#class_Amphibia__Amphibia  frogs; toads; newts; salamanders; caecilians
  supertype:  #class__clas  (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
  member of:  #subphylum_Vertebrata
  member:  #amphibian  cold-blooded vertebrate typically living on land but breeding in water; aquatic larvae undergo metamorphosis into adult form
  member:  #genus_Hynerpeton__Hynerpeton  earliest fossil amphibian ever found; of the Devonian; found in Pennsylvania
     member:  #Hynerpeton_bassetti  fossil amphibian of the Devonian having well-developed forelimbs; found in Pennsylvania
  member:  #genus_Ichthyostega  second earliest fossil amphibian ever found; of the Devonian; found in Greenland
     member:  #Ichyostega  early tetrapod amphibian found in Greenland
  member:  #order_Urodella__Urodella__Caudata__order_Caudata  salamanders; newts; congo snakes
     member:  #urodele  amphibians that resemble lizards
     member:  #family_Salamandridae__Salamandridae  salamanders
        member:  #genus_Salamandra__Salamandra  type genus of the Salamandridae
           member:  #European_fire_salamander__Salamandra_salamandra  a kind of European salamander
           member:  #fire_salamander__spotted_salamander__spottedsalamander__Salamandra_maculosa  European salamander having dark skin with usually yellow spots
           member:  #alpine_salamander__Salamandra_atra  ovoviviparous amphibian of the Alps
        member:  #newt__triton  small usually bright-colored semiaquatic salamanders of North America and Europe and North Asia
        member:  #genus_Triturus__Triturus  chiefly aquatic salamanders
           member:  #common_newt__Triturus_vulgaris  small semiaquatic salamander
        member:  #genus_Notophthalmus__Notophthalmus  newts
        member:  #genus_Taricha__Taricha  Pacific newts
           member:  #Pacific_newt  any of several rough-skinned newts found in western North America
           member:  #rough-skinned_newt__roughskinnednewt__Taricha_granulosa  newt of humid coast from Alaska to southern California
     member:  #family_Ambystomatidae__Ambystomatidae  New World salamanders
        member:  #genus_Ambystoma__Ambystoma  type genus of the Ambystomatidae
           member:  #ambystomid_salamander__ambystomid  small to moderate-sized terrestrial or semiaquatic New World salamander
     member:  #family_Cryptobranchidae__Cryptobranchidae  large aquatic salamanders: hellbenders; giant salamanders
        member:  #genus_Cryptobranchus__Cryptobranchus  type genus of the Cryptobranchidae
           member:  #hellbender__mud_puppy__Cryptobranchus_alleganiensis  large salamander of North American rivers and streams
        member:  #genus_Megalobatrachus__Megalobatrachus  giant salamanders; in some classifications included in the genus Cryptobranchus
           member:  #giant_salamander__giantsalamander__megalobatrachusmaximu  large (up to more than three feet) edible salamander of Asia
     member:  #family_Proteidae__Proteidae  mud puppies
        member:  #genus_Proteus__Proteus  type genus of the Proteidae
           member:  #olm__Proteus_anguinus  European cave-dwelling aquatic salamander with permanent external gills
        member:  #genus_Necturus__Necturus  a genus of Proteidae
           member:  #mud_puppy__Necturus_maculosus  aquatic North American salamander with red feathery external gills
     member:  #family_Dicamptodontidae__Dicamptodontidae  large and small highly aquatic salamanders
        member:  #genus_Dicamptodon  type genus of the Dicamptodontidae
           member:  #Pacific_giant_salamander__Dicamptodon_ensatus  large (to 7 inches) salamander of western North America
        member:  #dicamptodon__dicamptodontid  salamanders found near cold streams throughout the year
        member:  #genus_Rhyacotriton__Rhyacotriton  olympic salamanders
           member:  #olympic_salamander__olympicsalamander__Rhyacotriton_olympicus  small large-eyed semiaquatic salamander of the United States northwest
     member:  #family_Plethodontidae__Plethodontidae  small mostly terrestrial New World salamanders having neither lungs nor gills as adults
        member:  #genus_Plethodon__Plethodon  type genus of the Plethodontidae
           member:  #eastern_red-backed_salamander__Plethodon_cinereus  common salamander of eastern North America
           member:  #western_red-backed_salamander__Plethodon_vehiculum  salamander of the Pacific coast of North America
        member:  #lungless_salamander__plethodont  mostly terrestrial salamanders that breathe through their thin moist skin; lay eggs in moist places on land; rarely enter water
        member:  #genus_Desmograthus__Desmograthus  an amphibian genus of Plethodontidae
           member:  #dusky_salamander__duskysalamander  common North American salamander mottled with dull brown or grayish-black
        member:  #genus_Aneides__Aneides  climbing salamanders
           member:  #climbing_salamander  any of several North American salamanders adapted for climbing with well-developed limbs and long somewhat squared-off toes
        member:  #genus_Batrachoseps__Batrachoseps  slender salamanders
           member:  #slender_salamander__slendersalamander__worm_salamander  any of several small slim salamanders of the United States Pacific coast
        member:  #genus_Hydromantes__Hydromantes  web-toed salamanders
           member:  #web-toed_salamander  any of several salamanders with webbed toes and very long extensile tongues; excellent climbers that move with ease over smooth rock surfaces
     member:  #family_Amphiumidae__Amphiumidae  congo snakes
        member:  #genus_Amphiuma  congo snakes
           member:  #amphiuma__congo_snake__congo_eel__congoeel__blind_eel__blindeel  aquatic eel-shaped salamander having two pairs of very small feet; of still muddy waters in the southern United States
     member:  #family_Sirenidae__Sirenidae  sirens
        member:  #genus_Siren  a genus of Sirenidae
           member:  #siren  eel-like aquatic North American salamander with small forelimbs and no hind limbs; have permanent external gills
  member:  #order_Salientia__Salientia__Anura__order_Anura__Batrachia__order_Batrachia  frogs, toads, tree toads
     member:  #family_Ranidae__Ranidae  nearly cosmopolitan family: true frogs
        member:  #genus_Rana__Rana  type genus of the Ranidae
           member:  #woodfrog__Rana_sylvatica  wide-ranging light-brown frog of moist North American woodlands especially spruce
           member:  #leopard_frog__leopardfrog__spring_frog__Rana_pipiens  common North American green or brownish frog having white-edged dark oval spots
           member:  #bullfrog__Rana_catesbeiana  largest North American frog; highly aquatic with a deep-pitched voice
           member:  #green_frog__greenfrog__spring_frog__Rana_clamitans  similar to bullfrog; found in or near marshes and ponds; of United States and Canada
           member:  #cascades_frog__Rana_cascadae  mountain frog found near water; of United States northwest to California
           member:  #goliath_frog__goliathfrog__Rana_goliath  largest living frog; up to a foot and weighing up to 10 lbs; Africa
           member:  #pickerel_frog__Rana_palustris  a meadow frog of eastern North America
           member:  #tarahumara_frog__Rana_tarahumarae  Mexican frog found within a jump of two or water
           member:  #grass_frog__grassfrog__Rana_temporaria  a common semiterrestrial European frog
        member:  #true_frog__ranid  insectivorous usually semiaquatic web-footed amphibian with smooth moist skin and long hind legs
     member:  #family_Leptodactylidae__Leptodactylidae  New World frogs; in some classifications essentially coextensive with the family Bufonidae
        member:  #leptodactylid_frog__leptodactylidfrog__leptodactylid  toothed frogs: terrestrial or aquatic or arboreal
        member:  #genus_Eleutherodactylus__Eleutherodactylus  completely terrestrial robber frogs
           member:  #robber_frog  small terrestrial frog of tropical America
        member:  #genus_Hylactophryne__Hylactophryne  barking frogs
           member:  #barking_frog__barkingfrog__robber_frog__Hylactophryne_augusti  of southwest United States and Mexico; call is like a dog's bark
        member:  #genus_Leptodactylus__Leptodactylus  type genus of the Leptodactylidae; in some classifications placed in the family Bufonidae
           member:  #crapaud__South_American_bullfrog__Leptodactylus_pentadactylus  large toothed frog of South and Central America resembling the bullfrog
     member:  #family_Polypedatidae__Polypedatidae  Old World tree frogs
        member:  #genus_Polypedates__Polypedates  type genus of the Polypedatidae
     member:  #family_Ascaphidae__Ascaphidae  family of one species of frog: tailed frog
        member:  #genus_Ascaphus__Ascaphus  type genus of the Ascaphidae; in some classifications included in the family Leiopelmatidae
           member:  #tailed_frog__bell_toad__ribbed_toad__tailed_toad__Ascaphus_trui  western North American frog with a tail-like copulatory organ
     member:  #family_Leiopelmatidae__Leiopelmatidae__Liopelmidae__family_Liopelmidae  primitive New Zealand frogs
        member:  #genus_Leiopelma__Leiopelma__Liopelma__genus_Liopelma  type and sole genus of the family Leiopelmatidae
           member:  #Liopelma_hamiltoni  primitive New Zealand frog with four unwebbed toes on forefeet and five on hind feet
     member:  #family_Bufonidae__Bufonidae  true toads
        member:  #true_toad  tailless amphibian similar to a frog but more terrestrial and having drier warty skin
        member:  #genus_Bufo  type genus of the Bufonidae; common toads of New and Old Worlds
           member:  #bufo  any toad of the genus Bufo
     member:  #family_Discoglossidae__Discoglossidae  family of Old World toads having a fixed disklike tongue
        member:  #genus_Alytes__Alytes  midwife toads
           member:  #obstetrical_toad__obstetricaltoad__midwife_toad__midwifetoad__Alytes_obstetricans  European toad whose male carries the fertilized eggs wrapped around its hind legs until they hatch
           member:  #midwife_toad__midwifetoad__Alytes_cisternasi  similar in habit to Alytes obstetricians
        member:  #genus_Bombina__Bombina  fire-bellied toads
           member:  #fire-bellied_toad__Bombina_bombina  toad of central and eastern Europe having red or orange patches on its underside
     member:  #family_Pelobatidae__Pelobatidae  spadefoot toads
        member:  #genus_Scaphiopus__Scaphiopus  New World spadefoot toads
           member:  #western_spadefoot__westernspadefoot__Scaphiopus_hammondii  of California
           member:  #southern_spadefoot__Scaphiopus_multiplicatus  of the United States southwest
           member:  #plains_spadefoot__Scaphiopus_bombifrons  of plains and hills and river bottoms in areas of low rainfall east of the Rocky Mountains
        member:  #spadefoot_toad__spadefoottoad__spadefoot  burrowing toad of the northern hemisphere with a horny spade-like projection on each hind foot
     member:  #family_Hylidae__Hylidae  tree frogs
        member:  #tree_toad__tree_frog  arboreal amphibians usually having adhesive disks at the tip of each toe; of southeast Asia and Australia and America
        member:  #genus_Hyla__Hyla  type genus of the Hylidae; tree toads
           member:  #spring_peeper__Hyla_crucifer  small brown tree toad having a shrill call heard near wetlands of eastern United States and Canada in early spring
           member:  #Pacific_tree_toad__Hyla_regilla  most commonly heard frog on the Pacific coast of America
           member:  #canyon_treefrog__Hyla_arenicolor  small chiefly ground dweller that stays within easy jumping distance of water; of United States southwest and northern Mexico
        member:  #genus_Acris__Acris  cricket frogs
           member:  #cricket_frog__cricketfrog  either of two frogs with a clicking call
        member:  #genus_Pseudacris__Pseudacris  chorus frogs
           member:  #chorus_frog  any of several small North American frogs having a loud call
        member:  #genus_Pternohyla__Pternohyla  burrowing treefrogs
           member:  #lowland_burrowing_treefrog__lowlandburrowingtreefrog__northern_casque-headed_frog__Pternohyla_fodiens  terrestrial burrowing nocturnal frog of grassy terrain and scrub forests having very hard upper surface of head; of the United States southwest
     member:  #family_Microhylidae__Microhylidae__Brevicipitidae__family_Brevicipitidae  narrow-mouthed toads and sheep frogs; some burrow and some are arboreal; found worldwide
        member:  #genus_Gastrophryne__Gastrophryne  primarily tropical narrow-mouthed toads
           member:  #western_narrow-mouthed_toad__Gastrophryne_olivacea  small secretive toad with smooth tough skin of central and western North America
           member:  #eastern_narrow-mouthed_toad__Gastrophryne_carolinensis  small toad of southeastern United States
        member:  #genus_Hypopachus__Hypopachus  sheep frogs
           member:  #sheep_frog__sheepfrog  mostly of Central America
     member:  #family_Pipidae__Pipidae  tongueless frogs
        member:  #tongueless_frog  almost completely aquatic frog native to Africa and Panama and northern South America
        member:  #genus_Pipa__Pipa  type genus of the Pipidae
        member:  #genus_Xenopus__Xenopus  African clawed frog; in some classifications made the type genus of a separate family Xenopodidae
           member:  #African_clawed_frog__Xenopus_laevis  native to Africa; established in the United States as result of release of laboratory and aquarium animals
  member:  #order_Gymnophiona__Gymnophiona  an order of amphibians including caecilians
     member:  #family_Caeciliidae__Caeciliidae  coextensive with the order Gymnophiona: legless amphibians
        member:  #caecilian__blindworm  any of the small slender limbless burrowing wormlike amphibians of the order Gymnophiona; inhabit moist soil in tropical regions
  member:  #superorder_Labyrinthodontia__Labyrinthodontia__Labyrinthodonta__superorder_Labyrinthodonta  extinct amphibians typically resembling heavy-bodied salamanders or crocodiles and having a solid flattened skull and conical teeth; Devonian through Triassic
     member:  #labyrinthodont  an amphibian of the superorder Labyrinthodontia
     member:  #order_Stereospondyli__Stereospondyli  formerly a suborder of Stegocephalia; amphibia having vertebrae whose component elements are fused into a single piece: "most vertebrates are stereospondylous"
     member:  #order_Temnospondyli__Temnospondyli  formerly a suborder of Stegocephalia; large Carboniferous and Permian amphibians having vertebrae in which some elements remain separate
  member:  #order_Stegocephalia__Stegocephalia  in former classifications a division of Amphibia comprising all pre-Jurassic and some later extinct large salamandriform amphibia
  member:  #tadpole__polliwog__pollywog  a larval frog or toad

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