#carbohydrate__saccharide__sugar  an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain
  supertype:  #organic_compound__organiccompound  any compound of carbon and another element or a radical
  subtype:  #ribose  a pentose sugar important as a component of ribonucleic acid
  subtype:  #beet_sugar.carbohydrate__beetsugar  sugar made from sugar beets
  subtype:  #cane_sugar.carbohydrate__canesugar  sucrose obtained from sugar cane
     subtype:  #demerara  a light brown raw cane sugar from Guyana
  subtype:  #deoxyribose  a sugar that is a constituent of nucleic acids
  subtype:  #invert_sugar  a mixture of glucose and fructose found in fruits; sweeter than glucose
  subtype:  #maple_sugar__maplesugar  sugar made from the sap of the sugar maple tree
  subtype:  #monosaccharide__monosaccharose__simple_sugar  a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars; the simplest group of carbohydrates
     subtype:  #triose  any monosaccharide sugar containing three atoms of carbon per molecule
     subtype:  #tetrose  any monosaccharide sugar containing four atoms of carbon per molecule
     subtype:  #pentose  any monosaccharide sugar containing five atoms of carbon per molecule
     subtype:  #hexose  a monosaccharide that contains six carbon atoms per molecule
        subtype:  #aldohexose  a monosaccharide sugar having six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group
           subtype:  #glucose  a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms; an important source of physiological energy
              subtype:  #corn_sugar.glucose__cornsugar  dextrose made by hydrolysis of cornstarch
              subtype:  #dextrose__dextroglucose__grapesugar  an isomer of glucose that is found in honey and sweet fruits
              subtype:  #blood_sugar__blood_glucose__bloodglucose  glucose in the bloodstream
        subtype:  #ketohexose  a monosaccharide having six carbon atoms and a ketone group
           subtype:  #fructose__fruit_sugar__fruitsugar__levulose__laevulose  a simple sugar found in honey and in many ripe fruits
     subtype:  #aldose  a monosaccharide sugar that contains the aldehyde group or is hemiacetal
        subtype:  #aldohexose  a monosaccharide sugar having six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group
     subtype:  #ketose  any monosaccharide sugar that contains a ketone group or its hemiacetal
        subtype:  #ketohexose  a monosaccharide having six carbon atoms and a ketone group
  subtype:  #oligosaccharide  any of the carbohydrates that yield only a few monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
     subtype:  #disaccharide  any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
        subtype:  #lactose__milksugar  a sugar comprising one glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule; occurs only in milk; "cow's milk contains about 4.7% lactose"
        subtype:  #maltose__maltsugar  a white crystalline sugar formed during the digestion of starches
        subtype:  #sucrose  a complex carbohydrate found in many plants and used as a sweetening agent
           subtype:  #galactose__brain_sugar__brainsugar  a simple sugar found in lactose
     subtype:  #tetrasaccharide  any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield four monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
        subtype:  #stachyose  a tetrasaccharide found in the tubers of the Chinese artichoke
     subtype:  #trisaccharide  any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield three monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
        subtype:  #raffinose  a trisaccharide that occurs in sugar beets and cotton seeds and certain cereals
  subtype:  #polysaccharide__polyose  any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules
     subtype:  #heparin__lipohepin__Liquaemin  a polysaccharide produced in basophils (especially in the lung and liver) and that inhibit the activity of thrombin in coagulation of the blood; heparin sodium (trade names Lipo-Hepin and Liquaemin) is used as an anticoagulant in the treatment of thrombosis
     subtype:  #chitin  a tough semitransparent horny substance; the principal component of the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of certain fungi
     subtype:  #cellulose  a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers
        subtype:  #carboxymethyl_cellulose__carboxymethylcellulose  an acid derivative of cellulose
        subtype:  #diethylaminoethyl_cellulose__diethylaminoethylcellulose__DEAE_cellulose  used for chromatography
        subtype:  #pulp.cellulose  a mixture of cellulose fibers
           subtype:  #bagasse  the dry dusty pulp that remains after juice is extracted from sugar cane or similar plants
           subtype:  #wood_pulp  wood that has been ground to a pulp; used in making cellulose products (as rayon or paper)
        subtype:  #pectin  any of various water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruit and vegetables; used in making fruit jellies and jams
     subtype:  #glycogen__animal_starch  the form in which carbohydrate are stored; stored primarily in the liver and broken down into glucose when needed by the body
     subtype:  #inulin  used to manufacture fructose and in assessing kidney function
     subtype:  #mucopolysaccharide  complex polysaccharides containing an amino group; occur chiefly as components of connective tissue
        subtype:  #hyaluronic_acid  a viscous mucopolysaccharide found in the connective tissue space and the synovial fluid of movable joints and the humors of the eye; a cementing and protective substance
     subtype:  #starch__amylum  a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice; an important foodstuff and used otherwise especially in adhesives and as fillers and stiffeners for paper and textiles
        subtype:  #arum  starch resembling sago that is obtained from cuckoopint root
        subtype:  #cassava_starch__cassavastarch__cassava__manioca  a starch made by leaching and drying the root of the cassava plant; the source of tapioca; a staple food in the tropics
        subtype:  #arrowroot  a nutritive starch obtained from the root of the arrowroot plant
        subtype:  #cornstarch__cornflour  starch prepared from the grains of corn; used in cooking as a thickener
        subtype:  #sago  powdery starch from certain sago palms; used in Asia as a food thickener and textile stiffener
           subtype:  #pearl_sago__pearlsago  sago ground into small pearl-like grains
        subtype:  #amyloid.starch  a nonnitrogenous food substance consisting chiefly of starch; any substance resembling starch
        subtype:  #Otaheite_arrowroot  a starch obtained from the root of the pia
  subtype:  #jaggery__jagghery__jaggary  unrefined brown sugar made from palm sap
  subtype:  #wood_sugar__xylose  a sugar extracted from wood or straw; used in foods for diabetics

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