#class__clas (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
supertype: #taxonomic_group__taxonomicgroup__taxon animal or plant group having natural relations
member: #order.taxonomic_group
member of: #phylum
subtype: #class_Schizomycetes__Schizomycetes a former classification
subtype: #class_Cyanobacteria__Cyanophyceae__class_Cyanophyceae photosynthetic bacteria found in fresh and salt water, having chlorophyll a and phycobilins; once thought to be algae: blue-green algae
subtype: #class_Sarcodina__Sarcodina characterized by the formation of pseudopods for locomotion and taking food: Actinopoda; Rhizopoda
subtype: #subclass_Actinopoda__Actinopoda heliozoans; radiolarians
subtype: #subclass_Rhizopoda__Rhizopoda creeping protozoans: amoebas and foraminifers
subtype: #class_Ciliata__Ciliata__Ciliophora__class_Ciliophora class of protozoa having cilia or hairlike appendages on part or all of the surface during some part of the life cycle
subtype: #subclass_Infusoria__Infusoria in some recent classifications, coextensive with the Ciliata: minute organisms found in decomposing infusions of organic matter
subtype: #class_Chrysophyceae__Chrysophyceae__Heterokontae__class_Heterokontae all the yellow-green algae having flagella of unequal length
subtype: #class_Xanthophyceae__Xanthophyceae yellow-green algae
subtype: #class_Bacillariophyceae__Bacillariophyceae__Diatomophyceae__class_Diatomophyceae marine and freshwater eukaryotic algae: diatoms
subtype: #class_Phaeophyceae__Phaeophyceae brown algae; mostly marine and littoral eukaryotic algae
subtype: #class_Cyclosporeae__Cyclosporeae in more recent classifications superseded by the order Fucales
subtype: #class_Euglenophyceae__Euglenophyceae coextensive with the division Euglenophyta
subtype: #class_Chlorophyceae__Chlorophyceae algae distinguished chiefly by having flagella and a clear green color, their chlorophyll being masked little if at all by other pigments
subtype: #class_Ulvophyceae__Ulvophyceae alternative name for the class Chlorophyceae in some classifications
subtype: #class_Charophyceae__Charophyceae in some classifications: contains only the order Charales
subtype: #class_Rhodophyceae__Rhodophyceae coextensive with the Rhodophyta: red algae
subtype: #class_Mastigophora__Mastigophora__Flagellata__class_Flagellata protozoa having flagella
subtype: #subclass_Zoomastigina__Zoomastigina in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista; holozoic or saprozoic flagellates
subtype: #subclass_Phytomastigina__Phytomastigina plantlike flagellates containing chlorophyll; often considered unicellular algae
subtype: #class_Cryptophyceae__Cryptophyceae motile usually brownish-green protozoa-like algae
subtype: #class_Sporozoa__Sporozoa strictly parasitic protozoans that are usually immobile; includes plasmodia and coccidia and piroplasms and malaria parasites
subtype: #subclass_Telosporidia__Telosporidia parasitic sporozoans that form spores containing one or more infective sporozoites
subtype: #subclass_Acnidosporidia__Acnidosporidia a subclass of Sporozoa
subtype: #subclass_Cnidosporidia__Cnidosporidia single-host parasites of lower vertebrates and invertebrates
subtype: #class_Ascidiaceae__Ascidiaceae sometimes classified as an order: sea squirts
subtype: #class_Thaliacea__Thaliacea small class of free-swimming tunicates; sometimes classified as an order
subtype: #superclass_Agnatha__Agnatha superclass of eel-shaped chordates lacking jaws and pelvic fins: lampreys; hagfishes; some extinct forms
subtype: #superclass_Gnathostomata__Gnathostomata comprising all vertebrates with upper and lower jaws
subtype: #class_Placodermi__Placodermi extinct group of bony-plated fishes with primitive jaws
subtype: #class_Chondrichthyes__Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes
subtype: #subclass_Holocephali__Holocephali chimaeras and extinct forms
subtype: #subclass_Elasmobranchii__Elasmobranchii__Selachii__subclass_Selachii sharks; rays; dogfishes; skates
subtype: #class_Aves__Aves birds
subtype: #subclass_Archaeornithes__Archaeornithes primitive reptile-like fossil birds of the Jurassic or early Cretaceous
subtype: #class_Amphibia__Amphibia frogs; toads; newts; salamanders; caecilians
subtype: #class_Reptilia__Reptilia class of cold-blooded air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeleton and a body usually covered with scales or horny plates; once the dominant land animals
subtype: #subclass_Anapsida__Anapsida oldest known reptiles: turtles; extinct Permian forms
subtype: #subclass_Lepidosauria__Lepidosauria diapsid reptiles: lizards; snakes; tuataras
subtype: #subclass_Archosauria__Archosauria a large subclass of diapsid reptiles including: crocodiles; alligators; dinosaurs; pterosaurs; plesiosaurs; ichthyosaurs; thecodonts
subtype: #subclass_Synapsida__Synapsida extinct reptiles of the Permian to Jurassic considered ancestral to mammals
subtype: #superclass_Chelicerata__Chelicerata spiders; scorpions; horseshoe crabs
subtype: #class_Arachnida__Arachnida a large class of arthropods including spiders and ticks and scorpions and daddy longlegs; have four pairs of walking legs and no wings
subtype: #superclass_Myriapoda used in some classifications to encompass the millipedes (Diplopoda) and centipedes (Chilopoda); formerly a large taxon including also the Pauropoda and Symphyla; the term Myriapoda now usually used synonymously with Diplopoda and limited to the millipedes
subtype: #class_Pauropoda__Pauropoda an obscure class of minute arthropods with branched antennae and 8 to 10 pairs of legs
subtype: #class_Symphyla__Symphyla small class of minute arthropods; unimportant except for the garden centipede
subtype: #class_Tardigrada__Tardigrada in some classifications considered a separate phylum: microscopic arachnid-like invertebrates living in water or damp moss having 4 pairs of legs and instead of a mouth a pair of stylets or needle-like piercing organs connected with the pharynx
subtype: #class_Chilopoda__Chilopoda arthropods having the trunk composed of numerous somites each bearing one pair of legs: centipedes
subtype: #class_Mammalia__Mammalia warm-blooded vertebrates characterized by mammary glands in the female
subtype: #subclass_Prototheria__Prototheria echidnas; platypus
subtype: #subclass_Pantotheria__Pantotheria generalized extinct mammals widespread during the Jurassic; commonly conceded to be ancestral to marsupial and placental mammals
subtype: #subclass_Metatheria__Metatheria pouched animals
subtype: #subclass_Eutheria__Eutheria all mammals except monotremes and marsupials
subtype: #class_Hyalospongiae__Hyalospongiae sponges with 6-rayed siliceous spicules; choanocytes are restricted to finger-shaped chambers
subtype: #class_Scyphozoa__Scyphozoa coelenterates in which the polyp stage is absent or at least inconspicuous: jellyfishes
subtype: #class_Hydrozoa__Hydrozoa coelenterates typically having alternation of generations; hydroid phase is usually colonial giving rise to the medusoid phase by budding: hydras and jellyfishes
subtype: #class_Anthozoa__Anthozoa__Actinozoa__class_Actinozoa no alternation of generations the medusoid phase being entirely suppressed: sea anemones; corals
subtype: #class_Nuda__Nuda ctenophores lacking tentacles; comprises one genus: Beroe
subtype: #class_Tentaculata__Tentaculata ctenophores have retractile tentacles
subtype: #class_Turbellaria__Turbellaria free-living flatworms
subtype: #class_Trematoda__Trematoda parasitic flatworms (including flukes)
subtype: #class_Cestoda__Cestoda tapeworms
subtype: #class_Aphasmidia__Aphasmidia one of two subgroups of Nematoda used in some classification systems
subtype: #class_Phasmidia__Phasmidia one of two subgroups of Nematoda used in some classification systems
subtype: #class_Archiannelida__Archiannelida a class of Annelida
subtype: #class_Oligochaeta__Oligochaeta earthworms
subtype: #class_Polychaeta__Polychaeta marine annelid worms
subtype: #class_Hirudinea__Hirudinea hermaphroditic aquatic or terrestrial or parasitic annelids
subtype: #class_Scaphopoda__Scaphopoda small class of bilaterally symmetrical marine forms comprising the tooth shells
subtype: #class_Gastropoda__Gastropoda__Gasteropoda__class_Gasteropoda snails and slugs and their relatives
subtype: #subclass_Opisthobranchia__Opisthobranchia gastropods having the gills when present posterior to the heart and having no operculum: includes sea slugs; sea butterflies; sea hares
subtype: #subclass_Amphineura__Amphineura a class of Gastropoda
subtype: #class_Polyplacophora__Polyplacophora small class of marine mollusks comprising the chitons; sometimes considered an order of the subclass Amphineura
subtype: #class_Bivalvia__Bivalvia__Lamellibranchia__class_Lamellibranchia__class_Pelecypoda oysters; clams; scallops; mussels
subtype: #class_Cephalopoda__Cephalopoda octopuses; squids; cuttlefish; pearly nautilus
subtype: #subclass_Dibranchiata__Dibranchiata__Dibranchia__subclass_Dibranchia comprising all living cephalopods except the family Nautilidae: the orders Octopoda (octopuses) and Decapoda (squids and cuttlefish)
subtype: #class_Crustacea__Crustacea class of mandibulate arthropods including: lobsters; crabs; shrimps; woodlice; barnacles; decapods; water fleas
subtype: #subclass_Entomostraca__Entomostraca in some older classifications includes the Branchiopoda and Copepoda and Ostracoda and Cirripedia; no longer in technical use
subtype: #subclass_Branchiopoda__Branchiopoda primitive aquatic mainly freshwater crustaceans: fairy shrimps; brine shrimps; tadpole shrimps; can shrimps; water fleas
subtype: #subclass_Copepoda__Copepoda minute planktonic or parasitic crustaceans
subtype: #subclass_Ostracoda__Ostracoda seed shrimps
subtype: #subclass_Cirripedia__Cirripedia barnacles
subtype: #class_Onychophora__Onychophora enigmatic small elongated wormlike terrestrial invertebrates of damp dark habitats in warm regions; distinct from the phylum Annelida; resemble slugs with legs and are sometimes described as the missing link between arthropods and annelids
subtype: #class_Insecta__Insecta__Hexapoda__class_Hexapoda insects; about five-sixths of all known animal species
subtype: #subclass_Exopterygota__Exopterygota__Hemimetabola subclass of insects characterized by gradual and usually incomplete metamorphosis
subtype: #class_Asteroidea__Asteroidea sea stars
subtype: #class_Ophiuroidea__Ophiuroidea brittle stars and basket stars
subtype: #subclass_Ophiurida__Ophiurida brittle stars
subtype: #subclass_Euryalida__Euryalida basket stars
subtype: #class_Echinoidea__Echinoidea sea urchins and sand dollars
subtype: #class_Crinoidea__Crinoidea sea lilies
subtype: #class_Holothuroidea__Holothuroidea class of echinoderms including the sea cucumbers
subtype: #superfamily_Hominoidea__Hominoidea anthropoid apes and human beings
subtype: #class_Osteichthyes__Osteichthyes a class of fish having a skeleton composed of bone in addition to cartilage
subtype: #subclass_Crossopterygii__Crossopterygii fishes having paired fins resembling limbs and regarded as ancestral to amphibians
subtype: #subclass_Dipnoi__Dipnoi bony fishes of the southern hemisphere that breathe by a modified air bladder as well as gills; sometimes classified as an order of Crossopterygii
subtype: #subclass_Teleostei__Teleostei large diverse group of bony fishes; includes most living species
subtype: #class_Anthoceropsida__Anthoceropsida hornworts: in some classification systems included in the class Hepaticopsida
subtype: #class_Bryopsida__Bryopsida__Musci__class_Musci true mosses: bryophytes having leafy rather than thalloid gametophytes: comprises orders Andreaeales; Bryales; Dicranales; Eubryales; Sphagnales
subtype: #class_Hepaticopsida__Hepaticopsida__Hepaticae__class_Hepaticae liverworts: comprises orders Anthocerotales; Jungermanniales; Marchantiales; Sphaerocarpales
subtype: #class_Gymnospermae__Gymnospermae__Gymnospermophyta__division_Gymnospermophyta plants having naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary; in some systems considered a class (Gymnospermae) and in others a division (Gymnospermophyta); comprises three subdivisions (or classes): Cycadophytina (class Cycadopsida) and Gnetophytina (class Gnetopsida) and Coniferophytina (class Coniferopsida); in some classifications the Coniferophytina are divided into three groups: Pinophytina (class Pinopsida) and Ginkgophytina (class Ginkgopsida) and Taxophytina (class Taxopsida)
subtype: #class_Gnetopsida__Gnetopsida__Gnetophytina__subdivision_Gnetophytina__Gnetophyta gymnospermous flowering plants; supposed link between conifers and angiosperms; in some systems classified as as class (Gnetopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Gnetophytina or Gnetophyta)
subtype: #class_Cycadopsida__Cycadopsida__Cycadophytina__subdivision_Cycadophytina__Cycadophyta__subdivision_Cycadophyta palmlike gymnosperms: includes the surviving order Cycadales and several extinct orders; possibly not a natural group; in some systems considered a class (Cycadopsida) and in others a subdivision (Cycadophytina or Cycadophyta)
subtype: #class_Pteridospermopsida__Pteridospermopsida extinct gymnosperms most of Carboniferous to Jurassic: seed ferns and allies
subtype: #class_Coniferopsida__Coniferopsida__Coniferophytina__subdivision_Coniferophytina__Coniferophyta cone-bearing gymnosperms dating from the Carboniferous period; most are substantial trees; includes the classes Pinopsida (subdivision Pinophytina) and Ginkgopsida (subdivision Ginkgophytina) and Taxopsida (subdivision Taxophytina) which in turn include the surviving orders Coniferales and Taxales (yews) and sometimes Ginkgoales as well as extinct orders such as Cordaitales (of the Carboniferous and Permian)
subtype: #class_Pinopsida__Pinopsida__Pinophytina__subdivision_Pinophytina most conifers: in some systems classified as a class (Pinopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Pinophytina); used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta
subtype: #class_Taxopsida__Taxopsida__Taxophytina__subdivision_Taxophytina yews: in some systems classified as a class (Taxopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Taxophytina) used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta
subtype: #class_Ginkgopsida__Ginkgopsida__Ginkgophytina__subdivision_Ginkgophytina__Ginkgophyta ginkgos: in some systems classified as a class (Ginkgopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Ginkgophytina or Ginkgophyta); used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta
subtype: #class_Angiospermae__Angiospermae__Magnoliophyta__division_Magnoliophyta__Anthophyta__division_Anthophyta comprising flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in an ovary; in some systems considered a class (Angiospermae) and in others a division (Magnoliophyta or Anthophyta)
subtype: #class_Dicotyledones__Dicotyledones__Dicotyledonae__class_Dicotyledonae__Magnoliopsida__class_Magnoliopsida comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with paired cotyledons and net-veined leaves; divided into six (not always well distinguished) subclasses (or superorders): Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae (considered primitive); Caryophyllidae (an early and distinctive offshoot); and three more or less advanced groups: Dilleniidae; Rosidae; Asteridae
subtype: #subclass_Magnoliidae__Magnoliidae__ranalian_complex a group of families or trees and shrubs and herbs having well-developed perianths and apocarpous ovaries and generally regarded as the most primitive extant flowering plants; contains 36 families including Magnoliaceae and Ranunculaceae; sometimes classified as a superorder
subtype: #class_Monocotyledones__Monocotyledones__Monocotyledonae__class_Monocotyledonae__Liliopsida__class_Liliopsida comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with a single cotyledon and parallel-veined leaves: includes grasses and lilies and palms and orchids; divided into four subclasses or superorders: Alismatidae; Arecidae; Commelinidae; and Liliidae
subtype: #subclass_Alismatidae__Alismatidae one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises about 500 species in 14 families of aquatic and semi-aquatic herbs
subtype: #subclass_Arecidae__Arecidae one of four subclasses or superorder of Monocotyledones; comprises about 6400 species in 5 families of trees and shrubs and terrestrial herbs and a few free-floating aquatics including: Palmae; Araceae; Pandanaceae: and Lemnaceae
subtype: #subclass_Commelinidae__Commelinidae one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises about 19,000 species in 25 families of mostly terrestrial herbs especially of moist places including: Cyperaceae; Gramineae; Bromeliaceae; and Zingiberaceae
subtype: #subclass_Caryophyllidae__Caryophyllidae a group of families of mostly flowers having basal or free-central placentation and trinucleate pollen (binucleate pollen is commoner in flowering plants); contains 14 families including: Caryophyllaceae (carnations and pinks); Aizoaceae; Amaranthaceae; Batidaceae; Chenopodiaceae; Cactaceae (order Opuntiales); Nyctaginaceae; Phytolaccaceae; corresponds approximately to order Caryophyllales; sometimes classified as a superorder
subtype: #subclass_Asteridae__Asteridae a group of mostly sympetalous herbs and some trees and shrubs mostly with 2 fused carpels; contains 43 families including Campanulales; Solanaceae; Scrophulariaceae; Labiatae; Verbenaceae; Rubiaceae; Compositae; sometimes classified as a superorder
subtype: #subclass_Rosidae__Rosidae a group of trees and shrubs and herbs mostly with polypetalous flowers; contains 108 families including Rosaceae; Crassulaceae; Myrtaceae; Melastomaceae; Euphorbiaceae; Umbelliferae
subtype: #subclass_Hamamelidae__Hamamelidae a group of chiefly woody plants considered among the most primitive of angiosperms; perianth poorly developed or lacking; flowers often unisexual and often in catkins and often wind pollinated; contains 23 families including the Betulaceae and Fagaceae (includes the Amentiferae); sometimes classified as a superorder
subtype: #subclass_Dilleniidae__Dilleniidae a group of families of more or less advanced trees and shrubs and herbs having either polypetalous or gamopetalous corollas and often with ovules attached to the walls of the ovary; contains 69 families including Ericaceae and Cruciferae and Malvaceae; sometimes classified as a superorder
subtype: #subclass_Liliidae__Liliidae one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises 17 families including: Liliaceae; Alliaceae; Amaryllidaceae; Iridaceae; Orchidaceae; Trilliaceae
subtype: #class_Zygomycetes__Zygomycetes class of fungi coextensive with subdivision Zygomycota
subtype: #class_Myxomycetes__Myxomycetes the class of true slime molds; essentially equivalent to the division Myxomycota
subtype: #class_Acrasiomycetes__Acrasiomycetes cellular slime molds; in some classifications placed in Kingdom Protoctista
subtype: #class_Oomycetes__Oomycetes nonphotosynthetic fungi that resemble algae and that reproduce by forming oospores; sometimes classified as protoctists
subtype: #class_Chytridiomycetes__Chytridiomycetes a class of mostly aquatic fungi; saprophytic or parasitic on algae or fungi or plants
subtype: #class_Eumycetes__Eumycetes category used in some classifications: coextensive with division Eumycota
subtype: #class_Deuteromycetes__Deuteromycetes form class; coextensive with subdivision Deuteromycota
subtype: #class_Basidiomycetes__Basidiomycetes large class of higher fungi coextensive with subdivision Basidiomycota
subtype: #subclass_Homobasidiomycetes__Homobasidiomycetes category used in some classification systems for various basidiomycetous fungi including e.g. mushrooms and puffballs which are usually placed in the classes Gasteromycetes and Hymenomycetes
subtype: #subclass_Heterobasidiomycetes__Heterobasidiomycetes category used in some classification systems for various basidiomycetous fungi including rusts and smuts
subtype: #class_Hymenomycetes__Hymenomycetes used in some classifications; usually coextensive with order Agaricales: mushrooms; toadstools; agarics; bracket fungi
subtype: #class_Ascomycetes__Ascomycetes large class of higher fungi coextensive with division Ascomycota: sac fungi
subtype: #subclass_Euascomycetes__Euascomycetes category not used in many classification systems
subtype: #class_Hemiascomycetes__Hemiascomycetes class of fungi in which no ascocarps are formed: yeasts and some plant parasites
subtype: #class_Plectomycetes__Plectomycetes class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a cleistothecium (it releases spores only on decay or disintegration)
subtype: #class_Pyrenomycetes__Pyrenomycetes class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a perithecium; includes powdery mildews and ergot and neurospora
subtype: #subclass_Discomycetes__Discomycetes a large and taxonomically difficult group of Ascomycetes in which the fleshy fruiting body is disklike or cup-shaped
subtype: #class_Gasteromycetes__Gasteromycetes__Gastromycetes__class_Gastromycetes fungi in which the hymenium is enclosed until after spores have matured: puffballs; earth stars; stinkhorn fungi
subtype: #class_Tiliomycetes__Tiliomycetes category used in some systems to comprise the two orders Ustilaginales (smuts) and Uredinales (rusts)
subtype: #class_Filicopsida__Filicopsida__Filicinae__class_Filicinae ferns
subtype: #class_Psilopsida__Psilopsida__Psilotatae__class_Psilotatae whisk ferns; comprising the family Psilotaceae or Psilotatae: vascular plants with no roots, partial if any leaf differentiation, and rudimentary spore sacs
subtype: #class_Sphenopsida__Sphenopsida__Equisetatae__class_Equisetatae horsetails and related forms
subtype: #class_Lycopsida__Lycopsida__Lycopodiate__class_Lycopodiate club mosses and related forms: includes Lycopodiales; Isoetales; Selaginellales; and extinct Lepidodendrales; sometimes considered a subdivision of Tracheophyta
subtype: #class_Lycopodineae__Lycopodineae alternative designation for the class Lycopsida
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