#body_substance  the substance of the body
  supertype:  substance__matter  that which has mass and occupies space; "an atom is the smallest indivisible unit of matter"
  substance of:  body
  subtype:  solid_body_substance  the solid parts of the body
     subtype:  scab  the crustlike surface of a healing skin lesion
        subtype:  eschar  a dry scab formed on the skin following a burn or cauterization of the skin
     subtype:  node  any bulge or swelling of an anatomical structure or part
        subtype:  nodule  a small node
     subtype:  tooth_enamel__toothenamel__enamel  hard white substance covering the crown of a tooth
     subtype:  cementum__cement  a specialized bony substance covering the root of a tooth
  subtype:  liquid_body_substance__bodily_fluid__body_fluid__humor__humour  the liquid parts of the body
     subtype:  aqueous_humor__aqueoushumor__aqueous_humour__aqueoushumour  the limpid fluid within the eyeball between the cornea and the lens
     subtype:  vitreous_humor__vitreous_humour__vitreous_body  the clear colorless transparent jelly that fills the posterior chamber of the eyeball
     subtype:  endolymph  the bodily fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
     subtype:  perilymph  the bodily fluid that fills the space between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
     subtype:  extracellular_fluid__extracellularfluid__ECF  liquid containing proteins and electrolytes including the liquid in blood plasma and interstitial fluid; "the body normally has about 15 quarts of extracellular fluid"
        subtype:  interstitial_fluid  liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body
        subtype:  plasm__plasma  colorless watery fluid of blood and lymph containing no cells and in which erythrocytes and leukocytes and platelets are suspended
           subtype:  blood_plasma__bloodplasma  plasma that separates from blood in coagulation
     subtype:  intracellular_fluid__intracellularfluid  liquid contained inside the cell membranes (usually containing dissolved solutes)
     subtype:  succus__juice  any of several liquids of the body
        subtype:  cancer_juice  a milky substance found in certain cancerous growths
        subtype:  digestive_juice__digestivejuice__digestive_fluid__digestivefluid  secretions that aid digestion
           subtype:  gastric_juice__gastricjuice  digestive secretions of the stomach glands consisting chiefly of hydrochloric acid and mucin and the enzymes pepsin and rennin and lipase
           subtype:  pancreatic_juice  a fluid secreted into the duodenum by the pancreas; important for breaking down starches and proteins and fats
           subtype:  bile__gall  a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; aids in the digestion of fats
     subtype:  karyolymph  a clear liquid in the cell nucleus in which the nucleolus and chromatin and other structures are dispersed
     subtype:  milk.nutriment  produced by mammary glands of female mammals for feeding their young
        subtype:  mother's_milk  milk secreted by a woman who has recently given birth
        subtype:  colostrum__foremilk  milky fluid secreted for the first day or two after parturition
     subtype:  amniotic_fluid__amnionic_fluid__waters  the serous fluid in which the embryo is suspended inside the amnion; "before a woman gives birth her waters break"
     subtype:  blood  the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped by the heart; "blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries waste products away"; "the ancients believed that blood was the seat of the emotions"
        subtype:  arterial_blood  blood found in arteries; "except for the pulmonary artery the arterial blood is rich in oxygen"
        subtype:  gore.blood  coagulated blood from a wound
        subtype:  lifeblood.blood  the blood considered as the seat of vitality
        subtype:  bloodstream  the blood flowing through the circulatory system
        subtype:  blood_clot__bloodclot  a semisolid mass of coagulated red and white blood cells
        subtype:  menorrhea__menstrual_blood__menstrualblood__menstrual_flow__menstrualflow  flow of blood from the uterus; occurs at roughly monthly intervals during a woman's reproductive years
        subtype:  venous_blood  blood found in the veins; "except in the pulmonary vein venous blood is rich in carbon dioxide and poor in oxygen"
        subtype:  whole_blood  blood that has not been modified except for the addition of an anticoagulant; "whole blood is normally used in blood transfusions"
     subtype:  blood_serum__bloodserum__serum  watery fluid of the blood that resembles plasma but contains fibrinogen
        subtype:  antiserum  blood serum containing antibodies against specific antigens; provides immunity to a disease
        subtype:  milk_whey__whey  the serum or watery part of milk that is separated from the curd in making cheese
     subtype:  chyle  a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats
     subtype:  lymph  a thin coagulable fluid (similar to plasma but) containing white blood cells (lymphocytes) and chyle; is conveyed to the blood stream by lymphatic vessels
     subtype:  semen__seed__seminal_fluid__seminalfluid__ejaculate__cum  the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract
        subtype:  milt  seminal fluid produced by male fish
     subtype:  ink.liquid_body_substance  dark protective fluid ejected into the water by cuttlefish and other cephalopods
     subtype:  secretion  a functionally specialized substance (especially one that is not a waste) released from a gland or cell
        subtype:  ganoin__ganoine  shiny substance that resemble enamel and is secreted by the corium of certain fishes (especially ganoid fishes) and composes the outer layer of their scales
        subtype:  lacrimal_secretion__lachrymal_secretion__lachrymalsecretion  saline fluid secreted by lacrimal glands; lubricates the surface of the eyeball
        subtype:  perspiration__sweat__sudor  salty fluid secreted by sweat glands; "sweat poured off his brow"
        subtype:  hormone__internalsecretion  an endocrine secretion that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect
           subtype:  adrenocorticotropic_hormone__adrenocorticotropichormone__adrenocorticotrophic_hormone__ACTH__adrenocorticotropin__adrenocorticotrophin__corticotropin__corticotrophin  a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex
           subtype:  epinephrine__epinephrin__adrenaline__Adrenalin  a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress (trade name Adrenalin); stimulates autonomic nerve action
           subtype:  gastrin  polypeptide hormone secreted by the mucous lining of the stomach; induces the secretion of gastric juice
           subtype:  glucagon  a hormone secreted by the pancreas; stimulates increases in blood sugar levels in the blood (thus opposing the action of insulin)
           subtype:  gonadotropin__gonadotrophin__gonadotropic_hormone__gonadotrophic_hormone__gonadotrophichormone  hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and placenta; stimulates the gonads and controls reproductive activity
              subtype:  follicle-stimulating_hormone__FSH  a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of Graafian follicles in female mammals, and activates sperm-forming cells in male mammals
              subtype:  human_chorionic_gonadotropin__humanchorionicgonadotropin__human_chorionic_gonadotrophin__humanchorionicgonadotrophin__hcg  hormone produced early in pregnancy by the placenta; detection in the urine and serum is the basis for one kind of pregnancy test
              subtype:  luteinizing_hormone__LH__interstitial_cell-stimulating_hormone__ICSH  a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary; stimulates ovulation in female mammals and stimulates androgen release in male mammals
              subtype:  prolactin__lactogenichormone__luteotropin  gonadotropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary; in females it stimulates growth of the mammary glands and lactation after parturition
           subtype:  insulin  hormone secreted by the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas; regulates storage of glycogen in the liver and accelerates oxidation of sugar in cells
              subtype:  Lente_Insulin__Lente_Iletin  trade names for forms of insulin that are used to treat diabetes mellitus
              subtype:  recombinant_human_insulin__recombinanthumaninsulin__humulin  a form of insulin (trade name Humulin) made from recombinant DNA that is identical to human insulin; used to treat diabetics who are allergic to preparations made from beef or pork insulin
           subtype:  melatonin  hormone secreted by the pineal gland
           subtype:  neurohormone  a hormone that is released by nerve impulses (e.g., norepinephrine or vasopressin)
           subtype:  oxytocin__Pitocin  hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitocin); stimulates contractions of the uterus and ejection of milk
           subtype:  parathyroid_hormone__parathyroidhormone__parathormone  hormone synthesized and released into the blood stream by the parathyroid glands; regulates phosphorus and calcium in the body and functions in neuromuscular excitation and blood clotting
           subtype:  relaxin  hormone secreted by the corpus luteum during the last days of pregnancy; relaxes the pelvic ligaments and prepares the uterus for labor
           subtype:  hypothalamic_releasing_hormone__releasing_hormone__releasinghormone__RH__releasing_factor__releasingfactor__hypothalamic_releasing_factor  any of several hormones produced in the hypothalamus and carried by a vein to the anterior pituitary gland where they stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones; each releasing hormone causes the anterior pituitary to secrete a specific hormone
           subtype:  secretin  peptic hormone produced by the mucous lining of the small intestine; can stimulate secretion by the pancreas and liver
           subtype:  somatotropin__somatotrophin__somatotropic_hormone__somatotrophic_hormone__somatotrophichormone__STH__human_growth_hormone__growth_hormone  a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland; promotes growth in humans
              subtype:  Protropin  trade name of a synthetic human growth hormone given to children deficient in the hormone; use by athletes and weight lifters is banned by the United States Olympic Committee
           subtype:  thymosin  hormone secreted by the thymus; stimulates immunological activity of lymphoid tissue
           subtype:  thyroid_hormone  any of several closely related compounds that are produced by the thyroid gland and are active metabolically
              subtype:  calcitonin__thyrocalcitonin  thyroid hormone that tends to lower the level of calcium in the blood plasma and inhibit resorption of bone
              subtype:  thyroxine__thyroxin__tetraiodothyronine__T  hormone produced by the thyroid glands to regulate metabolism by controlling the rate of oxidation in cells; "thyroxine is 65% iodine"
              subtype:  triiodothyronine__liothyronine__T  thyroid hormone similar to thyroxine but with one less iodine atom per molecule and produced in smaller quantity; exerts the same biological effects as thyroxine but is more potent and briefer
           subtype:  vasopressin__antidiuretic_hormone__ADH__Pitressin  hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitressin) and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus; affects blood pressure by stimulating capillary muscles and reduces urine flow by affecting reabsorption of water by kidney tubules
           subtype:  steroid_hormone__steroidhormone__steroid__sexhormone  any hormone affecting the development and growth of sex organs
              subtype:  progestin__progestogen  any of a group of steroid hormones that have the effect of progesterone
                 subtype:  progesterone__Lipo-Lutin  a steroid hormone (trade name Lipo-Lutin) produced in the ovary; prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy
                 subtype:  megesterol__megestrol_acetate__megestrolacetate  a synthetic progestational compound used to treat endometrial carcinoma
                 subtype:  norethindrone_acetate__norethindroneacetate__norethindrone__norethandrolone__Norlutin  a synthetic progestational hormone (trade name Norlutin) used in oral contraceptives and to treat endometriosis
                 subtype:  norethynodrel  a progesterone derivative used in oral contraceptives and in the control of menstruation and the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding
                 subtype:  norgestrel  synthetic progestin used in oral contraceptives
                 subtype:  medroxyprogesterone__Provera  a progestin compound (trade name Provera) used to treat menstrual disorders
              subtype:  androgen__androgenic_hormone  male sex hormone that is produced in the testes and responsible for typical male sexual characteristics
                 subtype:  androsterone  an androgenic hormone that is less active than testosterone
                 subtype:  methyltestosterone  an androgenic compound contained in drugs that are used to treat testosterone deficiency and female breast cancer and to stimulate growth and weight gain
                 subtype:  nandrolone__Durabolin__Kabolin  an androgen (trade names Durabolin or Kabolin) that is used to treat testosterone deficiency or breast cancer or osteoporosis
                 subtype:  testosterone  a potent androgenic hormone produced chiefly by the testes; responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics
              subtype:  estrogen__oestrogen  a general term for female steroid sex hormones that are secreted by the ovary and responsible for typical female sexual characteristics
                 subtype:  diethylstilbestrol__diethylstilboestrol__stilboestrol__DES  a potent estrogen used in medicine and in feed for livestock and poultry
                 subtype:  estradiol__oestradiol  the most powerful female hormone that occurs naturally; synthesized and used to treat estrogen deficiency and breast cancer
                 subtype:  estriol__oestriol  a naturally occurring estrogenic hormone; a synthetic form is used to treat estrogen deficiency
                 subtype:  estrone__oestrone__theelin__Estronol  a naturally occurring weak estrogenic hormone secreted by the mammalian ovary; synthesized (trade name Estronol) and used to treat estrogen deficiency
                 subtype:  hexestrol  estrogen compound used to treat menstrual irregularities and menopausal symptoms and to prevent pregnancy
                 subtype:  mestranol  a synthetic form of estrogen used in combination with a progestin in oral contraceptives
              subtype:  corticosteroid__corticoid__adrenalcorticalsteroid  a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex or synthesized; administered as drugs they reduce swelling and decrease the body's immune response; "adrenal cortical steroids are used to treat many different conditions"
                 subtype:  mineralocorticoid  hormone that is one of the steroids of the adrenal cortex that influences the metabolism of sodium and potassium
                    subtype:  aldosterone  a corticosteroid hormone that is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland; regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance
                 subtype:  glucocorticoid  a steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal cortex of animals; affects functioning of gonads and has anti-inflammatory activity
                    subtype:  corticosterone  secreted by the adrenal cortex; involved in regulating water and electrolyte balance in the body
                    subtype:  prednisolone__Pediapred__Prelone  a glucocorticoid (trade names Pediapred or Prelone) used to treat inflammatory conditions
                    subtype:  prednisone__Orasone__Deltasone__Liquid_pred__Meticorten  a dehydrogenated analogue of cortisol (trade names Orasone or Deltasone or Liquid Pred or Meticorten); used as an anti-inflammatory drug in the treatment of arthritis and as an immunosuppressant
                 subtype:  hydrocortisone__cortisol__Hydrocortone__Cortef  an adrenal-cortex hormone (trade names Hydrocortone or Cortef) that is active in carbohydrate and protein metabolism
                 subtype:  cortisone__Cortone_Acetate  a corticosteroid hormone (trade name Cortone Acetate) normally produced by the adrenal cortex; is converted to hydrocortisone
                 subtype:  dexamethasone__Decadron__Dexamethasone_Intensol__Dexone__Hexadrol__Oradexon  a corticosteroid drug (trade names Decadron or Dexamethasone Intensol or Dexone or Hexadrol or Oradexon) used to treat allergies or inflammation
                 subtype:  spironolactone__Aldactone  a synthetic corticosteroid (trade name Aldactone) used to treat hypertension
                 subtype:  triamcinolone__Aristocort__Aristopak__Kenalog  a synthetic corticosteroid (trade names Aristocort or Aristopak or Kenalog) used as an anti-inflammatory agent
              subtype:  anabolic_steroid  any of a group of synthetic steroid hormones used to stimulate muscle and bone growth; sometimes used illicitly by athletes to increase their strength
           subtype:  adrenosterone  a steroid having androgenic activity; obtained from the cortex of the adrenal gland
           subtype:  glucocorticoid  a steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal cortex of animals; affects functioning of gonads and has anti-inflammatory activity
           subtype:  catecholamine  any of a group of chemicals including epinephrine and norepinephrine that are produced in the medulla of the adrenal gland
              subtype:  noradrenaline  a catecholamine precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and also released at synapses
              subtype:  epinephrine__epinephrin__adrenaline__Adrenalin  a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress (trade name Adrenalin); stimulates autonomic nerve action
           subtype:  melanocyte-stimulating_hormone__MSH  a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that controls the degree of pigmentation in melanocytes
           subtype:  thyrotropin__thyrotropichormone__thyrotrophin__thyrotrophic_hormone__thyroid-stimulating_hormone__TSH__tsh  anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the function of the thyroid gland
           subtype:  thyrotropin-releasing_hormone__thyrotropinreleasinghormone__trh__thyrotropin-releasing_factor__thyrotropinreleasingfactor__TRF__trf__protirelin  hormone released by the hypothalamus that controls the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
        subtype:  intestinal_juice  secretions by glands lining the walls of the intestines
        subtype:  autacoid__autocoid  any physiologically active internal secretion especially one of uncertain classification
           subtype:  prostaglandin  potent hormone-like substance found in many bodily tissues (and especially in semen); produced in response to trauma and may affect blood pressure and metabolism and smooth muscle activity
        subtype:  synovia__synovialfluid  viscid lubricating fluid secreted by the membrane lining joints and tendon sheaths etc.
        subtype:  mucus__mucu__mucous_secretion  protective secretion of the mucous membranes
           subtype:  sputum__phlegm  expectorated matter; saliva mixed with discharges from the respiratory passages; in ancient and medieval physiology it was believed to cause sluggishness
           subtype:  snot  nasal mucus
           subtype:  booger  dried nasal mucus
           subtype:  leukorrhea__leucorrhea  discharge of white mucous material from the vagina; often an indication of infection
        subtype:  saliva__spit__spittle  a clear liquid secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth; moistens the mouth and starts the digestion of starches
           subtype:  drool__dribble__slobber  saliva spilling from the mouth
           subtype:  tobacco_juice__tobaccojuice  saliva colored brown by tobacco (snuff or chewing tobacco)
        subtype:  sebum  the oily secretion of the sebaceous glands; with perspiration it moistens and protects the skin
           subtype:  smegma  a white secretion of the sebaceous glands of the foreskin
        subtype:  royal_jelly__royaljelly  a secretion of the pharyngeal glands of bees that is fed to very young larvae and to bees destined to be queens
        subtype:  musk.secretion  an odorous glandular secretion from the male musk deer; used as a perfume fixative
        subtype:  nectar  a sweet liquid secretion that is attractive to pollinators
        subtype:  pheromone  a chemical substance secreted externally by some animals (especially insects) that influences the physiology or behavior of other animals of the same species
     subtype:  black_bile__blackbile__melancholy  a humor that was once believed to be secreted by the kidneys or spleen and to cause sadness and melancholy
     subtype:  yellow_bile__choler  a humor that was once believed to be secreted by the liver and to cause irritability and anger
     subtype:  lochia  substance discharged from the vagina (cellular debris and mucus and blood) that gradually decreases in amount during the weeks following childbirth
     subtype:  pus__pu__purulence__ichor__sanies__festering  a fluid product of inflammation
        subtype:  gleet  a thin morbid discharge as from a wound or especially chronic gonorrhea
     subtype:  spinal_fluid__cerebrospinal_fluid__cerebrospinalfluid  clear liquid produced in the ventricles of the brain; fills and protects cavities in the brain and spinal cord
  subtype:  chromatin  the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins
     subtype:  sex_chromatin__sexchromatin  chromatin found only in female cells; "the presence or absence of sex chromatin in cells obtained by amniocentesis makes it possible to determine the sex of a fetus"
  subtype:  achromatin  the part of a cell nucleus that is relatively uncolored by stains or dyes
  subtype:  intercellular_substance__intercellularsubstance__matrix__ground_substance  the body substance in which tissue cells are embedded
  subtype:  humour__humor  one of the four fluids in the body whose balance was believed (in ancient and medieval physiology) to determine your emotional and physical state; "the humors are blood and phlegm and yellow and black bile"

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