Individual #Africa  the second largest continent; located south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the India Ocean
  instance of:  continent
  part of:  eastern_hemisphere
  part:  Boer_War  either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881); the second when the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain (1899-1902)
  part:  Barbary  a region of North Africa on the Mediterranean coast between Egypt and Gibraltar; was used as a base for pirates from the 16th to 19th centuries
     part:  Barbary_Coast.North_Africa__barbarycoast  the Mediterranean coast of North Africa that was famous for its Moorish pirates
  part:  Nubia  an ancient region of northeastern Africa (southern Egypt and northern Sudan) on the Nile; much of Nubia is now under Lake Nasser
  part:  African_country__African_nation  countries occupying the African continent
  part:  Namibia__Republic_of_Namibia  a republic in southwestern Africa on the south Atlantic coast (formerly called South West Africa); achieved independence from South Africa in 1990; the greater part of Namibia form part of the high Namibian plateau of South Africa
     part:  Windhoek  capital of Namibia in the center of the country
     part:  Kalahari_Desert__Kalahari  a desert in southwestern Africa - largely Botswana
     part:  Namib_Desert  a desert in Namibia extending along the coast between the high plateau and the Atlantic Ocean
  part:  Algeria__Democratic_and_Popular_Republic_of_Algeria__Algerie  a republic in northwestern Africa on the Mediterranean Sea; colonized by France in the 19th century but gained autonomy in the early 1960s
     part:  Algiers__Algerian_capital  an ancient port on the Mediterranean; the capital and largest city of Algeria
     part:  Oran  a port city in northwestern Algeria and the country's 2nd largest city
  part:  Angola__Republic_of_Angola  a republic in southwestern Africa on the Atlantic Ocean; achieved independence from Portugal in 1975 and was the scene of civil war until 1990
     part:  Luanda__Angolan_capital  port city on Atlantic coast; the capital and largest city of Angola
     part:  Kasai_River__Kasai__River_Kasai  a river of southwestern Africa that rises in central Angola and flows east and then north (forming part of the border between Angola and Congo) and continuing northwest through Congo to empty into the Congo River on the border between Congo and Republic of the Congo
     part:  Zambezi_River__Zambezi  an African river; flows into the Indian Ocean
        part:  Victoria_Falls__Victoria  a waterfall in the Zambezi River on the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia; diminishes seasonally
  part:  Burundi__Republic_of_Burundi  a landlocked republic in east central Africa on the northeastern shore of Lake Tanganyika
     part:  Bujumbura__Usumbura__capital_of_Burundi  the capital and largest city of Burundi; "Usumbura was renamed Bujumbura when Burundi became independent in 1962"
  part:  Republic_of_Cameroon__Cameroon__Cameroun  a republic on the western coast of central Africa; was under French and British control until 1960
     part:  Yaounde__capital_of_Cameroon  the capital of Cameroon
     part:  Douala  the largest city of Cameroon
     part:  Cameroon  an inactive volcano in western Cameroon; highest peak on the West African coast
  part:  Central_African_Republic__Central_Africa  a landlocked country in central Africa; formerly under French control; became independent in 1960
     part:  Bangui__capital_of_Central_Africa  the capital and largest city of the Central Africa Republic
  part:  Republic_of_Chad__Chad__Tchad  a landlocked desert republic in north-central Africa; was under French control until 1960
     part:  N'Djamena__Ndjamena__Fort-Lamy__capital_of_Chad  the capital and largest city of Chad; located in the southwestern on the Shari river
  part:  Republic_of_the_Congo__French_Congo  a republic in west-central Africa; achieved independence from France in 1960
     part:  Brazzaville  the capital and largest city of the Republic of Congo
  part:  Congo__Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo__Zaire__Belgian_Congo  a republic in central Africa; achieved independence from Belgium in 1960
     part:  Kananga__Luluabourg  a city in southwestern Congo; former name (until 1966) was Luluabourg
     part:  Kinshasa__Leopoldville  the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the Congo river opposite Brazzaville
     part:  Lubumbashi__Elisabethville  a city in southeastern Congo near the border with Zambia; a copper mining center; former name (until 1966) was Elisabethville
     part:  Congo_River__Congo  a major African river (one of the world's longest); flows through Congo into the South Atlantic
     part:  Kasai_River__Kasai__River_Kasai  a river of southwestern Africa that rises in central Angola and flows east and then north (forming part of the border between Angola and Congo) and continuing northwest through Congo to empty into the Congo River on the border between Congo and Republic of the Congo
     part:  Lake_Kivu__Kivu  a lake in the mountains of central Africa between Congo and Rwanda
  part:  Ivory_Coast__Cote_d'Ivoire__Republic_of_Cote_d'Ivoire  a republic in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; one of the most prosperous and politically stable countries in Africa
     part:  Abidjan  city recognized by the United States as the capital of the Ivory Coast; largest city of the Ivory Coast
  part:  Benin__Republic_of_Benin__Dahomey  a country on western coast of Africa; formerly part of French West Africa
     part:  Porto_Novo__capital_of_Benin  the capital of Benin in southwestern part of country on a coastal lagoon
     part:  Cotonou  chief port of Benin on the Bight of Benin
     part:  Niger_River__Niger  an African river; flows into the South Atlantic
  part:  Togo__Togolese_Republic  a republic on the western coast of Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; formerly part of French West Africa
     part:  Lome__capital_of_Togo  capital and largest city of Togo; located in the south on the Gulf of Guinea
  part:  Equatorial_Guinea__Republic_of_Equitorial_Guinea__Spanish_Guinea  a country of west central Africa (including islands in the Gulf of Guinea); became independent from Spain in 1968
     part:  Bioko  an island in the Gulf of Guinea that is part of Equatorial Guinea
        part:  Malabo  the capital and largest city of Equatorial Guinea on the island of Bioko in the Gulf of Guinea
  part:  Roman_Empire  an empire including the lands in Europe and Africa and Asia that were ruled by ancient Rome
     part:  Holy_Roman_Empire__First_Reich  the lands ruled by Charlemagne; a continuation of the Roman Empire in Europe
     part:  Byzantine_Empire__Eastern_Roman_Empire  a continuation of the Roman Empire in the East after AD 330 when Constantine the Great rebuilt Byzantium and called it Constantinople and made it his capital
        part:  Byzantium  an ancient city on the Bosporus founded by the Greeks; site of modern Istanbul
  part:  Rwanda__Rwandese_Republic__Ruanda  a landlocked republic in central Africa; formerly a German colony
     part:  Kigali__capital_of_Rwanda  the capital and largest city of Rwanda; located in central Rwanda
     part:  Lake_Kivu__Kivu  a lake in the mountains of central Africa between Congo and Rwanda
  part:  Botswana__Republic_of_Botswana  a landlocked republic in south-central Africa that became independent from British control in the 1960s
     part:  Gaborone__capital_of_Botswana  capital and largest city of Botswana in the extreme southeast
     part:  Kalahari_Desert__Kalahari  a desert in southwestern Africa - largely Botswana
  part:  Egypt__Arab_Republic_of_Egypt__United_Arab_Republic  a republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971; site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC
     part:  Aswan_High_Dam__Aswan_Dam__High_Dam  one of the world's largest dams on the Nile River in southern Egypt
     part:  Sinai_Peninsula__Sinai  a peninsula in northeastern Egypt; at north end of Red Sea
        part:  Sinai_Desert__Sinai  a desert on the Sinai Peninsula in northeastern Egypt
        part:  Mount_Sinai__Sinai  a mountain peak in the southern Sinai Peninsula (7,500 feet high); it is believed to be the peak on which Moses received the Ten Commandments
     part:  El_Iskandriyah__Alexandria  the chief port of Egypt; located on the western edge of the Nile delta on the Mediterranean Sea; founded by Alexander the Great; the capital of ancient Egypt
     part:  Aswan__Assuan__Assouan  an ancient city on the Nile in Egypt; site of the Aswan High Dam
     part:  Cairo__El_Qahira__Egyptian_capital__capital_of_Egypt  the capital of Egypt and the largest city in Africa; a major port just south of the Nile Delta; formerly the home of the Pharaohs
     part:  El_Alamein  a village west of Alexandria on the north coast of Egypt; the scene of a decisive Allied victory over the Germans in 1942
     part:  Giza__El_Giza  an ancient Egyptian city on the west bank of the Nile opposite Cairo; site of three Great Pyramids and the Sphinx
     part:  Memphis.Egypt__memphi  an ancient city of Egypt (S of Cairo)
     part:  Luxor  a city in central Egypt on the east bank of the Nile; site of the Temple of Luxor
     part:  Saqqara__Saqqarah__Sakkara  a town in northern Egypt; site of the oldest Egyptian pyramids (the Step Pyramid)
     part:  Suez  a city in northeastern Egypt at the head of the Gulf of Suez and at the southern end of the Suez Canal
     part:  Suez_Canal  a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
     part:  Lake_Nasser__Nasser  lake in Egypt formed by dams built on the Nile River at Aswan
     part:  Nile_River__Nile  world's longest river (4187 miles); flows northern through Africa into the Mediterranean; the Nile River valley in Egypt was the site of the world's first great civilization
  part:  Kenya__Republic_of_Kenya  a republic in eastern Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1963; major archeological discoveries have been made in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya
     part:  Nairobi__capital_of_Kenya  the capital and largest city of Kenya; a center for tourist safaris
     part:  Kisumu  a port city in western Kenya on the northeastern shore of Lake Victoria; fishing and trading center
     part:  Mombasa  a port city in southern Kenya on a coral island in a bay of the Indian Ocean
     part:  Nakuru  a city in western Kenya; commercial center of an agricultural region
  part:  Gabon__Gabonese_Republic__Gabun  a republic on the west coast of Africa
     part:  Libreville__capital_of_Gabon  the capital of Gabon
  part:  Gambia__The_Gambia__Republic_of_The_Gambia  a narrow republic surrounded by Senegal in West Africa
     part:  Banjul__capital_of_Gambia  a port city and capital of Gambia
  part:  Ghana__Republic_of_Ghana__Gold_Coast  a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; "Ghana was colonized as the Gold Coast by the British"
     part:  Accra__capital_of_Ghana  the capital and largest city of Ghana with a deep-water port
  part:  Guinea__Republic_of_Guinea__French_Guinea  a republic in eastern Africa on the Atlantic; formerly a French colony; achieved independence from France in 1958
     part:  Conakry__Konakri__capital_of_Guinea  a port and the capital of Guinea
     part:  Niger_River__Niger  an African river; flows into the South Atlantic
  part:  Guinea-Bissau__Republic_of_Guinea-Bissau__Guine-Bissau__Portuguese_Guinea  a republic on the northwestern coast of Africa; recognized as independent by Portugal in 1974
     part:  Bissau__capital_of_Guinea-Bissau  the capital of Guinea-Bissau
  part:  Lesotho__Kingdom_of_Lesotho__Basutoland  a landlocked constitutional monarchy in southern Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1966
     part:  Maseru__capital_of_Lesotho  the capital of Lesotho; located in northwestern Lesotho
  part:  Liberia__Republic_of_Liberia  a republic in West Africa; established in 1822 by Americans as a way to free negro slaves
     part:  Monrovia__Liberian_capital__capital_of_Liberia  the capital and chief port and largest city of Liberia
  part:  Libya__Socialist_People's_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya  a military dictatorship in North Africa on the Mediterranean; consists almost entirely of desert; a major exporter of petroleum
     part:  Tripoli__capital_of_Libya  the capital and largest city of Libya; in northwest Libya on the Mediterranean Sea; founded by the Phoenicians in the 7th century BC
     part:  Benghazi  port in northern Libya on the Gulf of Sidra; formerly a joint capital of Libya with Tripoli
  part:  Republic_of_Madagascar__Madagascar__Malagasy_Republic  a republic on the Island of Madagascar; achieved independence from France in 1960
     part:  Antananarivo__capital_of_Madagascar  the capital and largest city of Madagascar
  part:  Malawi__Republic_of_Malawi__Nyasaland  a landlocked republic in southern central Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1964
     part:  Blantyre  city in southern Malawi; largest city and commercial center of Malawi
     part:  Lilongwe__capital_of_Malawi  the capital of Malawi; located in south central Malawi
     part:  Zomba  a city in southern Malawi; was the capital until 1971
  part:  Mali__Republic_of_Mali__French_Sudan  a landlocked republic in northwestern Africa; achieved independence from France in 1960; Mali was a center of West African civilization for more than 4,000 years
     part:  Bamako  the capital of Mali; located in the south on the Niger
     part:  Timbuktu  a city in central Mali near the Niger river; formerly famous for its gold trade
     part:  Niger_River__Niger  an African river; flows into the South Atlantic
  part:  Mauritania__Islamic_Republic_of_Mauritania__Mauritanie__Muritaniya  a country in northwestern Africa with a provisional military government; achieved independence from France in 1960; largely western Sahara Desert
     part:  Nouakchott  capital of Mauritania; located in western Mauritania near the Atlantic coast
  part:  Morocco__Kingdom_of_Morocco__Maroc__Marruecos__Al-Magrib  a kingdom (constitutional monarchy) in northwestern Africa; achieved independence from France in 1956
     part:  Casablanca  a port on the Atlantic and the largest city of Morocco
     part:  El_Aaium  a town in Morocco near the Atlantic coast
     part:  Fez__Fes  a city in north central Morocco; religious center
     part:  Marrakesh__Marrakech  a city in western Morocco; tourist center
     part:  Rabat__capital_of_Morocco  the capital of Morocco; located in the northwestern on the Atlantic coast
     part:  Tangier__Tangiers  a city of northern Morocco at the west end of the Strait of Gibraltar; "the first tangerines were shipped from Tangier to Europe in 1841"
     part:  Western_Sahara__Spanish_Sahara  an area in northwestern Africa with rich phosphate deposits; under Moroccan control since 1992
     part:  Jebel_Musa__Abila__Abyla  a promontory in northern Morocco opposite the Rock of Gibraltar; one of the Pillars of Hercules
  part:  Mozambique__Republic_of_Mozambique__Mocambique  a republic on the eastern coast of Africa on the Indian Ocean; became independent from Portugal in 1975
     part:  Maputo__capital_of_Mozambique  the capital and largest city of Mozambique
     part:  Limpopo__Crocodile_River  an African river; flows into the Indian Ocean
     part:  Zambezi_River__Zambezi  an African river; flows into the Indian Ocean
  part:  Niger__Republic_of_Niger  a landlocked republic in West Africa; gained independence from France in 1960; most of the country is dominated by the Sahara Desert
     part:  Niamey__capital_of_Niger  the capital and largest city of Niger
     part:  Niger_River__Niger  an African river; flows into the South Atlantic
  part:  Nigeria__Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria  a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; gained independence from Britain in 1960; most populous African country
     part:  Abuja__capital_of_Nigeria__Nigerian_capital  capital of Nigeria in the center of the country
     part:  Ibadan  a large Yoruba city in southwestern Nigeria; site of a university
     part:  Katsina  a city in northern Nigeria; a major center of the Hausa people
     part:  Lagos  chief port and economic center of Nigeria; located in southwestern Nigeria on the Gulf of Guinea; former capital of Nigeria
     part:  Yerwa-Maiduguri__Maiduguri  a city in northeastern Nigeria; an agricultural trading center
     part:  Zaria  a city in north central Nigeria; agricultural trading center
     part:  Niger_River__Niger  an African river; flows into the South Atlantic
  part:  Senegal__Republic_of_Senegal  a republic in northwestern Africa on the coast of the Atlantic; formerly a French colony but achieved independence in 1960
     part:  Dakar__capital_of_Senegal  the capital and chief port and largest city of Senegal
  part:  Sierra_Leone__Republic_of_Sierra_Leone  a republic in West Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1961
     part:  Freetown__capital_of_Sierra_Leone__capitalofsierraleone  port city and the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone
  part:  Somali_peninsula__Horn_of_Africa  a peninsula of northeastern Africa (the easternmost part of Africa) comprising Somalia and Djibouti and Eritrea and parts of Ethiopia
     part:  Djibouti__Republic_of_Djibouti__Afars_and_Issas  a country in northeastern Africa on the Somali peninsula; formerly under French control but became independent in 1997
        part:  Djibouti.capital__djibouti__capital_of_Djibouti  port city on the Gulf of Aden; the capital and largest city of Djibouti
     part:  Eritrea__State_of_Eritrea  a country north of Ethiopia on the Red Sea; achieved independence from Ethiopia in 1993
     part:  Ethiopia__Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia__Yaltopya__Abyssinia  Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; formerly called Abyssinia
        part:  Addis_Ababa__New_Flower__capital_of_Ethiopia  the capital of Ethiopia and the country's largest city; located in central Ethiopia
     part:  Somalia  a republic in extreme eastern Africa on the Somali Peninsula; subject to tribal warfare
        part:  Mogadishu__Mogadiscio__capital_of_Somalia  the capital and largest city of Somalia; a port on the Indian Ocean
        part:  Hargeisa  a city in northwestern Somalia
  part:  South_Africa__Republic_of_South_Africa  a republic at the southernmost part of Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1910; first European settlers were Dutch (known as Boers)
     part:  Natal.district__natal  a region of eastern South Africa on the Indian Ocean
        part:  Tugela_Falls__Tugela  a major waterfall in southern Africa; has more than one leap
     part:  Pretoria__capital_of_South_Africa__capitalofsouthafrica  city in the Transvaal; the seat of the executive branch of the government of South Africa
     part:  Cape_Town  port city in southwestern South Africa; the seat of the legislative branch of the government of South Africa
     part:  Johannesburg  city in the northeastern part of South Africa near Pretoria; commercial center for diamond and gold industries
     part:  Kimberley  city in central South Africa; center for diamond mining and diamond marketing
     part:  Durban  a port city in eastern South Africa on the Indian Ocean; resort and industrial center
     part:  Transvaal  a province of northeast South Africa originally inhabited by Bantu-speaking Africans; colonized by the Boers
        part:  Witwatersrand__Rand__Reef  a rocky region in the southern Transvaal in northeastern South Africa; contains rich gold deposits and coal and manganese
     part:  Bloemfontein  the seat of the supreme court
     part:  Soweto  a large collection of African townships southwest of Johannesburg in South Africa; inhabited solely by Black Africans
     part:  Kalahari_Desert__Kalahari  a desert in southwestern Africa - largely Botswana
     part:  Limpopo__Crocodile_River  an African river; flows into the Indian Ocean
     part:  Orange_River__Orange  a river in South Africa that flows generally westward to the Atlantic Ocean
  part:  Sudan__Soudan  a region of North Africa south of the Sahara and Libyan deserts; extends from the Atlantic to the Red Sea
     part:  battle_of_Omdurman__Omdurman  a battle (1898) in which an English and Egyptian army under Lord Kitchener defeated the Sudanese
     part:  Nubian_Desert  an arid sandstone plateau between the Nile and the Red Sea
  part:  Republic_of_the_Sudan__Sudan__Soudan  a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; achieved independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956
     part:  Kordofan  a mountainous province of central Sudan
     part:  Khartoum__capital_of_Sudan  the capital of Sudan located at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile
     part:  Nyala  city in Sudan
     part:  Port_Sudan  port city in Sudan on the Red Sea
     part:  Omdurman  a city of Sudan; located in the central Sudan on the White Nile opposite Khartoum
     part:  Nile_River__Nile  world's longest river (4187 miles); flows northern through Africa into the Mediterranean; the Nile River valley in Egypt was the site of the world's first great civilization
  part:  Swaziland__Kingdom_of_Swaziland  a landlocked monarchy in southeastern Africa; member of the Commonwealth that achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1968
     part:  Mbabane__capital_of_Swaziland  capital of Swaziland; located in northwestern Swaziland
  part:  Tanzania__United_Republic_of_Tanzania  a republic in eastern Africa
     part:  Dar_es_Salaam__capital_of_Tanzania  the capital and second largest city of Tanzania
     part:  Tanganyika  a former state in East Africa; united with Zanzibar in 1964 to form Tanzania
     part:  Zanzibar  an island in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa; part of the United Republic of Tanzania
     part:  Tabora  a city in central Tanzania
     part:  Mount_Kilimanjaro__Kilimanjaro  the highest peak in Africa; located in northeastern Tanzania; 19,340 feet high
     part:  Olduvai_Gorge  a gorge in northeastern Tanzania where anthropologists have found some of the earliest human remains
  part:  Tunisia__Republic_of_Tunisia  a republic in northwestern Africa on the Mediterranean coast; achieved independence from France in 1956; "southern Tunisia is mostly desert"
     part:  battle_of_Zama__Zama  the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War
     part:  Tunis__capital_of_Tunisia  the capital and principal port of Tunisia
     part:  Sfax__Safaqis  the second largest city in Tunisia; located in eastern Tunisia near a phosphate region
  part:  Ottoman_Empire__Turkish_Empire  an empire created by the Ottoman Turks in the 13th century and that lasted until the end of World War I
  part:  Uganda__Republic_of_Uganda  a landlocked republic in eastern Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1962
     part:  Buganda  a state of Uganda and site of a former Bantu kingdom
        part:  Kampala__capital_of_Uganda  the capital and largest city of Uganda on the north shore of Lake Victoria
     part:  Jinja  a city in Uganda on the north shore of Lake Victoria
     part:  Gulu  a city in northern Uganda
     part:  Nile_River__Nile  world's longest river (4187 miles); flows northern through Africa into the Mediterranean; the Nile River valley in Egypt was the site of the world's first great civilization
  part:  Zambia__Republic_of_Zambia  a republic in central Africa; formerly controlled (as part of Northern Rhodesia) by Great Britain until it gained independence within the Commonwealth in 1964
     part:  Lusaka__capital_of_Zambia  the capital and largest city of Zambia
     part:  Victoria_Falls__Victoria  a waterfall in the Zambezi River on the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia; diminishes seasonally
     part:  Zambezi_River__Zambezi  an African river; flows into the Indian Ocean
  part:  Zimbabwe__Republic_of_Zimbabwe__Rhodesia__Southern_Rhodesia  a landlocked republic in south central Africa formerly called Rhodesia; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1980
     part:  Harare__Salisbury__capital_of_Zimbabwe  the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe
     part:  Bulawayo  industrial city in southwestern Zimbabwe
     part:  Victoria_Falls__Victoria  a waterfall in the Zambezi River on the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia; diminishes seasonally
     part:  Zambezi_River__Zambezi  an African river; flows into the Indian Ocean
  part:  Sahara_Desert__Sahara  the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in North Africa
     part:  Libyan_Desert  the eastern part of the Sahara Desert
  part:  Sub-Saharan_Africa__Black_Africa  the region of Africa south of the Sahara Desert
  part:  West_Africa  an area of western African between the Sahara Desert and the Gulf of Guinea
  part:  Lake_Chad__Chad  a lake in north central Africa; fed by the Shari river
  part:  Lake_Tanganyika__Tanganyika  the longest lake in the world in central Africa between Tanzania and Congo
  part:  Lake_Victoria__Victoria_Nyanza  the largest lake in Africa and the 2nd largest fresh water lake in the world; a headwaters reservoir for the Nile River
  part:  Shari_River__Shari__Chari__Chari_River  an African river that flows northwest into Lake Chad
  part:  North_Africa
     part:  Morocco__Kingdom_of_Morocco__Maroc__Marruecos__Al-Magrib  a kingdom (constitutional monarchy) in northwestern Africa; achieved independence from France in 1956
     part:  Tunisia__Republic_of_Tunisia  a republic in northwestern Africa on the Mediterranean coast; achieved independence from France in 1956; "southern Tunisia is mostly desert"
     part:  Algeria__Democratic_and_Popular_Republic_of_Algeria__Algerie  a republic in northwestern Africa on the Mediterranean Sea; colonized by France in the 19th century but gained autonomy in the early 1960s
     part:  Egypt__Arab_Republic_of_Egypt__United_Arab_Republic  a republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971; site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC

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