#class__clas  (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
  supertype:  taxonomic_group__taxonomicgroup__taxon  animal or plant group having natural relations
  member:  order.taxonomic_group
  member of:  phylum
  subtype:  class_Schizomycetes__Schizomycetes  a former classification
  subtype:  class_Cyanobacteria__Cyanophyceae__class_Cyanophyceae  photosynthetic bacteria found in fresh and salt water, having chlorophyll a and phycobilins; once thought to be algae: blue-green algae
  subtype:  class_Sarcodina__Sarcodina  characterized by the formation of pseudopods for locomotion and taking food: Actinopoda; Rhizopoda
  subtype:  subclass_Actinopoda__Actinopoda  heliozoans; radiolarians
  subtype:  subclass_Rhizopoda__Rhizopoda  creeping protozoans: amoebas and foraminifers
  subtype:  class_Ciliata__Ciliata__Ciliophora__class_Ciliophora  class of protozoa having cilia or hairlike appendages on part or all of the surface during some part of the life cycle
  subtype:  subclass_Infusoria__Infusoria  in some recent classifications, coextensive with the Ciliata: minute organisms found in decomposing infusions of organic matter
  subtype:  class_Chrysophyceae__Chrysophyceae__Heterokontae__class_Heterokontae  all the yellow-green algae having flagella of unequal length
  subtype:  class_Xanthophyceae__Xanthophyceae  yellow-green algae
  subtype:  class_Bacillariophyceae__Bacillariophyceae__Diatomophyceae__class_Diatomophyceae  marine and freshwater eukaryotic algae: diatoms
  subtype:  class_Phaeophyceae__Phaeophyceae  brown algae; mostly marine and littoral eukaryotic algae
  subtype:  class_Cyclosporeae__Cyclosporeae  in more recent classifications superseded by the order Fucales
  subtype:  class_Euglenophyceae__Euglenophyceae  coextensive with the division Euglenophyta
  subtype:  class_Chlorophyceae__Chlorophyceae  algae distinguished chiefly by having flagella and a clear green color, their chlorophyll being masked little if at all by other pigments
  subtype:  class_Ulvophyceae__Ulvophyceae  alternative name for the class Chlorophyceae in some classifications
  subtype:  class_Charophyceae__Charophyceae  in some classifications: contains only the order Charales
  subtype:  class_Rhodophyceae__Rhodophyceae  coextensive with the Rhodophyta: red algae
  subtype:  class_Mastigophora__Mastigophora__Flagellata__class_Flagellata  protozoa having flagella
  subtype:  subclass_Zoomastigina__Zoomastigina  in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista; holozoic or saprozoic flagellates
  subtype:  subclass_Phytomastigina__Phytomastigina  plantlike flagellates containing chlorophyll; often considered unicellular algae
  subtype:  class_Cryptophyceae__Cryptophyceae  motile usually brownish-green protozoa-like algae
  subtype:  class_Sporozoa__Sporozoa  strictly parasitic protozoans that are usually immobile; includes plasmodia and coccidia and piroplasms and malaria parasites
  subtype:  subclass_Telosporidia__Telosporidia  parasitic sporozoans that form spores containing one or more infective sporozoites
  subtype:  subclass_Acnidosporidia__Acnidosporidia  a subclass of Sporozoa
  subtype:  subclass_Cnidosporidia__Cnidosporidia  single-host parasites of lower vertebrates and invertebrates
  subtype:  class_Ascidiaceae__Ascidiaceae  sometimes classified as an order: sea squirts
  subtype:  class_Thaliacea__Thaliacea  small class of free-swimming tunicates; sometimes classified as an order
  subtype:  superclass_Agnatha__Agnatha  superclass of eel-shaped chordates lacking jaws and pelvic fins: lampreys; hagfishes; some extinct forms
  subtype:  superclass_Gnathostomata__Gnathostomata  comprising all vertebrates with upper and lower jaws
  subtype:  class_Placodermi__Placodermi  extinct group of bony-plated fishes with primitive jaws
  subtype:  class_Chondrichthyes__Chondrichthyes  cartilaginous fishes
  subtype:  subclass_Holocephali__Holocephali  chimaeras and extinct forms
  subtype:  subclass_Elasmobranchii__Elasmobranchii__Selachii__subclass_Selachii  sharks; rays; dogfishes; skates
  subtype:  class_Aves__Aves  birds
  subtype:  subclass_Archaeornithes__Archaeornithes  primitive reptile-like fossil birds of the Jurassic or early Cretaceous
  subtype:  class_Amphibia__Amphibia  frogs; toads; newts; salamanders; caecilians
  subtype:  class_Reptilia__Reptilia  class of cold-blooded air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeleton and a body usually covered with scales or horny plates; once the dominant land animals
  subtype:  subclass_Anapsida__Anapsida  oldest known reptiles: turtles; extinct Permian forms
  subtype:  subclass_Lepidosauria__Lepidosauria  diapsid reptiles: lizards; snakes; tuataras
  subtype:  subclass_Archosauria__Archosauria  a large subclass of diapsid reptiles including: crocodiles; alligators; dinosaurs; pterosaurs; plesiosaurs; ichthyosaurs; thecodonts
  subtype:  subclass_Synapsida__Synapsida  extinct reptiles of the Permian to Jurassic considered ancestral to mammals
  subtype:  superclass_Chelicerata__Chelicerata  spiders; scorpions; horseshoe crabs
  subtype:  class_Arachnida__Arachnida  a large class of arthropods including spiders and ticks and scorpions and daddy longlegs; have four pairs of walking legs and no wings
  subtype:  superclass_Myriapoda  used in some classifications to encompass the millipedes (Diplopoda) and centipedes (Chilopoda); formerly a large taxon including also the Pauropoda and Symphyla; the term Myriapoda now usually used synonymously with Diplopoda and limited to the millipedes
  subtype:  class_Pauropoda__Pauropoda  an obscure class of minute arthropods with branched antennae and 8 to 10 pairs of legs
  subtype:  class_Symphyla__Symphyla  small class of minute arthropods; unimportant except for the garden centipede
  subtype:  class_Tardigrada__Tardigrada  in some classifications considered a separate phylum: microscopic arachnid-like invertebrates living in water or damp moss having 4 pairs of legs and instead of a mouth a pair of stylets or needle-like piercing organs connected with the pharynx
  subtype:  class_Chilopoda__Chilopoda  arthropods having the trunk composed of numerous somites each bearing one pair of legs: centipedes
  subtype:  class_Mammalia__Mammalia  warm-blooded vertebrates characterized by mammary glands in the female
  subtype:  subclass_Prototheria__Prototheria  echidnas; platypus
  subtype:  subclass_Pantotheria__Pantotheria  generalized extinct mammals widespread during the Jurassic; commonly conceded to be ancestral to marsupial and placental mammals
  subtype:  subclass_Metatheria__Metatheria  pouched animals
  subtype:  subclass_Eutheria__Eutheria  all mammals except monotremes and marsupials
  subtype:  class_Hyalospongiae__Hyalospongiae  sponges with 6-rayed siliceous spicules; choanocytes are restricted to finger-shaped chambers
  subtype:  class_Scyphozoa__Scyphozoa  coelenterates in which the polyp stage is absent or at least inconspicuous: jellyfishes
  subtype:  class_Hydrozoa__Hydrozoa  coelenterates typically having alternation of generations; hydroid phase is usually colonial giving rise to the medusoid phase by budding: hydras and jellyfishes
  subtype:  class_Anthozoa__Anthozoa__Actinozoa__class_Actinozoa  no alternation of generations the medusoid phase being entirely suppressed: sea anemones; corals
  subtype:  class_Nuda__Nuda  ctenophores lacking tentacles; comprises one genus: Beroe
  subtype:  class_Tentaculata__Tentaculata  ctenophores have retractile tentacles
  subtype:  class_Turbellaria__Turbellaria  free-living flatworms
  subtype:  class_Trematoda__Trematoda  parasitic flatworms (including flukes)
  subtype:  class_Cestoda__Cestoda  tapeworms
  subtype:  class_Aphasmidia__Aphasmidia  one of two subgroups of Nematoda used in some classification systems
  subtype:  class_Phasmidia__Phasmidia  one of two subgroups of Nematoda used in some classification systems
  subtype:  class_Archiannelida__Archiannelida  a class of Annelida
  subtype:  class_Oligochaeta__Oligochaeta  earthworms
  subtype:  class_Polychaeta__Polychaeta  marine annelid worms
  subtype:  class_Hirudinea__Hirudinea  hermaphroditic aquatic or terrestrial or parasitic annelids
  subtype:  class_Scaphopoda__Scaphopoda  small class of bilaterally symmetrical marine forms comprising the tooth shells
  subtype:  class_Gastropoda__Gastropoda__Gasteropoda__class_Gasteropoda  snails and slugs and their relatives
  subtype:  subclass_Opisthobranchia__Opisthobranchia  gastropods having the gills when present posterior to the heart and having no operculum: includes sea slugs; sea butterflies; sea hares
  subtype:  subclass_Amphineura__Amphineura  a class of Gastropoda
  subtype:  class_Polyplacophora__Polyplacophora  small class of marine mollusks comprising the chitons; sometimes considered an order of the subclass Amphineura
  subtype:  class_Bivalvia__Bivalvia__Lamellibranchia__class_Lamellibranchia__class_Pelecypoda  oysters; clams; scallops; mussels
  subtype:  class_Cephalopoda__Cephalopoda  octopuses; squids; cuttlefish; pearly nautilus
  subtype:  subclass_Dibranchiata__Dibranchiata__Dibranchia__subclass_Dibranchia  comprising all living cephalopods except the family Nautilidae: the orders Octopoda (octopuses) and Decapoda (squids and cuttlefish)
  subtype:  class_Crustacea__Crustacea  class of mandibulate arthropods including: lobsters; crabs; shrimps; woodlice; barnacles; decapods; water fleas
  subtype:  subclass_Entomostraca__Entomostraca  in some older classifications includes the Branchiopoda and Copepoda and Ostracoda and Cirripedia; no longer in technical use
  subtype:  subclass_Branchiopoda__Branchiopoda  primitive aquatic mainly freshwater crustaceans: fairy shrimps; brine shrimps; tadpole shrimps; can shrimps; water fleas
  subtype:  subclass_Copepoda__Copepoda  minute planktonic or parasitic crustaceans
  subtype:  subclass_Ostracoda__Ostracoda  seed shrimps
  subtype:  subclass_Cirripedia__Cirripedia  barnacles
  subtype:  class_Onychophora__Onychophora  enigmatic small elongated wormlike terrestrial invertebrates of damp dark habitats in warm regions; distinct from the phylum Annelida; resemble slugs with legs and are sometimes described as the missing link between arthropods and annelids
  subtype:  class_Insecta__Insecta__Hexapoda__class_Hexapoda  insects; about five-sixths of all known animal species
  subtype:  subclass_Exopterygota__Exopterygota__Hemimetabola  subclass of insects characterized by gradual and usually incomplete metamorphosis
  subtype:  class_Asteroidea__Asteroidea  sea stars
  subtype:  class_Ophiuroidea__Ophiuroidea  brittle stars and basket stars
  subtype:  subclass_Ophiurida__Ophiurida  brittle stars
  subtype:  subclass_Euryalida__Euryalida  basket stars
  subtype:  class_Echinoidea__Echinoidea  sea urchins and sand dollars
  subtype:  class_Crinoidea__Crinoidea  sea lilies
  subtype:  class_Holothuroidea__Holothuroidea  class of echinoderms including the sea cucumbers
  subtype:  superfamily_Hominoidea__Hominoidea  anthropoid apes and human beings
  subtype:  class_Osteichthyes__Osteichthyes  a class of fish having a skeleton composed of bone in addition to cartilage
  subtype:  subclass_Crossopterygii__Crossopterygii  fishes having paired fins resembling limbs and regarded as ancestral to amphibians
  subtype:  subclass_Dipnoi__Dipnoi  bony fishes of the southern hemisphere that breathe by a modified air bladder as well as gills; sometimes classified as an order of Crossopterygii
  subtype:  subclass_Teleostei__Teleostei  large diverse group of bony fishes; includes most living species
  subtype:  class_Anthoceropsida__Anthoceropsida  hornworts: in some classification systems included in the class Hepaticopsida
  subtype:  class_Bryopsida__Bryopsida__Musci__class_Musci  true mosses: bryophytes having leafy rather than thalloid gametophytes: comprises orders Andreaeales; Bryales; Dicranales; Eubryales; Sphagnales
  subtype:  class_Hepaticopsida__Hepaticopsida__Hepaticae__class_Hepaticae  liverworts: comprises orders Anthocerotales; Jungermanniales; Marchantiales; Sphaerocarpales
  subtype:  class_Gymnospermae__Gymnospermae__Gymnospermophyta__division_Gymnospermophyta  plants having naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary; in some systems considered a class (Gymnospermae) and in others a division (Gymnospermophyta); comprises three subdivisions (or classes): Cycadophytina (class Cycadopsida) and Gnetophytina (class Gnetopsida) and Coniferophytina (class Coniferopsida); in some classifications the Coniferophytina are divided into three groups: Pinophytina (class Pinopsida) and Ginkgophytina (class Ginkgopsida) and Taxophytina (class Taxopsida)
  subtype:  class_Gnetopsida__Gnetopsida__Gnetophytina__subdivision_Gnetophytina__Gnetophyta  gymnospermous flowering plants; supposed link between conifers and angiosperms; in some systems classified as as class (Gnetopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Gnetophytina or Gnetophyta)
  subtype:  class_Cycadopsida__Cycadopsida__Cycadophytina__subdivision_Cycadophytina__Cycadophyta__subdivision_Cycadophyta  palmlike gymnosperms: includes the surviving order Cycadales and several extinct orders; possibly not a natural group; in some systems considered a class (Cycadopsida) and in others a subdivision (Cycadophytina or Cycadophyta)
  subtype:  class_Pteridospermopsida__Pteridospermopsida  extinct gymnosperms most of Carboniferous to Jurassic: seed ferns and allies
  subtype:  class_Coniferopsida__Coniferopsida__Coniferophytina__subdivision_Coniferophytina__Coniferophyta  cone-bearing gymnosperms dating from the Carboniferous period; most are substantial trees; includes the classes Pinopsida (subdivision Pinophytina) and Ginkgopsida (subdivision Ginkgophytina) and Taxopsida (subdivision Taxophytina) which in turn include the surviving orders Coniferales and Taxales (yews) and sometimes Ginkgoales as well as extinct orders such as Cordaitales (of the Carboniferous and Permian)
  subtype:  class_Pinopsida__Pinopsida__Pinophytina__subdivision_Pinophytina  most conifers: in some systems classified as a class (Pinopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Pinophytina); used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta
  subtype:  class_Taxopsida__Taxopsida__Taxophytina__subdivision_Taxophytina  yews: in some systems classified as a class (Taxopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Taxophytina) used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta
  subtype:  class_Ginkgopsida__Ginkgopsida__Ginkgophytina__subdivision_Ginkgophytina__Ginkgophyta  ginkgos: in some systems classified as a class (Ginkgopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Ginkgophytina or Ginkgophyta); used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta
  subtype:  class_Angiospermae__Angiospermae__Magnoliophyta__division_Magnoliophyta__Anthophyta__division_Anthophyta  comprising flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in an ovary; in some systems considered a class (Angiospermae) and in others a division (Magnoliophyta or Anthophyta)
  subtype:  class_Dicotyledones__Dicotyledones__Dicotyledonae__class_Dicotyledonae__Magnoliopsida__class_Magnoliopsida  comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with paired cotyledons and net-veined leaves; divided into six (not always well distinguished) subclasses (or superorders): Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae (considered primitive); Caryophyllidae (an early and distinctive offshoot); and three more or less advanced groups: Dilleniidae; Rosidae; Asteridae
  subtype:  subclass_Magnoliidae__Magnoliidae__ranalian_complex  a group of families or trees and shrubs and herbs having well-developed perianths and apocarpous ovaries and generally regarded as the most primitive extant flowering plants; contains 36 families including Magnoliaceae and Ranunculaceae; sometimes classified as a superorder
  subtype:  class_Monocotyledones__Monocotyledones__Monocotyledonae__class_Monocotyledonae__Liliopsida__class_Liliopsida  comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with a single cotyledon and parallel-veined leaves: includes grasses and lilies and palms and orchids; divided into four subclasses or superorders: Alismatidae; Arecidae; Commelinidae; and Liliidae
  subtype:  subclass_Alismatidae__Alismatidae  one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises about 500 species in 14 families of aquatic and semi-aquatic herbs
  subtype:  subclass_Arecidae__Arecidae  one of four subclasses or superorder of Monocotyledones; comprises about 6400 species in 5 families of trees and shrubs and terrestrial herbs and a few free-floating aquatics including: Palmae; Araceae; Pandanaceae: and Lemnaceae
  subtype:  subclass_Commelinidae__Commelinidae  one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises about 19,000 species in 25 families of mostly terrestrial herbs especially of moist places including: Cyperaceae; Gramineae; Bromeliaceae; and Zingiberaceae
  subtype:  subclass_Caryophyllidae__Caryophyllidae  a group of families of mostly flowers having basal or free-central placentation and trinucleate pollen (binucleate pollen is commoner in flowering plants); contains 14 families including: Caryophyllaceae (carnations and pinks); Aizoaceae; Amaranthaceae; Batidaceae; Chenopodiaceae; Cactaceae (order Opuntiales); Nyctaginaceae; Phytolaccaceae; corresponds approximately to order Caryophyllales; sometimes classified as a superorder
  subtype:  subclass_Asteridae__Asteridae  a group of mostly sympetalous herbs and some trees and shrubs mostly with 2 fused carpels; contains 43 families including Campanulales; Solanaceae; Scrophulariaceae; Labiatae; Verbenaceae; Rubiaceae; Compositae; sometimes classified as a superorder
  subtype:  subclass_Rosidae__Rosidae  a group of trees and shrubs and herbs mostly with polypetalous flowers; contains 108 families including Rosaceae; Crassulaceae; Myrtaceae; Melastomaceae; Euphorbiaceae; Umbelliferae
  subtype:  subclass_Hamamelidae__Hamamelidae  a group of chiefly woody plants considered among the most primitive of angiosperms; perianth poorly developed or lacking; flowers often unisexual and often in catkins and often wind pollinated; contains 23 families including the Betulaceae and Fagaceae (includes the Amentiferae); sometimes classified as a superorder
  subtype:  subclass_Dilleniidae__Dilleniidae  a group of families of more or less advanced trees and shrubs and herbs having either polypetalous or gamopetalous corollas and often with ovules attached to the walls of the ovary; contains 69 families including Ericaceae and Cruciferae and Malvaceae; sometimes classified as a superorder
  subtype:  subclass_Liliidae__Liliidae  one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises 17 families including: Liliaceae; Alliaceae; Amaryllidaceae; Iridaceae; Orchidaceae; Trilliaceae
  subtype:  class_Zygomycetes__Zygomycetes  class of fungi coextensive with subdivision Zygomycota
  subtype:  class_Myxomycetes__Myxomycetes  the class of true slime molds; essentially equivalent to the division Myxomycota
  subtype:  class_Acrasiomycetes__Acrasiomycetes  cellular slime molds; in some classifications placed in Kingdom Protoctista
  subtype:  class_Oomycetes__Oomycetes  nonphotosynthetic fungi that resemble algae and that reproduce by forming oospores; sometimes classified as protoctists
  subtype:  class_Chytridiomycetes__Chytridiomycetes  a class of mostly aquatic fungi; saprophytic or parasitic on algae or fungi or plants
  subtype:  class_Eumycetes__Eumycetes  category used in some classifications: coextensive with division Eumycota
  subtype:  class_Deuteromycetes__Deuteromycetes  form class; coextensive with subdivision Deuteromycota
  subtype:  class_Basidiomycetes__Basidiomycetes  large class of higher fungi coextensive with subdivision Basidiomycota
  subtype:  subclass_Homobasidiomycetes__Homobasidiomycetes  category used in some classification systems for various basidiomycetous fungi including e.g. mushrooms and puffballs which are usually placed in the classes Gasteromycetes and Hymenomycetes
  subtype:  subclass_Heterobasidiomycetes__Heterobasidiomycetes  category used in some classification systems for various basidiomycetous fungi including rusts and smuts
  subtype:  class_Hymenomycetes__Hymenomycetes  used in some classifications; usually coextensive with order Agaricales: mushrooms; toadstools; agarics; bracket fungi
  subtype:  class_Ascomycetes__Ascomycetes  large class of higher fungi coextensive with division Ascomycota: sac fungi
  subtype:  subclass_Euascomycetes__Euascomycetes  category not used in many classification systems
  subtype:  class_Hemiascomycetes__Hemiascomycetes  class of fungi in which no ascocarps are formed: yeasts and some plant parasites
  subtype:  class_Plectomycetes__Plectomycetes  class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a cleistothecium (it releases spores only on decay or disintegration)
  subtype:  class_Pyrenomycetes__Pyrenomycetes  class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a perithecium; includes powdery mildews and ergot and neurospora
  subtype:  subclass_Discomycetes__Discomycetes  a large and taxonomically difficult group of Ascomycetes in which the fleshy fruiting body is disklike or cup-shaped
  subtype:  class_Gasteromycetes__Gasteromycetes__Gastromycetes__class_Gastromycetes  fungi in which the hymenium is enclosed until after spores have matured: puffballs; earth stars; stinkhorn fungi
  subtype:  class_Tiliomycetes__Tiliomycetes  category used in some systems to comprise the two orders Ustilaginales (smuts) and Uredinales (rusts)
  subtype:  class_Filicopsida__Filicopsida__Filicinae__class_Filicinae  ferns
  subtype:  class_Psilopsida__Psilopsida__Psilotatae__class_Psilotatae  whisk ferns; comprising the family Psilotaceae or Psilotatae: vascular plants with no roots, partial if any leaf differentiation, and rudimentary spore sacs
  subtype:  class_Sphenopsida__Sphenopsida__Equisetatae__class_Equisetatae  horsetails and related forms
  subtype:  class_Lycopsida__Lycopsida__Lycopodiate__class_Lycopodiate  club mosses and related forms: includes Lycopodiales; Isoetales; Selaginellales; and extinct Lepidodendrales; sometimes considered a subdivision of Tracheophyta
  subtype:  class_Lycopodineae__Lycopodineae  alternative designation for the class Lycopsida

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