#Indo-European_language__Indo-European__Indo-Hittite the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia
supertype: #natural_language__naturallanguage__tongue a human written or spoken language used by a community; opposed to e.g. a computer language
subtype: #Proto-Indo_European__PIE a prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Indo-European languages
subtype: #Albanian the Indo-European language spoken by the people of Albania
subtype: #Gheg_dialect__Gheg the dialect of Albanian spoken in northern Albania and Yugoslavia
subtype: #Tosk_dialect__Tosk the dialect of Albanian spoken in southern Albania and in areas of Greece and Italy
subtype: #Armenian_language__Armenian the Indo-European language spoken predominantly in Armenia
subtype: #Illyrian a minor and almost extinct branch of the Indo-European languages; spoken along the Dalmatian coast
subtype: #Thraco-Phrygian an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family thought by some to be related to Armenian
subtype: #Thracian a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient people of Thrace but extinct by the early Middle Ages
subtype: #Phrygian a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Phrygia and now extinct--preserved only in a few inscriptions
subtype: #Balto-Slavic_language__Balto-Slavic__Balto-Slavonic a family of Indo-European languages including the Slavic and Baltic languages
subtype: #Slavic_language__Slavic__Slavonic__Slavonic_language a branch of the Indo European family of language
subtype: #Old_Church_Slavonic__Old_Church_Slavic__Church_Slavic__Old_Bulgarian the Slavic language into which the Bible was translated in the 9th Century
subtype: #Russian.Slavic_language__russian the Slavic language that is the official language of Russia
subtype: #Belarusian__Byelorussian the Slavic language spoken in Belarus
subtype: #Ukrainian the Slavic language spoken in the Ukraine
subtype: #Polish the Slavic language of Poland
subtype: #Slovak the Slavic language spoken in Slovakia
subtype: #Czech the Slavic language of the Czech people
subtype: #Slovene the Slavic language of the Slovene people
subtype: #Serbo-Croat__Serbo-Croatian the Slavic language of the Serbs and Croats; the Serbian dialect is usually written in the Cyrillic alphabet and the Croatian dialect is usually written in the Roman alphabet
subtype: #Lusatian__Sorbian aa slavonic language spoken in rural area of southeastern Germany
subtype: #Macedonian.Slavic_language__macedonian the Slavic language of modern Macedonia
subtype: #Bulgarian a Slavic language spoken in Bulgaria
subtype: #Baltic_language__Baltic a branch of the Indo-European family of languages related to the Slavonic languages; Baltic languages have preserved many archaic features that are believed to have existed in Proto-Indo European
subtype: #Old_Prussian a dead language of the non-German Prussians (extinct after 1700); thought to belong to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
subtype: #Lithuanian the official language of Lithuania; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo European
subtype: #Lettish__Latvian the official language of Latvia; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
subtype: #Germanic_language__Germanic a branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken currently fall into two major groups: Scandinavian and West Germanic
subtype: #West_Germanic_language__West_Germanic a branch of the Germanic languages
subtype: #English_language__English an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the US and most of the Commonwealth countries
subtype: #American_English__American_language__American the English language as used in the United States
subtype: #Black_English_Vernacular__Black_English__Ebonics a nonstandard form of American English spoken by some American Black people
subtype: #cockney the nonstandard dialect of natives of the east end of London
subtype: #King's_English standard southern British English
subtype: #Middle_English English from about 1100 to 1450
subtype: #East_Midland the dialect of Middle English that replaced West Saxon as the literary language and which developed into Modern English
subtype: #West_Midland a dialect of Middle English
subtype: #Northern a dialect of Middle English that developed into Scottish Lallans
subtype: #Kentish a dialect of Middle English
subtype: #Southwestern__West_Saxon a dialect of Middle English
subtype: #Modern_English English since about 1450
subtype: #Old_English__Anglo-Saxon English prior to about 1100
subtype: #West_Saxon a literary dialect of Old English
subtype: #Anglian one of the major dialects of Old English
subtype: #Jutish__Kentish one of the major dialects of Old English
subtype: #Oxford_English the dialect of English spoken at Oxford University and regarded by many as affected and pretentious
subtype: #Scottish__Scots__Scots_English the dialect of English used in Scotland
subtype: #Scottish_Lallans__Lallans a dialect of English spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland
subtype: #German_language__German__High_German the standard German language; developed historically from West Germanic
subtype: #Old_High_German High German prior to 1200
subtype: #Middle_High_German High German from 1100 to 1500
subtype: #Yiddish a dialect of High German including some Hebrew and other words; spoken as a vernacular by European Jews
subtype: #Pennsylvania_Dutch a dialect of High German spoken in parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland
subtype: #Low_German__Plattdeutsch a German dialect spoken in northern Germany
subtype: #Old_Saxon Low German prior to 1200
subtype: #Middle_Low_German Low German from 1100 to 1500
subtype: #Dutch the West Germanic language of the Netherlands
subtype: #Flemish_dialect__Flemish one of two official languages of Belgium; closely related to Dutch
subtype: #Afrikaans__Taal__the_Taal__South_African_Dutch an official language of the Republic of South Africa; closely related to Dutch and Flemish
subtype: #Frisian a West Germanic language spoken in the northwestern Netherlands; a near relative of English
subtype: #Old_Frisian the Frisian language until the 16th century
subtype: #Proto-Norse the Germanic language of Scandinavia up until about 700
subtype: #Old_Norse the extinct Germanic language of medieval Scandinavia and Iceland from about to 700 to 1350
subtype: #Old_Icelandic__oldicelandic the extinct dialect of Old Norse that was spoken in Iceland up until about 1600
subtype: #Scandinavian_language__Scandinavian__Nordic__Norse__North_Germanic__North_Germanic_language the northern family of Germanic languages that are spoken in Scandinavia and Iceland
subtype: #Danish a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark
subtype: #Icelandic a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland
subtype: #Norwegian a Scandinavian language that is spoken in Norway
subtype: #Bokmal__Dano-Norwegian__Riksmal one of two official languages of Norway; closely related to Danish
subtype: #New_Norwegian__Landsmal__Nynorsk one of two official languages of Norway; based on rural dialects
subtype: #Swedish a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Sweden and one of two official languages of Finland
subtype: #Faroese__Faeroese a Scandinavian language (closely related to Icelandic) that is spoken on the Faroe Islands
subtype: #East_Germanic_language__East_Germanic an extinct branch of the Germanic languages
subtype: #Gothic extinct East Germanic language of the ancient Goths; the only surviving record being fragments of a 4th-century translation of the Bible by Bishop Ulfilas
subtype: #Celtic_language__Celtic a branch of the Indo-European languages that (judging from inscriptions and place names) was spread widely over Europe in the pre-Christian era
subtype: #Gaelic__Goidelic__Erse any of several related languages of the Celts in Ireland and Scotland
subtype: #Irish_Gaelic__Irish the Celtic language of Ireland
subtype: #Old_Irish Irish Gaelic up to about 1100
subtype: #Middle_Irish Irish Gaelic from 1100 to 1500
subtype: #Scottish_Gaelic__Scots_Gaelic the Gaelic language of Scotland
subtype: #Manx the Gaelic language formerly spoken on the Isle of Man
subtype: #Brythonic__Brittanic a southern group of Celtic languages
subtype: #Welsh a Celtic language of Wales
subtype: #Cornish.Brythonic__cornish a Celtic language formerly spoken in Cornwall
subtype: #Breton a Celtic language of Brittany
subtype: #Italic_language__Italic a branch of the Indo-European languages of which Latin is the chief representative
subtype: #Osco-Umbrian a group of dead languages of ancient Italy; they were displace by Latin
subtype: #Umbrian an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
subtype: #Oscan an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
subtype: #Sabellian an extinct Osco-Umbrian language of ancient Italy that survives only in a few inscriptions
subtype: #Latin any dialect of the language of ancient Rome
subtype: #Old_Latin the oldest recorded Latin (dating back at early as the 6th century B.C.)
subtype: #classical_Latin the language of educated people in ancient Rome; "Latin is a language as dead as dead can be. It killed the ancient Romans--and now it's killing me"
subtype: #Low_Latin any dialect of Latin other than the classical
subtype: #Vulgar_Latin nonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire; source of Romance languages
subtype: #Medieval_Latin Latin used for liturgical purposes during the Middle Ages
subtype: #Late_Latin__Biblical_Latin the form of Latin written between the 3rd and 8th centuries
subtype: #Neo-Latin__New_Latin Latin since the Renaissance; used for scientific nomenclature
subtype: #Romance_language__Romance__romance__Latinian_language the group of languages derived from Latin
subtype: #bodice_ripper a romantic novel containing scenes in which the heroine is sexually violated
subtype: #Italian.Romance_language__italian the Romance language spoken in Italy
subtype: #Old_Italian the Italian language up to the middle of the 16th century
subtype: #Tuscan a dialect of Italian spoken in Tuscany (especially Florence)
subtype: #French the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France
subtype: #Langue_d'oil_French__Langue_d'oil medieval provincial dialects of French spoken in central and northern France
subtype: #Langue_d'oc_French__Langue_d'oc medieval provincial dialects of French formerly spoken in the south of France
subtype: #Provencal__Occitan__occitan the medieval dialects of Langue d'oc
subtype: #Old_French the earliest form of the French language; 9th to 15th century
subtype: #Norman-French__Old_North_French the medieval Norman dialect of Old French
subtype: #Anglo-French__Anglo-Norman the French (Norman) language used in medieval England
subtype: #Canadian_French__canadianfrench the French language as spoken in Quebec, Canada
subtype: #Walloon dialect of French spoken in Belgium and adjacent parts of France
subtype: #Portuguese the Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil
subtype: #Galician the dialect of Portuguese (sometimes regarded as a dialect of Spanish) spoken in Galicia northwestern Spain
subtype: #Spanish the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain
subtype: #Mexican_Spanish the dialect of Spanish spoken in Mexico
subtype: #Catalan the Romance language spoken in Catalonia in eastern Spain (related to Spanish and Occitan)
subtype: #Rumanian an eastern Romance language spoken in Rumania
subtype: #Tocharian a branch of the Indo-European language family that originated in central Asia during the first millennium A.D.
subtype: #Turfan_dialect__Turfan__East_Tocharian a dialect of Tocharian
subtype: #Kuchean_dialect__Kuchean__West_Tocharian a dialect of Tocharian
subtype: #Indo-Iranian_language__Indo-Iranian the branch of the Indo-European family of languages including the Indic and Iranian language groups
subtype: #Indic__Indo-Aryan a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages
subtype: #Sanskrit__Sanskritic_language an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism); an official language of India although it is now used only for religious purposes
subtype: #Sindhi the Indic language of the Sindhi people
subtype: #Romany__Gypsy the Indic language of the Gypsies
subtype: #Urdu the official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi; widely used in India (mostly by Moslems); written in Arabic script
subtype: #Hindi the most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars; spoken mostly in the north of India; along with English it is the official language of India; usually written in Devanagari script
subtype: #Hindoostani__Hindustani__Hindostani a form of Hindi spoken around Delhi
subtype: #Bihari the Indic language spoken in Bihar (and by some people in Pakistan and Bangladesh)
subtype: #Magadhan a subfamily of Indic languages
subtype: #Asamiya__Assamese the Magadhan language spoken by the Assamese people; closely related to Bengali
subtype: #Bengali a Magadhan language spoken by the Bengali people; the official language of Bangladesh and West Bengal
subtype: #Oriya a Magadhan language that is spoken by the Oriya people and is the official language of the Indian state of Orissa
subtype: #Marathi__Mahratti an Indic language; the state language of Maharashtra in west central India; written in the Devanagari script
subtype: #Gujarati__Gujerati the Indic language spoken by the people of India who live in Gujarat in western India
subtype: #Punjabi__Panjabi the Indic language spoken by most people in Punjab in northwestern India
subtype: #Sinhala__Sinhalese__Singhalese the Indic language spoken by the people of Sri Lanka
subtype: #Dard__Dardic__Dardic_language any of a group of Indic languages spoken in Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan
subtype: #Shina a Dardic language spoken in northern Kashmir
subtype: #Khowar a Dardic language spoken in northwestern Pakistan
subtype: #Kafiri a Dardic language spoken by the Kafir people in northeastern Afghanistan
subtype: #Kashmiri the official state language of Kashmir
subtype: #Nepali the official state language of Nepal
subtype: #Iranian_language__Iranian the modern Persian language spoken in Iran
subtype: #Zend__Avestan an ancient Iranian language
subtype: #Gathic an ancient Iranian language
subtype: #Persian__Farsi the language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms
subtype: #Dari_Persian__Dari an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan
subtype: #Tajiki an Iranian language spoken in Iran and Russia
subtype: #Kurdish an Iranian language spoken in Turkey and Iran and Iraq and Syria and Russia
subtype: #Balochi__Baluchi an Iranian language spoken in Pakistan and Iran and Afghanistan and Russia and the Persian gulf
subtype: #Paxto__Pashto__Afghani__Afghan an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan
subtype: #Ossete a northeastern Iranian language spoken in Russia
subtype: #Scythian the Iranian language spoken by the ancient Scythians
subtype: #Anatolian_language__Anatolian an extinct branch of the Indo-European family of languages known from inscriptions and important in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo European
subtype: #Hittite the principal language of the Anatolian group
subtype: #Lycian an Anatolian language
subtype: #Luwian__Luvian an Anatolian language
subtype: #Lydian an Anatolian language
subtype: #Palaic an Anatolian language
subtype: #Hellenic__Greek__Hellenic_language the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages
subtype: #Modern_Greek the Greek language as spoken and written today
subtype: #Romaic__Demotic the modern Greek vernacular
subtype: #Katharevusa literary style of Modern Greek containing features borrowed from Koine
subtype: #Late_Greek the Greek language in the 3rd to 8th centuries
subtype: #Medieval_Greek__Middle_Greek__Byzantine_Greek the Greek language from about 600 to 1200 AD
subtype: #Koine a Greek dialect that flourished under the Roman Empire
subtype: #Ancient_Greek the Greek language prior to the Roman Empire
subtype: #Attic__Classical_Greek the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken and written in Attica and Athens
subtype: #Aeolic__Eolic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Thessaly and Boeotia and Aeolis
subtype: #Arcadic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken by Arcadians
subtype: #Doric the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in the Peloponnesus
subtype: #Ionic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Ionia
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