pm#asymmetric_relation_type  an antisymmetric and irreflexive relation
  supertype:  irreflexive_relation_type  antisymmetric_relation_type  instance:  asymmetric_relation (?,?)  this category only serves structuration purposes: it is instance of pm#asymmetric_relation_type which is not instance of pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type
     subtype:  immediate_instance__immediateinstance (?,set_or_class)  if the common reading conventions of parameters had been respected, this type would have been named immediate_instance_of; an object is an immediate_instance of a set_or_class if it is an instance of the set_or_class and there does not exist a subclass of set_or_class such that it is an instance of the subclass
     subtype:  immediate_subclass__immediate_subclass_of (set_or_class,set_or_class)  the 1st argument is a subclass of the 2nd argument and there is no other subclass of the 2nd argument such that the 1st is also a subclass of the 2nd; in WebKB, use the link '<'
     subtype:  range (function_type,set_or_class)  gives the range of a function, i.e. all of the values assigned by the function are instances of sumo#class
     subtype:  range_subclass (function_type,set_or_class)  all of the values assigned by the function in the 1st argument are subclasses of the 2nd argment
     subtype:  valence (relation_type,positive_integer)  specifies the number of arguments that a relation can take; if a relation does not have a fixed number of arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of variable_arity_relation, e.g., sumo#holds is a variable_arity_relation
     subtype:  documentation (?,string)  a relation between objects in the domain of discourse and strings of natural language text; the domain of this relation is not constants (names), but the objects themselves; this means that one does not quote the names when associating them with their documentation
     subtype:  successor_attribute__successorattribute (Attribute,Attribute)  the second argument is the attribute that comes immediately after the first on the scale that they share
     subtype:  front_fn__frontfn (self_connected_object -> self_connected_object)  a function that maps an object to the side that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the direction in which the object moves; note that this is a partial function, since some objects do not have sides, e.g., apples and spheres; note too that the range of this function is indefinite in much the way that immediate_future_fn and immediate_past_fn are indefinite; although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases
     subtype:  back_fn (self_connected_object -> self_connected_object)  a function that maps an object to the side that is opposite the front_fn of the object; note that this is a partial function, since some objects do not have sides, e.g., apples and spheres; note too that the range of this function is indefinite in much the way that immediate_future_fn and immediate_past_fn are indefinite; although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases
     subtype:  proper_part__proper_part_of (object,object)  the 1st argument is part of the 2nd but is not it; this is a transitive_relation and asymmetric_relation (hence an irreflexive_relation)
     subtype:  contains (self_connected_object,object)  the relation of spatial containment for two separable objects; when the two objects are not separable (e.g., an automobile and one of its seats), the relation of part should be used; (sumo#contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the self_connected_object ?OBJ1 has a space (i.e. a hole) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2
     subtype:  member (self_connected_object,collection)  a specialized common sense notion of part for uniform parts of collections; for example, each sheep in a flock of sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock
     subtype:  contains_information (content_bearing_object,proposition)  relates a content_bearing_object to the proposition it expresses; examples include the relationships between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its musical content
     subtype:  leader__leader_of (human,agentive_physical_object)  (sumo#leader ?INSTITUTION ?PERSON) means that the leader of ?INSTITUTION is ?PERSON
     subtype:  attribute (object,Attribute)  the 2nd argument is an attribute of the 1st
     subtype:  manner (process,Attribute)  the 1st argument is qualified by the 2nd (which is usually denoted by and adverb), e.g., the speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports competition
     subtype:  probability_fn__probabilityfn (formula -> real_number)  one of the basic probability_relations, probability_fn is used to state the a priori probability of a state of affairs represented by the given formula
     subtype:  in_list (?,list)  true if the 1st argument is in the list; analog of element and instance for lists
     subtype:  closed_on (function_type,set_or_class)  a binary_function is closed on a set_or_class if it is defined for all instances of the set_or_class and its value is always an instance of the set_or_class
     subtype:  reflexive_on__reflexiveon (binary_relation_type,set_or_class)  a binary_relation is reflexive on a set_or_class only if every instance of the set_or_class bears the relation to itself
     subtype:  irreflexive_on__irreflexiveon (binary_relation_type,set_or_class)  a binary_relation is irreflexive on a set_or_class only if no instance of the set_or_class bears the relation to itself
     subtype:  partial_ordering_on (binary_relation_type,set_or_class)  a binary_relation is a partial ordering on a set_or_class only if the relation is reflexive_on the set_or_class, and it is both an antisymmetric_relation, and a transitive_relation
     subtype:  total_ordering_on (binary_relation_type,set_or_class)  a binary_relation ?REL is a total ordering on a set_or_class only if it is a partial ordering for which either (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) or (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) for every ?INST1 and ?INST2 in the set_or_class
     subtype:  trichotomizing_on (binary_relation_type,set_or_class)
     subtype:  equivalence_relation_on (binary_relation_type,set_or_class)  a binary_relation is an equivalence_relation_on a set_or_class only if the relation is reflexive_on the set_or_class and it is both a transitive_relation and a symmetric_relation
     subtype:  causes (process,process)  the process in the 1st argument brings about the process in the 2nd argument
     subtype:  causes_subclass (sumo_process_class,sumo_process_class)  the 1st argument brings about the 2nd, e.g., (causes_subclass killing death)
     subtype:  time (physical,time_position)  means that temporal lifespan of the 1st argument includes the time_position in the 2nd argument, i.e. the 1st argument existed or occurred at that time_position; sumo#time does for instances of physical what sumo#holds_during does for instances of sumo#formula; sumo#located and sumo#time are the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively
     subtype:  holds_during__holdsduring (time_position,formula)  means that the proposition denoted by is true at (every temporal_part of) the time_position
     subtype:  exploits (object,agentive_physical_object)  the object is used by the agent as a resource in an unspecified instance of process
     subtype:  has_purpose__haspurpose (physical,formula)  the instance of physical has, as its purpose, the proposition expressed by the formula; note that there is an important difference in meaning between the predicates has_purpose and result; although the second argument of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result may be neither expected nor desired; for example, a machine process may have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no goal; a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on
     subtype:  has_skill__hasskill (sumo_process_class,agentive_physical_object)  similar to the capability predicate with the additional restriction that the ability be practised or demonstrated to some measurable degree
     subtype:  crosses__crosse (object,object)  the 1st object traverses the second without being connected to it
     subtype:  penetrates (object,object)  the 1st object is connected to the second along at least one whole dimension (length, width or depth)
     subtype:  possesses__possesse (agentive_physical_object,object)  the agent has ownership of the object
     subtype:  precondition (?,?)
     subtype:  realization (?,?)
     subtype:  expressed_in_language (?,?)
     subtype:  uses (?,?)
     subtype:  identity_element (?,?)
     subtype:  element (?,?)
     subtype:  cardinality_fn__cardinalityfn (?,?)
     subtype:  measure (?,?)
     subtype:  duration (?,?)
     subtype:  frequency (?,?)
     subtype:  meets_temporally__meetstemporally (?,?)
     subtype:  date (?,?)
     subtype:  surface (?,?)
     subtype:  interior_part (?,?)
     subtype:  hole (object,*)
     subtype:  hole_host_fn (object,*)
     subtype:  partially_fills__partiallyfill (object,*)
     subtype:  properly_fills (?,?)
     subtype:  completely_fills (?,?)
     subtype:  fills__fill (?,?)
     subtype:  hole_skin_fn (object,*)
     subtype:  geographic_subregion (?,?)
     subtype:  geopolitical_subdivision (?,?)
     subtype:  developmental_form__developmentalform (?,?)
     subtype:  inhabits (?,?)
     subtype:  authors__author (?,?)
     subtype:  editor (?,?)
     subtype:  publishes__publishe (?,?)
     subtype:  version (?,?)
     subtype:  parent (?,?)
     subtype:  husband (?,?)
     subtype:  wife (?,?)
     subtype:  citizen (?,?)
     subtype:  modal_attribute__modalattribute (?,?)

  instance:  immediate_instance  immediate_subclass  range  range_subclass  valence  documentation  successor_attribute  front_fn  back_fn  probability_fn  proper_part  contains  member  contains_information  leader  attribute  manner  in_list  closed_on  reflexive_on  irreflexive_on  partial_ordering_on  total_ordering_on  trichotomizing_on  equivalence_relation_on  causes  causes_subclass  time  holds_during  exploits  has_purpose  has_skill  crosses  penetrates  possesses  precondition  realization  expressed_in_language  uses  identity_element  element  cardinality_fn  measure  duration  frequency  meets_temporally  date  surface  interior_part  hole  hole_host_fn  partially_fills  properly_fills  completely_fills  fills  hole_skin_fn  geographic_subregion  geopolitical_subdivision  developmental_form  inhabits  authors  editor  publishes  version  parent  husband  wife  citizen  modal_attribute
  equal:  asymmetric_relation (pm)
  subtype:  case_relation_type  the class of predicates relating the spatially distinguished parts of a process. e.g., the agent, patient or destination of an action, the flammable substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain
     instance:  doer/object/result/place (situation,?)
        subtype:  doer/object/result (situation,?)
           subtype:  agent__doer (situation [48..*],entity [49..*])
              subtype:  organizer (situation,causal_entity)
              subtype:  participant (situation,causal_entity)
              subtype:  seller__vendor___vender (situation -> goal_directed_agent)
              subtype:  customer__client___buyer__buyer___purchaser__purchaser___vendee (situation,goal_directed_agent)
              subtype:  responsible_agent__responsibleagent (situation,causal_entity)
              subtype:  agent (process,agentive_physical_object)  the 2nd argument is an active determinant, animate or inanimate, of the process
           subtype:  initiator (situation,causal_entity)
           subtype:  object/result (situation,?)
              subtype:  instrument (situation,entity)
                 subtype:  instrument (process,object)  the 2nd argument is used in bringing about the first and is not changed by it, e.g., the key is an instrument in 'the key opened the door'; instrument and resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair
              subtype:  object__patient___theme__theme (situation,?)
                 subtype:  input (process,?)
                    subtype:  material (process,?)
                    subtype:  parameter (process,?)
                 subtype:  input_output__inputoutput (process,?)
                    subtype:  modified_object (process,?)
                       subtype:  muted_object__mutedobject (process,?)
                    subtype:  deleted_object__deletedobject (process,?)
                 subtype:  patient (process,?)  the 2nd argument may be moved, said, experienced, etc; the direct objects in 'The cat swallowed the canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of patients; the patient of a process may or may not undergo structural change as a result of the process
                    subtype:  instrument (process,object)  the 2nd argument is used in bringing about the first and is not changed by it, e.g., the key is an instrument in 'the key opened the door'; instrument and resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair
                    subtype:  resource (process,object)  the object is present at the beginning of the process, is used by it, and as a consequence is changed by it; for example, soap is a resource in 'the gun was carved out of soap'; resource differs from instrument in that its internal or physical properties are altered in some way by the process
                    subtype:  result (process,?)  the 2nd argument is the product of the process, e.g., house is a result in 'Eric built a house'
              subtype:  result (situation,?)
                 subtype:  output (process,?)
                 subtype:  result (process,?)  the 2nd argument is the product of the process, e.g., house is a result in 'Eric built a house'
        subtype:  from/to (situation,entity)
           subtype:  source (situation,causal_entity)
           subtype:  recipient (situation,entity)
              subtype:  beneficiary (situation,causal_entity)
           subtype:  from/to_place__from/toplace (process -> spatial_object)
              subtype:  from_place (process -> spatial_object)
              subtype:  to_place__destination (process -> spatial_object)
              subtype:  via_place__viaplace__via (process -> spatial_object)
              subtype:  path (process -> spatial_object)
           subtype:  origin__from (process,object)  the 2nd argument (which must be present at least at the beginning of the process) indicates where the process began; for example, the submarine is the origin in 'the missile was launched from a submarine'
           subtype:  destination__to (process,entity)  the 2nd parameter is the target or goal of the process; for example, Danbury would be the destination in 'Bob went to Danbury'; this is a very general case_role which, in particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'; thus, John would be the destination in 'Tom gave a book to John'
        subtype:  place (situation -> spatial_object)
        subtype:  path_length (process -> spatial_attribute_or_quality_or_measure)
     instance:  experiencer (situation,causal_entity)
        subtype:  experiencer (process,agentive_physical_object)  e.g., Yojo is the experiencer of seeing in 'Yojo sees the fish'; unlike agent, this relation does not entail a causal relation between the arguments
     instance:  exploits  agent  destination__to  experiencer  origin__from
     instance:  patient (process,?)  the 2nd argument may be moved, said, experienced, etc; the direct objects in 'The cat swallowed the canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of patients; the patient of a process may or may not undergo structural change as a result of the process
     instance:  path  direction
  subtype:  propositional_attitude_relation_type  the class of intentional_relations where the agent has awareness of a proposition
     instance:  propositional_attitude_relation (cognitive_agent,formula)  intentional_relations where the agent has awareness of a proposition
        subtype:  desires (cognitive_agent,formula)  the agent wants to bring about the state of affairs expressed by the formula (whcih may be already true); desires is distinguished from wants only in that the former is a propositional_attitude, while wants is an object_attitude
        subtype:  considers__consider (cognitive_agent,formula)  the agent considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by the formula
        subtype:  believes (cognitive_agent,formula)  the agent believes the proposition expressed by the formula
        subtype:  knows__know (cognitive_agent,formula)  the agent knows the proposition expressed by the formula; knows entails conscious awareness, so this predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or unconscious knowledge
     instance:  desires  considers__consider  believes  knows__know

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