television broadcast
     subtype:  cipher__cypher  a message written in a secret code
     subtype:  heliogram  a message transmitted by means of the sun's rays
     subtype:  mail  the bags of letters and packages that are transported by the postal service
        subtype:  1st_class__1stclas__first_class__firstclas__first-class_mail__firstclassmail__1st-class_mail__1stclassmail__priority_mail  mail that includes letters and postcards and packages sealed against inspection
           subtype:  correspondence.1st_class__correspondence  communication by exchange of letters
        subtype:  express_mail__expressmail__express__expres  mail that is distributed by a rapid and efficient system
           subtype:  pony_express  express mail carried by relays of riders on horseback; especially between Missouri and California around 1860
        subtype:  parcel_post  postal service that handles packages
        subtype:  bulk_mail  mail consisting of large numbers of identical items (circulars or advertisements) sent to individual addresses at less than 1st-class rates
        subtype:  third-class_mail__thirdclassmail__third_class  mail consisting of printed matter qualifying for reduced postal rates
           subtype:  junk_mail  third-class mail consisting of advertising and often addressed to `resident' or `occupant'
        subtype:  airmail  letters and packages that are transported by aircraft
        subtype:  air_mail__airmail  mail that is sent by air transport
        subtype:  surface_mail__surfacemail  mail that is sent by land or sea
        subtype:  registered_mail__registered_post  mail that is registered by the post office when sent in order to assure safe delivery
        subtype:  special_delivery__specialdelivery  mail that is delivered by a special carrier (for an additional charge)
     subtype:  phone_message__phonemessage__telephone_message__telephonemessage  a message transmitted by telephone
     subtype:  radiogram  a message transmitted by wireless telegraphy
     subtype:  dedication.message__inscription  a short message (as in a book or musical work or on a photograph) dedicating it to someone or something
     subtype:  telegram__wire  a message transmitted by telegraph
        subtype:  cablegram__cable__overseas_telegram  a telegram sent abroad
        subtype:  letter_telegram__lettertelegram  a cheaper form of telegram that is sent abroad for delivery the next day
        subtype:  night_letter__nightletter  a cheaper form of telegram sent for delivery the next day
     subtype:  packet.message  (computer science) a message or message fragment
  subtype:  linguistic_communication__language  a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols; "he taught foreign languages"; "the language introduced is standard throughout the text"; "the speed with which a program can be executed depends on the language in which it is written"
     subtype:  words.linguistic_communication__word  language that is spoken or written; "he has a gift for words"; "she put her thoughts into words"
     subtype:  source_language  a language that is to be translated into another language
        subtype:  application-oriented_language__problem-oriented_language  a language whose statements resemble terminology of the user
           subtype:  high-level_language  a problem-oriented language requiring little knowledge of the computer on which it will be run
           subtype:  job-control_language__jobcontrollanguage  a problem-oriented language used to describe job requirements to an operating system
        subtype:  command_language__commandlanguage__query_language__querylanguage__search_language  a source language consisting of procedural operators that invoke functions to be executed
     subtype:  object_language__target_language  the language into which a text written in another language is to be translated
     subtype:  sign_language__signing  language expressed by visible hand gestures
        subtype:  fingerspelling  an alphabet of manual signs
        subtype:  ASL__American_sign_language  the sign language used in the United States
     subtype:  artificial_language  a language that is deliberately created for a specific purpose
        subtype:  Antido  an artificial language related to Ido
        subtype:  Arulo  an artificial language intended for international use as an auxiliary language
        subtype:  Basic_English  a simplified form of English proposed for use as an auxiliary language for international communication; devised by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards
        subtype:  Blaia_Zimondal  an artificial language
        subtype:  Esperantido  an artificial language based on Esperanto and Ido
        subtype:  Esperanto  an artificial language based as far as possible on words common to all the European languages
        subtype:  Europan  an artificial language proposed as an auxiliary European language
        subtype:  Idiom_Neutral  an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on Volapuk but with a vocabulary selected on the basis of the maximum internationality of the roots
        subtype:  Interlingua  an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on words common to English and the Romance language
        subtype:  Ido  an artificial language that is a revision and simplification of Esperanto
        subtype:  Latinesce  an artificial language based on Latin
        subtype:  Latino  an artificial language based on words common to the Romance languages
           subtype:  Latino_sine_flexione  Latino without inflectional morphology
        subtype:  Lingualumina  an artificial language
        subtype:  Lingvo_Kosmopolita  an artificial language
        subtype:  Monario  an artificial language
        subtype:  Nov-Esperanto  an artificial language based on Esperanto
        subtype:  Novial  an artificial language
        subtype:  Nov-Latin  an artificial language based on Latin
        subtype:  Occidental.artificial_language__occidental  an artificial language
        subtype:  Optez  an artificial language
        subtype:  Pasigraphy  an artificial international language using characters (as mathematical symbols) instead of words to express ideas
        subtype:  Ro  an artificial language for international use that rejects rejects all existing words and is based instead on an abstract analysis of ideas
        subtype:  Romanal  an artificial language
        subtype:  Solresol  an artificial language
        subtype:  Volapuk  one of the first artificial language constructed for use as an auxiliary international language; based largely on English but with some German and French and Latin roots
        subtype:  programming_language__programminglanguage__programing_language  (computer science) a language designed for programming computers
           subtype:  algorithmic_language__algorithmiclanguage  an artificial language designed to express algorithms
              subtype:  algebraic_language__algebraiclanguage  an algorithmic language having statements that resemble algebraic expressions
                 subtype:  ALGOL  ALGOrithmic Language; a programming language used to express computer programs as algorithms
                 subtype:  FORTRAN  FORmula TRANslation; high-level programing language for mathematical and scientific purposes
              subtype:  procedural_language
                 subtype:  procedural_compiled_language
                    subtype:  Java_language__Java  a simple platform-independent object-oriented programming language used for writing applets that are downloaded from the World Wide Web by a client and run on the client's machine
                       subtype:  Java_1.0
                       subtype:  Java_2.0
                    subtype:  COBOL  COmmon Business Oriented Language
                    subtype:  C  a general-purpose programing language closely associated with the UNIX operating system
                    subtype:  Pascal  a programing language designed to teach programming through a top-down modular approach
                 subtype:  procedural_scripting_language
                    subtype:  procedural_Web-scripting_language
                       subtype:  Javascript
                          subtype:  Javascript_1.0
                          subtype:  Javascript_2.0
                    subtype:  LISP__list-processing_language  a flexible procedure-oriented programing language that manipulates symbols in the form of lists
                    subtype:  BASIC  a popular programming language that is relatively easy to learn (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code); no longer in general use
              subtype:  C++
              subtype:  ADA
           subtype:  assembly_language  a low-level programing language; close approximation to machine language
           subtype:  computer_language__computer-oriented_language__machine_language__machinelanguage__machine-oriented_language  a programming language designed for use on a specific class of computers
           subtype:  multidimensional_language  a programming language whose expressions are assembled in more than one dimension
              subtype:  decision_table  a table or matrix of all contingencies and the actions to be taken for each
              subtype:  flow_chart__flow_diagram  a diagram of the sequence of operations in a computer program
              subtype:  logic_diagram__logicdiagram__logical_diagram__logicaldiagram  a graphical representation of a program using formal logic
           subtype:  target_language__object_language  a computer language into which something written in another computer language is to be translated
           subtype:  object-oriented_programming_language__object-oriented_programing_language  (computer science) a programming language that enables the programmer to associate a set of procedures with each type of data structure; "C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is an extension of C"
              subtype:  Java_language__Java  a simple platform-independent object-oriented programming language used for writing applets that are downloaded from the World Wide Web by a client and run on the client's machine
           subtype:  one-dimensional_language__onedimensionallanguage  a programming language whose expressions are represented by strings of characters
           subtype:  stratified_language  a language that cannot be used as its own metalanguage
           subtype:  unstratified_language  a programming language that (like natural language) can be used as its own metalanguage
           subtype:  Prolog__logic_programing__logicprograming__logic_programming__logicprogramming  a computer language designed in Europe to support natural language processing
           subtype:  declarative_language__declarativelanguage
              subtype:  rule_based_language
                 subtype:  purely_declarative_rule_based_language  rule-based language without implicit instructions, e.g., the order between the rules is not important
              subtype:  file_formatting_language
              subtype:  declarative_Web-scripting_language
                 subtype:  style_sheet_language__stylesheetlanguage
           subtype:  Web-scripting_language__language_interpreted_by_Web_browsers
              subtype:  procedural_Web-scripting_language
              subtype:  declarative_Web-scripting_language
        subtype:  pidgin  an artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages
           subtype:  Chinook_Jargon__Oregon_Jargon  a pidgin incorporating Chinook and French and English words; formerly used as a lingua franca in northwestern North America
     subtype:  metalanguage  a language that can be used to describe languages
        subtype:  syntax_language__syntaxlanguage  a language used to describe the syntax of another language
     subtype:  natural_language__naturallanguage__tongue  a human written or spoken language used by a community; opposed to e.g. a computer language
        subtype:  interlanguage__interlingua  a language used for international communication
           subtype:  lingua_franca__koine  a common language used by speakers of different languages
        subtype:  mother_tongue__maternal_language__first_language__firstlanguage  one's native language; the language learned by children and passed from one generation to the next
        subtype:  tone_language__tonal_language__tonallanguage  a language in which different tones distinguish different meanings
           subtype:  contour_language__contourlanguage  a tone language that uses pitch changes
           subtype:  register_language  a tone language that uses different voice registers
        subtype:  creole  a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages
        subtype:  Amerind__Amerindian_language__American-Indian_language__American_Indian__Indian  any of the languages spoken by Amerindians
           subtype:  Algonquian_language__Algonquian__Algonquin  family of North American Indian languages spoken from Labrador to South Carolina and west to the Great Plains
              subtype:  Abnaki  the Algonquian language spoken by the Abnaki and Penobscot peoples
              subtype:  Algonkian__Algonkin  the Algonquian language spoken by the Algonkian people
              subtype:  Arapaho__Arapahoe  the Algonquian language spoken by the Arapaho people
              subtype:  Blackfoot  any of the Algonquian languages spoken by the Blackfoot people
              subtype:  Cheyenne  the Algonquian language spoken by the Cheyenne people
              subtype:  Cree  the Algonquian language spoken by the Cree people
              subtype:  Delaware.Algonquian_language__delaware  the Algonquian language spoken by the Delaware people
              subtype:  Fox  the Algonquian language of the Fox people
              subtype:  Illinois.Algonquian_language__illinoi  the Algonquian language of the Illinois and Miami peoples
              subtype:  Kickapoo  the Algonquian language of the Kickapoo people
              subtype:  Maleseet__Malecite  the Algonquian language of the Malecite and Passamaquody peoples
              subtype:  Massachuset__Massachusetts  the Algonquian language of the Massachuset people
              subtype:  Menomini  the Algonquian language spoken by the Menomini people
              subtype:  Micmac  the Algonquian language of the Micmac people
              subtype:  Mohican__Mahican  the Algonquian language spoken by the Mohican people
              subtype:  Nanticoke  the Algonquian language spoken by the Nanticoke and Conoy people
              subtype:  Ojibwa__Ojibway__Chippewa  the Algonquian language spoken by the Ojibwa people
              subtype:  Pamlico  the Algonquian language of the Pamlico people
              subtype:  Potawatomi  the Algonquian language spoken by the Potawatomi people
              subtype:  Powhatan  the Algonquian language of the Powhatan people
              subtype:  Shawnee  the Algonquian language spoken by the Shawnee people
           subtype:  Atakapan__Atakapa__Attacapa__Attacapan  a language spoken by the Atakapa people of the Gulf coast of Louisiana and Texas
           subtype:  Athapaskan_language__Athapaskan__Athapascan__Athabaskan__Athabascan  a group of Amerindian languages (the name coined by an American anthropologist, Edward Sapir)
              subtype:  Apache.Athapaskan_language__apache  the language of the Apache people
                 subtype:  Chiricahua_Apache  an Apache language
                 subtype:  San_Carlos_Apache  an Apache language
              subtype:  Navaho__Navajo  the Athapaskan language spoken by the Navaho people
              subtype:  Hupa  the Athapaskan language spoken by the Hupa people
              subtype:  Mattole  the Athapaskan language spoken by the Mattole people
              subtype:  Chippewyan__Chipewyan__Chippewaian  the language spoken by the Chipewyan people
           subtype:  Muskhogean_language__Muskhogean__Muskogean__Muskogean_language  a family of North American Indian languages spoken in the southeastern United States
              subtype:  Alabama.Muskhogean_language__alabama  the Muskhogean language of the Alabama people
              subtype:  Chickasaw  the Muskhogean language of the Chickasaw people
              subtype:  Chahta__Choctaw  the Muskhogean language of the Choctaw people
              subtype:  Hitchiti  the Muskhogean language spoken by the Hitchiti people
              subtype:  Koasati  the Muskhogean language spoken by the Koasati people
              subtype:  Muskogee  the Muskhogean language spoken by the Muskogee people
              subtype:  Seminole  the Muskhogean language of the Seminole people
           subtype:  Na-Dene  a family of North American Indian languages
              subtype:  Haida  the Na-Dene language of the Haida people
              subtype:  Tlingit  the Na-Dene language spoken by the Tlingit people
           subtype:  Mosan  a family of Amerindian languages spoken in Washington and British Columbia
              subtype:  Chemakuan  a group of Mosan languages spoken in Washington
                 subtype:  Chemakum  a Chemakuan language spoken by the Chemakum people
              subtype:  Salishan__Salish  a family of Mosan language spoken in northwestern United States and western Canada
                 subtype:  Skagit  a Salishan dialect spoken by the Skagit people
              subtype:  Wakashan_language__Wakashan  a family of North American Indian languages of British Columbia and Washington
                 subtype:  Kwakiutl  a Wakashan language spoken by the Kwakiutl people
                 subtype:  Nootka  a Wakashan language spoken by the Nootka people
           subtype:  Caddoan__Caddo__Caddoan_language  a family of North American Indian languages spoken widely in the midwest by Caddo peoples
              subtype:  Arikara__Aricara  the Caddoan language spoken by the Arikara people
              subtype:  Pawnee  the Caddoan language spoken by the Pawnee people
              subtype:  Wichita  the Caddoan language spoken by the Wichita people
           subtype:  Iroquoian_language__Iroquoian__Iroquois  a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Iroquois peoples
              subtype:  Cherokee  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people
              subtype:  Cayuga  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cayuga people
              subtype:  Mohawk  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Mohawk people
              subtype:  Seneca  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Seneca people
              subtype:  Oneida  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Oneida people
              subtype:  Onondaga  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Onondaga people
              subtype:  Tuscarora  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Tuscarora people
           subtype:  Quechuan__Quechua__Quechuan_language__Kechua__Kechuan  the language of the Quechua which was spoken by the Incas
           subtype:  Maracan_language__Maraco  the language spoken by the Maraco people
           subtype:  Tupi-Guarani_language__Tupi-Guarani  a family of South American Indian languages
              subtype:  Guarani  the language spoken by the Guarani people of Paraguay and Bolivia
              subtype:  Tupi  the language spoken by the Tupi people of Brazil and Paraguay
           subtype:  Arawak__Arawakan  a family of South American Indian languages spoken in northeastern South America
           subtype:  Carib__Caribbean_language  the family of languages spoken by the Carib people
           subtype:  Uto-Aztecan_language__Uto-Aztecan  a family of American Indian languages
              subtype:  Shoshonean_language__Shoshonean__Shoshonian__Shoshonian_language  a subfamily of Uto-Aztecan languages spoken mainly in the southwestern United States
                 subtype:  Shoshone  the language spoken by the Shoshone people (belonging to the Uto-Aztecan family)
                 subtype:  Comanche  the Shoshonean language spoken by the Comanche people
                 subtype:  Hopi  the Shoshonean language spoken by the Hopi people
                 subtype:  Paiute  the Shoshonean language spoken by the Paiute people
                 subtype:  Ute  the Shoshonean language spoken by the Ute people
              subtype:  Pima  the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Pima people
              subtype:  Aztecan  the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Aztec people
              subtype:  Nahuatl  the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Nahuatl people
              subtype:  Cahita  the Uto-Aztecan language of the Cahita people
              subtype:  Tatahumara  the Uto-Aztecan language of the Tatahumara people
           subtype:  Mayan_language__Maya__Mayan  a family of American Indian languages spoken by Mayan peoples
              subtype:  Kekchi  a Mayan language spoken by the Kekchi people
              subtype:  Mam  a Mayan language spoken by the Mam people
              subtype:  Yucatec__Yucateco  a Mayan language spoken by the Yucatec people
              subtype:  Quiche  the Mayan language spoken by the Quiche people
              subtype:  Cakchiquel  the Mayan language spoken by the Cakchiquel people
           subtype:  Siouan_language__Siouan  a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Sioux
              subtype:  Biloxi  the Siouan language spoken by the Biloxi people
              subtype:  Catawba  the Siouan language spoken by the Catawba people
              subtype:  Chiwere  the Siouan language spoken by the Iowa and Oto and Missouri people
                 subtype:  Iowa.Chiwere__iowa__Ioway  a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Iowa people
                 subtype:  Missouri.Chiwere__missouri  a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Missouri people
                 subtype:  Oto__oto__Otoe  a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Oto people
              subtype:  Crow  a Siouan language spoken by the Crow people
              subtype:  Dakota  the Siouan language spoken by the Dakota people
              subtype:  Dhegiha  a branch of the Siouan languages
                 subtype:  Kansa__Kansas  the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Kansa people
                 subtype:  Omaha  the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Omaha people
                 subtype:  Osage  the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Osage people
                 subtype:  Ponca__Ponka  the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Ponca people
                 subtype:  Quapaw  the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Quapaw people
              subtype:  Hidatsa__Gros_Ventre  a Siouan language spoken by the Hidatsa people
              subtype:  Hunkpapa  a Siouan language spoken by the Hunkpapa people
              subtype:  Ofo  a Siouan language spoken by the Ofo people
              subtype:  Oglala__Ogalala  a Siouan language spoken by the Oglala people
              subtype:  Santee  the Siouan language spoken by the Santee people
              subtype:  Tutelo  the Siouan language spoken by the Tutelo people
              subtype:  Winnebago  the Siouan language spoken by the Winnebago people
           subtype:  Tanoan_language__Tanoan  a family of North American Indian language spoken in southwestern United States
              subtype:  Kiowa  the Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa people
           subtype:  Hoka__Hokan  a family of Amerindian languages spoken in California
              subtype:  Chimariko  the Hokan language spoken by the Chimariko people
              subtype:  Esselen  the Hokan language spoken by the Esselen people
              subtype:  Kulanapan  a group of languages of the Hokan family
                 subtype:  Pomo  the Kulanapan language spoken by the Pomo
              subtype:  Quoratean  a group of languages of the Hokan family
                 subtype:  Karok  the Quoratean language of the Karok people
              subtype:  Shastan  a group of languages of the Hokan family in California
                 subtype:  Achomawi  the Shastan language spoken by the Achomawi people
                 subtype:  Atsugewi  the Shastan language spoken by the Atsugewi people
                 subtype:  Shasta  the Shastan language spoken by the Shasta people
              subtype:  Yuman  a group of language of the Hokan family in Arizona and California and Mexico
                 subtype:  Akwa'ala  the Yuman language spoken by the Akwa'ala people
                 subtype:  Cochimi  the Yuman language spoken by the Cochimi people
                 subtype:  Cocopa__Cocopah  the Yuman language spoken by the Cocopa people
                 subtype:  Diegueno  the Yuman language spoken by the Diegueno people
                 subtype:  Havasupai  the Yuman language spoken by the Havasupai people
                 subtype:  Kamia  the Yuman language spoken by the Kamia people
                 subtype:  Kiliwa__Kiliwi  the Yuman language spoken by the Kiliwa people
                 subtype:  Maricopa  the Yuman language spoken by the Maricopa and the Halchidhoma peoples
                 subtype:  Mohave__Mojave  the Yuman language spoken by the Mohave people
                 subtype:  Walapai__Hualapai__Hualpai  the Yuman language spoken by the Walapai people
                 subtype:  Yavapai  the Yuman language spoken by the Yavapai people
                 subtype:  Yuma  the Yuman language spoken by the Yuma people
              subtype:  Yanan  a language group of the Hokan family
                 subtype:  Yahi  the Yanan language spoken by the Yahi people
                 subtype:  Yana  the Yanan language spoken by the Yana people
           subtype:  Penutian  a family of Amerindian language spoken in the great interior valley of California
              subtype:  Copehan  a group of Penutian languages spoken to the west of the Sacramento river
                 subtype:  Patwin  a Copehan language spoken by the Patwin people
                 subtype:  Wintun  a Copehan language spoken by the Wintun people
              subtype:  Costanoan  a Penutian language spoken by the Costanoan people
              subtype:  Mariposan__Yokuts  a Penutian language spoken by the Yokuts people in the San Joaquin valley
              subtype:  Moquelumnan__Miwok  a Penutian language spoken by the Miwok people
              subtype:  Pujunan__Maidu  a Penutian language spoken by the Maidu people
              subtype:  Chinookan__Chinook  a Penutian language spoken by the Chinook people
              subtype:  Kalapooian__Kalapuyan  a Penutian language spoken by the Kalapuya people
              subtype:  Kusan  a Penutian language spoken by the Kusan people
              subtype:  Shahaptian__Sahaptin  a Penutian language spoken by the Shahaptian people
                 subtype:  Nez_Perce  the Shahaptian language spoken by the Nez Perce people
              subtype:  Takilman__Takelma  a Penutian language spoken by the Takelma people
              subtype:  Tsimshian  a Penutian language spoken by the Tsimshian people
        subtype:  Eskimo-Aleut_language__Eskimo-Aleut  the family of languages that includes Eskimo and Aleut
           subtype:  Eskimo__Esquimau  the language spoken by the Eskimo people
           subtype:  Aleut  the language spoken by the Aleut people
        subtype:  Sino-Tibetan_language__Sino-Tibetan  the family of tonal languages spoken in eastern Asia (in China and Tibet and Burma and Thai)
           subtype:  Sinitic_language__Sinitic  a group of Sino-Tibetan languages
              subtype:  Chinese  any of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in China (regarded as dialects of a single language (even though they are mutually unintelligible) because they share an ideographic writing system)
                 subtype:  Mandarin_Chinese__Mandarin__Mandarin_dialect__Beijing_dialect  the dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of China
                 subtype:  Wu_dialect__Wu__Shanghai_dialect  a dialect of Chinese spoken in the Yangtze delta
                 subtype:  Yue_dialect__Yue__Cantonese__Cantonese_dialect  the dialect of Chinese spoken in Canton and neighboring provinces and in Hong Kong and elsewhere outside China
                 subtype:  Min_dialect__Min__Fukien__Fukkianese__Hokkianese__Amoy__Taiwanese  any of the forms of Chinese spoken in Fukien province
                 subtype:  Hakka_dialect__Hakka  a dialect of Chinese spoken in southeastern China; this form of Chinese is not well known outside China because few of the Hakka people have migrated
           subtype:  Tibeto-Burman_language__Tibeto-Burman  a branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages spoken from Tibet to the Malay peninsula
              subtype:  Qiang__Qiangic  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Sichuan
              subtype:  Bai__Baic  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Dali region of Yunnan
              subtype:  Himalayish  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Tibet and Nepal and Bhutan and Sikkim
                 subtype:  Tibetan  Himalayish language spoken in Tibet
                 subtype:  Newari  Himalayish language spoken in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal
              subtype:  Kamarupan  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northeastern India and adjacent regions of western Burma
                 subtype:  Kuki-Chin__Kuki__Chin  Kamarupan languages spoken in western Burma and Bangladesh and easternmost India
                 subtype:  Naga  Kamarupan languages spoken in northeastern India and western Burma
                 subtype:  Mikir-Meithei  Kamarupan languages spoken in the states of Manipur and Assam in northeastern India
                 subtype:  Bodo-Garo__Barish  Kamarupan languages spoken in the state of Assam in northeastern India
                 subtype:  Miri__Mirish__Abor__Dafla  little known Kamarupan languages
              subtype:  Karen__Karenic  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Thailand and Burmese borderlands
              subtype:  Lolo-Burmese__Burmese-Yi  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northern Burma and Yunnan
                 subtype:  Burmese  the official language of Burma
                 subtype:  Loloish  languages spoken by hill tribes in northern Burma and neighboring areas
                    subtype:  Lisu  a Loloish language
                    subtype:  Hani__Akha  a Loloish language
                    subtype:  Lahu  a Loloish language
                    subtype:  Lolo__Yi  a Loloish language
              subtype:  Kachin__Kachinic  Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in northernmost Burma and adjacent China and India
                 subtype:  Jinghpo__Jinghpaw__Chingpo  a Kachinic language
           subtype:  Kadai_language__Kadai__Kam-Tai  a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in southeastern Asia
              subtype:  Kam-Sui  a group of Kadai languages
              subtype:  Tai  the most widespread and best known of the Kadai family of languages
                 subtype:  White_Tai  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Red_Tai  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Tai_Dam__Black_Tai  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Tai_Nuea__Chinese_Shan__Dehong_Dai  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Tai_Long__Shan  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Tai_Lue__Xishuangbanna_Dai__xishuangbannadai  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Tai_Yuan__Kam_Muang  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Khuen  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Lao  the Tai language of a Buddhist people living in the area of the Mekong River in Thailand and Laos
                 subtype:  Khamti  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Southern_Tai  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Tay  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Nung  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Tho  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Central_Thai__Thai__Siamese  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Bouyei__Buyi  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Zhuang  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Yay  a branch of the Tai languages
                 subtype:  Saek  a branch of the Tai languages
        subtype:  Austro-Asiatic__Munda-Mon-Khmer  a family of languages spoken in southn and southeastern Asia
           subtype:  Munda  a family of languages spoken by people scattered throughout central India
           subtype:  Mon-Khmer  a branch of the Austro-Asiatic languages
              subtype:  Annamite__Vietnamese__Annamese  the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Vietnam
              subtype:  Khmer  the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Cambodia
        subtype:  Austronesian_language__Austronesian  the family of languages spoken in Australia and Formosa and Malaysia and Polynesia
           subtype:  Malayo-Polynesian  the branch of the Austronesian languages spoken from Madagascar to the central Pacific
              subtype:  Oceanic__Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian  an eastern subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages
                 subtype:  Tahitian  the Oceanic language spoken on Tahiti
                 subtype:  Maori  the Oceanic language spoken by the Maori people in New Zealand
                 subtype:  Hawaiian  the Oceanic languages spoken on Hawaii
                 subtype:  Fijian  the Oceanic language spoken on Fiji
              subtype:  Western_Malayo-Polynesian  a western subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages
                 subtype:  Malay  a western subfamily of Western Malayo-Polynesian languages
                    subtype:  Bahasa_Malaysia__Malaysian__Bahasa_Melayu__Bahasa_Kebangsaan  the Malay language spoken in Malaysia
                    subtype:  Bahasa_Indonesia__Indonesian__Bahasa  the dialect of Malay used as the national language of the Republic of Indonesia or of Malaysia
                       subtype:  Javanese  the Indonesian language spoken on Java
                       subtype:  Sundanese  the Indonesian language spoken in the Lesser Sunda Islands
                       subtype:  Balinese  the Indonesian language of the people of Bali
                 subtype:  Philippine__Filipino  official language of the Philippines; based on Tagalog; draws its lexicon from other Philippine languages
                    subtype:  Tagalog  language of the Tagalog people on which Filipino is based
                    subtype:  Cebuano__Cebuan  language of the people of Cebu in the Philippines; its lexicon contributes to the official language of the Philippines
           subtype:  Aboriginal_Australian__Australian  the Austronesian languages spoken by Australian aborigines
              subtype:  Dyirbal__Jirrbal  a language of Australian aborigines
              subtype:  Walbiri__Warlpiri  a language of Australian aborigines
           subtype:  Formosan  the Austronesian languages spoken on Formosa
              subtype:  Tayalic__Atayalic  a language spoken by a Malaysian people on Formosa
              subtype:  Tsouic  a Formosan language
              subtype:  Paiwanic  a Formosan language
        subtype:  Papuan_language__Papuan  any of the indigenous languages spoken in Papua New Guinea or New Britain or the Solomon Islands that are not Malayo-Polynesian languages
        subtype:  Khoisan_language__Khoisan  a family of languages spoken in southern Africa
           subtype:  Khoikhoin__Khoikhoi__Hottentot  any of the Khoisan languages spoken by the pastoral people of Namibia and South Africa
        subtype:  Indo-European_language__Indo-European__Indo-Hittite  the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia
           subtype:  Proto-Indo_European__PIE  a prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Indo-European languages
           subtype:  Albanian  the Indo-European language spoken by the people of Albania
              subtype:  Gheg_dialect__Gheg  the dialect of Albanian spoken in northern Albania and Yugoslavia
              subtype:  Tosk_dialect__Tosk  the dialect of Albanian spoken in southern Albania and in areas of Greece and Italy
           subtype:  Armenian_language__Armenian  the Indo-European language spoken predominantly in Armenia
           subtype:  Illyrian  a minor and almost extinct branch of the Indo-European languages; spoken along the Dalmatian coast
           subtype:  Thraco-Phrygian  an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family thought by some to be related to Armenian
              subtype:  Thracian  a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient people of Thrace but extinct by the early Middle Ages
              subtype:  Phrygian  a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Phrygia and now extinct--preserved only in a few inscriptions
           subtype:  Balto-Slavic_language__Balto-Slavic__Balto-Slavonic  a family of Indo-European languages including the Slavic and Baltic languages
              subtype:  Slavic_language__Slavic__Slavonic__Slavonic_language  a branch of the Indo European family of language
                 subtype:  Old_Church_Slavonic__Old_Church_Slavic__Church_Slavic__Old_Bulgarian  the Slavic language into which the Bible was translated in the 9th Century
                 subtype:  Russian.Slavic_language__russian  the Slavic language that is the official language of Russia
                 subtype:  Belarusian__Byelorussian  the Slavic language spoken in Belarus
                 subtype:  Ukrainian  the Slavic language spoken in the Ukraine
                 subtype:  Polish  the Slavic language of Poland
                 subtype:  Slovak  the Slavic language spoken in Slovakia
                 subtype:  Czech  the Slavic language of the Czech people
                 subtype:  Slovene  the Slavic language of the Slovene people
                 subtype:  Serbo-Croat__Serbo-Croatian  the Slavic language of the Serbs and Croats; the Serbian dialect is usually written in the Cyrillic alphabet and the Croatian dialect is usually written in the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  Lusatian__Sorbian  aa slavonic language spoken in rural area of southeastern Germany
                 subtype:  Macedonian.Slavic_language__macedonian  the Slavic language of modern Macedonia
                 subtype:  Bulgarian  a Slavic language spoken in Bulgaria
              subtype:  Baltic_language__Baltic  a branch of the Indo-European family of languages related to the Slavonic languages; Baltic languages have preserved many archaic features that are believed to have existed in Proto-Indo European
                 subtype:  Old_Prussian  a dead language of the non-German Prussians (extinct after 1700); thought to belong to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
                 subtype:  Lithuanian  the official language of Lithuania; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo European
                 subtype:  Lettish__Latvian  the official language of Latvia; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
           subtype:  Germanic_language__Germanic  a branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken currently fall into two major groups: Scandinavian and West Germanic
              subtype:  West_Germanic_language__West_Germanic  a branch of the Germanic languages
                 subtype:  English_language__English  an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the US and most of the Commonwealth countries
                    subtype:  American_English__American_language__American  the English language as used in the United States
                       subtype:  Black_English_Vernacular__Black_English__Ebonics  a nonstandard form of American English spoken by some American Black people
                    subtype:  cockney  the nonstandard dialect of natives of the east end of London
                    subtype:  King's_English  standard southern British English
                    subtype:  Middle_English  English from about 1100 to 1450
                       subtype:  East_Midland  the dialect of Middle English that replaced West Saxon as the literary language and which developed into Modern English
                       subtype:  West_Midland  a dialect of Middle English
                       subtype:  Northern  a dialect of Middle English that developed into Scottish Lallans
                       subtype:  Kentish  a dialect of Middle English
                       subtype:  Southwestern__West_Saxon  a dialect of Middle English
                    subtype:  Modern_English  English since about 1450
                    subtype:  Old_English__Anglo-Saxon  English prior to about 1100
                       subtype:  West_Saxon  a literary dialect of Old English
                       subtype:  Anglian  one of the major dialects of Old English
                       subtype:  Jutish__Kentish  one of the major dialects of Old English
                    subtype:  Oxford_English  the dialect of English spoken at Oxford University and regarded by many as affected and pretentious
                    subtype:  Scottish__Scots__Scots_English  the dialect of English used in Scotland
                       subtype:  Scottish_Lallans__Lallans  a dialect of English spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland
                 subtype:  German_language__German__High_German  the standard German language; developed historically from West Germanic
                    subtype:  Old_High_German  High German prior to 1200
                    subtype:  Middle_High_German  High German from 1100 to 1500
                    subtype:  Yiddish  a dialect of High German including some Hebrew and other words; spoken as a vernacular by European Jews
                    subtype:  Pennsylvania_Dutch  a dialect of High German spoken in parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland
                 subtype:  Low_German__Plattdeutsch  a German dialect spoken in northern Germany
                    subtype:  Old_Saxon  Low German prior to 1200
                    subtype:  Middle_Low_German  Low German from 1100 to 1500
                 subtype:  Dutch  the West Germanic language of the Netherlands
                    subtype:  Flemish_dialect__Flemish  one of two official languages of Belgium; closely related to Dutch
                    subtype:  Afrikaans__Taal__the_Taal__South_African_Dutch  an official language of the Republic of South Africa; closely related to Dutch and Flemish
                 subtype:  Frisian  a West Germanic language spoken in the northwestern Netherlands; a near relative of English
                    subtype:  Old_Frisian  the Frisian language until the 16th century
              subtype:  Proto-Norse  the Germanic language of Scandinavia up until about 700
              subtype:  Old_Norse  the extinct Germanic language of medieval Scandinavia and Iceland from about to 700 to 1350
                 subtype:  Old_Icelandic__oldicelandic  the extinct dialect of Old Norse that was spoken in Iceland up until about 1600
              subtype:  Scandinavian_language__Scandinavian__Nordic__Norse__North_Germanic__North_Germanic_language  the northern family of Germanic languages that are spoken in Scandinavia and Iceland
                 subtype:  Danish  a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark
                 subtype:  Icelandic  a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland
                 subtype:  Norwegian  a Scandinavian language that is spoken in Norway
                    subtype:  Bokmal__Dano-Norwegian__Riksmal  one of two official languages of Norway; closely related to Danish
                    subtype:  New_Norwegian__Landsmal__Nynorsk  one of two official languages of Norway; based on rural dialects
                 subtype:  Swedish  a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Sweden and one of two official languages of Finland
                 subtype:  Faroese__Faeroese  a Scandinavian language (closely related to Icelandic) that is spoken on the Faroe Islands
              subtype:  East_Germanic_language__East_Germanic  an extinct branch of the Germanic languages
                 subtype:  Gothic  extinct East Germanic language of the ancient Goths; the only surviving record being fragments of a 4th-century translation of the Bible by Bishop Ulfilas
           subtype:  Celtic_language__Celtic  a branch of the Indo-European languages that (judging from inscriptions and place names) was spread widely over Europe in the pre-Christian era
              subtype:  Gaelic__Goidelic__Erse  any of several related languages of the Celts in Ireland and Scotland
                 subtype:  Irish_Gaelic__Irish  the Celtic language of Ireland
                    subtype:  Old_Irish  Irish Gaelic up to about 1100
                    subtype:  Middle_Irish  Irish Gaelic from 1100 to 1500
                 subtype:  Scottish_Gaelic__Scots_Gaelic  the Gaelic language of Scotland
                 subtype:  Manx  the Gaelic language formerly spoken on the Isle of Man
              subtype:  Brythonic__Brittanic  a southern group of Celtic languages
                 subtype:  Welsh  a Celtic language of Wales
                 subtype:  Cornish.Brythonic__cornish  a Celtic language formerly spoken in Cornwall
                 subtype:  Breton  a Celtic language of Brittany
           subtype:  Italic_language__Italic  a branch of the Indo-European languages of which Latin is the chief representative
              subtype:  Osco-Umbrian  a group of dead languages of ancient Italy; they were displace by Latin
                 subtype:  Umbrian  an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
                 subtype:  Oscan  an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
                 subtype:  Sabellian  an extinct Osco-Umbrian language of ancient Italy that survives only in a few inscriptions
              subtype:  Latin  any dialect of the language of ancient Rome
                 subtype:  Old_Latin  the oldest recorded Latin (dating back at early as the 6th century B.C.)
                 subtype:  classical_Latin  the language of educated people in ancient Rome; "Latin is a language as dead as dead can be. It killed the ancient Romans--and now it's killing me"
                 subtype:  Low_Latin  any dialect of Latin other than the classical
                    subtype:  Vulgar_Latin  nonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire; source of Romance languages
                    subtype:  Medieval_Latin  Latin used for liturgical purposes during the Middle Ages
                 subtype:  Late_Latin__Biblical_Latin  the form of Latin written between the 3rd and 8th centuries
                 subtype:  Neo-Latin__New_Latin  Latin since the Renaissance; used for scientific nomenclature
                 subtype:  Romance_language__Romance__romance__Latinian_language  the group of languages derived from Latin
                    subtype:  bodice_ripper  a romantic novel containing scenes in which the heroine is sexually violated
                    subtype:  Italian.Romance_language__italian  the Romance language spoken in Italy
                       subtype:  Old_Italian  the Italian language up to the middle of the 16th century
                       subtype:  Tuscan  a dialect of Italian spoken in Tuscany (especially Florence)
                    subtype:  French  the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France
                       subtype:  Langue_d'oil_French__Langue_d'oil  medieval provincial dialects of French spoken in central and northern France
                       subtype:  Langue_d'oc_French__Langue_d'oc  medieval provincial dialects of French formerly spoken in the south of France
                          subtype:  Provencal__Occitan__occitan  the medieval dialects of Langue d'oc
                       subtype:  Old_French  the earliest form of the French language; 9th to 15th century
                       subtype:  Norman-French__Old_North_French  the medieval Norman dialect of Old French
                       subtype:  Anglo-French__Anglo-Norman  the French (Norman) language used in medieval England
                       subtype:  Canadian_French__canadianfrench  the French language as spoken in Quebec, Canada
                       subtype:  Walloon  dialect of French spoken in Belgium and adjacent parts of France
                    subtype:  Portuguese  the Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil
                       subtype:  Galician  the dialect of Portuguese (sometimes regarded as a dialect of Spanish) spoken in Galicia northwestern Spain
                    subtype:  Spanish  the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain
                       subtype:  Mexican_Spanish  the dialect of Spanish spoken in Mexico
                    subtype:  Catalan  the Romance language spoken in Catalonia in eastern Spain (related to Spanish and Occitan)
                    subtype:  Rumanian  an eastern Romance language spoken in Rumania
           subtype:  Tocharian  a branch of the Indo-European language family that originated in central Asia during the first millennium A.D.
              subtype:  Turfan_dialect__Turfan__East_Tocharian  a dialect of Tocharian
              subtype:  Kuchean_dialect__Kuchean__West_Tocharian  a dialect of Tocharian
           subtype:  Indo-Iranian_language__Indo-Iranian  the branch of the Indo-European family of languages including the Indic and Iranian language groups
              subtype:  Indic__Indo-Aryan  a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages
                 subtype:  Sanskrit__Sanskritic_language  an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism); an official language of India although it is now used only for religious purposes
                    subtype:  Sindhi  the Indic language of the Sindhi people
                    subtype:  Romany__Gypsy  the Indic language of the Gypsies
                    subtype:  Urdu  the official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi; widely used in India (mostly by Moslems); written in Arabic script
                    subtype:  Hindi  the most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars; spoken mostly in the north of India; along with English it is the official language of India; usually written in Devanagari script
                       subtype:  Hindoostani__Hindustani__Hindostani  a form of Hindi spoken around Delhi
                    subtype:  Bihari  the Indic language spoken in Bihar (and by some people in Pakistan and Bangladesh)
                    subtype:  Magadhan  a subfamily of Indic languages
                       subtype:  Asamiya__Assamese  the Magadhan language spoken by the Assamese people; closely related to Bengali
                       subtype:  Bengali  a Magadhan language spoken by the Bengali people; the official language of Bangladesh and West Bengal
                       subtype:  Oriya  a Magadhan language that is spoken by the Oriya people and is the official language of the Indian state of Orissa
                    subtype:  Marathi__Mahratti  an Indic language; the state language of Maharashtra in west central India; written in the Devanagari script
                    subtype:  Gujarati__Gujerati  the Indic language spoken by the people of India who live in Gujarat in western India
                    subtype:  Punjabi__Panjabi  the Indic language spoken by most people in Punjab in northwestern India
                    subtype:  Sinhala__Sinhalese__Singhalese  the Indic language spoken by the people of Sri Lanka
                 subtype:  Dard__Dardic__Dardic_language  any of a group of Indic languages spoken in Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan
                    subtype:  Shina  a Dardic language spoken in northern Kashmir
                    subtype:  Khowar  a Dardic language spoken in northwestern Pakistan
                    subtype:  Kafiri  a Dardic language spoken by the Kafir people in northeastern Afghanistan
                    subtype:  Kashmiri  the official state language of Kashmir
                 subtype:  Nepali  the official state language of Nepal
              subtype:  Iranian_language__Iranian  the modern Persian language spoken in Iran
                 subtype:  Zend__Avestan  an ancient Iranian language
                 subtype:  Gathic  an ancient Iranian language
                 subtype:  Persian__Farsi  the language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms
                 subtype:  Dari_Persian__Dari  an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan
                 subtype:  Tajiki  an Iranian language spoken in Iran and Russia
                 subtype:  Kurdish  an Iranian language spoken in Turkey and Iran and Iraq and Syria and Russia
                 subtype:  Balochi__Baluchi  an Iranian language spoken in Pakistan and Iran and Afghanistan and Russia and the Persian gulf
                 subtype:  Paxto__Pashto__Afghani__Afghan  an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan
                 subtype:  Ossete  a northeastern Iranian language spoken in Russia
                 subtype:  Scythian  the Iranian language spoken by the ancient Scythians
           subtype:  Anatolian_language__Anatolian  an extinct branch of the Indo-European family of languages known from inscriptions and important in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo European
              subtype:  Hittite  the principal language of the Anatolian group
              subtype:  Lycian  an Anatolian language
              subtype:  Luwian__Luvian  an Anatolian language
              subtype:  Lydian  an Anatolian language
              subtype:  Palaic  an Anatolian language
           subtype:  Hellenic__Greek__Hellenic_language  the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages
              subtype:  Modern_Greek  the Greek language as spoken and written today
                 subtype:  Romaic__Demotic  the modern Greek vernacular
                 subtype:  Katharevusa  literary style of Modern Greek containing features borrowed from Koine
              subtype:  Late_Greek  the Greek language in the 3rd to 8th centuries
              subtype:  Medieval_Greek__Middle_Greek__Byzantine_Greek  the Greek language from about 600 to 1200 AD
              subtype:  Koine  a Greek dialect that flourished under the Roman Empire
              subtype:  Ancient_Greek  the Greek language prior to the Roman Empire
                 subtype:  Attic__Classical_Greek  the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken and written in Attica and Athens
                 subtype:  Aeolic__Eolic  the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Thessaly and Boeotia and Aeolis
                 subtype:  Arcadic  the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken by Arcadians
                 subtype:  Doric  the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in the Peloponnesus
                 subtype:  Ionic  the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Ionia
        subtype:  Ural-Altaic  a (postulated) group of languages including many of the indigenous languages of Russia (but not Russian)
           subtype:  Altaic_language__Altaic  a group of related languages spoken in Asia and southeastern Europe
              subtype:  Turkic__Turki__Turko-Tatar__Turkic_language  a subfamily of Altaic languages
                 subtype:  Turkish  a Turkic language spoken by the Turks
                 subtype:  Turkmen__Turkoman__Turcoman  the Turkic language spoken by the Turkoman people
                 subtype:  Azerbaijani  the Turkic language spoken by the Azerbaijani people
                 subtype:  Kazak__Kazakh  the Turkic language spoken by the Kazak people
                 subtype:  Tatar  the Turkic language spoken by the Tatar people living from the Volga to the Ural Mountains
                 subtype:  Uzbek__Uzbeg__Uzbak__Usbek__Usbeg  the Turkic language spoken by the Uzbek people
                 subtype:  Uigur__Uighur  the Turkic language spoken by the Uigur people
                 subtype:  Yakut  the Turkic language spoken by the Yakut people
                 subtype:  Kirghiz__Kirgiz__Khirghiz  the Turkic language spoken by the Kirghiz people
                 subtype:  Karakalpak  the Turkic language spoken by the Karakalpak people
                 subtype:  Chuvash  the Turkic language spoken by the Chuvash people
                 subtype:  Chagatai__Jagatai__Jaghatai__Eastern_Turki  a literary language of Chinese Turkestan (named for one of the sons of Genghis Khan)
              subtype:  Tungusic_language__Tungusic  a family of Altaic languages spoken in Mongolia and neighboring areas
                 subtype:  Tunguz__Tungus__Evenki__Ewenki  the Tungusic language of the Evenki people in eastern Siberia
                 subtype:  Manchu  the Tungusic language spoken by the Manchu people
              subtype:  Mongolian__Mongolic__Mongolic_language  a family of Altaic language spoken in Mongolia
                 subtype:  Khalkha__Khalka__Kalka  the language of the Khalkha people that is the official language of the Mongolian People's Republic
              subtype:  Korean.Altaic_language__korean  the Altaic language spoken by the Korean people
              subtype:  Japanese  the language (usually considered to be Altaic) spoken by the Japanese people
                 subtype:  Ryukyuan  the language (related to Japanese) that is spoken by the people of the Ryukyu Islands
           subtype:  Uralic_language__Uralic  a family of Ural-Altaic languages
              subtype:  Finno-Ugric__Finno-Ugrian  a family of Uralic languages indigenous to Scandinavia and Hungary and Russia and western Siberia (prior to the Slavic expansion into those regions)
                 subtype:  Fennic__Finnic__Non-Ugric  one of two branches of the Finno-Ugric languages; a family of languages including Finnish and Estonian (but not Hungarian)
                    subtype:  Permic  a group of Finnic languages spoken in the northwest Urals
                       subtype:  Udmurt__Votyak  the Finnic language spoken by the Votyak people
                       subtype:  Zyrian__Komi  the Finnic language spoken by the Komi people
                    subtype:  Volgaic  a group of Finnic languages spoken around the Volga river
                       subtype:  Cheremis__Cheremiss__Mari  the Finnic language spoken by the Cheremis people
                       subtype:  Mordva__Mordvin__Mordvinian  the Finnic language spoken by the Mordvin people
                    subtype:  Baltic-Finnic  a group of Finnic languages including Finnish and Estonian
                       subtype:  Livonian  the Finnic language spoken by the people of Livonia in Estonia and Latvia
                       subtype:  Estonian__Esthonian  the official language of Estonia; belongs to the Baltic-Finnic family of languages
                       subtype:  Karelian__Carelian  a Finnic language spoken by the people of Karelia
                       subtype:  Ludian  a Baltic-Finnic language
                       subtype:  Finnish__Suomi  the official language of Finland; belongs to the Baltic Finnic family of languages
                       subtype:  Veps__Vepse__Vepsian  a Finnic language spoken by the Veps people
                       subtype:  Ingrian  a Finnic language spoken by the Ingrian people
                 subtype:  Ugric__Ugrian  one of the two branches of the Finno-Ugric family of languages; spoken in Hungary and northwestern Siberia
                    subtype:  Hungarian__Magyar  the official language of Hungary (also spoken in Rumania); belongs to the Ugric family of languages
                    subtype:  Khanty__Ostyak  a Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Ostyak people
                    subtype:  Mansi__Vogul  the Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Vogul people
              subtype:  Lappic__Lappish  any of the languages spoken by the Lapp people and generally assumed to be Uralic languages
                 subtype:  Sami__Lapp  the language of the nomadic Lapp people in northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula
              subtype:  Samoyedic__Samoyed  the Uralic languages spoken by the Samoyed people in northwestern Siberia
                 subtype:  Nenets__Nentsi__Nentsy__Yurak-Samoyed  a Uralic language spoken by a Samoyed people of northern Siberia
                 subtype:  Enets__Entsi__Entsy__Yenisei__Yenisei-Samoyed__Yeniseian  the Uralic language spoken by the Yeniseian people
                 subtype:  Nganasan  the Uralic language spoken by the Nganasan people
                 subtype:  Selkup__Ostyak-Samoyed  the Uralic language spoken by the Ostyak-Samoyed people
        subtype:  Basque  the language of the Basque people; of no known relation to any other language
        subtype:  Elamitic__Elamite__Susian  an extinct ancient language of unknown affinities; spoken by the Elamites
        subtype:  Kassite__Cassite  an ancient language spoken by the Kassite people
        subtype:  Caucasian_language__Caucasian  a number of language spoken in the Caucasus that have no known affiliations to languages spoken elsewhere
           subtype:  Georgian.Caucasian_language__georgian  a southern Caucasian language with 3 million speakers and a long literary tradition
           subtype:  Circassian  a northern Caucasian language spoken by the Circassian people
              subtype:  Abkhazian__Abkhasian  a Circassian language spoken by the Abkhaz people
           subtype:  Ubykh  a virtually extinct Caucasian language spoken exclusively in Turkey
        subtype:  Dravidian_language__Dravidian__Dravidic  a large family of languages spoken in south and central India and Sri Lanka
           subtype:  South_Dravidian  a Dravidian language spoken primarily in southern India
              subtype:  Irula  a Dravidian language closely related to Tamil that is spoken in a hilly section of southwestern India
              subtype:  Kodagu  a Dravidian language spoken by the Kodagu people
              subtype:  Kota__Kotar  a Dravidian language spoken by the Kota people
              subtype:  Toda  the Dravidian language spoken by the Toda people in southern India
              subtype:  Kannada__Kanarese  a Dravidian language spoken in southern India
                 subtype:  Badaga  the dialect of Kannada that is spoken by the Badaga people
              subtype:  Tulu  a Dravidian language spoken by the Tulu people
              subtype:  Malayalam  a Dravidian language (closely related to Tamil) that is spoken in southwestern India
              subtype:  Tamil  the Dravidian language spoken since prehistoric times by the Tamil people in southern India and Sri Lanka
           subtype:  South-Central_Dravidian  a Dravidian language spoken primarily in south central India
              subtype:  Telugu  a Dravidian language spoken by the Telugu people in southeastern India
              subtype:  Savara  a Dravidian language spoke by the Savara people in southeastern India (north of Madras)
              subtype:  Gondi  a Dravidian language spoken by the Gond people in south central India
              subtype:  Pengo  a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
              subtype:  Manda  a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
              subtype:  Kui  the Dravidian language spoken by the Kui people in southeastern India
              subtype:  Kuvi  a Dravidian language spoken in southeast India
           subtype:  Central_Dravidian  a Dravidian language spoken primarily in central India
              subtype:  Kolami  the Dravidian language spoken by the Kolam people in central India
              subtype:  Naiki  a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
              subtype:  Parji  a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
              subtype:  Ollari  a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
              subtype:  Gadaba  the Dravidian language spoken by the Gadaba people
           subtype:  North_Dravidian  a Dravidian language spoken primarily in eastern India
              subtype:  Kurux  a Dravidian language spoken in eastern India
              subtype:  Malto  the Dravidian language spoken by the Malto people
              subtype:  Brahui  an isolated Dravidian language spoken by the Brahui people in Pakistan
        subtype:  Afroasiatic_language__Afroasiatic__Afrasian__Afrasian_language__Hamito-Semitic  a large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa
           subtype:  Chad__Chadic__Chadic_language  a family of Afroasiatic tonal languages (mostly two tones) spoken in the regions west and south of Lake Chad in north central Africa
              subtype:  West_Chadic  a group of Chadic languages spoken in northern Nigeria; Hausa in the most important member
                 subtype:  Hausa__Haussa  the chief member of the Chadic family of Afroasiatic languages; widely used as a trading language
                 subtype:  Bole__Bolanci  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa
                 subtype:  Angas  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa
                 subtype:  Ron__Bokkos__Daffo  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
                 subtype:  Bade  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
                 subtype:  Warji  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
                 subtype:  Zaar__Sayanci  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
              subtype:  Biu-Mandara  a group of Chadic languages spoken in the border area between Cameroon and Nigeria south of Lake Chad
                 subtype:  Tera__Pidlimdi__Yamaltu  a three-tone Chadic language
                 subtype:  Bura__Pabir  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
                 subtype:  Higi__Kapsiki  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
                 subtype:  Mandara__Wandala  a Chadic language spoken in the Mandara mountains in Cameroon; has only two vowels
                 subtype:  Matakam__Mafa  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
                 subtype:  Sukur  a Chadic language spoke south of Lake Chad
                 subtype:  Daba__Kola__Musgoi  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
                 subtype:  Bata  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
                 subtype:  Kotoko  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
                 subtype:  Musgu__Munjuk__Mulwi  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
                 subtype:  Gidar  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
              subtype:  East_Chadic  a group of Chadic languages spoken in Chad
                 subtype:  Somrai__Sibine  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
                 subtype:  Nancere  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
                 subtype:  Kera  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
                 subtype:  Dangla__Dangaleat  a Chadic language spoken in Chad; uses seven vowels plus differences in vowel length
                 subtype:  Mokulu  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
                 subtype:  Sokoro  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
              subtype:  Masa  an independent group of closely related Chadic languages spoken in the area between the Biu-Mandara and East Chadic languages
           subtype:  Semitic  a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family
              subtype:  Akkadian  an ancient branch of the Semitic languages
                 subtype:  Assyrian  an extinct language of the Assyrians regarded as a dialect of Akkadian
              subtype:  Amharic__Ethiopian_language  the dominant and official language of Ethiopia; a semitic language much influenced by the Cushitic language with which Amhara people have been in close contact
              subtype:  Arabic_language__Arabic  the Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects
              subtype:  Aramaic  an ancient group of related Semitic dialects some of which are still spoken in Syria
                 subtype:  Biblical_Aramaic  the form of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine in the time of the New Testament
              subtype:  Canaanitic_language__Canaanitic  a group of Semitic languages
                 subtype:  Hebrew  the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel
                    subtype:  Modern_Hebrew  Hebrew used in Israel today; revived from ancient Hebrew
                 subtype:  Canaanite  the extinct language of the Semitic people who occupied Canaan before the Israelite conquest
                 subtype:  Phoenician  the extinct language of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the ancient world
                    subtype:  Punic  the Phoenician dialect of ancient Carthage
                 subtype:  Ugaritic  an extinct Semitic language of northern Syria
           subtype:  Hamitic_language__Hamitic  a group of North African languages related to Semitic
           subtype:  Egyptian  the ancient and now extinct language of Pharaonic Egypt; written records date back to 3000 BC
              subtype:  Coptic  the liturgical language of the Coptic Church of Egypt and Ethiopia; written in the Greek alphabet
           subtype:  Berber  a cluster of related dialects that were once the major language of North Africa west of Egypt; now spoken mostly in Morocco
              subtype:  Tuareg  the dialect of Berber spoken by the Tuareg people
           subtype:  Cushitic  a group of languages spoken in Ethiopia and Somalia and northwestern Kenya and adjacent regions
              subtype:  Somali  the Cushitic language spoken by the Somali people
           subtype:  Omotic  a group of related languages spoken in a valley of southern Ethiopia; closely related to Cushitic languages
        subtype:  Niger-Kordofanian_language__Niger-Kordofanian  the family of languages that includes most of the languages spoken in sub-Saharan Africa; the majority of them are tonal languages but there are important exceptions (e.g., Swahili or Fula)
           subtype:  Kordofanian  a group of languages spoken in the relatively small Kordofan area of the south Sudan
           subtype:  Niger-Congo  a family of African language spoken in west Africa
              subtype:  Sango  a trade language widely used in Chad
              subtype:  Bantoid_language__Bantu  a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent
                 subtype:  Chichewa  the Bantu language of the Chewa people of east central Africa
                 subtype:  ChiMwini  a Bantu language spoken in southern Somalia
                 subtype:  Chishona  a Bantu language that is one of the two major languages of Zimbabwe
                 subtype:  Fang  a Bantu language spoken in Cameroon
                 subtype:  Gikuyu  a Bantu language spoken in western Kenya
                 subtype:  Giriama  a Bantu language spoken in the coastal regions of eastern Kenya
                 subtype:  Kamba  a Bantu language spoken by the Kamba people in Kenya
                 subtype:  Kichaga__Chaga__Chagga  a Bantu language spoken by the Chaga people in northern Tanzania
                 subtype:  Kinyarwanda  a Bantu language
                 subtype:  Kiswahili  a Bantu language
                 subtype:  Kongo  the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo people living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola
                 subtype:  Luba  a Bantu language spoken in southern Zaire
                 subtype:  LuGanda  the Bantu language of the Buganda people; spoken in Uganda
                 subtype:  Luyia  a Bantu language
                 subtype:  Mashi  a Bantu language
                 subtype:  Mwera  a Bantu language spoken in southern coastal Tanzania
                 subtype:  Nguni  a group of southern Bantu languages
                    subtype:  Ndebele__Matabele  a Bantu language sometimes considered a dialect of Zulu
                    subtype:  Swazi  a Bantu language closely related to Zulu
                    subtype:  Xhosa  a Bantu language closely related to Zulu
                    subtype:  Zulu  a Bantu language of considerable literary importance in southeastern Africa
                 subtype:  Nyamwezi  a Bantu language spoken in central Tanzania
                 subtype:  Pokomo  a Bantu language spoken in the Kenyan coastal areas of East Africa
                 subtype:  Sotho  any of the mutually intelligible southern Bantu languages of the Sotho people in Botswana and South Africa and Lesotho
                    subtype:  Sesotho__Basuto  the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Basotho; an official language of Lesotho
                    subtype:  Setswana__Tswana__Sechuana  the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Tswana people in Botswana
                 subtype:  Umbundu  a Bantu language spoken in Angola
                 subtype:  Swahili  the most widely spoken Bantu languages; the official language of Kenya and Tanzania and widely used as a lingua franca in east and central Africa
                 subtype:  Tonga  the language of the Tonga people of south central Africa (Zambia and Rhodesia)
              subtype:  Gur__Voltaic  a group of Niger-Congo languages spoken primarily in southeastern Mali and northern Ghana
              subtype:  West_African  a group of languages spoken in the extreme western part of West Africa
                 subtype:  Fula__Fulah__Fulani  a family of languages of the Fula people of west Africa in the sub-Sahara regions from Senegal to Chad; the best known of the West African Niger-Congo languages
                 subtype:  Serer  a West African language closely related to Fula; spoken primarily in Senegal and Gambia
                 subtype:  Wolof  the West AFrican language of the Wolof people in Senegal
              subtype:  Mande  a group of African languages in the Niger-Congo group spoken from Senegal east as far as the Ivory Coast
              subtype:  Kwa  a group of African language in the Niger-Congo group spoken from the Ivory Coast east to Nigeria
                 subtype:  Aku__Yoruba  a Kwa language spoken by the Yoruba people in southwestern Nigeria
                 subtype:  Akan  a Kwa language spoken in Ghana and the Ivory Coast
                 subtype:  Ewe  a Kwa language spoken by the Ewe people in Ghana and Togo and Benin
        subtype:  Nilo-Saharan_language__Nilo-Saharan  a family of East African languages spoken by Nilotic peoples from the Sahara south to Kenya and Tanzania
           subtype:  Chari-Nile  a group of Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of the Sudan and Zaire and Uganda and Tanzania
              subtype:  Nilotic_language__Nilotic  a group of languages of East Africa belonging to the Chari-Nile group
                 subtype:  Dinka  a Nilotic language
                 subtype:  Luo  a Nilotic language
                 subtype:  Masai  a Nilotic language
           subtype:  Saharan  a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of Chad
           subtype:  Songhai  a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Songhai people in Mali and Niger
     subtype:  linguistic_string__string__string_of_words__word_string  a linear sequence of words as spoken or written
        subtype:  sentence  a string of words satisfying the grammatical rules of a language; "he always spoke in grammatical sentences"
           subtype:  complex_sentence__complexsentence  a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause
              subtype:  loose_sentence__loosesentence  a complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows
              subtype:  periodic_sentence  a complex sentence in which the main clause comes last and is preceded by the subordinate clause
           subtype:  compound_sentence  a sentence composed of at least two coordinate independent clauses
           subtype:  declarative_sentence__declarativesentence__declaratory_sentence__declaratorysentence  a sentence (in the indicative mood) that makes a declaration
           subtype:  run-on_sentence  an ungrammatical sentence in which two or more independent clauses are conjoined without a conjunction
           subtype:  topic_sentence__topicsentence  a sentence that states the topic of its paragraph
           subtype:  interrogative__question__interrogation__interrogative_sentence__interrogativesentence  a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply; "he asked a direct question"; "he had trouble phrasing his interrogations"
              subtype:  cross-question__crossquestion  a question asked in cross-examination
              subtype:  leading_question__leadingquestion  a question phrased in such a way as to suggest the desired answer; a lawyer may ask leading questions on cross-examination
              subtype:  yes-no_question  a question that can be answered by yes or no
        subtype:  syntagma__syntagm  a syntactic string that forms a part of some larger syntactic unit
           subtype:  grammatical_constituent__grammaticalconstituent__constituent  a word or phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction
              subtype:  subject.grammatical_constituent  (linguistics) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the grammatical constituent about which something is predicated
              subtype:  object  a grammatical constituent that is acted upon; "the object of the verb"
                 subtype:  prepositional_object__prepositionalobject__object_of_a_preposition  the object governed by a preposition
                 subtype:  direct_object__object_of_the_verb  the object that receives the direct action of the verb
                 subtype:  indirect_object  the object that is the recipient or beneficiary of the action of the verb
                 subtype:  retained_object  an object in a passive construction
              subtype:  ablative_absolute  a constituent in Latin grammar; a noun and its modifier can function as a sentence modifier
              subtype:  immediate_constituent__immediateconstituent  a constituent of a sentence at the first step in an analysis: e.g., subject and predicate
              subtype:  grammatical_construction__grammaticalconstruction__construction__expression  a group of words that form a constituent of a sentence and are considered as a single unit; "I concluded from his awkward constructions that he was a foreigner"
                 subtype:  clause  (grammar) an expression including a subject and predicate but not constituting a complete sentence
                    subtype:  main_clause__independent_clause__independentclause  a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence
                    subtype:  subordinate_clause__subordinateclause__dependent_clause__dependentclause  a clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb
                       subtype:  restrictive_clause__restrictiveclause  a subordinate clause that limits or restricts the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies
                       subtype:  nonrestrictive_clause__descriptive_clause__descriptiveclause  a subordinate clause that does not limit or restrict the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies
                    subtype:  relative_clause  a clause introduced by a relative pronoun; "`who visits frequently' is a relative clause in the sentence `John, who visits frequently, is ill'"
                 subtype:  complement  a word or phrase used to complete a grammatical construction
                 subtype:  involution  a long and intricate and complicated grammatical construction
                 subtype:  phrase  an expression forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence but not containing a finite verb
                    subtype:  noun_phrase  (linguistics) a phrase that can function as the subject or object of a verb
                    subtype:  verb_phrase__predicate  (linguistics) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the predicate contains the verb and its complements
                    subtype:  prepositional_phrase__prepositionalphrase  a phrase beginning with a preposition
                    subtype:  response.phrase  a phrase recited or sung by the congregation following a versicle by the priest or minister
                    subtype:  advice_and_consent  a legal phrase in the US Constitution that allows the Senate to constrain the President's powers of appointment and treaty-making
                    subtype:  catchphrase__catch_phrase__catchphrase  a phrase that has become a catchword
                 subtype:  predicator  an expression that predicates
              subtype:  misconstruction  an ungrammatical constituent
              subtype:  term.grammatical_constituent  one of the substantive phrases in a logical proposition; "the major term of a syllogism must occur twice"
                 subtype:  subject.term  (logic) the first term of a proposition
                 subtype:  predicate  (logic) what is predicated of the subject of a proposition; the second term in a proposition is predicated of the first term by means of the copula; "`Socrates is a man' predicates manhood of Socrates"
                 subtype:  grammatical_referent__grammaticalreferent__referent  the first term in a proposition; the term to which other terms relate
                 subtype:  relatum  a term in a proposition that is related to the referent of the proposition
                 subtype:  major_term__majorterm  the term in a syllogism that is the predicate of the conclusion
                 subtype:  minor_term__minorterm  the term in a syllogism that is the subject of the conclusion
                 subtype:  middle_term  the term in a syllogism that is common to both premises and excluded from the conclusion
     subtype:  barrage__outpouring__onslaught  the rapid and continuous delivery of linguistic communication (spoken or written)
  subtype:  written_communication__writtencommunication__written_language__writtenlanguage  communication by means of written symbols
     subtype:  written_text__writtentext__transcription  something written, especially copied from one medium to another, as a typewritten version of dictation
        subtype:  transliteration  transcribing from one alphabet to another
        subtype:  phonetic_transcription  a transcription intended to represent each distinct speech sound with a separate symbol
     subtype:  writing.symbols  letters or symbols written or imprinted on a surface to represent the sounds or words of a language; "he turned the paper over so the writing wouldn't show"; "the doctor's writing was illegible"
        subtype:  orthography__writing_system__writingsystem  a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols
           subtype:  script  a particular orthography or writing system
              subtype:  Arabic_script__Arabic  an alphabetic script used to write the Arabic dialects (and borrowed to write Urdu)
              subtype:  Avestan  the script in which the ancient Persian language of the Avesta is written
              subtype:  uncial  a style of orthography characterized by somewhat rounded capital letters; found especially in Greek and Latin manuscripts of the 4th to 8th centuries
           subtype:  Armenian_alphabet__Armenian  a writing system having an alphabet of 38 letters in which the Armenian language is written
           subtype:  spelling  forming words with letters according to the principles underlying accepted usage
              subtype:  misspelling  a spelling that is incorrect
           subtype:  picture_writing__picturewriting  a writing system using pictographs
           subtype:  alphabetic_writing__alphabetic_script  a writing system based on alphabetic characters
           subtype:  boustrophedon  an ancient writing system: having alternate lines written in opposite directions; literally "as the ox ploughs"
           subtype:  cuneiform  an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia
              subtype:  Babylonian.cuneiform__babylonian  the ideographic and syllabic writing system in which the ancient Babylonian language was written
           subtype:  syllabary__syllabic_script  a writing system whose characters represent syllables
              subtype:  Devanagari_script__Devanagari__Nagari__Nagari_script  a syllabic script used in writing Sanskrit and Hindi
              instance:  Linear_B
           subtype:  ideography  the use of ideograms in writing
           subtype:  hieroglyph__hieroglyphic  a writing system using picture symbols; used in ancient Egypt
              subtype:  hieratic_script__hieratic  a cursive form of Egyptian hieroglyphics; used especially by the priests
           subtype:  point_system.orthography__pointsystem  a system of writing or printing using patterns of raised dots that can be read by touch
              subtype:  Braille  a point system of writing in which patterns of raised dots represent letters and numerals
           instance:  Linear_A
        subtype:  coding_system  a system of signals used to represent letters or numbers in transmitting messages
           subtype:  code  a coding system used for transmitting messages requiring brevity or secrecy
              subtype:  area_code  a number usually of 3 digits assigned to a telephone area as in the US and Canada
              subtype:  bar_code__barcode__universalproductcode  code consisting of a series of vertical bars of variable width that are scanned by a laser; printed on consumer product packages to identify the item for a computer that provides the price and registers inventory information
              subtype:  color_code__colorcode  system using colors to designate classifications
              subtype:  secret_code__cipher__cypher__cryptograph  a secret method of writing
              subtype:  international_Morse_code__Morse__Morse_code  a telegraph code in which letters and numbers are represented by strings of dots and dashes (short and long signals)
              subtype:  zip_code__zipcode__postal_code  a code of letters and digits added to a postal address to aid in the sorting of mail
           subtype:  computer_code__code  (computer science) the symbolic arrangement of data or instructions in a computer program or the set of such instructions
              subtype:  computer_address__address__addres  (computer science) the code that identifies where a piece of information is stored
                 subtype:  URL__uniform_resource_locator__universal_resource_locator  the address of a web page on the world wide web
              subtype:  binary_code  code using a string of 8 binary digits to represent characters
              subtype:  error_correction_code__ECC  (computer science) a coding system that incorporates extra parity bits in order to detect errors
                 subtype:  cyclic_redundancy_check  an error correction code that is recorded in each sector of a magnetic disk and used to catch errors in the data
              subtype:  firmware  (computer science) coded instructions that are stored permanently in read-only memory
              subtype:  machine_code__machinecode__machine_language__machinelanguage  a set of instructions coded so that the computer can use it directly without further translation
              subtype:  object_code  the machine-language output of a compiler that is ready for execution on a particular computer
              subtype:  operation_code__operationcode__order_code__ordercode  the portion of a set of operation descriptions that specifies the operation to be performed; the set of operations in a computer
              subtype:  software__software_system__software_package__package  (computer science) written programs or procedures or rules and associated documentation pertaining to the operation of a computer system and that are stored in read/write memory; "the market for software is expected to expand"
                 subtype:  alpha_software__alphasoftware  a first release of a software product that is usually tested only by the developers
                 subtype:  authoring_language__authoringlanguage  software that can be used to develop interactive computer programs without the technically demanding task of computer programming
                 subtype:  beta_software  pre-release software that has received an alpha test but still has more bugs than a regular release; "beta software is usually available only to particular users who will test it"
                 subtype:  compatible_software  software that can run on different computers without modification
                 subtype:  compatible_software.software__compatiblesoftware  application software programs that share common conventions so they can be utilized together
                 subtype:  computer-aided_design__CAD  software used in art and architecture and engineering and manufacturing to assist in precision drawing
                 subtype:  freeware  software that is provided without charge
                 subtype:  groupware  software that can be used by a group of people who are working on the same information but may be distributed in space
                 subtype:  operating_system__operatingsystem__OS  (computer science) software that controls the execution of computer programs and may provide various services
                    subtype:  DOS__disk_operating_system  an operating system that is on a disk
                       subtype:  MS-DOS__Microsoft_disk_operating_system  an operating system developed by Bill Gates for personal computers
                    subtype:  UNIX__UNIX_operating_system__UNIX_system  a powerful operating system developed at the Bell Telephone Laboratories
                 subtype:  computer_program__program__programme__computer_programme  (computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute; "the program required several hundred lines of code"
                    subtype:  application_program__applicationprogram__application__applications_programme  a program that gives a computer instructions that provide the user with tools to accomplish a task; "he has tried several different word processing applications"
                       subtype:  active_application  an application that is currently running and in the foreground
                       subtype:  applet  a Java application; an application program that uses the client's web browser to provide a user interface
                       subtype:  web_browser__webbrowser__browser  a program used to view HTML documents
                          subtype:  Mosaic  a freeware browser
                          subtype:  Netscape  a commercial browser
                       subtype:  natural_language_processor__natural_language_processing_application  an application program that deals with natural language text
                          subtype:  disambiguator  (computer science) a natural language processing application that tries to determine the intended meaning of a word or phrase by examining the linguistic context in which it is used
                       subtype:  job.application_program  (computer science) a program application that may consist of several steps but is a single logical unit
                       subtype:  word_processor__word_processing_system  an application that provides the user with tools needed to write and edit and format text and to send it to a printer
                       subtype:  editor_program__editor  (computer science) a program designed to perform such editorial functions as rearrangement or modification or deletion of data
                          subtype:  linkage_editor__linkageeditor  an editor program that creates one module from several by resolving cross-references among the modules
                          subtype:  text_editor  (computer science) an application that can be used to create and view and edit text files
                             subtype:  Emacs_text_editor
                          subtype:  graph_editor__grapheditor__graph_graphical-editor__graphgraphicaleditor
                             subtype:  hierarchy_editor__hierarchyeditor  a graph editor tailored to ease the display and edition of hierarchies
                                subtype:  taxonomy_graphical_editor
                             subtype:  hyperbolic_graph_editor
                             subtype:  knowledge_graphical_editor__knowledgegraphicaleditor
                                subtype:  taxonomy_graphical_editor
                                subtype:  CG_graphical_editor
                                   subtype:  Charger
                                subtype:  FCA_structure_graphical_editor  graphic editor of FCA objects
                    subtype:  loop.computer_program  a computer program that performs a series of instructions repeatedly until some specified condition is satisfied
                    subtype:  patch.computer_program  a short set of commands to correct a bug in a computer program
                    subtype:  assembler__assembly_program  a program to convert assembly language into machine language
                    subtype:  checking_program  a program that examines other computer programs for syntax errors
                    subtype:  compiler__compiling_program__compilingprogram  (computer science) a program that decodes instructions written in a higher order language and produces an assembly language program
                       subtype:  C_compiler  a compiler for programs written in C
                       subtype:  Fortran_compiler  a compiler for programs written in Fortran
                       subtype:  LISP_compiler  a compiler for programs written in LISP
                       subtype:  Pascal_compiler  a compiler for programs written in Pascal
                    subtype:  debugger  a program that helps in locating and correcting programming errors
                    subtype:  user_interface__interface  (computer science) a program that controls a display for the user (usually on a computer monitor) and that allows the user to interact with the system
                       subtype:  command_line_interface__CLI  a user interface in which you type commands instead of choosing them from a menu or selecting an icon
                       subtype:  graphical_user_interface__GUI  a user interface based on graphics (icons and pictures and menus) instead of text; uses a mouse as well as a keyboard as an input device
                          subtype:  2D_user_interface
                          subtype:  3D_user_interface
                          subtype:  HTML_based_interface
                          subtype:  graph_visualization_interface__graphvisualizationinterface
                             subtype:  display-only_graph_viewer
                             subtype:  graph_editor__grapheditor__graph_graphical-editor__graphgraphicaleditor
                       subtype:  user_interface
                          subtype:  non-graphical_user_interface
                             subtype:  procedure_call_interface
                                subtype:  network-accessible_procedure_call_interface
                                   subtype:  RPC_interface__Remote_Procedure_Call_interface__remoteprocedurecallinterface
                                subtype:  API__application_programming_interface__applicationprogramminginterface
                             subtype:  command_based_interface__commandbasedinterface
                                subtype:  network-accessible_command_based_interface
                                   subtype:  OKBC_interface
                                   subtype:  CGI-accessible_command_based_interface
                                subtype:  direct_command_based_interface__shell
                                   subtype:  sh
                                   subtype:  ksh
                                   subtype:  csh
                          subtype:  graphical_user_interface
                          subtype:  network-accessible_interface
                             subtype:  Web_based_interface
                                subtype:  HTML_based_interface
                                subtype:  CGI_based_interface
                             subtype:  network-accessible_procedure_call_interface
                             subtype:  network-accessible_command_based_interface
                    subtype:  interpretive_program__interpreter  (computer science) a program that translates and executes source language statements one line at a time
                    subtype:  job_control__jobcontrol  a program that is called to prepare each job to be run
                    subtype:  library_program__libraryprogram  a program in a program library
                    subtype:  monitor_program__monitoring_program  a program that observes and regulates and controls or verifies the operations of a data-processing system
                    subtype:  object_program__target_program  a fully compiled or assembled program ready to be loaded into the computer
                    subtype:  source_program  a program written in a language from which statements are translated into machine language
                    subtype:  relocatable_program__relocatableprogram  a program that can be located in different parts of memory at different times
                    subtype:  reusable_program  a program that can be loaded once and executed repeatedly
                    subtype:  search_engine  a computer program that retrieves documents or files or data from a database or from a computer network (especially from the internet)
                    subtype:  self-adapting_program  a program that can change its performance in response to its environment
                    subtype:  spreadsheet  a screen-oriented interactive program enabling a user to lay out financial data on the screen
                    subtype:  supervisory_program__supervisoryprogram__supervisor__executive_program__executiveprogram  a program that controls the execution of other programs
                    subtype:  syntax_checker  a program to check natural language syntax
                    subtype:  system_program__systems_program__systemsprogram__systems_software__systemssoftware  a program (as an operating system or compiler or utility program) that controls some aspect of the operation of a computer
                    subtype:  translating_program__translatingprogram__translator  a program that translates one programming language into another
                    subtype:  utility_program__utilityprogram__utility__service_program__serviceprogram  (computer science) a program designed for general support of the processes of a computer; "a computer system provides utility programs to perform the tasks needed by most users"
                       subtype:  device_driver__driver  (computer science) a program that determines how a computer will communicate with a peripheral device
                       subtype:  diagnostic_program  a program that recognizes and explains faults in the equipment or mistakes in a computer program
                       subtype:  input_program__inputprogram  a utility program that organizes the input to a computer
                       subtype:  output_program  a utility program that organizes the output of a computer
                       subtype:  sort_program__sorting_program__sortingprogram  a utility program that sorts data items
                       subtype:  trace_program__traceprogram  a utility program that exhibits the sequence and results of executing the instructions in another program
                          subtype:  snapshot_program  a trace program that produces output for selected conditions
                    subtype:  script  program witten with an interpreted language
                       subtype:  class_script__classscript  script associated to a class
                       subtype:  object_script  script associated to a class instance (that is not a class itself
                       subtype:  global_script  script that is not associated to an object or a class
                    subtype:  program_written_in_a_certain_language
                       subtype:  LISP_program  a program written in LISP
                       subtype:  FORTRAN_program  a program written in FORTRAN
                       subtype:  C_program  a program written in C
                 subtype:  subroutine__routine__subprogram__procedure__function  a set sequence of steps, part of larger computer program
                    subtype:  cataloged_procedure__catalogedprocedure  a set of control statements that have been placed in a library and can be retrieved by name
                    subtype:  contingency_procedure__contingencyprocedure  an alternative to the normal procedure; triggered if an unusual but anticipated situation arises
                    subtype:  library_routine__libraryroutine  a debugged routine that is maintained in a program library
                    subtype:  random_number_generator  a routine designed to yield a random number
                    subtype:  recursive_routine__recursiveroutine  a routine that can call itself
                    subtype:  reusable_routine  a routine that can be loaded once and executed repeatedly
                    subtype:  supervisory_routine__supervisoryroutine__executive_routine__executiveroutine  a routine that coordinates the operation of subroutines
                    subtype:  tracing_routine  a routine that provides a chronological record of the execution of a computer program
                    subtype:  utility_routine__utilityroutine__service_routine__serviceroutine  a routine that can be used as needed
                       subtype:  dump_routine  a routine that writes from an internal store to some external medium
                       subtype:  input_routine__inputroutine  a routine that writes from an external source to an internal store
                       subtype:  output_routine  a routine that controls an output device
                 subtype:  shareware  software that has been copyrighted but is sold to users with permission to copy it and give it to others
                 subtype:  shrink-wrapped_software  software on cd-roms that are boxed and shrink-wrapped and sold in stores (implying a widely supported standard platform)
                 subtype:  supervisory_software__supervisorysoftware  specialized programs that reside permanently in the computer's main memory and control the processing of user's programs
                 subtype:  software_documentation__documentation  program listings or technical manuals describing the operation and use of programs
                 subtype:  DBMS__database_management_system  a software system that facilitates the creation and maintenance and use of an electronic database
                    subtype:  RDBMS__relational_database_management_system  a database management system designed to manage a relational database
                    subtype:  ODBMS__OODBMS__object-oriented_database_management_system  $("ODBMS" added as key, "OODBMS" added)$a database management system designed to manage an object-oriented database
                    subtype:  ORDBMS__object-relational_DBMS__extended_RDBM  DBMS mixing features from RDBMSs and ODBMSs but not being a genuine RDBMS nor ODBMS
                       subtype:  in_memory_ORDBMS
                       subtype:  Gigabase
                    subtype:  DDBMS
                    subtype:  in_memory_DBMS__IMDBMS  DBMS loading/mapping the whole database in main memory before answering a query
                       subtype:  in_memory_ODBMS
                          subtype:  FastDB
                    subtype:  federated_DBMS__multi_DBMS
                 subtype:  IR_system
                    subtype:  distributed_IR_system
                       subtype:  distributed_hypertext_IR_system__distributedhypertextirsystem  e.g. the WWW
                          subtype:  WWW
                       subtype:  Semantic_Web
                    subtype:  hypertext_system__hypertextsystem  a database management system that allows chunks of text (objects) to be processed as a complex network of nodes that are linked together in an arbitrary way
                 subtype:  KM_tool__knowledge_management_tool
                    subtype:  knowledge_base_system__KBS
                       subtype:  KBMS
                          subtype:  graph_based_KBMS
                          subtype:  SNEPSwD
                          subtype:  CG_based_KBMS
                             subtype:  CGWorld
                             subtype:  PROLOG\+CG
                             subtype:  CoGITaNT
                             subtype:  Notio
                             subtype:  WebKB
                                subtype:  WebKB-1__WebKB_private_annotation_tool
                                subtype:  WebKB-2__WebKB_shared_annotation_tool
                    subtype:  inference_engine__inferenceengine
                    subtype:  KA_tool
                       subtype:  KADS_tool
                    subtype:  terminological_analysis_tool
                       subtype:  ACABIT
                       subtype:  LEXTER
                       subtype:  TERMS
                       subtype:  XTract
                    subtype:  knowledge_based_IR_system
                       subtype:  WebKB
                       subtype:  CGKAT
                    subtype:  knowledge_interface_generator__knowledgeinterfacegenerator
                       subtype:  knowledge_graphical_editor__knowledgegraphicaleditor
                    subtype:  language/structure_specific_tool
                       subtype:  CG_related_tool__cgrelatedtool
                          subtype:  CG_based_KBMS
                          subtype:  CG_graphical_editor
                          subtype:  NL_parser_with_CG_output
                    subtype:  ontology_management_tool
                    subtype:  FCA_tool
                       subtype:  FCA_structure_graphical_editor  graphic editor of FCA objects
              subtype:  instruction.computer_code__command__statement__program_line__programline  (computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program
                 subtype:  call.computer_code  an instruction that interrupts the program being executed; "Pascal performs calls by simply giving the name of the routine to be executed"
                    subtype:  function_call  a call that passes control to a subroutine; after the subroutine is executed control returns to the next instruction in main program
                    subtype:  system_call__supervisor_call_instruction  an instruction that interrupts the program being executed and passes control to the supervisor
                 subtype:  command_line__commandline  commands that a user types in in order to run an application
                 subtype:  link.computer_code  (computing) an instruction that connects one part of a program or an element on a list to another program or list
                    subtype:  hyperlink  a link from a hypertext file to another location or file; typically activated by clicking on a highlighted word or icon at a particular location on the screen
                 subtype:  macro_instruction__macroinstruction__macro  a single computer instruction that results in a series of instructions in machine language
                 subtype:  system_error  an instruction that is either not recognized by an operating system or is in violation of the procedural rules
                 subtype:  toggle.computer_code  any instruction that works first one way and then the other; it turns something on the first time it is used and then turns it off the next time
              instance:  ASCII
        subtype:  capitalization.writing__capitalisation  writing in capital letters
        subtype:  typing__typewriting  writing done with a typewriter
           subtype:  double-spacing  typing that leaves alternate lines blank
           subtype:  single-spacing  typing that does not leave lines blank
           subtype:  triple-spacing  typing that leaves two lines blank between lines of typing
           subtype:  touch_typing__touchtyping__touch_system__touchsystem  typewriting in which the fingers are trained to hit particular keys; typist can read and type at the same time
        subtype:  printing.writing  text written in the style of printed matter
        subtype:  handwriting.writing__hand__script  something written by hand; "she recognized his handwriting"; "his hand was illegible"
           subtype:  shorthand__stenography  a method of writing rapidly
           subtype:  longhand__running_hand__runninghand__cursive  rapid handwriting in which letters are set down in full and cursively connected within words without lifting the writing implement from the paper
              subtype:  copperplate.longhand  a fine style of handwriting based on the writing used on copperplate engravings
              subtype:  italic  a style of handwriting with the letters slanting to the right
              subtype:  round_hand__roundhand  a clearly written style of longhand with large round curves
           subtype:  calligraphy__penmanship  beautiful handwriting
           subtype:  scribble__scratch__cacography  poor handwriting
              subtype:  squiggle  an illegible scrawl
        subtype:  hieroglyphic__hieroglyph  writing that resembles hieroglyphics (usually by being illegible)
        subtype:  skywriting  writing formed in the sky by smoke released from an airplane
        subtype:  printing_process__printing  reproduction by applying ink to paper as for publication
           subtype:  typography.printing_process__composition  art and technique of printing with movable type
           subtype:  relief_printing__letterpress__letterpres  printing from a plate with raised characters
           subtype:  intaglio_printing  printing from a plate with depressed characters
              subtype:  photogravure  printing from an intaglio plate prepared by photographic methods
                 subtype:  rotogravure.photogravure  printing by transferring an image from a photogravure plate to a cylinder in a rotary press
           subtype:  process_printing__processprinting  a method of printing colored reproductions from halftone plates
           subtype:  planographic_printing__planography  the process of printing from a surface on which the printing areas are not raised but are ink-receptive (as opposed to ink repellent)
              subtype:  collotype_printing__collotypeprinting__collotype__photogelation_process__photogelationproces  a kind of color printing, used for the finest facsimile reproductions of works of art
              subtype:  lithography.planographic_printing  a method of planographic printing from a metal or stone surface
                 subtype:  photolithography  a planographic printing process using plates made from a photographic image
                 subtype:  chromolithography  single- or multi-color lithography
                 subtype:  offset_lithography  offset printing by lithography
           subtype:  offset_printing__offset  a plate makes an inked impression on a rubber-blanketed cylinder, which in turn transfers it to the paper
              subtype:  photo-offset_printing__photo-offset__photooffset  a method of offset printing using photomechanical plates
              subtype:  letterset_printing__lettersetprinting  image is transferred from a relief type plate to a roller
           subtype:  carbon_process  a process of printing on paper coated with bichromated gelatin containing pigment
        subtype:  notation__notational_system  a technical system of symbols used to represent special things
           subtype:  mathematical_notation  a notation used by mathematicians
              subtype:  numeration_system__number_system__number_representation_system__system_of_numeration  any notation for the representation of numbers
                 subtype:  positional_notation__positional_representation_system  a numeration system in which a real number is represented by an ordered set of characters where the value of a character depends on its position
                    subtype:  pure_binary_numeration_system__binary_numeration_system__binary_number_system__binary_system  a positional system of numeration that uses binary digits and a radix of 2
                    subtype:  octal_numeration_system__octal_number_system  a positional system of numeration that uses octal digits and a radix of 8
                    subtype:  decimal_numeration_system__decimal_number_system__decimal_system__decimalsystem  a positional system of numeration that uses decimal digits and a base of 10
                       subtype:  algorism.decimal_numeration_system  the Arabic (or decimal) system of numeration
                    subtype:  hexadecimal_number_system__sexadecimal_number_system__hexadecimal_system__hexadecimalsystem  a positional system of numeration that uses hexadecimal digits and a radix of 16
              subtype:  binary_notation  any notation that uses 2 characters (usually 0 and 1)
              subtype:  decimal_notation__decimalnotation  any notation that uses 10 different characters (usually the digits 0 to 9)
              subtype:  octal_notation__octalnotation  any mathematical notation that uses 8 different characters (usually the digits 0 to 7)
              subtype:  hexadecimal_notation__hexadecimalnotation__sexadecimal_notation__sexadecimalnotation  any notation that uses 16 different characters
              subtype:  sign.mathematical_notation  a character indicating a relation between quantities; "don't forget the minus sign"
                 subtype:  equals_sign  a sign indicating that the quantities on either side are equal
                 subtype:  plus_sign  a sign indicating the operation of addition
                 subtype:  minus_sign__minussign  a sign indicating the operation of subtraction
              subtype:  decimal_point__decimalpoint__percentage_point  the dot at the left of a decimal fraction
              subtype:  exponent.mathematical_notation__power__index  a mathematical notation indicating the number of times a quantity is multiplied by itself
                 subtype:  degree.exponent  the highest power of a term or variable
                    subtype:  degree_of_a_term  the sum of the exponents of the variables in the term
                    subtype:  degree_of_a_polynomial  the degree of the term in the polynomial that has the highest degree
                 subtype:  logarithm__log  the exponent required to produce a given number
                    subtype:  common_logarithm  a logarithm to the base 10
                    subtype:  natural_logarithm__naturallogarithm__Napierian_logarithm  a logarithm to the base e
              subtype:  radical_sign__radicalsign__radical  a sign placed in front of an expression to denote that a root is to be extracted
              subtype:  fixed-point_notation__fixedpointnotation__fixed-point_representation_system  a radix numeration system in which the location of the decimal point is fixed by convention
              subtype:  floating-point_notation__floating-point_representation_system  a radix numeration system in which the location of the decimal point is indicated by an exponent of the radix; the floating-point representation of 0.0012 is 0.12-2 where -2 is the exponent
              subtype:  infix_notation__infixnotation  a notation for forming mathematical expressions using parentheses and governed by rules of operator precedence; operators are dispersed among the operands
              subtype:  parenthesis-free_notation  a notation for forming mathematical expressions that does not use parentheses to delimit components
                 subtype:  prefix_notation__Lukasiewicz_notation__Polish_notation  a parenthesis-free notation for forming mathematical expressions in which each operator precedes its operands
                 subtype:  postfix_notation__postfixnotation__suffix_notation__reverse_Polish_notation  a parenthesis-free notation for forming mathematical expressions in which each operator follows its operands
           subtype:  musical_notation__musicalnotation  a notation used by musicians
              subtype:  bar_line__barline  a vertical line marking the boundary between musical bars
                 subtype:  double_bar  notation marking the end of principal parts of a musical composition; two adjacent bar lines
              subtype:  tablature  a musical notation indicating the fingering to be used
              subtype:  musical_scale__scale  a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave)
                 subtype:  gamut.musical_scale  the entire scale of musical notes
                 subtype:  diatonic_scale  a scale with eight notes in an octave; all but two are separated by whole tones
                    subtype:  musical_mode__musicalmode__mode  any of various fixed orders of the various diatonic notes within an octave
                       subtype:  ecclesiastical_mode__Gregorian_mode__church_mode__medieval_mode  any of a system of modes used in Gregorian chants up until 1600; derived historically from the Greek mode
                       subtype:  Greek_mode  any of the descending diatonic scales in the music of classical Greece
                       subtype:  major_scale__majorscale__major_diatonic_scale  a diatonic scale with notes separated by whole tones except for the 3rd and 4th and 7th and 8th
                       subtype:  minor_scale__minorscale__minor_diatonic_scale  a diatonic scale with notes separated by whole tones except for the 2nd and 3rd and 5th and 6th
                 subtype:  chromatic_scale__chromaticscale  a 12-note scale including all the semitones of the octave
                 subtype:  gapped_scale  a musical scale with fewer than seven notes
                    subtype:  pentatonic_scale  a gapped scale with five notes
              subtype:  musical_interval__musicalinterval__interval  the difference in pitch between two notes
                 subtype:  whole_tone__wholetone__tone__step__whole_step__wholestep  a musical interval of two semitones
                 subtype:  semitone__half_step  the musical interval between adjacent keys on a keyboard instrument
                 subtype:  quartertone  half of a semitone
                 subtype:  musical_octave__musicaloctave__octave  a musical interval of eight tones
                 subtype:  third.musical_interval  the musical interval between one note and another three notes away from it; "a simple harmony written in major thirds"
                 subtype:  fourth.musical_interval  the musical interval between one note and another four notes away from it
                 subtype:  fifth.musical_interval  the musical interval between one note and another five notes away from it
                 subtype:  sixth  the musical interval between one note and another six notes away from it
                 subtype:  seventh  the musical interval between one note and another seven notes away from it
              subtype:  stave__staff  (music) the system of five horizontal lines on which the musical notes are written
              subtype:  clef  a musical notation written on a staff indicating the pitch of the notes following it
                 subtype:  treble_clef__G_clef  a clef that puts the G above middle C on the second line of a staff
                 subtype:  bass_clef__F_clef  a clef that puts the F below middle C on the fourth line of a staff
                 subtype:  alto_clef__viola_clef__violaclef  a clef that puts middle C on the third line of a staff
                 subtype:  C_clef  a movable clef that puts middle C on one of the lines of a staff
                 subtype:  soprano_clef__sopranoclef  a clef that puts middle C on the bottom line of the staff
                 subtype:  tenor_clef__tenorclef  a clef that puts middle C on the fourth line of the staff; used for writing music for bassoons or cellos or tenor horns
              subtype:  key_signature__keysignature__signature  the sharps or flats that follow the clef and indicate the key
              subtype:  tonality__key  any of 24 major or minor diatonic scales that provide the tonal framework for a piece of music
              subtype:  atonality__atonalism  the absence of a key; alternative to the diatonic system
              subtype:  musical_time_signature__time_signature  a musical notation indicating the number of beats to a measure and kind of note that takes a beat
                 subtype:  alla_breve  a musical time signature indicating two or four half notes to a measure
              subtype:  measure.musical_notation__bar  notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats; written followed by a vertical bar
              subtype:  rest.musical_notation  a musical notation indicating a silence of a specified duration
                 subtype:  whole_rest__wholerest  a rest equal in duration to a whole note
              subtype:  musical_note__musicalnote__note__tone  a notation representing the pitch and duration of a musical sound; "the singer held the note too long"
                 subtype:  tonic__keynote  (music) the first note of a diatonic scale
                 subtype:  supertonic  (music) the second note of a diatonic scale
                 subtype:  mediant  (music) the third note of a diatonic scale; midway between the tonic and the dominant
                 subtype:  subdominant  (music) the fourth note of the diatonic scale
                 subtype:  dominant  (music) the fifth note of the diatonic scale
                 subtype:  submediant  (music) the sixth note of a major or minor scale (or the third below the tonic)
                 subtype:  subtonic__leading_tone__leadingtone  (music) the seventh note of the diatonic scale
                 subtype:  pedal_point__pedalpoint__pedal  a sustained bass note
                 subtype:  trill__shake  a note that alternates rapidly with another note a semitone above it
                 subtype:  middle_C  the note designated by the first ledger line below the treble staff; 261.63 Hertz
                 subtype:  chord  a combination of three or more notes that blend harmoniously when sounded together
                    subtype:  arpeggio  a chord whose notes are played in rapid succession rather than simultaneously
                    subtype:  sforzando  an accented chord
                    subtype:  common_chord__triad  a 3-note major or minor chord; a note and its third and fifth tones
                    subtype:  seventh_chord__seventhchord  a triad with a seventh added
                 subtype:  passing_note__passingnote__passing_tone__passingtone  a nonharmonic note inserted for transition between harmonic notes
                 subtype:  whole_note__wholenote__semibreve  a musical note having the longest time value
                 subtype:  half_note__minim  a musical note having the time value of half a whole note
                 subtype:  quarter_note__quarternote__crotchet  a musical note having the time value of a quarter of a whole note
                 subtype:  eighth_note__quaver  a musical note having the time value of an eighth of a whole note
                 subtype:  sixteenth_note__sixteenthnote__semiquaver  a musical note having the time value of a sixteenth of a whole note
                 subtype:  thirty-second_note__demisemiquaver  a musical note having the time value of a thirty-second of a whole note
                 subtype:  sixty-fourth_note__hemidemisemiquaver  a musical note having the time value of a sixty-fourth of a whole note
                 subtype:  grace_note__gracenote__appoggiatura__acciaccatura  an embellishing note usually written in smaller size
                 subtype:  blue_note  a flattened third or seventh
              subtype:  slur  (music) a curved line spanning notes that are to be played legato
                 subtype:  tie.slur  (music) a slur over two notes of the same pitch; indicates that the note is to be sustained for their combined time value
              subtype:  sharp.musical_notation  a notation indicating one half step higher than the note named
              subtype:  flat.musical_notation  a notation indicating one half step lower than the note named
              subtype:  cancel__natural  a notation cancelling a previous sharp or flat
              subtype:  accidental  a notation that makes a note sharp or flat or natural although that is not part of the key signature
              subtype:  solmisation__solmization  a system of naming the notes of a musical scale by syllables instead of letters
                 subtype:  tonic_solfa__tonicsolfa__solfa  a system of solmization using the solfa syllables: do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti
              subtype:  segno  (music) a notation written at the beginning or end of a passage that is to be repeated
              subtype:  sforzando.musical_notation  (music) a notation written above a note and indicating that it is to be played with a strong initial attack
           subtype:  choreography  a notation used by choreographers
              subtype:  Labanotation  a system of notation for dance movements that uses symbols to represent points on a dancer's body and the direction of the dancer's movement and the tempo and the dynamics
           subtype:  chemical_notation  a notation used by chemists to express technical facts in chemistry
     subtype:  writing.oeuvre  (usually plural) the collected work of an author; "the idea occurs with increasing frequency in Hemingway's writings"
     subtype:  drug_prescription__prescription  written instructions from a physician or dentist to a druggist concerning the form and dosage of a drug to be issued to a given patient
     subtype:  optician_prescription__prescription  written instructions for an optician on the lenses for a given person
     subtype:  reading_material__readingmaterial__reading  written material intended to be read; "the teacher assigned new readings"; "he bought some reading material at the airport"
     subtype:  correspondence  communication by the exchange of letters
        subtype:  card.correspondence  a rectangular piece of stiff paper used to send messages (may have printed greetings or pictures); "they sent us a card from Miami"
           subtype:  get-well_card  a card expressing get-well wishes
           subtype:  greeting_card  a card sent to express personal greetings
              subtype:  birthday_card  a card expressing a birthday greeting
              subtype:  Christmas_card  a card expressing a Christmas greeting
              subtype:  Easter_card  a card expressing an Easter greeting
              subtype:  Valentine  a card sent or given (as to a sweetheart) on Saint Valentine's Day
           subtype:  sympathy_card  a card expressing sympathy
           subtype:  postcard__postal_card__mailing-card__mailingcard  a card for sending messages by post without an envelope
              subtype:  lettercard  a postcard that folds so the message is inside
              subtype:  picture_postcard__picturepostcard  a postcard with a picture on one side
           subtype:  spiritual_bouquet__spiritualbouquet  a card indicating that the sender will perform certain devotional acts on behalf of another (Roman Catholic Church)
     subtype:  print.written_communication__black_and_white__blackandwhite  the result of the printing process
        subtype:  fingerprint  a print made by an impression of the ridges in the skin of a finger; often used as evidence in criminal investigations
           subtype:  loop.fingerprint  the basic pattern of the human fingerprint
           subtype:  thumbprint  fingerprint made by the thumb (especially by the pad of the thumb)
        subtype:  small_print__smallprint__fine_print  material printed in small type
  subtype:  section__subdivision  a self-contained part of a larger composition; "he always turns first to the business section"; "the history of this work is discussed in the next section"
     subtype:  lead-in.section__leadin__lead  the introductory section of a story; "it was an amusing lead-in to a very serious matter"
     subtype:  canto  a major division of a long poem
     subtype:  sports_section  the section of a newspaper that reports on sports
     subtype:  article.section__clause  a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will)
        subtype:  arbitration_clause__arbitrationclause  a clause in a contract providing for arbitration of disputes arising under the contract
        subtype:  deductible  a clause in an insurance policy that relieves the insurer of responsibility to pay the initial loss up to a stated amount
        subtype:  escalator_clause__escalatorclause__escalator  a clause in a contract that provides for an increase or a decrease in wages or prices or benefits etc. depending on certain conditions (as a change in the cost of living index)
        subtype:  rider.article  a clause that is appended to a legislative bill
     subtype:  book.section  a major division of a long written composition; "the book of Isaiah"
        subtype:  Genesis  the first book of the Old Testament: tells of creation; Adam and Eve; the Fall of Man; Cain and Abel; Noah and the flood; God's covenant with Abraham; Abraham and Isaac; Jacob and Esau; Joseph and his brothers
        subtype:  Exodus  the second book of the Old Testament: tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt led by Moses; God gave them the Ten Commandments and the rest of Mosaic law on Mount Sinai during the Exodus
        subtype:  Leviticus  the third book of the Old Testament; contains Levitical law and ritual precedents
        subtype:  Numbers  the fourth book of the Old Testament; contains a record of the number of Israelites who followed Moses out of Egypt
        subtype:  Deuteronomy  the fifth book of the Old Testament; contains a second statement of Mosaic Law
        subtype:  Josue__Joshua  a book in the Old Testament describing how Joshua led the Israelites into Canaan (the Promised Land) after the death of Moses
        subtype:  Judges  a book of the Old Testament that tells the history of Israel under the leaders known as judges
        subtype:  I_Samuel  the first of two books in the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David
        subtype:  II_Samuel  the second of two books of the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David
        subtype:  Ruth  a book of the Old Testament that tells the story of Ruth who was not an Israelite but who married and Israelite and who stayed with her mother-in-law Naomi after her husband died
        subtype:  Jeremiah  a book in the Old Testament containing the oracles of the prophet Jeremiah
        subtype:  Jonah  a book in the Old Testament that tells the story of Jonah and the whale
        subtype:  Job  a book in the Old Testament containing Job's pleas to God about his afflictions and God's reply
        subtype:  Esther  a book of the Old Testament that tells how Esther saved her people from massacre
        subtype:  Gospel_According_to_Matthew__Matthew  one of the Gospels in the New Testament; includes the Sermon on the Mount
        subtype:  Gospel_According_to_Mark__Mark  the shortest of the four Gospels in the New Testament
        subtype:  Gospel_According_to_Luke__Luke  one of the four Gospels in the New Testament; contains details of Jesus's birth and early life
        subtype:  Gospel_According_to_John__John  the last of the four Gospels in the New Testament
        subtype:  Acts_of_the_Apostles__Acts  a book of the New Testament
        subtype:  Revelation__Apocalypse  revelations of Saint John the Divine in the New Testament
     subtype:  chapter  a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled; "he read a chapter every night before falling asleep"
     subtype:  episode.section  a brief section of a literary or dramatic work that forms part of a connected series
     subtype:  performance_section__performancesection__spot  a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance; "they changed his spot on the program"
     subtype:  media_spot__mediaspot__spot  a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
     subtype:  insert  a folded section placed between the leaves of another publication
     subtype:  introduction  the first section of a communication
        subtype:  opening.introduction  the initial part of the introduction; "the opening established the basic theme"
           subtype:  salutation  word of greeting used to begin a letter
        subtype:  foreword__preface__prolusion  a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book
        subtype:  preamble  a preliminary introduction to a statute or constitution (usually explaining its purpose)
        subtype:  prologue  an introduction to a play
     subtype:  close__conclusion__end__closing  the last section of a communication; "in conclusion I want to say..."
        subtype:  anticlimax.close__bathos  a change from a serious subject to a disappointing one
        subtype:  epilog__epilogue  a short passage added at the end of a literary work; "the epilogue told what eventually happened to the main characters"
        subtype:  epilogue__epilog  a short speech (often in verse) addressed directly to the audience by an actor at the end of a play
        subtype:  peroration  (rhetoric) the concluding section of an oration; "he summarized his main points in his peroration"
        subtype:  coda__finale  the closing section of a musical composition
     subtype:  passage.section  particularly a section of medium length
        subtype:  excerpt__extract__selection  a passage selected from a larger work; "he presented excerpts from William James' philosophical writings"
           subtype:  analects__analecta  a collection of excerpts from a literary work
           subtype:  newspaper_clipping__newspaperclipping__clipping__press_clipping__pressclipping__cutting__press_cutting__presscutting  an excerpt cut from a newspaper or magazine; "he searched through piles of letters and clippings"
           subtype:  cut.excerpt__track  a distinct selection of music from a recording or a compact disc; "he played the first cut on the cd"; "the title track of the album"
           subtype:  quote  a passage or expression that is quoted
              subtype:  epigraph.quote  a quotation at the beginning of some piece of writing
              subtype:  mimesis.quote  the representation of another person's words in a speech
              subtype:  misquotation  an incorrect quotation
        subtype:  locus_classicus__locusclassicu  an authoritative and often-quoted passage
        subtype:  place.passage  the passage that is being read; "he lost his place on the page"
        subtype:  purple_passage  a passage full of ornate and flowery language
        subtype:  transition.passage  a passage that connects a topic to one that follows
           subtype:  flashback  a transition (in literary or theatrical works or films) to an earlier event or scene
           subtype:  dissolve  (film) a gradual transition from one scene to the next; the next scene is gradually superimposed as the former scene fades out
           subtype:  cut.transition  (film) an immediate transition from one shot to the next; "the cut from the accident scene to the hospital seemed too abrupt"
              subtype:  jump_cut  an immediate transition from one scene to another
           subtype:  jump.transition  (film) an abrupt transition from one scene to another
        subtype:  text.passage  a passage from the Bible that is used as the subject of a sermon; "the preacher chose a text from Psalms to introduce his sermon"
     subtype:  obbligato__obligato  a part of the score that must be performed without change or omission
  subtype:  signal__sign__signaling  any communication that encodes a message; "signals from the boat suddenly stopped"
     subtype:  recording.signal  signal encoding something (e.g., picture or sound) that has been recorded
        subtype:  bologram__bolograph  record or recording made by a bolometer
        subtype:  chromatogram  the recording (column or paper strip) on which the constituents of a mixture are adsorbed in chromatography
        subtype:  oscillogram  the recording produced by an oscillograph
        subtype:  spirogram  a recording of breathing made with a spirograph
     subtype:  phone_number__phonenumber__telephone_number__telephonenumber__number  the number is used in calling a particular telephone; "he has an unlisted number"
     subtype:  starting_signal__start  a signal to begin (as in a race); "the starting signal was a green light"; "the runners awaited the start"
     subtype:  storm_signal__stormsignal  a signal announcing the approach of a storm especially one of marked violence
        subtype:  storm_cone__stormcone  (British) a canvas cone hoisted to warn of high winds
     subtype:  radio_beam__radiobeam__beam  a signal transmitted along a narrow path; guides pilots in darkness or bad weather
     subtype:  ticktack  (British) system of signalling by hand signs used by bookmakers at racetracks
     subtype:  time_signal  a signal (especially electronic or by radio) indicating the precisely correct time
     subtype:  dog-ear__dogear  a corner of a page turned down to mark your place
     subtype:  animal_communication  communication between animals (of the same species)
        subtype:  birdsong__birdcall__call__song  the characteristic sound produced by a bird; "a bird will not learn its song unless it hears it at an early age"
     subtype:  indicant__indication  a signal that serves to indicate or suggest something; "an indication of foul play"; "indications of strain"; "symptoms are the prime indicants of disease"
        subtype:  gesture.indicant  something done as an indication of intention; "a political gesture" or "a gesture of defiance"
           subtype:  beau_geste  a gracious (but usually meaningless) gesture
        subtype:  evidence  an indication that makes something evident; "his trembling was evidence of his fear"
           subtype:  clue__clew__cue  evidence that helps to solve a problem
              subtype:  footprint__footmark__step  a mark of a foot or shoe on a surface; a clue that someone was present; "the police made casts of the footprints in the soft earth outside the window"
              subtype:  sign__mark  a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened); "he showed signs of strain"; "they welcomed the signs of spring"
              subtype:  vestige__shadow  a clue that something has been present; "there wasn't a trace of evidence for the claim"
           subtype:  record  anything (such as a document or a phonograph record or a photograph) providing permanent evidence of or information about past events; "the film provided a valuable record of stage techniques"
              subtype:  written_record__writtenrecord__written_account__writtenaccount  a written document preserving knowledge of facts or events
                 subtype:  worksheet.written_record  a piece of paper recording work planned or done on a project
                 subtype:  interlingual_rendition__translation__rendering__version  a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language
                    subtype:  subtitle__caption  translation of foreign dialogue of a movie or TV program; usually displayed at the bottom of the screen
                    subtype:  supertitle__surtitle  translation of the words of a foreign opera (or choral work) projected on a screen above the stage
                    subtype:  mistranslation  an incorrect translation
                    subtype:  crib__pony__trot  a literal translation used in studying a foreign language (often used illicitly)
                 subtype:  casebook  a book in which detailed written records of a case are kept and which are a source of information for subsequent work
                 subtype:  voyage_log__log  a written record of events on a voyage (of a ship or plane)
                 subtype:  radio_log__radiolog__log  a written record of the transmissions by a radio station
                 subtype:  timecard.written_record  a card recording an employee's starting and quitting times each work day
                 subtype:  time_sheet  a record of the hours worked by employees
                 subtype:  entry  an item inserted in a written record
                    subtype:  lexical_entry__lexicalentry__dictionary_entry  the entry in a dictionary of information about a word
                    subtype:  nolle_prosequi__nolleprosequi__nol_pros  an entry in the court record to the effect that the plaintiff or prosecutor will not proceed
                    subtype:  notebook_entry  an entry in a notebook
                 subtype:  transcript__copy  a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)
                 subtype:  police_blotter__blotter__daybook__chargesheet  the daily written record of events (as arrests) in a police station
                 subtype:  note  a brief written record; "he made a note of the appointment"
                    subtype:  jotting__jot  a brief (and hurriedly handwritten) note
                    subtype:  memo__memorandum__memoranda  a written proposal or reminder
                       subtype:  aide-memoire  a memorandum summarizing the items of an agreement
                    subtype:  minute.note  a short note; "the secretary keeps the minutes of the meeting"
                 subtype:  registry__register  an official written record of names or events or transactions
                    subtype:  cadaster__cadastre  a public register showing the details of ownership and value of land; made for the purpose of taxation
                    subtype:  studbook  official record of the pedigree of purebred animals especially horses
                    subtype:  rent-roll  a register of rents; includes the names of tenants and the amount of rent they pay
                 subtype:  minutes__minute__proceedings__proceeding__transactions  a written account of what transpired at a meeting
                    subtype:  Congressional_Record  a published account of the speeches and debates and votes of the U.S. Congress
                    subtype:  Hansard  the official published verbatim report of the proceedings of a parliamentary body; originally of the British Parliament; "the Canadian Hansard is published in both English and French"
                 subtype:  minute_book  a book in which minutes have been written
                 subtype:  dossier  a collection of papers containing detailed information about a particular person or subject (usually a person's record)
                 subtype:  chronology.written_record  a record of events in the order of their occurrence
                 subtype:  statute_book__statutebook  a record of the whole body of legislation in a given jurisdiction
                 instance:  Domesday_Book
              subtype:  memorabilia  a record of things worth remembering
              subtype:  check_stub__checkstub__stub__counterfoil  the part of a check that is retained as a record
              subtype:  chronicle__history__account  a record or narrative description of past events: "a history of France"; "he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president"; "the story of exposure to lead"
                 subtype:  ancient_history.chronicle__ancienthistory  a history of the ancient world
                 subtype:  etymology.chronicle  a history of a word
                 subtype:  case_history  detailed record of the background of a person or group under study or treatment
                    subtype:  family_history  part of a patient's medical history in which questions are asked in an attempt to find out whether the patient has hereditary tendencies toward particular diseases
                    subtype:  medical_history__medicalhistory__medical_record__medicalrecord__anamnesis__anamnesi  the case history of a medical patient
                 subtype:  historical_document__historical_paper__historical_record  writing having historical value (as opposed to fiction or myth etc.)
                 subtype:  chronological_record__chronologicalrecord__annals  a chronological account of events in successive years
                 subtype:  biography__life__life_story__life_history  an account of the series of events making up a person's life
                    subtype:  autobiography  a biography of yourself
                       subtype:  memoir  an account of the author's personal experiences
                    subtype:  hagiography  a biography that idealizes or idolizes the person
                    subtype:  profile.biography  biographical sketch
                 subtype:  recital.chronicle  a detailed account or description of something; "he was forced to listen to a recital of his many shortcomings"
           subtype:  testimonial  something that serves as evidence; "his effort was testimony to his devotion"
              subtype:  good_authority  testimony by someone who should know; "I have it on good authority"
              subtype:  testament.testimonial  strong evidence for something; "his easy victory was a testament to his skill"
           subtype:  argument__statement  a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true; "it was a strong argument that his hypothesis was true"
              subtype:  proof  (logic or mathematics) a formal series of statements showing that if one thing is true something else necessarily follows from it
                 subtype:  mathematical_proof  proof of a mathematical theorem
                 subtype:  logical_proof__logicalproof  proof of a logical theorem
                 subtype:  demonstration.proof__monstrance  proof by a process of argument or a series of proposition proving an asserted conclusion
              subtype:  pro  an argument in favor of a proposal
              subtype:  con  an argument opposed to a proposal
              subtype:  case.argument  a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument; "he stated his case clearly"
              subtype:  clincher__determiner__determining_factor__determiningfactor  an argument that is conclusive
              subtype:  adducing  citing as evidence or proof
              subtype:  last_word.argument__lastword  the final statement in a verbal argument; "she always gets the last word"
              subtype:  specious_argument  an argument that appears good at first view but is really fallacious
                 subtype:  vicious_circle__viciouscircle  an argument that assumes that which is to be proved
                 subtype:  straw_man__strawman  a weak argument set up to be easily refuted
                 subtype:  special_pleading.specious_argument__specialpleading  an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence
           subtype:  attestation  the evidence by which something is attested
           subtype:  identification  evidence of identity; something that identifies a person or thing
              subtype:  identification_number__number  a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification; "she refused to give them her Social Security number"
                 subtype:  bank_identification_number__BIN__ABA_transit_number  an identification number consisting of a two-part code assigned to banks and savings associations; the first part shows the location and the second identifies the bank itself
                 subtype:  license_number__licensenumber__registration_number  the number on the license plate that identifies the car that bears it
                 subtype:  Social_Security_number  the number of a particular individual's social security account
              subtype:  fingerprint.identification  any identifying characteristic
              subtype:  green_card__greencard  a card that identifies the bearer as an alien with permanent resident status in the United States; "he was surprised to discover that green cards are no longer green"
              subtype:  ID__I.D.  a card or badge used to identify the bearer
              subtype:  PIN_number__personal_identification_number__PIN  a number you choose and use to gain access to various accounts
        subtype:  symptom.indicant  anything that accompanies X and is regarded as an indication of X's existence
        subtype:  signalization__signalisation  a conspicuous indication
        subtype:  pointing_out  indication by demonstration
        subtype:  manifestation.indicant  a manifest indication
        subtype:  mark  a visible indication made on a surface; "some previous reader had covered the pages with dozens of marks"
           subtype:  footprint__footmark__step  a mark of a foot or shoe on a surface; a clue that someone was present; "the police made casts of the footprints in the soft earth outside the window"
           subtype:  stroke.mark  a mark made by a writing implement (as in cursive writing)
              subtype:  downstroke  a stroke normally made in a downward direction
              subtype:  upstroke  a stroke normally made in an upward direction
              subtype:  underscore__underline  a line drawn underneath (especially under written matter)
           subtype:  hoofprint__hoofmark  a visible impression on a surface made by the hoof of an animal
           subtype:  line_like_mark__line  a mark that is long relative to its width; "He drew a line on the chart"; "The substance produced characteristic lines on the spectroscope"
              subtype:  cross_hair__crosshair__cross_wire__crosswire  either of two fine mutually perpendicular lines that cross in the focus plane of an optical instrument and are use for sighting or calibration; "he had the target in his cross hairs"
              subtype:  dotted_line  a line made up of dots or dashes; often used to indicate where you are supposed to sign a contract; "just sign on the dotted line"
              subtype:  ascender  (printing) the part of tall lowercase letters that extends above the other lowercase letters
              subtype:  bar_line__barline  a vertical line marking the boundary between musical bars
              subtype:  descender  (printing) the part of lowercase letters that extends below the other lowercase letters
              subtype:  curlicue__squiggle  a short twisting line
              subtype:  spectrum_line  an isolated component of a spectrum formed by radiation at a uniform frequency
              subtype:  trend_line__trendline  a line on a graph indicating a statistical trend
              subtype:  contour_line__contourline__contour  a line drawn on a map connecting points of equal height
                 subtype:  thalweg  a line following the lowest points of a valley
              subtype:  guideline.line  a light line that is used in lettering to help align the letters
              subtype:  hairline.line  a very thin line
              subtype:  shaft  a line that forms the length of an arrow pointer
              subtype:  serif__seriph  (printing) a short line at the end of the main strokes of a character
              subtype:  staff_line__staffline  any of the 5 horizontal marks comprising a staff
              subtype:  ledger_line__leger_line__legerline  a short line; a notation for extending the range above or below the staff
        subtype:  glimpse.indicant  a vague indication; "he caught only a glimpse of the professor's meaning"
        subtype:  harbinger__forerunner__herald__precursor  an indication of the approach of something or someone
        subtype:  hint__clue  a slight indication
        subtype:  smoke.indicant  an indication of some hidden activity; "with all that smoke there must be a fire somewhere"
     subtype:  warning_signal__warningsignal__alarm__alert__alarum  an automatic signal (usually a sound) warning of danger
        subtype:  tocsin__alarm_bell__alarmbell  the sound of an alarm (usually a bell)
        subtype:  siren.warning_signal  a warning signal that is a loud wailing sound
        subtype:  burglar_alarm.warning_signal__burglaralarm  a loud warning signal produced by a burglar alarm; "they could hear the burglar alarm a mile away"
        subtype:  fire_alarm  a shout or bell to warn that fire has broken out
        subtype:  fogsignal__foghorn  a loud low warning signal that can be heard by fog-bound ships
        subtype:  horn.warning_signal  a noise made by the driver of an automobile to give warning;
     subtype:  distress_signal__distress_call  an internationally recognized signal sent out by a ship or plane indicating that help is needed
        subtype:  SOS  an internationally recognized distress signal in radio code
        subtype:  Mayday  an internationally recognized distress signal via radiotelephone (from the French m'aider)
     subtype:  all_clear.signal__allclear  a signal (usually a siren) that danger is over
     subtype:  bugle_call__buglecall  a signal broadcast by the sound of a bugle
        subtype:  taps__lights-out  (military) signal to turn the lights out
        subtype:  wake-up_signal__reveille  (military) signal to wake up
        subtype:  retreat.bugle_call  (military) a bugle call signaling the lowering of the flag at sunset
        subtype:  tattoo.drumbeat  a drumbeat of bugle call that signals the military to return to their quarters
     subtype:  curfew.signal  a signal (usually a bell) announcing the start of curfew restrictions
     subtype:  retreat.signal  (military) a signal to begin a withdrawal from a dangerous position
     subtype:  drumbeat  (military) the beating of a drum as a signal for lowering the flag at sundown
        subtype:  tattoo.drumbeat  a drumbeat of bugle call that signals the military to return to their quarters
     subtype:  telegraphic_signal__telegraphicsignal__radiotelegraphic_signal  a signal transmitted by telegraphy
        subtype:  dit__dot  the shorter of the two telegraphic signals used in Morse code
        subtype:  dah__dash  the longer of the two telegraphic signals used in Morse code
     subtype:  whistle.signal__whistling  the act of signalling (e.g., summoning) by whistling or blowing a whistle; "the whistle signalled the end of the game"
     subtype:  high_sign  a silent signal of warning or recognition; "she started to speak but he gave her the high sign"
     subtype:  symbol  an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance
        subtype:  stock_symbol__stocksymbol  the letters used to identify listed companies on the securities exchanges where they are traded
        subtype:  accolade__award__honor__honour__laurels__laurel  a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction; "an award for bravery"
           subtype:  academic_degree__degree  an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study; "he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude"
              subtype:  associate_degree__associatedegree__associate  a degree granted by a two-year college on successful completion of the undergraduates course of studies
                 subtype:  Associate_in_Arts__AA  an associate degree in arts
                 subtype:  Associate_in_Applied_Science__AAS  an associate degree in applied science
                 subtype:  Associate_in_Nursing__AN  an associate degree in nursing
              subtype:  bachelor's_degree__baccalaureate  an academic degree conferred on someone who has successfully completed undergraduate studies
                 subtype:  Bachelor_of_Arts__BA__Artium_Baccalaurens__AB  a bachelor's degree in arts and sciences
                 subtype:  Bachelor_of_Arts_in_Library_Science__ABLS  a bachelor's degree in library science
                 subtype:  Bachelor_of_Arts_in_Nursing__BAN  a bachelor's degree in nursing
                 subtype:  Bachelor_of_Divinity__BD  a bachelor's degree in religion
                 subtype:  Bachelor_of_Literature__BLitt  a bachelor's degree in literature
                 subtype:  Bachelor_of_Medicine__MB  (a British degree) a bachelor's degree in medicine
                 subtype:  Bachelor_of_Music__BMus  a bachelor's degree in music
                 subtype:  Bachelor_of_Naval_Science__BNS  a bachelor's degree in naval science
                 subtype:  Bachelor_of_Science__BS__SB  a bachelor's degree in science
                 subtype:  Bachelor_of_Science_in_Architecture__BSArch  a bachelor's degree in architecture
                 subtype:  Bachelor_of_Science_in_Engineering  a bachelor's degree in engineering
                 subtype:  Bachelor_of_Theology__ThB  a bachelor's degree in theology
              subtype:  honours_degree__honoursdegree__honours  (Great Britain) a university degree with honors
                 subtype:  first-class_honours_degree__firstclasshonoursdegree__first  (Great Britain) an honours degree of the highest class
                    subtype:  double_first  (Great Britain) a first-class honours degree in two subjects
              subtype:  master's_degree__master'sdegree  an academic degree higher than a bachelor's but lower than a doctor's
                 subtype:  Master_of_Architecture__MArch  a degree granted for the successful completion of advanced study of architecture
                 subtype:  Master_of_Arts__MA__Artium_Magister__AM  a master's degree in arts and sciences
                 subtype:  Master_of_Arts_in_Library_Science__MALS  a master's degree in library science
                 subtype:  Master_of_Arts_in_Teaching__MAT  a master's degree in teaching
                 subtype:  Master_in_Business__MBA  a master's degree in business
                 subtype:  Master_of_Divinity__MDiv  a master's degree in religion
                 subtype:  Master_of_Education__MEd  a master's degree in education
                 subtype:  Master_of_Fine_Arts__MFA  a master's degree in fine arts
                 subtype:  Master_of_Literature__MLitt  a master's degree in literature
                 subtype:  Master_of_Library_Science__MLS  a master's degree in library science
                 subtype:  Master_in_Public_Affairs  a master's degree in questions of public concern
                 subtype:  Master_of_Science__MS__SM  a master's degree in science
                 subtype:  Master_of_Science_in_Engineering  a master's degree in engineering
                 subtype:  Master_of_Theology__ThM  a master's degree in theology
              subtype:  doctor's_degree__doctorate  one of the highest academic degrees conferred by a university
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Dental_Medicine__DMD  a doctor's degree in dental medicine
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Dental_Surgery__DDS  a doctor's degree in dental surgery
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Divinity__DD  a doctor's degree in religion
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Education__EdD__DEd  a doctor's degree in education
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Medicine__MD  a doctor's degree in medicine
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Music__DMus__MusD  a doctor's degree in music
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Musical_Arts__AMusD  a doctor's degree in musical arts
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Optometry__OD  a doctor's degree in optometry
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Osteopathy__DO  doctor's degree in osteopathy
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Philosophy__PhD  a doctorate awarded for original contributions to knowledge
                    subtype:  American_PhD__PhD  an American doctorate usually based on at least 3 years graduate study and a dissertation; the highest degree awarded by a graduate school
                    subtype:  DPhil  a British doctorate
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Public_Health__DPH  a doctor's degree in preventive medicine
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Theology__ThD  a doctor's degree in theology
              subtype:  law_degree__lawdegree  degree conferred on someone who successfully completes law school
                 subtype:  Bachelor_of_Laws__LLB  a three-year law degree
                 subtype:  Master_of_Laws__LLM  an advanced law degree
              subtype:  honorary_degree  a degree conferred to honor the recipient
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Arts__ArtsD  an honorary arts degree
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Fine_Arts  an honorary degree in fine arts
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Humane_Letters  an honorary degree in letters
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Humanities  an honorary degree in the humanities
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Laws__LLD  an honorary law degree
                 subtype:  Doctor_of_Science__DS__ScD  an honorary degree in science
           subtype:  pennant.accolade  the award given to the champion
           subtype:  seal_of_approval__cachet__seal  an indication of approved or superior status
           subtype:  commendation__citation  an official award (as for bravery or service) usually given as formal public statement
           subtype:  honorable_mention__honorablemention__mention  an official recognition of merit; "although he didn't win the prize he did get special mention"
           subtype:  varsity_letter__varsityletter__letter  an award earned by participation in a school sport; "he won letters in three sports"
           subtype:  laurel_wreath__decoration__medal__medallion__palm__ribbon  an award for winning a championship or commemorating some other event
              subtype:  Congressional_Medal_of_Honor__Medal_of_Honor  the highest U.S. military decoration awarded for bravery and valor in action `above and beyond the call of duty'
              subtype:  Distinguished_Service_Medal  a US military decoration for meritorious service in wartime duty of great responsibility
              subtype:  Distinguished_Service_Cross  a US Army decoration for extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy
              subtype:  Navy_Cross  a US Navy decoration for extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy
              subtype:  Distinguished_Flying_Cross  a US Airforce decoration for heroism while participating in an aerial flight
              subtype:  Air_Medal  a US Airforce decoration for meritorious achievement while participating in an aerial flight
              subtype:  Silver_Star_Medal__Silver_Star  a US military decoration for gallantry in action
              subtype:  Bronze_Star_Medal__Bronze_Star  a US military decoration awarded for meritorious service (except in aerial flight)
              subtype:  Order_of_the_Purple_Heart__Purple_Heart  a US military decoration awarded to any member of the armed forces who is wounded in action
              subtype:  Victoria_Cross  a British military decoration for gallantry
              subtype:  Distinguished_Conduct_Medal  a British military decoration for distinguished conduct in the field
              subtype:  Distinguished_Service_Order  a British military decoration for special service in action
              subtype:  Croix_de_Guerre  a French military decoration for gallantry
              subtype:  Medaille_Militaire  a French military decoration
           subtype:  trophy  an award for success in war or hunting
           subtype:  Emmy  an annual award for outstanding achievements in television
           subtype:  Nobel_prize  an annual award for outstanding contributions to chemistry or physics or physiology and medicine or literature or economics or peace
           subtype:  Oscar  an annual award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for achievements in motion picture production and performance
           subtype:  Prix_de_Rome  an annual prize awarded by the French government in a competition of painters and artists and sculptors and musicians and architects; the winner in each category receives support for a period of study in Rome
           subtype:  Prix_Goncourt  an award given annually for contributions to French literature
        subtype:  mark.symbol__stigma__brand__stain  a symbol of disgrace or infamy; "And the Lord set a mark upon Cain"--Genesis
           subtype:  demerit  a mark against a person for misconduct or failure; usually given in school or armed forces; "ten demerits and he loses his privileges"
           subtype:  bar_sinister__barsinister__bend_sinister  a mark of bastardy; lines from top right to bottom left
           subtype:  cloven_hoof__cloven_foot  the mark of Satan
        subtype:  token.symbol__item  an individual instance of a type of symbol; "the word`error' contains three tokens of `r'"
           subtype:  postage_stamp__postagestamp__postage__stamp  a token that postal fees have been paid
           subtype:  trading_stamp__tradingstamp  a stamp given by a retailer to a buyer; redeemable for articles on a premium list
        subtype:  type.symbol  all of the tokens of the same symbol; "the word `element' contains five different types of character"
        subtype:  numeral__number  a symbol used to represent a number; "he learned to write the numerals before he went to school"
           subtype:  Arabic_numeral  one of the symbols 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0
           subtype:  Roman_numeral  a symbol in the old Roman notation; I,V,X,L,C,D,M
           subtype:  antilogarithm__antilog  the number of which a given number is the logarithm
        subtype:  symbolism.symbol  a system of symbols and symbolic representations
        subtype:  lingam  the Hindu phallic symbol of Siva
        subtype:  written_symbol__writtensymbol__printed_symbol__printedsymbol  a written or printed symbol
           subtype:  mark.written_symbol  a written or printed symbol (as for punctuation); "his answer was just a punctuation mark"
              subtype:  arrow.mark__pointer  a mark to indicate a direction or relation
              subtype:  broad_arrow.mark  a mark shaped like an arrowhead; used to mark convicts' clothing
              subtype:  call_mark__call_number__pressmark  a mark consisting of characters written on a book; used to indicate shelf location
              subtype:  caret  a mark used by an author or editor to indicate where something is to be inserted into a text
              subtype:  check_mark__checkmark__check  a mark indicating that something has been noted or completed etc.; "as he called the role he put a check mark by each student's name"
              subtype:  diacritical_mark__diacriticalmark__diacritic  a mark added to a letter to indicate a special pronunciation
                 subtype:  accent_mark__accent  a diacritical mark used to indicate stress or (in some languages) placed above a vowel to indicate a special pronunciation
                    subtype:  stress_mark  a mark indicating the stress on a syllable
                    subtype:  acute_accent__acuteaccent__acute__ague  a mark (') placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation
                    subtype:  grave_accent__graveaccent__grave  a mark (`) placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation
                 subtype:  breve  a diacritical mark (u-curved) placed over a vowel to indicate a short sound
                 subtype:  cedilla  a diacritical mark (,) placed below the letter c to indicate that it is pronounced as an s
                 subtype:  circumflex  a diacritical mark '^' placed above a vowel in some languages to indicate a special phonetic quality
                 subtype:  hacek__wedge  a diacritical mark (an inverted circumflex) placed above certain letters (such as c) to indicate pronunciation
                 subtype:  macron  a diacritical mark (-) placed above a vowel to indicate a long sound
                 subtype:  tilde  a diacritical mark (~) placed over the letter n in Spanish to indicate a palatal nasal sound or over a vowel in Portuguese to indicate nasalization
                 subtype:  umlaut__dieresis__diaeresis__diaeresi  a diacritical mark (two dots) placed over a vowel in German to indicate a change in sound
              subtype:  ditto_mark__dittomark__ditto  a mark used to indicate the word above it should be repeated
              subtype:  dollar_mark__dollar_sign  a mark ($) written before a number to indicate that it stands for the number of dollars
              subtype:  point.mark__head  a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer; "the point of the arrow was due north"
              subtype:  punctuation_mark__punctuationmark__punctuation  the marks used to clarify meaning by indicating separation of words into sentences and clauses and phrases
                 subtype:  ampersand  a punctuation mark (&) used to represent conjunction (and)
                 subtype:  angle_bracket__anglebracket__bracket  either of two punctuation marks (< or >) used to enclose textual material
                 subtype:  apostrophe  the mark (') used to indicate the omission of one or more letters from a printed word
                 subtype:  brace.punctuation_mark  either of two punctuation marks ({ or }) used to enclose textual material
                 subtype:  square_bracket__bracket  either of two punctuation marks ([ or ]) used to enclose textual material
                 subtype:  colon.punctuation_mark  a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)
                 subtype:  comma  a punctuation mark (,) used to indicate the separation of elements within the grammatical structure of a sentence
                 subtype:  exclamation_mark__exclamationmark__exclamation_point__exclamationpoint  a punctuation mark (!) used after an exclamation
                 subtype:  hyphen__dash  a punctuation mark (-) used between parts of a compound word or between the syllables of a word when the word is divided at the end of a line of text
                 subtype:  parenthesis__parenthesi  either of two punctuation marks ( or ) used to enclose textual material
                 subtype:  full_stop__period__point__stop__full_point  a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations; "in England they call a period a stop"
                    subtype:  suspension_point  (usually plural) one of a series of points indicating that something has been omitted or that the sentence is incomplete
                 subtype:  question_mark__interrogation_point__interrogationpoint  a punctuation mark (?) placed at the end of a sentence to indicate a question
                 subtype:  quotation_mark__quotationmark__quote__invertedcomma  a punctuation mark used to attribute the enclosed text to someone else
                    subtype:  single_quote  a single quotation mark
                    subtype:  double_quotes  a pair of quotation marks
                    subtype:  scare_quote__scarequote  the use of quotation marks to indicate that it is not the authors preferred terminology
                 subtype:  semicolon  a punctuation mark (;) used to connect independent clauses; indicates a closer relation than does a period
                 subtype:  solidus__slash__virgule__diagonal__stroke__separatrix  a punctuation mark (/) used to separate related items of information
                 subtype:  swung_dash__swungdash  a punctuation mark used in text to indicate the omission of a word
           subtype:  grapheme__character__graphic_symbol__graphicsymbol  a written symbol that is used to represent speech; "the Greek alphabet has 24 characters"
              subtype:  allograph.grapheme  a variant form of a grapheme as `m' or `M'
              subtype:  superscript__superior  a character or symbol set or printed or written above and immediately to one side of another character
              subtype:  subscript__inferior  a character or symbol set or printed or written beneath or slightly below and to the side of another character
              subtype:  ASCII_character  any member of the standard code for representing characters by binary numbers
                 subtype:  ASCII_control_character__control_character__controlcharacter  ASCII characters to indicate carriage return or tab or backspace; typed by depressing a key and the control key at the same time
                    subtype:  backspace_character__backspacecharacter  a control character that indicates moving a space to the left
              subtype:  monogram  a graphic symbol consisting of 2 or more letters combined (usually your initials); printed on stationery or embroidered on clothing
              subtype:  upper_case__uppercase__capital__uppercaseletter  one of the large alphabetic characters used as the first letter in proper names and sometimes for emphasis; (printers once kept type for capitals and small letters in separate cases; capitals were kept in the upper half of the type case and so became known as upper-case letters)
                 subtype:  small_capital__smallcapital__small_cap__smallcap  a character having the form of an upper-case letter but the same height as lower-case letters
              subtype:  small_letter__smallletter__lower_case__lowercase__lower-case_letter  the characters that were once kept in bottom half of a compositor's type case
              subtype:  type.grapheme  printed characters; "small type is hard to read"
                 subtype:  type_family  a complete set of type suitable for printing text
                 subtype:  font__fount__face  a specific size and style of type within a type family
                    subtype:  typewriter_font__constant-width_font__fixed-width_font__fixedwidthfont__monospaced_font  a typeface is which each character is given the same width (as by a typewriter)
                    subtype:  proportional_font  any font whose different characters have different widths
                       subtype:  modern_font__modern__Bodoni__Bodoni_font  a typeface (based on an 18th century design by Gianbattista Bodoni) distinguished by regular shape and hairline serifs and heavy downstrokes
                       subtype:  old_style_font__oldstylefont__old_style__oldstyle  a typeface (based on an 18th century design) distinguished by irregularity and slanted ascender serifs and little contrast between light and heavy strokes
                       subtype:  roman_letters__romanletter__roman__roman_type__romantype__roman_print__romanprint  a typeface used in ancient Roman inscriptions
                    subtype:  font_cartridge__cartridge_font__cartridgefont  (computer science) any font that is contained in a cartridge that can be plugged into a computer printer
                    subtype:  black_letter__blackletter__gothic  a heavy typeface in use from 15th to 18th centuries
                    subtype:  boldface__bold_face__bold  a typeface with thick heavy lines
                    subtype:  italic.font  a typeface with letters slanting upward to the right
                    subtype:  screen_font__raster_font  (computer science) the font that is displayed on a computer screen; "when the screen font resembles a printed font a document may look approximately the same on the screen as it will when printed"
                    subtype:  sans_serif__Helvetica  a typeface in which characters have no serifs
              subtype:  percent_sign__percentsign__percentage_sign  %
              subtype:  asterisk__star  a star-shaped character * used in printing
              subtype:  dagger__obelisk  a character used in printing to indicate a cross reference or footnote
              subtype:  double_dagger__double_obelisk__dieses  a character used in printing to indicate a cross reference or footnote
              subtype:  letter_of_the_alphabet__letter__alphabetic_character  the conventional characters of the alphabet used to represent speech; "his grandmother taught him his letters"
                 subtype:  ascender.letter_of_the_alphabet  a lowercase letter that has a part extending above other lowercase letters
                 subtype:  descender.letter_of_the_alphabet  a lowercase letter that has a part extending below other lowercase letters
                 subtype:  digraph  two successive letters (especially two letters used to represent a single sound: `sh' in `shoe')
                 subtype:  initial  the first letter of a word (especially a person's name); "he refused to put the initials FRS after his name"
                 subtype:  A  the 1st letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  B  the 2nd letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  c__C  the 3rd letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  D  the 4th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  E  the 5th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  F  the 6th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  G  the 7th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  H  the 8th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  i__I  the 9th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  J  the 10th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  K  the 11th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  L  the 12th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  M  the 13th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  n  the 14th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  O  the 15th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  P  the 16th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  Q  the 17th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  R  the 18th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  S__s__  the 19th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  T  the 20th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  U  the 21st letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  V  the 22nd letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  W  the 23rd letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  X  the 24th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  Y  the 25th letter of the Roman alphabet
                 subtype:  z__Z__zee__zed  the 26th letter of the Roman alphabet; "the British call Z zed but Americans call it zee"
                 subtype:  alpha  the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  beta  the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  gamma  the 3rd letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  delta.letter_of_the_alphabet  the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  epsilon  the 5th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  zeta  the 6th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  eta  the 7th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  theta  the 8th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  iota  the 9th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  kappa  the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  lambda.letter_of_the_alphabet  the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  mu  the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  nu  the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  xi  the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  omicron  the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  pi  the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  rho  the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  sigma  the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  tau  the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  upsilon  the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  phi  the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  chi  the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  psi  the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  omega  the last (24th) letter of the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  aleph  the 1st letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  beth  the 2nd letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  gimel  the 3rd letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  daleth  the 4th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  he  the 5th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  waw  the 6th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  zayin  the 7th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  heth  the 8th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  teth  the 9th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  yodh  the 10th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  kaph  the 11th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  lamedh  the 12th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  mem  the 13th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  nun.letter_of_the_alphabet  the 14th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  samekh  the 15th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  ayin  the 16th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  pe  the 17th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  sadhe  the 18th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  qoph  the 19th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  resh  the 20th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  sin  the 21st letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  shin.letter_of_the_alphabet  the 22nd letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  taw  the 23rd letter of the Hebrew alphabet
                 subtype:  polyphone__polyphonicletter  a letter that has two or more pronunciations; "`c' is a polyphone because it is pronounced like `k' in `car' but like `s' in `cell'"
                 subtype:  block_letter__blockletter__block_capital__blockcapital  a plain hand-drawn letter
                 subtype:  vowel  a letter of the alphabet standing for a spoken vowel
                    subtype:  vowel_point__vowelpoint  a mark placed below or near a consonant (as in Hebrew or Arabic) to indicate the spoken vowel
                 subtype:  consonant.letter_of_the_alphabet  a letter of the alphabet standing for a spoken consonant
              subtype:  space.grapheme__blank  a blank character used to separate successive words in writing or printing; "he said the space is the most important character in the alphabet"
              subtype:  phonetic_symbol  a written character used in phonetic transcription of represent a particular speech sound
              subtype:  mathematical_symbol  a character that is used to indicates a mathematical relation or operation
              subtype:  rune__runic_letter__runicletter  any character from an ancient Germanic alphabet used in Scandinavia from the 3rd century to the Middle Ages; "each rune had its own magical significance"
                 subtype:  thorn  a Germanic character of runic origin
              subtype:  pictograph  a graphic character used in picture writing
              subtype:  ideogram__ideograph  a graphic character used in ideography
                 subtype:  logogram__logograph  a single symbol that represents an entire word or phrase
              subtype:  radical.grapheme  a character conveying the lexical meaning of a logogram
           subtype:  phonogram  any written symbol standing for a sound or syllable or morpheme or word
        subtype:  dollar_sign__dollar__dollar_mark  a symbol of commercialism or greed; "he worships the almighty dollar" or "the dollar sign means little to him"
        subtype:  stamp.symbol__impression  a symbol that is the result of printing; "he put his stamp on the envelope"
           subtype:  embossment__imprint  an impression produced by pressure or printing
           subtype:  revenue_stamp__revenuestamp  a stamp that is put on an object to show that a government tax has been paid
           subtype:  seal.stamp  a stamp affixed to a document (as to attest to its authenticity or to seal it); "the warrant bore the sheriff's seal"
        subtype:  mantle  the cloak as a symbol of authority; "place the mantle of authority on younger shoulders"
        subtype:  crown.symbol  the crown as a symbol of a monarchy; "the colonies revolted against the crown"
        subtype:  staff.symbol  a rod carried as a symbol
           subtype:  crosier__crozier  a staff surmounted by a crook or cross carried by bishops as a symbol of pastoral office
           subtype:  mace  a ceremonial staff carried as a symbol of office or authority
           subtype:  sceptre__scepter__verge__wand  a ceremonial or emblematic staff
              subtype:  bauble  a mock scepter carried by a court jester
           subtype:  tipstaff  staff with a metal tip carried as a sign of office by e.g. a bailiff or constable
        subtype:  icon  (computer science) a graphic symbol (usually a simple picture) that denotes a program or a command or a data file or a concept in a graphical user interface
        subtype:  marker__marking  a distinguishing symbol; "the owner's mark was on all the sheep"
           subtype:  earmark  identification mark on the ear of a domestic animal
           subtype:  brand  identification mark on skin, made by burning
           subtype:  trademark  a formally registered symbol identifying the manufacturer or distributor of a product
              subtype:  logo__logotype  a company emblem or device
           subtype:  assay-mark__assaymark__authentication__hallmark  a mark on an article of trade to indicate its origin and authenticity
           subtype:  postmark  a cancellation mark stamped on mail by postal officials; indicates the post office and date of mailing
           subtype:  watermark  a distinguishing mark impressed on paper during manufacture; visible when paper is held up to the light
           subtype:  broad_arrow.marker  an arrowhead mark identifying British government property
           subtype:  milepost__milestone  stone post at side of a road to show distances
           subtype:  peg.marker  small markers inserted into a surface to mark scores or define locations etc.
           subtype:  spot.marker__pip  a mark on a playing card (shape depending on the suit)
           subtype:  label.marker  an identifying or descriptive marker that is attached to an object
              subtype:  gummed_label__sticker  an adhesive label
                 subtype:  bookplate__ex_libris  a label identifying the owner of a book in which it is pasted
              subtype:  tag  a label made of cardboard or plastic or metal
                 subtype:  dog_tag__dogtag  metal plate on a dog collar bearing its registration number
                 subtype:  dog_tag.tag__dogtag  military identification tag worn on a chain around the neck
                 subtype:  name_tag  a tag showing the name of the person who wears it
                 subtype:  price_tag__pricetag  a tag showing the price of the article it is attached to
           subtype:  cairn  a mound of stones piled up as a memorial or to mark a boundary or path
        subtype:  identifier  a symbol that establishes the identity of the one bearing it
        subtype:  variable.symbol  a symbol (like x or y) that is used in mathematical or logical expressions to represent a variable quantity
           subtype:  placeholder  a symbol in a logical or mathematical expression that can be replaced by the name of any member of specified set
           subtype:  unknown__unknown_quantity__unknownquantity  a variable whose values are solutions of an equation
     subtype:  visual_signal  a signal that involves visual communication
        subtype:  watch_fire__watchfire  a fire lighted at night as a signal
        subtype:  light.visual_signal  a visual warning signal; "they saw the light of the beacon"; "there was a light at every corner"
           subtype:  traffic_light__trafficlight__traffic_signal__trafficsignal__stoplight  a visual signal to control the flow of traffic at intersections
              subtype:  green_light__greenlight__go-ahead  the signal to proceed
              subtype:  red_light  the signal to stop
              subtype:  yellow_light  the signal to proceed with caution
        subtype:  warning_light__warninglight__red_light  a cautionary sign of danger
           subtype:  idiot_light__idiotlight  a colored warning light on an instrument panel (as for low oil pressure)
        subtype:  flare  a burst of light used to communicate or illuminate
           subtype:  star_shell  an artillery shell containing an illuminant
           subtype:  Bengal_light  a steady bright blue light; formerly used as a signal but now a firework
           subtype:  Very_light  a colored flare fired from a Very pistol
        subtype:  signal_flag__flag  a rectangular piece of fabric used as a signalling device
           subtype:  pennant  a flag longer than it is wide (and often tapering)
           subtype:  code_flag__nautical_signal_flag  one of an international code of flag signals used between ships
              subtype:  blue_peter  a blue flag with a white square in the center indicates that the vessel is ready to sail
        subtype:  windsock__sock__wind_sleeve__drogue  a truncated cloth cone mounted on a mast; used (e.g., at airports) to show the direction of the wind
        subtype:  post.visual_signal__stake  a pole or stake set up to mark something (as the start or end of a race track)
           subtype:  starting_post  a post marking the starting point of a race (especially a horse race)
           subtype:  winning_post__winningpost  the post at the end of a racecourse
        subtype:  turn_signal__blinker__turn_indicator__trafficator  a blinking light on a motor vehicle that indicates the direction in which the vehicle is about to turn
        subtype:  armband.visual_signal  worn around arm as identification or to indicate mourning
        subtype:  rocket.visual_signal__skyrocket  propels bright light high in the sky, or used to propel a lifesaving line or harpoon
        subtype:  beacon_fire__beacon  a fire (usually on a hill or tower) that can be seen from a distance
           subtype:  signal_fire__signal_light  a fire set as a signal
        subtype:  stoplight__brake_light__brakelight  a red light on the rear of a motor vehicle that signals when the brakes are applied to slow or stop
        subtype:  barber's_pole  striped pole outside a barbershop
     subtype:  indicator.signal  a signal for attracting attention
        subtype:  reference_point__referencepoint__point_of_reference__reference  an indicator that orients you generally; "it is used as a reference for comparing the heating and the electrical energy involved"
           subtype:  bench_mark__benchmark__benchmark  a surveyor's mark on a permanent object of predetermined position and elevation used as a reference point
           subtype:  landmark.reference_point  a mark showing the boundary of a piece of land
              subtype:  merestone__meerestone__mearstone  an old term for a landmark that consisted of a pile of stones surmounted by an upright slab
           subtype:  lubber's_line__lubber_line__lubber's_mark__lubber's_point  a fixed line on a ship's compass indicating its heading
           subtype:  touchstone__standard__criterion__measure  a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated; "they set the measure for all subsequent work"
              subtype:  benchmark  a standard by which something can be measured or judged; "his painting sets the benchmark of quality"
              subtype:  yardstick  a measure or standard used for comparison: "on what kind of yardstick is he basing his judgment?"
              subtype:  medium_of_exchange__monetary_system  anything that is generally accepted as a standard of value and a measure of wealth in a particular country or region
                 subtype:  legal_tender__legaltender__tender  something used as an official medium of payment
                    subtype:  food_stamp  government-issued stamps used in exchange for food
                 subtype:  money.medium_of_exchange  the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender; "we tried to collect the money he owed us"
                    subtype:  appropriation.money  money set aside (as by a legislature) for a specific purpose
                       subtype:  pork_barrel__pork  a legislative appropriation designed to ingratiate legislators with their constituents
                    subtype:  monetary_fund__fund  a reserve of money set aside for some purpose
                       subtype:  revolving_fund__revolvingfund  a fund which, if borrowed or used, is intended to be replenished so it may be loaned or spent repeatedly
                       subtype:  sinking_fund__sinkingfund  a fund accumulated regularly in a separate account and used to redeem debt securities
                       subtype:  savings__nest_egg  a fund of money put by as a reserve
                       subtype:  pension_fund.monetary_fund__pensionfund  a fund reserved to pay workers' pensions
                       subtype:  war_chest__warchest  a fund accumulated to finance a war (or a political campaign)
                       subtype:  slush_fund__slushfund  a fund for buying votes or bribing public officials
                       subtype:  trust_fund__trustfund  a fund held in trust
                       subtype:  bank_deposit__deposit  money deposited in a bank
                          subtype:  demand_deposit  a bank deposit from which withdrawals can be made without notice
                       subtype:  budget  a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose; "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year"
                          subtype:  operating_budget__operatingbudget  a budget for current expenses as distinct from financial transactions or permanent improvements
                       subtype:  petty_cash__pettycash  a small fund of cash that a firm keeps for the payment of incidental expenses
                    subtype:  shekels__gelt__dough__bread__dinero__lucre__loot__pelf__moolah__cabbage__kale  informal terms for money
                    subtype:  shinplaster.money  paper money of little value issued on insufficient security
                    subtype:  token_money__tokenmoney  coins of regular issue whose face value is greater than their intrinsic value
                 subtype:  currency  the metal or paper medium of exchange that is presently used
                    subtype:  money.currency  the official currency issued by a government or national bank; "he changed his money into francs"
                    subtype:  hard_cash__cash__hard_currency  money in the form of bills or coins
                       subtype:  cash_change__change  money received in return for its equivalent in a larger denomination or a different currency; "he got change for a twenty and used it to pay the taxi driver"
                       subtype:  cash_balance__change  the balance of money received when the amount you tender is greater than the amount due; "I paid with a twenty and pocketed the change"
                       subtype:  small_change__smallchange__chickenfeed  a trifling sum of money
                       subtype:  pocket_money__pin_money__pinmoney__spending_money  cash for day-to-day spending on incidental expenses
                       subtype:  ready_cash__readycash__ready_money__readymoney  money in the form of cash that is quickly available; "his wife was always a good source of ready cash"
                    subtype:  paper_money__papermoney__folding_money__foldingmoney__paper_currency__papercurrency  currency issued by a government or central bank and consisting of printed paper that can circulate as a substitute for specie
                       subtype:  fractional_currency  paper currency in denominations less than the basic monetary unit
                       subtype:  fiat_money  money that the government declares to be legal tender although it cannot be converted into standard specie
                       subtype:  banker's_bill__bill__note__government_note__bank_bill__bank_note__banknote__Federal_Reserve_note__greenback  a piece of paper money (especially one issued by a central bank); "he peeled off five one-thousand-zloty notes"
                          subtype:  silver_certificate  formerly a bank note issued by the US Treasury and redeemable in silver
                          subtype:  hundred_dollar_bill__c-note__cnote  a US bill worth 100 dollars
                          subtype:  fiver__five-spot__five-dollar_bill  a US bill worth 5 dollars
                          subtype:  two_dollar_bill  a US bill worth 2 dollars
                          subtype:  twenty_dollar_bill  a US bill worth 20 dollars
                          subtype:  one_dollar_bill__dollar__dollar_bill__buck__clam  (United States) a piece of paper money worth one dollar
                    subtype:  specie__coinage__mintage__metal_money__metalmoney  coins collectively
                       subtype:  coin  a metal piece (usually a disc) used as money
                          subtype:  change.coin  coins of small denomination regarded collectively; "he had a pocketful of change"
                          subtype:  bawbee  an old Scottish coin of little value
                          subtype:  bezant__bezzant__solidus  a gold coin of the Byzantine Empire; widely circulated in Europe in the Middle Ages
                          subtype:  ducat  formerly a gold coin of various European countries
                          subtype:  real  an old small silver Spanish coin
                          subtype:  piece_of_eight  an old silver Spanish coin; worth 8 reales
                          subtype:  shilling  an English coin worth one twentieth of a pound
                          subtype:  crown.coin  an English coin worth 5 shillings
                          subtype:  half_crown  an English coin worth half a crown
                          subtype:  dime  a US coin worth one tenth of a dollar
                          subtype:  nickel  a US coin worth one twentieth of a dollar
                          subtype:  quarter.coin  a US coin worth one fourth of a dollar; "he fed four quarters into the slot machine"
                          subtype:  half_dollar__fifty-cent_piece  a US coin worth half of a dollar
                          subtype:  halfpenny__ha'penny  an English coin worth half a penny
                          subtype:  penny.coin__cent__centime  a coin worth one-hundredth of the value of the basic unit
                             subtype:  copper.penny  a copper penny
                             subtype:  new_penny__newpenny  a coin used in Great Britain since 1971 worth one hundredth of a pound
                          subtype:  tenpence  (Brit) UK decimal coin worth ten pennies
                          subtype:  twopence__tuppence  a former UK silver coin; UK bronze decimal coin worth two pennies
                          subtype:  threepence  (Brit) former cupronickel coin of UK equal to three pennies
                          subtype:  fourpence__groat  a former English silver coin worth four pennies
                          subtype:  fivepence  a five-cent piece
                          subtype:  sixpence__tanner  a small British coin worth six pennies; not minted since 1970
                          subtype:  eightpence  a coin worth eight pennies
                          subtype:  ninepence  a coin worth nine pennies
                          subtype:  dollar.coin  a US coin worth one dollar; "the dollar coin has never been popular in the United States"
                             subtype:  Susan_B_Anthony_dollar  a US coin worth one dollar
                             subtype:  silver_dollar__cartwheel  a dollar made of silver
                          subtype:  eagle.coin  a former gold coin in US worth 10 dollars
                          subtype:  half_eagle  a former gold coin in US worth 5 dollars
                          subtype:  guinea  a former British gold coin worth 21 chillings
                          subtype:  farthing  a former British bronze coin worth a quarter of a penny
                          subtype:  doubloon  a former Spanish gold coin
                          subtype:  louis_d'or__louisd'or  a former French gold coin
                          subtype:  medallion.coin  any of various large ancient Greek coins
                          subtype:  stater.coin  any of the various silver or gold coins of ancient Greece
                          subtype:  sou  a former French coin of low denomination; often used of any small amount of money; "he hasn't a sou to his name"
                 subtype:  peag__wampum  small beads made from polished shells and formerly used as money by native Americans
                    subtype:  wampumpeag  used as currency in Massachusetts
              subtype:  scale_of_measurement__scale__graduated_table__graduatedtable__ordered_series  an ordered reference standard: "judging on a scale of 1 to 10"
                 subtype:  Beaufort_scale__wind_scale  an international scale of wind force from 0 (calm air) to 12 (hurricane)
                 subtype:  index  a numerical scale used to compare variables with one another or with some reference number
                    subtype:  margin_of_safety__safety_margin__margin_of_error  an index indicating the amount beyond the minimum necessary; "in engineering the margin of safety is the strength of the material minus the anticipated stress"
                 subtype:  logarithmic_scale__logarithmicscale  scale on which actual distances from the origin are proportional to the logarithms of the corresponding scale numbers
                 subtype:  Mercalli_scale  a scale of earthquake intensity; an earthquake detected only by seismographs is a I and an earthquake that destroys all buildings is a XII
                 subtype:  Mohs_scale  a scale of hardness of solids; talc is 0 and diamond is 10; ordering is determined by which substance can scratch another substance
                 subtype:  Richter_scale  a logarithmic scale of 1 to 10 used to express the energy released by an earthquake
                 subtype:  temperature_scale__temperaturescale  a system of measuring temperature
                    subtype:  Celsius_scale__international_scale__internationalscale__centigrade_scale  a temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 0 degrees and the boiling point of water as 100 degrees
                    subtype:  Fahrenheit_scale  a temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 32 degrees and the boiling point of water a 212 degrees
                    subtype:  Kelvin_scale__absolute_scale  a temperature scale that defines absolute zero as 0 degrees; water freezes at 273.16 degrees and boils at 373.16 degrees
                    subtype:  Rankine_scale  a scale of absolute temperature in Fahrenheit degrees; the freezing point of water is 491.69 degrees and the boiling point of water is 671.69 degrees
                    subtype:  Reaumur_scale  a temperature scale on which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 80 degrees
                 subtype:  wage_scale__wage_schedule  a schedule of wages paid for different jobs
                    subtype:  sliding_scale__slidingscale  a wage scale that fluctuates in response to the cost-of-living index
              subtype:  standard_of_measurement  accepted or approved instance or example of a quantity or quality against which others are judged or measured or compared
              subtype:  baseline  an imaginary line or standard by which things are measured or compared; "the established a baseline for the budget"
              subtype:  norm  a standard or model or pattern regarded as typical: "the current middle-class norm of two children per family"
           subtype:  target__mark  a reference point to shoot at; "his arrow hit the mark"
              subtype:  clout  a target used in archery
              subtype:  drogue  a funnel-shaped device towed as a target by an airplane
           subtype:  white_line__whiteline  a white stripe in the middle of a road to mark traffic lanes
           subtype:  buoy  bright-colored; a float attached by rope to the seabed to mark channels in a harbor or underwater hazards
              subtype:  acoustic_buoy  a buoy that can be heard (at night)
                 subtype:  bell_buoy__gong_buoy  a buoy with a bell on it
                 subtype:  whistle_buoy__whistlebuoy__whistlingbuoy  a buoy that makes a whistling noise
              subtype:  can_buoy__canbuoy__can  a buoy with a round bottom and conical top
              subtype:  conical_buoy__conicalbuoy__nun__nunbuoy  a buoy resembling a cone
              subtype:  spar_buoy  a buoy resembling a vertical log
     subtype:  electronic_signal  a signal generated by electronic means
        subtype:  radar_echo__radarecho  an electronic signal that has been reflected back to the radar antenna; contains information about the location and distance of the reflecting object
           subtype:  radar_target__radartarget__blip__pip  a radar echo displayed so as to show the position of a reflecting surface
        subtype:  radar_beacon__radarbeacon__racon  a device that, on receiving radar signals, transmits coded signals in response to help navigators determine their position
     subtype:  radio_beacon__radiobeacon  a characteristic signal emitted by a transmitter used for navigation
     subtype:  input_signal__inputsignal__input  signal going into an electronic system
     subtype:  output_signal__output  signal that comes out of an electronic system
        subtype:  printout  the output of a computer in printed form
  subtype:  sign.communication  a public display of a (usually written) message; "he posted signs in all the shop windows"
     subtype:  poster__posting__placard__bill__card  a sign posted in a public place as an advertisement; "a poster advertised the coming attractions"
        subtype:  show_bill__show_card__theatrical_poster  a poster advertising a show or play
        subtype:  flash_card__flashcard  a card with words or numbers of pictures that are flashed to a class by the teacher
     subtype:  street_sign  a sign visible from the street
        subtype:  address.street_sign__addres  a sign in front of a house or business carrying the conventional form by which its location is described
     subtype:  signpost__guidepost  a post bearing a sign that gives directions or shows the way
        subtype:  fingerpost__fingerboard  a guidepost resembling a hand with a pointing index finger
  subtype:  visual_communication  communication that relies on vision
     subtype:  video.visual_communication__picture  the visible part of a television transmission; "they could still receive the sound but the picture was gone"
     subtype:  gesticulation__gesture__motion  the use of movements (especially of the hands) to communicate familiar or prearranged signals
        subtype:  sign.gesticulation  a gesture that is part of a sign language
        subtype:  beck  a beckoning gesture
        subtype:  facial_gesture__facial_expression  a gesture executed with the facial muscles
           subtype:  gape.facial_gesture  an expression of open-mouthed astonishment
              subtype:  rictus  a gaping grimace
           subtype:  grimace__face  a contorted facial expression; "she made a grimace at the prospect"
              subtype:  pout__moue__wry_face__wryface  a disdainful pouting grimace
           subtype:  frown__scowl  a facial expression of dislike or displeasure
           subtype:  smile__smiling__grin__grinning  a facial expression characterized by turning up the corners of the mouth; usually shows pleasure or amusement
              subtype:  smirk  a smile expressing smugness or scorn instead of pleasure
           subtype:  laugh  a facial expression characteristic of a person laughing; "his face wrinkled in a silent laugh of derision"
           subtype:  snarl  an angry vicious expression
           subtype:  straight_face  a serious facial expression giving no evidence of interest or amusement
           subtype:  wink  closing one eye quickly as a signal
           subtype:  wince  the facial expression of sudden pain
        subtype:  flourish  a showy gesture; "she entered with a great flourish"
        subtype:  high-five  a gesture of greeting or elation; one person's upraised palm slaps the upraised palm of another person
        subtype:  previous_question  a motion calling for an immediate vote on the main question under discussion by a deliberative assembly
        subtype:  shrug  a gesture involving the shoulders
        subtype:  waving__wave__wafture  the act of signaling by a movement of the hand
           subtype:  brandish__flourish  the act of waving
        subtype:  V_sign  a sign (for victory); making a V with the index and middle fingers
        subtype:  nod.gesticulation  a sign of assent or salutation or command
        subtype:  obeisance__bow__bowing  bending the head or body or knee as a sign of reverence or submission or shame
           subtype:  curtsy__curtsey  bending at the knees; a gesture of respect made by women
           subtype:  genuflection__genuflexion  the act of bending the knees in worship or reverence
           subtype:  kowtow__kotow  a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission
           subtype:  scrape__scraping  a deep bow with the foot drawn backwards (indicating excessive humility); "all that bowing and scraping did not impress him"
           subtype:  salaam  a deep bow; a Muslim form of salutation
        subtype:  sign_of_the_cross  a gesture with the right hand moving to form a cross; used by Catholics as a profession of faith
     subtype:  body_language  communication via the movements or attitudes of the body
     subtype:  demo__demonstration  a visual presentation showing how something works; "the lecture was accompanied by dramatic demonstrations"
        subtype:  display.demo__show  something intended to communicate a particular impression; "made a display of strength"; "a show of impatience"; "a good show of looking interested"
           subtype:  gaudery  cheap or pretentious display
        subtype:  reflexion__expression__manifestation__reflection  expression without words; "tears are an expression of grief"; "the pulse is a reflection of the heart's condition"
           subtype:  act.reflexion  a manifestation of insincerity; "he put on quite an act for her benefit"
           subtype:  outburst__effusion__gush  an unrestrained expression of emotion
              subtype:  cry.outburst  a fit of weeping; "had a good cry"
              subtype:  acting_out.outburst__actingout  a (usually irritating) impulsive and uncontrollable outburst by a problem child or a neurotic adult
        subtype:  exemplification__illustration  showing by example
     subtype:  projection.visual_communication  the projection of an image from a film onto a screen
     subtype:  display.visual_communication  exhibiting openly in public view; "a display of courage"
        subtype:  acting_out  (psychiatry) the display of previously inhibited emotions (often in actions rather than words); considered to be healthy and therapeutic
        subtype:  array.display  an impressive display; "it was a bewildering array of books"; "his tools were in an orderly array on the basement wall"
        subtype:  viewing__screening__showing  the display of motion picture
           subtype:  preview  a screening for a select audience in advance of release for the general public
              subtype:  sneak_preview__sneakpreview  a preview to test audience reactions
        subtype:  sight.display  anything that is seen; "he was a familiar sight on the television" or "they went to Paris to see the sights"
           subtype:  spectacle.sight  something or someone seen (especially a notable or unusual sight); "the tragic spectacle of cripples trying to escape"
        subtype:  ostentation.display__fanfare  a showy outward display
           subtype:  bravado  a swaggering show of courage
           subtype:  exhibitionism  extravagant and conspicuous behavior intended to attract attention to yourself
           subtype:  ritz  ostentatious display of elegance; "they put on the ritz"
           subtype:  splurge  an ostentatious display (of effort or extravagance etc.)
           subtype:  pedantry  a ostentatious and inappropriate display of learning
        subtype:  flaunt  the act of displaying something ostentatiously; "his behavior was an outrageous flaunt"
        subtype:  presentation.display  the act of making something publicly available; presenting news or other information by broadcasting or printing it; "he prepared his presentation carefully in advance"
           subtype:  unveiling  putting on display for the first time; "he attended the unveiling of the statue"
           subtype:  production.presentation  a presentation for the stage or screen or radio or television; "have you seen the new production of Hamlet?"
              subtype:  theatrical_production__staging  the production of a drama on the stage
                 subtype:  coup_de_theatre  a highly successful theatrical production
     subtype:  artwork__art__graphics__nontextual_matter  photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication; "the publisher was responsible for all the artwork in the book"
        subtype:  illustration  artwork that helps make something clear or attractive
           subtype:  picture__pictorial_matter__pictorialmatter  illustrations used to decorate or explain a text; "the dictionary had many pictures"
           subtype:  figure__fig  a diagram or picture illustrating textual material; "the area covered can be seen from Figure 2"
           subtype:  chart  a visual display of information
              subtype:  plot.chart  a chart or map showing the movements or progress of an object
              subtype:  organization_chart  a chart showing the lines of responsibility between departments of a large organization
              subtype:  color_chart__colorchart  a chart displaying colors
                 subtype:  color_circle__colorcircle__color_wheel__colorwheel  a chart in which complementary colors (or their names) are arranged on opposite sides of a circle
              subtype:  bar_chart__barchart__bar_graph__bargraph  a chart with bars whose lengths are proportional to quantities
                 subtype:  histogram  a bar chart representing a frequency distribution; heights of the bars represent observed frequencies
              subtype:  eye_chart__eyechart  a chart that is read from a fixed distance; used as a test of vision
              subtype:  flip_chart  a chart with several sheets hinged at the top; sheets can be flipped over to present information sequentially
              subtype:  pie_chart__piechart  a circular chart divided into triangular areas proportional to the percentages of the whole
              subtype:  star_chart  a chart showing the relative positions of the stars in a particular part of the sky
              subtype:  profile  a graph representing the extent to which something exhibits various characteristics
                 subtype:  population_profile  a chart showing the number of people as a function of their ages
           subtype:  graph__graphical_record__graphicalrecord  a drawing illustrating the relations between certain quantities plotted with reference to a set of axes
              subtype:  characteristic_curve__characterisic_function__characterisicfunction  (electronics) graph showing how a particular characteristic of a device varies with other parameters
                 subtype:  frequency-response_curve__frequency-response_characteristic__frequency_response__frequencyresponse  (electronics) a graph of frequency response with signal amplitude or gain plotted against frequency
              subtype:  ballistocardiogram  a graphical recording made by a ballistocardiograph
              subtype:  electrocardiogram__cardiogram__EKG__ECG  a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph
              subtype:  electroencephalogram__encephalogram__EEG  a graphical record of electrical activity of the brain; produced by an electroencephalograph
              subtype:  electroretinogram  a graphical recording of the electrical activity of the retina that results when light is flashed into the eye
              subtype:  Laffer_curve  a graph purporting to show the relation between tax rates and government income; income increases as tax rates increase up to an optimum beyond which income declines
              subtype:  myogram  a graphical recording of muscle activity
                 subtype:  electromyogram__EMG  a graphical record of electric currents associated with muscle contractions
              subtype:  radiation_pattern__radiationpattern__radiation_diagram__radiationdiagram__pattern  graphical representation (in polar or cartesian coordinates) of the spatial distribution of radiation from an antenna as a function of angle
              subtype:  tachogram  a graphical record of speed and distance produced by a tachograph
              subtype:  exponential_curve__exponentialcurve  a graph of an exponential function
        subtype:  drawing.artwork  an illustration that is drawn by hand and published in a book or magazine; "it is shown by the drawing in Fig. 7"
  subtype:  expressive_style__style  a way of expressing something (in language or art or music etc.) that is characteristic of a particular person or group of people or period; "all the reporters were expected to adopt the style of the newspaper"
     subtype:  allegory  an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor
     subtype:  analysis.expressive_style  the use of closed-class words instead of inflections: e.g., "the father of the bride" instead of "the bride's father"
     subtype:  bathos  triteness or triviality of style
     subtype:  black_humor__blackhumor__black_humour__blackhumour  the juxtaposition of morbid and farcical elements (in writing or drama) to give a disturbing effect
     subtype:  device.expressive_style  something in an artistic work designed to achieve a particular effect
        subtype:  rhetorical_device  a use of language that creates a literary effect (but often without regard for literal significance)
           subtype:  anacoluthia__anacoluthon  an abrupt change within a sentence from one syntactic structure to another
           subtype:  repetition  the repeated use of the same word or word pattern as a rhetorical device
              subtype:  anadiplosis__anadiplosi  repetition of the final words of a sentence or line at the beginning of the next
              subtype:  epanalepsis  repetition after intervening words
              subtype:  epanodos  repetition or recapitulation in reverse order
              subtype:  epiphora__epistrophe  repetition of the ends of two or more successive sentences, verses, etc.
              subtype:  gemination  doubling of a word or words
              subtype:  ploce  repetition to gain special emphasis or extend meaning
              subtype:  polyptoton  repetition of a word in a different case or inflection in the same sentence; "My own heart's heart"
              subtype:  epanaphora__anaphora  repetition of a word or phrase as the beginning of successive clauses
              subtype:  anaphora  using a pronoun or other pro-word instead of repeating a word
              subtype:  symploce  repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning and another at the end of successive clauses, i.e., simultaneous use of anaphora and epistrophe
           subtype:  anastrophe__inversion  the reversal of the normal order of words
           subtype:  antiphrasis  the use of a word in a sense opposite to its normal sense (especially in irony)
           subtype:  antithesis.rhetorical_device  the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a feeling of balance
           subtype:  antinomasia  substitution of a title for a name
           subtype:  apophasis__apophasi  mentioning something by saying it will not be mentioned
           subtype:  aposiopesis  breaking off in the middle of a sentence (as by writers of realistic conversations)
           subtype:  apostrophe.rhetorical_device  address to an absent or imaginary person
           subtype:  catachresis  strained or paradoxical use of words either in error (as `blatant' to mean `flagrant') or deliberately (as in a mixed metaphor: `blind mouths')
           subtype:  chiasmus  inversion in the second of two parallel phrases
           subtype:  climax  arrangement of clauses in ascending order of forcefulness
           subtype:  conversion.rhetorical_device  interchange of subject and predicate of a proposition
           subtype:  ecphonesis__exclamation  an exclamatory rhetorical device; "O tempore! O mores"
           subtype:  emphasis  special and significant stress by means of position or repetition e.g.
           subtype:  enallage  a substitution of part of speech or gender or number or tense etc. (e.g., editorial `we' for `I')
           subtype:  epanorthosis  immediate rephrasing for intensification or justification; "Seems, madam! Nay, it is"
           subtype:  epiplexis__epiplexi  a rhetorical device in which the speaker reproaches the audience in order to incite or convince them
           subtype:  hendiadys__hendiady  use of two conjoined nouns instead of a noun and modifier
           subtype:  hypallage  reversal of the syntactic relation of two words (as in `her beauty's face')
           subtype:  hyperbaton  reversal of normal word order (as in `cheese I love')
           subtype:  hypozeugma  use of a series of subjects with a single predicate
           subtype:  hypozeuxis  use of a series of parallel clauses (as in `I came, I saw, I conquered')
           subtype:  hysteron_proteron.rhetorical_device__hysteronproteron  reversal of normal order of two words or sentences etc. (as in `bred and born')
           subtype:  litotes__litote__meiosis  understatement for rhetorical effect (especially when expressing an affirmative by negating its contrary); "saying `I was not a little upset' when you mean `I was very upset' is an example of litotes"
           subtype:  onomatopoeia  using words that imitate the sound they denote
           subtype:  paralepsis__paraleipsis__paraleipsi__paralipsis__preterition  suggesting by deliberately concise treatment that much of significance is omitted
           subtype:  paregmenon  juxtaposing words having a common derivation (as in `sense and sensibility')
           subtype:  polysyndeton  using several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted (as in `he ran and jumped and laughed for joy')
           subtype:  prolepsis__prolepsi  anticipating and answering objections in advance
           subtype:  wellerism  a comparison comprising a well-known quotation followed by a facetious sequel
           subtype:  trope__figureofspeech__figure__image  language used in a figurative or nonliteral sense
              subtype:  irony.trope  a trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs
                 subtype:  dramatic_irony  (theater) irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play
              subtype:  hyperbole__exaggeration  extravagant exaggeration
              subtype:  kenning  conventional metaphoric name for something, used especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry
              subtype:  metaphor  a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity
                 subtype:  dead_metaphor__frozen_metaphor  a metaphor that has occurred so often that it has become a new meaning of the expression (e.g., `he is a snake' may once have been a metaphor but after years of use it has died and become a new sense of the word `snake')
                 subtype:  mixed_metahor__mixedmetahor  a combination of two or more metaphors that together produce a ridiculous effect
                 subtype:  synesthetic_metaphor__synestheticmetaphor  a metaphor that exploits a similarity between experiences in different sense modalities
              subtype:  metonymy  substituting the name of an attribute or feature for the name of the thing itself (as in `they counted heads')
                 subtype:  metalepsis  substituting metonymy of one figurative sense for another
              subtype:  oxymoron  conjoining contradictory terms (as in `deafening silence')
              subtype:  prosopopoeia__personification  representing an abstract quality or idea as a person or creature
              subtype:  simile  a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with `like' or `as')
              subtype:  synecdoche  substituting a more inclusive term for a less inclusive one or vice versa
              subtype:  zeugma  use of a word to govern two or more words though appropriate to only one; "`Mr. Pickwick took his hat and his leave' is an example of zeugma"
                 subtype:  syllepsis__syllepsi  use of a word to govern two or more words though agreeing in number or case etc. with only one
     subtype:  eloquence__fluency  powerful and effective language
     subtype:  euphuism.expressive_style  any artificially elegant style of language
     subtype:  formulation__expression  the style of expressing yourself; "he suggested a better formulation"; "his manner of expression showed how much he cared"
        subtype:  honorific  an expression of respect; "the Japanese use many honorifics"
        subtype:  archaism__archaicism  the use of an archaic expression
        subtype:  boilerplate.formulation  standard formulations uniformly found in certain types of legal documents or news stories
        subtype:  colloquialism  a colloquial expression; characteristic of spoken or written communication that seeks to imitate informal speech
        subtype:  parlance__idiom  a manner of speaking that is natural to native speakers of a language
        subtype:  Americanism.formulation__americanism  an expression that is characteristic of English as spoken by Americans
        subtype:  Briticism__Anglicism__Britishism  an expression that is limited to English as spoken by Englishmen (especially as contrasted with American English)
        subtype:  wording__phrasing__phraseology__choiceofword__verbiage  the manner in which something is expressed in words: "use concise military verbiage"- G.S.Patton
           subtype:  mot_juste__motjuste  the appropriate word or expression
           subtype:  verbalization__verbalisation  expressing something in words
     subtype:  grandiosity__magniloquence__grandiloquence__rhetoric  high flown style; excessive use of verbal ornamentation
        subtype:  flourish.grandiosity  a display of ornamental speech or language
        subtype:  bombast__rant__claptrap__blah  pompous or pretentious talk or writing
     subtype:  headlinese  using the abbreviated style of headline writers
     subtype:  jargon  specialized technical terminology characteristic of a particular subject
        subtype:  ecobabble  using the technical language of ecology to make the user seem ecologically aware
        subtype:  Eurobabble  the jargon of European community documents and regulations
        subtype:  gobbledygook  incomprehensible or pompous jargon of specialists
        subtype:  psychobabble  using language loaded with psychological terminology
        subtype:  technobabble  technical jargon from computing and other high-tech subjects
     subtype:  journalese  the style in which newspapers are written
        subtype:  luridness__luridnes  the journalistic use of subject matter that appeals to vulgar tastes; "the tabloids relied on sensationalism to maintain their circulation"
     subtype:  legalese  a style that uses the abstruse technical vocabulary of the law
     subtype:  manner_of_speaking__speech__delivery  your characteristic style or manner of expressing yourself orally; "his manner of speaking was quite abrupt"; "her speech was barren of southernisms"; "I detected a slight accent in his speech"
        subtype:  address.manner_of_speaking__addres  the manner of speaking to another individual; "he failed in his manner of address to the captain"
        subtype:  catch.manner_of_speaking  a break or check in the voice (usually a sign of strong emotion)
        subtype:  tongue  a manner of speaking; "he spoke with a thick tongue"; "she has a glib tongue"
           subtype:  sharp_tongue__sharptongue  a bitter or critical manner of speaking
        subtype:  shibboleth  a manner of speaking that is distinctive of a particular group of people
        subtype:  tone_of_voice__tone  the quality of a person's voice; "he began in a conversational tone"; "he spoke in a nervous tone of voice"
           subtype:  note.tone_of_voice  a tone of voice that shows what the speaker is feeling; "there was a note of uncertainty in his voice"
           subtype:  undertone  a quiet or hushed tone of voice: "spoke in undertones"
        subtype:  elocution  an expert manner of speaking involving control of voice and gesture
        subtype:  inflection__prosody  the patterns of stress and intonation in a language
           subtype:  intonation__pitch_contour  rise and fall of the voice pitch
              subtype:  intonation_pattern  intonations characteristic of questions and requests and statements
              subtype:  monotone__drone__droning  an unchanging intonation
              subtype:  singsong.intonation  a regular and monotonous rising and falling intonation
           subtype:  caesura  a break or pause (usually for sense) in the middle of a verse line
           subtype:  enjambment__enjambement  the continuation of a syntactic unit from one line of verse into the next line without a pause
           subtype:  accentuation__stress__emphasis__accent  the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch); "he put the stress on the wrong syllable"
              subtype:  tonic_accent__tonicaccent__pitch_accent__pitchaccent  emphasis that results from pitch rather than loudness
              subtype:  word_stress__word_accent  the distribution of stresses within a polysyllabic word
              subtype:  sentence_stress__sentencestres  the distribution of stresses within a sentence
           subtype:  speech_rhythm__rhythm  the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements; "the rhythm of Frost's poetry"
     subtype:  music_genre__musicgenre__musical_genre__musicalgenre__genre__musical_style__musicalstyle  an expressive style of music
        subtype:  black_music__blackmusic__African-American_music  music created by African-American musicians; early forms were songs that had a melodic line and a strong rhythmic beat with repeated choruses
           subtype:  blues__blue  a type of folk song that originated among Black Americans at the beginning of the 20th century; has a melancholy sound from repeated use of blue notes
              subtype:  boogie-woogie__boogie  an instrumental version of the blues (especially for piano)
           subtype:  soul.gospel_singing  a secular form of gospel that was a major Black musical genre in the 1960s and 1970s; "soul was politically significant during the Civil Rights movement"
           subtype:  rap_music__rapmusic__rap  genre of African-American music of the 1980s and 1990s in which rhyming lyrics are chanted to a musical accompaniment; several forms of rap have emerged
           subtype:  rhythm_and_blues__R_and_B  a combination of blues and jazz that was developed in the United States by Black musicians; an important precursor of rock 'n' roll
        subtype:  classical_music__classicalmusic__serious_music__seriousmusic  traditional genre of music conforming to an established form and appealing to critical interest and developed musical taste
           subtype:  chamber_music__chambermusic  serious music performed by a small group of musicians
           subtype:  opera  a drama set to music; consists of singing with orchestral accompaniment and an orchestral overture and interludes
              subtype:  comic_opera__opera_bouffe__operabouffe__opera_comique__operacomique  opera with a happy ending and in which some of the text is spoken
                 subtype:  operetta__light_opera__lightopera  a short amusing opera
              subtype:  grand_opera__grandopera  opera in which all the text is sung
              subtype:  musical_drama__musicaldrama  opera in which the musical and dramatic elements are equally important; the music is appropriate to the action
           subtype:  cantata__oratorio  a musical composition for voices and orchestra based on a religious text
           subtype:  concerto  a composition for orchestra and a soloist
              subtype:  concerto_grosso  a baroque composition for orchestra and a group of solo instruments
           subtype:  fugue  a musical form consisting of a theme repeated a fifth above or a fourth below its first statement
           subtype:  rondo__rondeau  a musical form that is often the last movement of a sonata
           subtype:  sonata  a musical composition of 3 or 4 movements of contrasting forms
              subtype:  piano_sonata__pianosonata  a sonata for piano
              subtype:  symphony__symphonic_music__symphonicmusic  a long and complex sonata for symphony orchestra
        subtype:  religious_music__religiousmusic__church_music  genre of music composed for performance as part of religious ceremonies
           subtype:  antiphon__antiphony  a verse or song to be chanted or sung in response
              subtype:  gradual  (Roman Catholic) an antiphon (usually from the Book of Psalms) immediately after the epistle at Mass
           subtype:  Mass.religious_music__mas  a musical setting for a Mass
              subtype:  Requiem.Mass__requiem  a musical setting for a Mass celebrating the dead
           subtype:  processional__prosodion  religious music used in a procession
           subtype:  antiphonary__antiphonal  bound collection of antiphons
           subtype:  religious_song__religioussong  religious music for singing
              subtype:  chant  a repetitive song in which as many syllables as necessary are assigned to a single tone
                 subtype:  Hallel  (Judaism) a chant of praise (Psalms 113 through 118) used at Passover and Shabuoth and Sukkoth and Hanukkah and Rosh Hodesh
                 subtype:  Hare_Krishna  a chant to the Hindu god Krishna
                 subtype:  plainsong__plainchant__Gregorian_chant  a liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic Church
                    subtype:  cantus_firmus  a melody used as the basis for a polyphonic composition
              subtype:  Negro_spiritual__spiritual  a kind of religious song originated by Blacks in the southern United States
              subtype:  Christmas_carol__christmascarol__carol  joyful religious song celebrating the birth of Christ
              subtype:  hymn__anthem  a song of praise (to God or to a saint or to a nation)
                 subtype:  dithyramb.hymn  (ancient Greece) a passionate hymn (usually in honor of Dionysus)
                 subtype:  doxology  a hymn or verse in Christian liturgy glorifying God
                 subtype:  chorale__choral  a stately Protestant (especially Lutheran) hymn tune
                 subtype:  canticle  a hymn derived from the Bible
                    subtype:  Magnificat  the canticle of the Virgin Mary (from Luke 1:46 beginning "Magnificat anima mea Dominum")
                 subtype:  Dies_Irae  the first words of a medieval Latin hymn describing the Last Judgment (literally "day of wrath")
                 subtype:  Internationale  a revolutionary socialist anthem
                 subtype:  paean  a hymn of praise (especially one sung in ancient Greece to invoke or thank a deity)
                 subtype:  recessional  a hymn that is sung at the end of a service as the clergy and choir withdraw
                 subtype:  Te_Deum__tedeum  an ancient liturgical hymn
                 subtype:  national_anthem  a song formally adopted as the anthem for a nation
                    subtype:  Marseillaise  the French national anthem
                    subtype:  Star-Spangled_Banner  a poem written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812 was set to music and adopted by Congress in 1931 as the national anthem of the United States
        subtype:  marching_music__march  genre of music written for marching; "Sousa wrote the best marches"
           subtype:  military_march__military_music__martial_music__martialmusic  brisk marching music suitable for troops marching in a military parade
              subtype:  quickstep.military_march  military march accompanying quick time
              subtype:  pibroch  martial music with variations;to be played by the Scottish Highlands bagpipe
           subtype:  processional_march__recessional_march__recessionalmarch  a march to be played for processions
              subtype:  funeral_march__funeralmarch__dead_march  a slow march to be played for funeral processions
              subtype:  wedding_march__weddingmarch  a march to be played for a wedding procession
        subtype:  popular_music_genre__popularmusicgenre__popular_music__popularmusic  any genre of music having wide appeal (but usually only for a short time)
           subtype:  macumba.popular_music_genre  popular dance music of Brazil; derived from the practices of the macumba religious cult
           subtype:  pop_music__popmusic__pop  music of general appeal to teenagers; a bland watered-down version of rock'n'roll with more rhythm and harmony and an emphasis on romantic love
           subtype:  folk_music__ethnic_music__folk  the traditional and typically anonymous music that is an expression of the life of people in a community
              subtype:  folk_song__folk_ballad  a song that is traditionally sung by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture
                 subtype:  blues__blue  a type of folk song that originated among Black Americans at the beginning of the 20th century; has a melancholy sound from repeated use of blue notes
              subtype:  schottische.folk_music  music performed for dancing the schottische
              subtype:  country_music__country_and_western__countryandwestern__C_and_W  a simple style of folk music heard mostly in the southern United States; usually played on stringed instruments
                 subtype:  bluegrass__bluegras  a type of country music played at a rapid tempo on banjos and guitars
                 subtype:  hillbilly_music__hillbillymusic  country music originating in mountainous regions of southern United States
                 subtype:  zydeco  music of southern Louisiana that combines French dance melodies with Caribbean music and blues
              subtype:  gospel_singing__gospel  a genre of a capella music originating with Black slaves in the United States and featuring call and response; influential on the development of other genres of popular music (especially soul)
                 subtype:  doo-wop__doowop  a genre (usually a capella) of Black vocal-harmony music of the 1950s that evolved in New York City from gospel singing; characterized by close four-part harmonies; the name derived from some of the nonsense syllables sung by the back-up vocalists
                 subtype:  soul.gospel_singing  a secular form of gospel that was a major Black musical genre in the 1960s and 1970s; "soul was politically significant during the Civil Rights movement"
              subtype:  square-dance_music  music performed for square dancing
           subtype:  dance_music__dancemusic__danceroom_music__danceroommusic__ballroom_music  a genre of popular music composed for ballroom dancing
              subtype:  beguine.dance_music  music written in the bolero rhythm of the beguine dance
              subtype:  bolero.dance_music  music written in the rhythm of the bolero dance
              subtype:  carioca.dance_music  music composed for dancing the carioca
              subtype:  conga.dance_music  music composed for dancing the conga
              subtype:  gavotte.dance_music  music composed in quadruple time for dancing the gavotte
              subtype:  hornpipe.dance_music  music for dancing the hornpipe
              subtype:  jig.dance_music  music in three-four time for dancing a jig
              subtype:  landler.dance_music  music in triple time for dancing the landler
              subtype:  mazurka.dance_music  music composed for dancing the mazurka
              subtype:  minuet.dance_music  a stately piece of music composed for dancing the minuet; often incorporated into a sonata or suite
              subtype:  paso_doble.dance_music__pasodoble  music in march time composed for dancing the paso doble; often played a bull fights
              subtype:  pavan__pavane  music composed for dancing the pavane
              subtype:  polka.dance_music  music performed for dancing the polka
              subtype:  quadrille.dance_music  music for dancing the quadrille
              subtype:  reel.dance_music  music composed for dancing a reel
              subtype:  rhumba__rumba  syncopated music in duple time for dancing the rumba
              subtype:  samba.dance_music  music composed for dancing the samba
              subtype:  saraband.dance_music  music composed for dancing the saraband
              subtype:  tango.dance_music  music written in duple time for dancing the tango
              subtype:  tarantella  music composed in six-eight time for dancing the tarantella
              subtype:  waltz  music composed in triple time for waltzing
              subtype:  ragtime  music with a syncopated melody (usually for the piano)
              subtype:  jazz.dance_music  a style of dance music popular in the 1920s; similar to New Orleans jazz but played by large bands
              subtype:  kwela  a kind of danceable music popular among black South Africans; includes a whistle among its instruments
           subtype:  jazz  a genre of popular music that originated in New Orleans around 1900 and developed through increasingly complex styles
              subtype:  bop__bebop  an early form of modern jazz (originating around 1940)
              subtype:  boogie-woogie__boogie  an instrumental version of the blues (especially for piano)
              subtype:  cool_jazz  jazz that is restrained and fluid and marked by intricate harmonic structures often lagging slightly behind the beat
              subtype:  hot_jazz__hotjazz  jazz that is emotionally charged and intense and marked by strong rhythms and improvisation
              subtype:  modern_jazz__new_jazz__newjazz__neo_jazz__neojazz  any of various styles of jazz that appeared after 1940
              subtype:  trad  (British) traditional jazz as revived in the 1950s
              subtype:  swing_music__swingmusic__swing__jive  a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s; flowing rhythms but less complex than later styles of jazz
           subtype:  rap_music__rapmusic__rap  genre of African-American music of the 1980s and 1990s in which rhyming lyrics are chanted to a musical accompaniment; several forms of rap have emerged
           subtype:  rhythm_and_blues__R_and_B  a combination of blues and jazz that was developed in the United States by Black musicians; an important precursor of rock 'n' roll
           subtype:  rockabilly  a fusion of black music and country music that was popular in the 1950s; sometimes described as blues with a country beat
           subtype:  rock_'n'_roll__rock'n'roll__rockandroll__rockandroll__rock_music  a genre of popular music originating in the 1950s; a blend of Black rhythm-and-blues with White country-and-western; "rock is a generic term for the range of styles that evolved out of rock'n'roll."
              subtype:  progressive_rock__progressiverock__artrock  a style of rock music that emerged in the 1970s; associated with attempts to combine rock with jazz and other forms; intended for listening and not dancing
              subtype:  psychedlic_rock__acid_rock  a musical style that emerged in the mid-1960s; rock music inspired by or related to drug-induced experience
              subtype:  punk_rock__punk  rock music with deliberately offensive lyrics expressing anger and social alienation; in part a reaction against progressive rock
           subtype:  reggae  popular music originating in the West Indies; repetitive bass riffs and regular chords played on the off beat by a guitar
           subtype:  skiffle  (British) a style of popular music in the 1950s; based on American folk music and played on guitars and improvised percussion instruments
     subtype:  officialese  the style of writing characteristic of some government officials: formal and obscure
     subtype:  pathos  a style that has the power to evoke feelings
     subtype:  prose.expressive_style  matter of fact, commonplace, or dull expression
     subtype:  rhetoric.expressive_style  using language effectively to please or persuade
     subtype:  self-expression  the expression of one's individuality (usually through creative activities)
     subtype:  sesquipedality  using long words
     subtype:  terseness__tersenes  a neatly short and concise expressive style
        subtype:  conciseness__concisenes__pithiness__pithines__succinctnes  terseness and economy in writing and speaking achieved by expressing a great deal in just a few words
        subtype:  crispness.terseness__crispnes  a style of expression that is direct and to the point; "the crispness of his reply"
        subtype:  brevity  the use of brief expressions
        subtype:  laconism__laconicism  terseness of expression
     subtype:  vein.style  a distinctive style or manner; "he continued in this vein for several minutes"
     subtype:  verboseness__verbosenes  an expressive style that uses excessive words
        subtype:  verbiage  overabundance of words
        subtype:  prolixity__prolixness__long-windedness__wordiness__wordines  boring verboseness
           subtype:  turgidity__turgidness__flatulence  pompously embellished language
        subtype:  circumlocution__periphrasis__periphrasi  a style that involves indirect ways of expressing things
        subtype:  repetitiveness__repetitiousness__repetitiousnes  verboseness resulting from excessive repetitions
           subtype:  redundancy.repetitiveness  repetition of messages to reduce the probability of errors in transmission
           subtype:  tautology  useless repetition; "to say that something is `adequate enough' is a tautology"
        subtype:  pleonasm  using more words than necessary; "a tiny little child"
     subtype:  writing_style__writingstyle__literary_genre__genre  a style of expressing yourself in writing
        subtype:  drama  the literary genre of works intended for the theater
           subtype:  closet_drama  drama more suitable for reading that for performing
           subtype:  comedy  light and humorous drama with a happy ending
              subtype:  black_comedy__blackcomedy  comedy that uses black humor
              subtype:  commedia_dell'arte  Italian comedy of the 16th to 18th centuries improvised from standardized situations and stock characters
              subtype:  farce_comedy__farcecomedy__farce__travesty  a comedy characterized by broad satire and improbable situations
              subtype:  high_comedy  a sophisticated comedy; often satirizing genteel society
              subtype:  low_comedy__lowcomedy  a comedy characterized by slapstick and burlesque
              subtype:  melodrama  an extravagant comedy in which action is more salient than characterization
              subtype:  seriocomedy__tragicomedy  a comedy with serious elements or overtones
              subtype:  situation_comedy.comedy__situationcomedy  a humorous drama based on situations that might arise in day-to-day life
              subtype:  slapstick  a boisterous comedy with chases and collisions and practical jokes
           subtype:  tragedy  drama in which the protagonist is overcome by some superior force or circumstance; excites terror or pity
              subtype:  tragicomedy  a dramatic composition involving elements of both tragedy and comedy usually with the tragic predominating
        subtype:  prose  ordinary writing as distinguished from verse
           subtype:  euphuism  an elegant style of prose of the Elizabethan period; characterized by balance and antithesis and alliteration and extended similes with and allusions to nature and mythology
           subtype:  nonfiction__nonfictional_prose  prose writing that is not fictional
              subtype:  article  nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication
                 subtype:  newspaper_column__newspapercolumn__column__editorial  an article giving opinions or perspectives
                    subtype:  agony_column__agonycolumn  a newspaper column devoted to personal problems
                 subtype:  feature_article__featurearticle__feature  a special or prominent article in a newspaper or magazine; "they ran a feature on retirement planning"
                 subtype:  magazine_article  an article published in a magazine
                 subtype:  news_article__news_story__newspaper_article__newspaperarticle  an article reporting news
                    subtype:  lead_story__lead  a news story of major importance
                    subtype:  personal  a short newspaper article about a particular person or group
                    subtype:  sidebar  a short news story presenting sidelights on a major story
                 subtype:  offprint__reprint__separate  a separately printed article that originally appeared in a larger publication
                 subtype:  paper.article  a scholarly article describing the results of observations or stating hypotheses; "he has written many scientific papers"
           subtype:  interior_monologue  a literary genre that presents a fictional character's sequence of thoughts in the form of a monologue
           subtype:  stream_of_consciousness  a literary genre that reveals a character's thoughts and feeling as they develop by means of a long soliloquy
           subtype:  prose_poem__prosepoem  prose that resembles poetry
           subtype:  polyphonic_prose  a rhythmical prose employing the poetic devices of alliteration and assonance
        subtype:  form.writing_style  an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse; "the essay was in the form of a dialogue"; "he first sketches the plot in outline form"
        subtype:  poesy__poetry__verse  literature in metrical form
           subtype:  epos  a body of poetry that conveys the traditions of a society by treating some epic theme
     subtype:  poetry  any communication resembling poetry in beauty or the evocation of feeling
  subtype:  paralanguage__paralinguistic_communication  the use of manner of speaking to communicate particular meanings
  subtype:  auditory_communication  communication that relies on hearing
  subtype:  vocalization__voice__vocalisation__phonation__vox  the sound made by the vibration of vocal folds modified by the resonance of the vocal tract; "a singer takes good care of his voice"; "the giraffe cannot make any vocalizations"
  subtype:  psychic_communication__psychiccommunication__psychical_communication__psychicalcommunication__anomalous_communication__anomalouscommunication  communication by paranormal means
  subtype:  voice.communication  something suggestive of speech in being a medium of expression; "the wee small voice of conscience"; "the voice of experience"; "he said his voices told him to do it"
  subtype:  document.communication  a written account of ownership or obligation
  subtype:  system_of_measurement  a system of related measures

38 statements are about indirect instances of communication: graph35_on_article, graph1_on_WebKB-2, graph1_on_article, graph2_on_article, graph3_on_article, graph4_on_article, graph5_on_article, graph6_on_article, graph7_on_article, graph8_on_article, graph9_on_article, graph10_on_article, graph11_on_article, graph12_on_article, graph13_on_article, graph14_on_article, graph15_on_article, graph16_on_article, graph17_on_article, graph18_on_article, graph19_on_article, graph20_on_article, graph21_on_article, graph22_on_article, graph23_on_article, graph24_on_article, graph25_on_article, graph26_on_article, graph27_on_article, graph28_on_article, graph29_on_article, graph30_on_article, graph31_on_article, graph32_on_article, graph33_on_article, graph34_on_article, graph1_on_research_staff, graph7_on_spamOnly@phmartin.info click here to display them or click here for a search form or here to add a statement

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