#birth_defect__birthdefect__congenital_anomaly__congenital_defect__congenital_disorder__congenital_abnormality  a defect that is present at birth
  supertype:  #defect  #anomalousness
  subtype:  #ablepharia  a congenital absence of eyelids (partial or complete)
  subtype:  #albinism  the congenital absence of pigmentation in the eyes and skin and hair
  subtype:  #anencephaly__anencephalia  a defect in brain development resulting in small or missing brain hemispheres
  subtype:  #ametria  congenital absence of the uterus
  subtype:  #color_blindness__colorblindnes__colour_blindness__color_vision_deficiency__colour_vision_deficiency  genetic inability to distinguish differences in hue
     subtype:  #dichromacy__dichromatism__dichromatopsia__dichromia__dichromasy  a deficiency of color vision in which the person can match any given hue by mixing only two other wavelengths of light (as opposed to the three wavelengths needed by people with normal color vision)
        subtype:  #red-green_dichromacy__redgreendichromacy__red-gree_color_blindness  confusion of red and green
           subtype:  #deuteranopia__Daltonism__green-blindness  dichromacy characterized by a lowered sensitivity to green light resulting in an inability to distinguish green and purplish-red
           subtype:  #protanopia__red-blindness__redblindnes  dichromacy characterized by lowered sensitivity to long wavelengths of light resulting in an inability to distinguish red and purplish blue
        subtype:  #yellow-blue_dichromacy__yellow-blue_color_blindness  confusion of yellow and blue
           subtype:  #tetartanopia__yellow-blindness  a form of dichromacy characterized by lowered sensitivity to yellow light; so rare that its existence has been questioned
           subtype:  #tritanopia__blue-blindness  rare form of dichromacy characterized by a lowered sensitivity to blue light resulting in an inability to distinguish blue and yellow
     subtype:  #monochromacy__monochromatism__monochromatic_vision__monochromaticvision__monochromia__monochromasy  complete color blindness; colors can be differentiated only on the basis of brightness
  subtype:  #epispadias  a congenital abnormality in males in which the urethra is on the upper surface of the penis
  subtype:  #clinocephaly__clinocephalism  a congenital defect in which the top of the head is depressed (concave instead of convex)
  subtype:  #clinodactyly  a congenital defect in which one or more toes or fingers are abnormally positioned
  subtype:  #macroglossia  a congenital disorder characterized by an abnormally large tongue; often seen in cases of Down's syndrome
  subtype:  #mongolism__mongolianism__Down's_syndrome__Down_syndrome__trisomy_21__trisomy21  a congenital disorder caused by having an extra 21st chromosome; results in a flat face and short stature and mental retardation
  subtype:  #oxycephaly__acrocephaly  a congenital abnormality of the skull; the top of the skull assumes a cone shape
  subtype:  #cleft_lip__cleftlip__harelip__cheiloschisis__cheiloschisi  a congenital cleft in the middle of the upper lip
  subtype:  #cleft_palate__cleftpalate  a congenital fissure of the hard palate
  subtype:  #amelia  congenital absence of an arm or leg
  subtype:  #meromelia  congenital absence of part of an arm or leg
     subtype:  #adactylia__adactyly__adactylism  congenital absence of fingers and/or toes
     subtype:  #phocomelia__seal_limbs  an abnormality of development in which the upper part of an arm or leg is missing so the hands or feet are attached to the body like stumps; rare condition that results from taking thalidomide during pregnancy
  subtype:  #encephalocele  protrusion of brain tissue through a congenital fissure in the skull
  subtype:  #familial_hypercholesterolemia  congenital disorder characterized by high levels of cholesterol and early development of atherosclerosis
  subtype:  #meningocele  a congenital anomaly of the central nervous system in which a sac protruding from the brain or the spinal meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid (but no nerve tissue)
  subtype:  #myelomeningocele  a congenital defect of the central nervous system in which a sac containing part of the spinal cord and its meninges protrude through a gap in the vertebral column; frequently accompanied by hydrocephalus and mental retardation
  subtype:  #plagiocephaly  congenital malformation of the skull in which the main axis of the skull is oblique
  subtype:  #polysomy  congenital defect of having one or more extra chromosomes in somatic cells
  subtype:  #hermaphroditism  congenital condition in which external genitalia and internal sex organs have both male and female characteristics
  subtype:  #pseudohermaphroditism  congenital condition in which a person has external genitalia of one sex and internal sex organs of the other sex
  subtype:  #scaphocephaly  congenital malformation of the skull which is long and narrow; frequently accompanied by mental retardation
  subtype:  #congenital_heart_defect  a birth defect involving the heart
     subtype:  #septal_defect  a congenital abnormality in the septum between the left and right sides of the heart
        subtype:  #atrial_septal_defect  an abnormal opening between the left and right atria of the heart
        subtype:  #ventricular_septal_defect  a common congenital heart defect; an abnormal opening in the septum dividing the ventricles allows blood to pass directly from the left to the right ventricle; large openings may cause congestive heart failure
     subtype:  #tetralogy_of_Fallot__Fallot's_tetralogy__Fallot's_syndrome  a congenital heart defect producing cyanosis; characterized by four symptoms: pulmonary stenosis and ventricular septal defect and malposition of the aorta over both ventricles and hypertrophy of the right ventricle
  subtype:  #spina_bifida__spinabifida__rachischisis__schistorrhachis__schistorrhachi  a not uncommon congenital defect in which a vertebra is malformed; unless several vertebrae are affected or there is myelomeningocele there are few symptoms; can be diagnosed by amniocentesis
  subtype:  #spinocerebellar_disorder__spinocerebellardisorder  any of several congenital disorders marked by degeneration of the cerebellum and spinal cord resulting in spasticity and ataxia
  subtype:  #polydactyly__hyperdactyly  birth defect (in humans) characterized by the presence of more than the normal number of fingers or toes
  subtype:  #syndactyly__syndactylism  birth defect (in humans) in which there is partial or total webbing connecting two or more fingers or toes
  subtype:  #tongue_tie__ankyloglossia  a congenital anomaly in which the mucous membrane under the tongue is too short limiting the mobility of the tongue

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